--- _id: '8099' abstract: - lang: eng text: Sewall Wright developed FST for describing population differentiation and it has since been extended to many novel applications, including the detection of homomorphic sex chromosomes. However, there has been confusion regarding the expected estimate of FST for a fixed difference between the X‐ and Y‐chromosome when comparing males and females. Here, we attempt to resolve this confusion by contrasting two common FST estimators and explain why they yield different estimates when applied to the case of sex chromosomes. We show that this difference is true for many allele frequencies, but the situation characterized by fixed differences between the X‐ and Y‐chromosome is among the most extreme. To avoid additional confusion, we recommend that all authors using FST clearly state which estimator of FST their work uses. article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal) article_type: original author: - first_name: William J full_name: Gammerdinger, William J id: 3A7E01BC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Gammerdinger orcid: 0000-0001-9638-1220 - first_name: Melissa A full_name: Toups, Melissa A id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Toups orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380 - first_name: Beatriz full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Vicoso orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306 citation: ama: 'Gammerdinger WJ, Toups MA, Vicoso B. Disagreement in FST estimators: A case study from  sex chromosomes. Molecular Ecology Resources. 2020;20(6):1517-1525. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13210' apa: 'Gammerdinger, W. J., Toups, M. A., & Vicoso, B. (2020). Disagreement in FST estimators: A case study from  sex chromosomes. Molecular Ecology Resources. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13210' chicago: 'Gammerdinger, William J, Melissa A Toups, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Disagreement in FST Estimators: A Case Study from  Sex Chromosomes.” Molecular Ecology Resources. Wiley, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13210.' ieee: 'W. J. Gammerdinger, M. A. Toups, and B. Vicoso, “Disagreement in FST estimators: A case study from  sex chromosomes,” Molecular Ecology Resources, vol. 20, no. 6. Wiley, pp. 1517–1525, 2020.' ista: 'Gammerdinger WJ, Toups MA, Vicoso B. 2020. Disagreement in FST estimators: A case study from  sex chromosomes. Molecular Ecology Resources. 20(6), 1517–1525.' mla: 'Gammerdinger, William J., et al. “Disagreement in FST Estimators: A Case Study from  Sex Chromosomes.” Molecular Ecology Resources, vol. 20, no. 6, Wiley, 2020, pp. 1517–25, doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13210.' short: W.J. Gammerdinger, M.A. Toups, B. Vicoso, Molecular Ecology Resources 20 (2020) 1517–1525. date_created: 2020-07-07T08:56:16Z date_published: 2020-11-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-09-05T16:07:08Z day: '01' ddc: - '570' department: - _id: BeVi doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13210 ec_funded: 1 external_id: isi: - '000545451200001' pmid: - '32543001' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 3d87ebb8757dcd504f20c618b72e6575 content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2020-11-26T11:46:43Z date_updated: 2020-11-26T11:46:43Z file_id: '8814' file_name: 2020_MolecularEcologyRes_Gammerdinger.pdf file_size: 820428 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2020-11-26T11:46:43Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 20' isi: 1 issue: '6' language: - iso: eng month: '11' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 1517-1525 pmid: 1 project: - _id: 260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: H2020 grant_number: '754411' name: ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships - _id: 250ED89C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FWF grant_number: P28842-B22 name: Sex chromosome evolution under male- and female- heterogamety publication: Molecular Ecology Resources publication_identifier: eissn: - 1755-0998 issn: - 1755-098X publication_status: published publisher: Wiley quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: 'Disagreement in FST estimators: A case study from sex chromosomes' tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1 volume: 20 year: '2020' ... --- _id: '6821' abstract: - lang: eng text: To determine the visual sensitivities of an organism of interest, quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) is often used to quantify expression of the light‐sensitive opsins in the retina. While qRT–PCR is an affordable, high‐throughput