---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21341'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: We aim to characterise the mass-metallicity relation (MZR) and the 3D correlation
between the stellar mass, metallicity, and star formation rate (SFR) known as
the fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) for galaxies at 5 < z < 7. Using ∼800
[O III] selected galaxies from deep NIRCam grism surveys, we present our stacked
measurements of direct-Te metallicities, which we used to test recent strong-line
metallicity calibrations. Our measured direct-Te metallicities (0.1–0.2 Z⊙ for
M★ ≈ 5 × 107 − 9 M⊙, respectively) match recent JWST/NIRSpec-based results. However,
there are significant inconsistencies between observations and hydrodynamical
simulations. We observe a flatter MZR slope than the SPHINX20 and FLARES simulations,
which cannot be attributed to selection effects. With simple models, we show that
the effect of an [O III] flux-limited sample on the observed shape of the MZR
is strongly dependent on the FMR. If the FMR is similar to the one in the local
Universe, the intrinsic high-redshift MZR should be even flatter than is observed.
In turn, a 3D relation where SFR correlates positively with metallicity at fixed
mass would imply an intrinsically steeper MZR. Our measurements indicate that
metallicity variations at fixed mass show little dependence on the SFR, suggesting
a flat intrinsic MZR. This could indicate that the low-mass galaxies at these
redshifts are out of equilibrium and that metal enrichment occurs rapidly in low-mass
galaxies. However, being limited by our stacking analysis, we are yet to probe
the scatter in the MZR and its dependence on SFR. Large carefully selected samples
of galaxies with robust metallicity measurements can put tight constraints on
the high-redshift FMR and help us to understand the interplay between gas flows,
star formation, and feedback in early galaxies.
acknowledgement: 'We thank the anonymous referee for the insightful comments that
helped improving this paper. This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA
James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for
Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by
the Associations of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract
NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations were taken under programmes # 1243, # 1933
and # 3516. Funded by the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224). Views and opinions
expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect
those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European
Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. GK acknowledges
support from the Foundation MERAC. APV acknowledge support from the Sussex Astronomy
Centre STFC Consolidated Grant (ST/X001040/1).'
article_number: A165
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Gauri
full_name: Kotiwale, Gauri
id: 1438afc8-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-cd4a75d66875
last_name: Kotiwale
- first_name: Jorryt J
full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
last_name: Matthee
orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
- first_name: Daichi
full_name: Kashino, Daichi
last_name: Kashino
- first_name: Aswin P.
full_name: Vijayan, Aswin P.
last_name: Vijayan
- first_name: Alberto
full_name: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto
id: 018f0249-0e87-11f0-b167-cbce08fbd541
last_name: Torralba Torregrosa
orcid: 0000-0001-5586-6950
- first_name: Claudia
full_name: Di Cesare, Claudia
id: 2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb
last_name: Di Cesare
- first_name: Edoardo
full_name: Iani, Edoardo
id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
last_name: Iani
orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Rongmon
full_name: Bordoloi, Rongmon
last_name: Bordoloi
- first_name: Joel
full_name: Leja, Joel
last_name: Leja
- first_name: Michael V.
full_name: Maseda, Michael V.
last_name: Maseda
- first_name: Sandro
full_name: Tacchella, Sandro
last_name: Tacchella
- first_name: Irene
full_name: Shivaei, Irene
last_name: Shivaei
- first_name: Kasper E.
full_name: Heintz, Kasper E.
last_name: Heintz
- first_name: A. Lola
full_name: Danhaive, A. Lola
last_name: Danhaive
- first_name: Sara
full_name: Mascia, Sara
id: edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29
last_name: Mascia
- first_name: Ivan
full_name: Kramarenko, Ivan
id: 9a9394cb-3200-11ee-973b-f5ba2a8b16e4
last_name: Kramarenko
orcid: 0000-0001-5346-6048
- first_name: Benjamín
full_name: Navarrete, Benjamín
id: aa14a535-50c9-11ef-b52e-e0c373d10148
last_name: Navarrete
- first_name: Ruari
full_name: Mackenzie, Ruari
last_name: Mackenzie
- first_name: Rohan P.
full_name: Naidu, Rohan P.
last_name: Naidu
- first_name: David
full_name: Sobral, David
last_name: Sobral
citation:
ama: Kotiwale G, Matthee JJ, Kashino D, et al. Rapid, out-of-equilibrium metal enrichment
indicated by a flat mass-metallicity relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam grism spectroscopy.
Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2026;706. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556597
apa: Kotiwale, G., Matthee, J. J., Kashino, D., Vijayan, A. P., Torralba Torregrosa,
A., Di Cesare, C., … Sobral, D. (2026). Rapid, out-of-equilibrium metal enrichment
indicated by a flat mass-metallicity relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam grism spectroscopy.
Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556597
chicago: Kotiwale, Gauri, Jorryt J Matthee, Daichi Kashino, Aswin P. Vijayan, Alberto
Torralba Torregrosa, Claudia Di Cesare, Edoardo Iani, et al. “Rapid, out-of-Equilibrium
Metal Enrichment Indicated by a Flat Mass-Metallicity Relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam
Grism Spectroscopy.” Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences, 2026.
