--- _id: '1920' abstract: - lang: eng text: Cerebellar motor learning is suggested to be caused by long-term plasticity of excitatory parallel fiber-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapses associated with changes in the number of synaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs). However, whether the AMPARs decrease or increase in individual PF-PC synapses occurs in physiological motor learning and accounts for memory that lasts over days remains elusive. We combined quantitative SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labeling for AMPAR and physical dissector electron microscopy with a simple model of cerebellar motor learning, adaptation of horizontal optokinetic response (HOKR) in mouse. After 1-h training of HOKR, short-term adaptation (STA) was accompanied with transient decrease in AMPARs by 28% in target PF-PC synapses. STA was well correlated with AMPAR decrease in individual animals and both STA and AMPAR decrease recovered to basal levels within 24 h. Surprisingly, long-termadaptation (LTA) after five consecutive daily trainings of 1-h HOKR did not alter the number of AMPARs in PF-PC synapses but caused gradual and persistent synapse elimination by 45%, with corresponding PC spine loss by the fifth training day. Furthermore, recovery of LTA after 2 wk was well correlated with increase of PF-PC synapses to the control level. Our findings indicate that the AMPARs decrease in PF-PC synapses and the elimination of these synapses are in vivo engrams in short- and long-term motor learning, respectively, showing a unique type of synaptic plasticity that may contribute to memory consolidation. acknowledgement: This work was supported by Solution-Oriented Research for Science and Technology from the Japan Science and Technology Agency; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan Grant 16300114 (to R.S.). author: - first_name: Wen full_name: Wang, Wen last_name: Wang - first_name: Kazuhiko full_name: Nakadate, Kazuhiko last_name: Nakadate - first_name: Miwako full_name: Masugi Tokita, Miwako last_name: Masugi Tokita - first_name: Fumihiro full_name: Shutoh, Fumihiro last_name: Shutoh - first_name: Wajeeha full_name: Aziz, Wajeeha last_name: Aziz - first_name: Etsuko full_name: Tarusawa, Etsuko last_name: Tarusawa - first_name: Andrea full_name: Lörincz, Andrea last_name: Lörincz - first_name: Elek full_name: Molnár, Elek last_name: Molnár - first_name: Sebnem full_name: Kesaf, Sebnem id: 401AB46C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Kesaf - first_name: Yunqing full_name: Li, Yunqing last_name: Li - first_name: Yugo full_name: Fukazawa, Yugo last_name: Fukazawa - first_name: Soichi full_name: Nagao, Soichi last_name: Nagao - first_name: Ryuichi full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Shigemoto orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444 citation: ama: Wang W, Nakadate K, Masugi Tokita M, et al. Distinct cerebellar engrams in short-term and long-term motor learning. PNAS. 2014;111(1):E188-E193. doi:10.1073/pnas.1315541111 apa: Wang, W., Nakadate, K., Masugi Tokita, M., Shutoh, F., Aziz, W., Tarusawa, E., … Shigemoto, R. (2014). Distinct cerebellar engrams in short-term and long-term motor learning. PNAS. National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315541111 chicago: Wang, Wen, Kazuhiko Nakadate, Miwako Masugi Tokita, Fumihiro Shutoh, Wajeeha Aziz, Etsuko Tarusawa, Andrea Lörincz, et al. “Distinct Cerebellar Engrams in Short-Term and Long-Term Motor Learning.” PNAS. National Academy of Sciences, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315541111. ieee: W. Wang et al., “Distinct cerebellar engrams in short-term and long-term motor learning,” PNAS, vol. 111, no. 1. National Academy of Sciences, pp. E188–E193, 2014. ista: Wang W, Nakadate K, Masugi Tokita M, Shutoh F, Aziz W, Tarusawa E, Lörincz A, Molnár E, Kesaf S, Li Y, Fukazawa Y, Nagao S, Shigemoto R. 2014. Distinct cerebellar engrams in short-term and long-term motor learning. PNAS. 111(1), E188–E193. mla: Wang, Wen, et al. “Distinct Cerebellar Engrams in Short-Term and Long-Term Motor Learning.” PNAS, vol. 111, no. 1, National Academy of Sciences, 2014, pp. E188–93, doi:10.1073/pnas.1315541111. short: W. Wang, K. Nakadate, M. Masugi Tokita, F. Shutoh, W. Aziz, E. Tarusawa, A. Lörincz, E. Molnár, S. Kesaf, Y. Li, Y. Fukazawa, S. Nagao, R. Shigemoto, PNAS 111 (2014) E188–E193. date_created: 2018-12-11T11:54:43Z date_published: 2014-01-07T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:54:05Z day: '07' department: - _id: RySh doi: 10.1073/pnas.1315541111 intvolume: ' 111' issue: '1' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890858/ month: '01' oa: 1 oa_version: Submitted Version page: E188 - E193 publication: PNAS publication_status: published publisher: National Academy of Sciences publist_id: '5174' scopus_import: 1 status: public