method for measuring expression, it comes with inherent normalization issues that affect the interpretation of results, especially as opsin expression can vary greatly based on developmental stage, light environment or diurnal cycles. We tested for diurnal cycles of opsin expression over a period of 24 hr at 1‐hr increments and examined how normalization affects a data set with fluctuating expression levels using qRT–PCR and transcriptome data from the retinae of the cichlid Pelmatolapia mariae. We compared five methods of normalizing opsin expression relative to (a) the average of three stably expressed housekeeping genes (Ube2z, EF1‐α and β‐actin), (b) total RNA concentration, (c) GNAT2, (the cone‐specific subunit of transducin), (d) total opsin expression and (e) only opsins expressed in the same cone type. Normalizing by proportion of cone type produced the least variation and would be best for removing time‐of‐day variation. In contrast, normalizing by housekeeping genes produced the highest daily variation in expression and demonstrated that the peak of cone opsin expression was in the late afternoon. A weighted correlation network analysis showed that the expression of different cone opsins follows a very similar daily cycle. With the knowledge of how these normalization methods affect opsin expression data, we make recommendations for designing sampling approaches and quantification methods based upon the scientific question being examined. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Miranda R. full_name: Yourick, Miranda R. last_name: Yourick - first_name: Benjamin A. full_name: Sandkam, Benjamin A. last_name: Sandkam - first_name: William J full_name: Gammerdinger, William J id: 3A7E01BC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Gammerdinger orcid: 0000-0001-9638-1220 - first_name: Daniel full_name: Escobar-Camacho, Daniel last_name: Escobar-Camacho - first_name: Sri Pratima full_name: Nandamuri, Sri Pratima last_name: Nandamuri - first_name: Frances E. full_name: Clark, Frances E. last_name: Clark - first_name: Brendan full_name: Joyce, Brendan last_name: Joyce - first_name: Matthew A. full_name: Conte, Matthew A. last_name: Conte - first_name: Thomas D. full_name: Kocher, Thomas D. last_name: Kocher - first_name: Karen L. full_name: Carleton, Karen L. last_name: Carleton citation: ama: Yourick MR, Sandkam BA, Gammerdinger WJ, et al. Diurnal variation in opsin expression and common housekeeping genes necessitates comprehensive normalization methods for quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Molecular Ecology Resources. 2019;19(6):1447-1460. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13062 apa: Yourick, M. R., Sandkam, B. A., Gammerdinger, W. J., Escobar-Camacho, D., Nandamuri, S. P., Clark, F. E., … Carleton, K. L. (2019). Diurnal variation in opsin expression and common housekeeping genes necessitates comprehensive normalization methods for quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Molecular Ecology Resources. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13062 chicago: Yourick, Miranda R., Benjamin A. Sandkam, William J Gammerdinger, Daniel Escobar-Camacho, Sri Pratima Nandamuri, Frances E. Clark, Brendan Joyce, Matthew A. Conte, Thomas D. Kocher, and Karen L. Carleton. “Diurnal Variation in Opsin Expression and Common Housekeeping Genes Necessitates Comprehensive Normalization Methods for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analyses.” Molecular Ecology Resources. Wiley, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13062. ieee: M. R. Yourick et al., “Diurnal variation in opsin expression and common housekeeping genes necessitates comprehensive normalization methods for quantitative real-time PCR analyses,” Molecular Ecology Resources, vol. 19, no. 6. Wiley, pp. 1447–1460, 2019. ista: Yourick MR, Sandkam BA, Gammerdinger WJ, Escobar-Camacho D, Nandamuri SP, Clark FE, Joyce B, Conte MA, Kocher TD, Carleton KL. 2019. Diurnal variation in opsin expression and common housekeeping genes necessitates comprehensive normalization methods for quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Molecular Ecology Resources. 19(6), 1447–1460. mla: Yourick, Miranda R., et al. “Diurnal Variation in Opsin Expression and Common Housekeeping Genes Necessitates Comprehensive Normalization Methods for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analyses.” Molecular Ecology Resources, vol. 19, no. 6, Wiley, 2019, pp. 1447–60, doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13062. short: M.R. Yourick, B.A. Sandkam, W.J. Gammerdinger, D. Escobar-Camacho, S.P. Nandamuri, F.E. Clark, B. Joyce, M.A. Conte, T.D. Kocher, K.L. Carleton, Molecular Ecology Resources 19 (2019) 1447–1460. date_created: 2019-08-18T22:00:41Z date_published: 2019-11-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-08-29T07:10:44Z day: '01' department: - _id: BeVi doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13062 external_id: isi: - '000480196800001' pmid: - '31325910' intvolume: ' 19' isi: 1 issue: '6' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6995727 month: '11' oa: 1 oa_version: Submitted Version page: 1447-1460 pmid: 1 publication: Molecular Ecology Resources publication_identifier: eissn: - 1755-0998 publication_status: published publisher: Wiley quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Diurnal variation in opsin expression and common housekeeping genes necessitates comprehensive normalization methods for quantitative real-time PCR analyses type: journal_article user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8 volume: 19 year: '2019' ... --- _id: '6418' abstract: - lang: eng text: Males and females of Artemia franciscana, a crustacean commonly used in the aquarium trade, are highly dimorphic. Sex is determined by a pair of ZW chromosomes, but the nature and extent of differentiation of these chromosomes is unknown. Here, we characterize the Z chromosome by detecting genomic regions that show lower genomic coverage in female than in male samples, and regions that harbor an excess of female-specific SNPs. We detect many Z-specific genes, which no longer have homologs on the W, but also Z-linked genes that appear to have diverged very recently from their existing W-linked homolog. We assess patterns of male and female expression in two tissues with extensive morphological dimorphism, gonads, and heads. In agreement with their morphology, sex-biased expression is common in both tissues. Interestingly, the Z chromosome is not enriched for sex-biased genes, and seems to in fact have a mechanism of dosage compensation that leads to equal expression in males and in females. Both of these patterns are contrary to most ZW systems studied so far, making A. franciscana an excellent model for investigating the interplay between the evolution of sexual dimorphism and dosage compensation, as well as Z chromosome evolution in general. acknowledged_ssus: - _id: ScienComp article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Ann K full_name: Huylmans, Ann K id: 4C0A3874-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Huylmans orcid: 0000-0001-8871-4961 - first_name: Melissa A full_name: Toups, Melissa A id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Toups orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380 - first_name: Ariana full_name: Macon, Ariana id: 2A0848E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Macon - first_name: William J full_name: Gammerdinger, William J id: 3A7E01BC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Gammerdinger orcid: 0000-0001-9638-1220 - first_name: Beatriz full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Vicoso orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306 citation: ama: Huylmans AK, Toups MA, Macon A, Gammerdinger WJ, Vicoso B. Sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation on the Artemia franciscana Z-chromosome. Genome biology and evolution. 2019;11(4):1033-1044. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz053 apa: Huylmans, A. K., Toups, M. A., Macon, A., Gammerdinger, W. J., & Vicoso, B. (2019). Sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation on the Artemia franciscana Z-chromosome. Genome Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz053 chicago: Huylmans, Ann K, Melissa A Toups, Ariana Macon, William J Gammerdinger, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Dosage Compensation on the Artemia Franciscana Z-Chromosome.” Genome Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz053. ieee: A. K. Huylmans, M. A. Toups, A. Macon, W. J. Gammerdinger, and B. Vicoso, “Sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation on the Artemia franciscana Z-chromosome,” Genome biology and evolution, vol. 11, no. 4. Oxford University Press, pp. 1033–1044, 2019. ista: Huylmans AK, Toups MA, Macon A, Gammerdinger WJ, Vicoso B. 2019. Sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation on the Artemia franciscana Z-chromosome. Genome biology and evolution. 