title: Distinct cerebellar engrams in short-term and long-term motor learning type: journal_article user_id: 4435EBFC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 111 year: '2014' ... --- _id: '1919' abstract: - lang: eng text: Long-lasting memories are formed when the stimulus is temporally distributed (spacing effect). However, the synaptic mechanisms underlying this robust phenomenon and the precise time course of the synaptic modifications that occur during learning remain unclear. Here we examined the adaptation of horizontal optokinetic response in mice that underwent 1 h of massed and spaced training at varying intervals. Despite similar acquisition by all training protocols, 1 h of spacing produced the highest memory retention at 24 h, which lasted for 1 mo. The distinct kinetics of memory are strongly correlated with the reduction of floccular parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses but not with AMPA receptor (AMPAR) number and synapse size. After the spaced training, we observed 25%, 23%, and 12% reduction in AMPAR density, synapse size, and synapse number, respectively. Four hours after the spaced training, half of the synapses and Purkinje cell spines had been eliminated, whereas AMPAR density and synapse size were recovered in remaining synapses. Surprisingly, massed training also produced long-term memory and halving of synapses; however, this occurred slowly over days, and the memory lasted for only 1 wk. This distinct kinetics of structural plasticity may serve as a basis for unique temporal profiles in the formation and decay of memory with or without intervals. acknowledgement: his work was supported by Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology (R.S.), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency (Y.F.), and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas-Molecular Brain Sciences 16300114 (to R.S.) and 18022043 (to Y.F.). author: - first_name: Wajeeha full_name: Aziz, Wajeeha last_name: Aziz - first_name: Wen full_name: Wang, Wen last_name: Wang - first_name: Sebnem full_name: Kesaf, Sebnem id: 401AB46C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Kesaf - first_name: Alsayed full_name: Mohamed, Alsayed last_name: Mohamed - first_name: Yugo full_name: Fukazawa, Yugo last_name: Fukazawa - first_name: Ryuichi full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Shigemoto orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444 citation: ama: Aziz W, Wang W, Kesaf S, Mohamed A, Fukazawa Y, Shigemoto R. Distinct kinetics of synaptic structural plasticity, memory formation, and memory decay in massed and spaced learning. PNAS. 2014;111(1):E194-E202. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303317110 apa: Aziz, W., Wang, W., Kesaf, S., Mohamed, A., Fukazawa, Y., & Shigemoto, R. (2014). Distinct kinetics of synaptic structural plasticity, memory formation, and memory decay in massed and spaced learning. PNAS. National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1303317110 chicago: Aziz, Wajeeha, Wen Wang, Sebnem Kesaf, Alsayed Mohamed, Yugo Fukazawa, and Ryuichi Shigemoto. “Distinct Kinetics of Synaptic Structural Plasticity, Memory Formation, and Memory Decay in Massed and Spaced Learning.” PNAS. National Academy of Sciences, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1303317110. ieee: W. Aziz, W. Wang, S. Kesaf, A. Mohamed, Y. Fukazawa, and R. Shigemoto, “Distinct kinetics of synaptic structural plasticity, memory formation, and memory decay in massed and spaced learning,” PNAS, vol. 111, no. 1. National Academy of Sciences, pp. E194–E202, 2014. ista: Aziz W, Wang W, Kesaf S, Mohamed A, Fukazawa Y, Shigemoto R. 2014. Distinct kinetics of synaptic structural plasticity, memory formation, and memory decay in massed and spaced learning. PNAS. 111(1), E194–E202. mla: Aziz, Wajeeha, et al. “Distinct Kinetics of Synaptic Structural Plasticity, Memory Formation, and Memory Decay in Massed and Spaced Learning.” PNAS, vol. 111, no. 1, National Academy of Sciences, 2014, pp. E194–202, doi:10.1073/pnas.1303317110. short: W. Aziz, W. Wang, S. Kesaf, A. Mohamed, Y. Fukazawa, R. Shigemoto, PNAS 111 (2014) E194–E202. date_created: 2018-12-11T11:54:43Z date_published: 2014-01-07T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:54:04Z day: '07' department: - _id: RySh doi: 10.1073/pnas.1303317110 intvolume: ' 111' issue: '1' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890840/ month: '01' oa: 1 oa_version: Submitted Version page: E194 - E202 publication: PNAS publication_status: published publisher: National Academy of Sciences publist_id: '5175' scopus_import: 1 status: public title: Distinct kinetics of synaptic structural plasticity, memory formation, and memory decay in massed and spaced learning type: journal_article user_id: 4435EBFC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 111 year: '2014' ...