11(4), 1033–1044. mla: Huylmans, Ann K., et al. “Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Dosage Compensation on the Artemia Franciscana Z-Chromosome.” Genome Biology and Evolution, vol. 11, no. 4, Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 1033–44, doi:10.1093/gbe/evz053. short: A.K. Huylmans, M.A. Toups, A. Macon, W.J. Gammerdinger, B. Vicoso, Genome Biology and Evolution 11 (2019) 1033–1044. date_created: 2019-05-13T07:58:38Z date_published: 2019-04-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-02-21T12:45:41Z day: '01' ddc: - '570' department: - _id: BeVi doi: 10.1093/gbe/evz053 ec_funded: 1 external_id: isi: - '000476569800003' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 7d0ede297b6741f3dc89cd59017c7642 content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2019-05-14T08:29:38Z date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:29Z file_id: '6446' file_name: 2019_GBE_Huylmans.pdf file_size: 1256303 relation: main_file file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:29Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 11' isi: 1 issue: '4' language: - iso: eng month: '04' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 1033-1044 project: - _id: 250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: H2020 grant_number: '715257' name: Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution publication: Genome biology and evolution publication_identifier: eissn: - 1759-6653 publication_status: published publisher: Oxford University Press quality_controlled: '1' related_material: record: - id: '6060' relation: popular_science status: public scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation on the Artemia franciscana Z-chromosome tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8 volume: 11 year: '2019' ... --- _id: '63' abstract: - lang: eng text: African cichlids display a remarkable assortment of jaw morphologies, pigmentation patterns, and mating behaviors. In addition to this previously documented diversity, recent studies have documented a rich diversity of sex chromosomes within these fishes. Here we review the known sex-determination network within vertebrates, and the extraordinary number of sex chromosomes systems segregating in African cichlids. We also propose a model for understanding the unusual number of sex chromosome systems within this clade. acknowledgement: NSF DEB-1830753 and ISTPlus Fellowship article_number: '480' article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: William J full_name: Gammerdinger, William J id: 3A7E01BC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Gammerdinger orcid: 0000-0001-9638-1220 - first_name: Thomas full_name: Kocher, Thomas last_name: Kocher citation: ama: Gammerdinger WJ, Kocher T. Unusual diversity of sex chromosomes in African cichlid fishes. Genes. 2018;9(10). doi:10.3390/genes9100480 apa: Gammerdinger, W. J., & Kocher, T. (2018). Unusual diversity of sex chromosomes in African cichlid fishes. Genes. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9100480 chicago: Gammerdinger, William J, and Thomas Kocher. “Unusual Diversity of Sex Chromosomes in African Cichlid Fishes.” Genes. MDPI AG, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9100480. ieee: W. J. Gammerdinger and T. Kocher, “Unusual diversity of sex chromosomes in African cichlid fishes,” Genes, vol. 9, no. 10. MDPI AG, 2018. ista: Gammerdinger WJ, Kocher T. 2018. Unusual diversity of sex chromosomes in African cichlid fishes. Genes. 9(10), 480. mla: Gammerdinger, William J., and Thomas Kocher. “Unusual Diversity of Sex Chromosomes in African Cichlid Fishes.” Genes, vol. 9, no. 10, 480, MDPI AG, 2018, doi:10.3390/genes9100480. short: W.J. Gammerdinger, T. Kocher, Genes 9 (2018). date_created: 2018-12-11T11:44:26Z date_published: 2018-10-04T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-09-19T10:37:03Z day: '04' ddc: - '570' department: - _id: BeVi doi: 10.3390/genes9100480 ec_funded: 1 external_id: isi: - '000448656700018' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: bec527692e2c9b56919c0429634ff337 content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2018-12-18T09:54:46Z date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:27Z file_id: '5743' file_name: 2018_Genes_Gammerdinger.pdf file_size: 1415791 relation: main_file file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:27Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 9' isi: 1 issue: '10' language: - iso: eng month: '10' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version project: - _id: 25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FP7 grant_number: '291734' name: International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme publication: Genes publication_status: published publisher: MDPI AG publist_id: '7991' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Unusual diversity of sex chromosomes in African cichlid fishes tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1 volume: 9 year: '2018' ...