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556597.
ieee: G. Kotiwale et al., “Rapid, out-of-equilibrium metal enrichment indicated
by a flat mass-metallicity relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam grism spectroscopy,”
Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 706. EDP Sciences, 2026.
ista: Kotiwale G, Matthee JJ, Kashino D, Vijayan AP, Torralba Torregrosa A, Di Cesare
C, Iani E, Bordoloi R, Leja J, Maseda MV, Tacchella S, Shivaei I, Heintz KE, Danhaive
AL, Mascia S, Kramarenko I, Navarrete B, Mackenzie R, Naidu RP, Sobral D. 2026.
Rapid, out-of-equilibrium metal enrichment indicated by a flat mass-metallicity
relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam grism spectroscopy. Astronomy & Astrophysics.
706, A165.
mla: Kotiwale, Gauri, et al. “Rapid, out-of-Equilibrium Metal Enrichment Indicated
by a Flat Mass-Metallicity Relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam Grism Spectroscopy.”
Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 706, A165, EDP Sciences, 2026, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556597.
short: G. Kotiwale, J.J. Matthee, D. Kashino, A.P. Vijayan, A. Torralba Torregrosa,
C. Di Cesare, E. Iani, R. Bordoloi, J. Leja, M.V. Maseda, S. Tacchella, I. Shivaei,
K.E. Heintz, A.L. Danhaive, S. Mascia, I. Kramarenko, B. Navarrete, R. Mackenzie,
R.P. Naidu, D. Sobral, Astronomy & Astrophysics 706 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-02-22T23:01:35Z
date_published: 2026-02-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-24T07:49:42Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202556597
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2510.19959'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 6f5849d29ad43bee32f90152f6fc0294
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2026-02-24T07:46:47Z
date_updated: 2026-02-24T07:46:47Z
file_id: '21355'
file_name: 2026_AstronomyAstrophysics_Kotiwale.pdf
file_size: 6531719
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-02-24T07:46:47Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 706'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea
grant_number: '101076224'
name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization
publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1432-0746
issn:
- 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Rapid, out-of-equilibrium metal enrichment indicated by a flat mass-metallicity
relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam grism spectroscopy
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 706
year: '2026'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21451'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The population of the little red dots (LRDs) may represent a key phase of
supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth. A cocoon of dense excited gas is emerging
as a key component to explain the most striking properties of LRDs, such as strong
Balmer breaks and Balmer absorption, as well as the weak IR emission. To dissect
the structure of LRDs, we analyzed new deep JWST/NIRSpec PRISM and G395H spectra
of FRESCO-GN-9771, one of the most luminous known LRDs at z = 5.5. These spectra
reveal a strong Balmer break, broad Balmer lines, and very narrow [O III] emission.
We revealed a forest of optical [Fe II] lines, which we argue are emerging from
a dense (nH = 109 − 10 cm−3) warm layer with electron temperature Te ≈ 7000 K.
The broad wings of Hα and Hβ have an exponential profile due to electron scattering
in this same layer. The high Hα : Hβ : Hγ flux ratio of ≈10.4 : 1 : 0.14 is an
indicator of collisional excitation and resonant scattering dominating the Balmer
line emission. A narrow Hγ component, unseen in the other two Balmer lines due
to outshining by the broad components, could trace the ISM of a normal host galaxy
with a star formation rate of ∼5 M⊙ yr−1. The warm layer is mostly opaque to Balmer
transitions, producing a characteristic P Cygni profile in the line centers suggesting
outflowing motions. This same layer is responsible for shaping the Balmer break.
The broadband spectrum can be reasonably matched by a simple photoionized slab
model that dominates the λ > 1500 Å continuum and a low-mass (∼108 M⊙) galaxy
that could explain the narrow [O III], with only a subdominant contribution to
the UV continuum. Our findings indicate that Balmer lines are not directly tracing
the gas kinematics near the SMBH and that the BH mass scale is likely much lower
than virial indicators suggest.
acknowledgement: 'We thank the scientific referee for useful and constructive comments.
We thank Ylva Götberg and Zoltan Haiman for insightful discussions about the physics
of gaseous envelopes and accretion into black holes. Funded by the European Union
(ERC, AGENTS, 101076224). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the
author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the
European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority
can be held responsible for them. This work is based in part on observations made
with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the
Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute,
which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy,
Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated
with program #5664. This work has received funding from the Swiss State Secretariat
for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00072,
as well as from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) through project grant
200020_207349.'
article_number: A75
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Alberto
full_name: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto
id: 018f0249-0e87-11f0-b167-cbce08fbd541
last_name: Torralba Torregrosa
orcid: 0000-0001-5586-6950
- first_name: Jorryt J
full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
last_name: Matthee
orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
- first_name: Gabriele
full_name: Pezzulli, Gabriele
last_name: Pezzulli
- first_name: Rohan P.
full_name: Naidu, Rohan P.
last_name: Naidu
- first_name: Yuzo
full_name: Ishikawa, Yuzo
last_name: Ishikawa
- first_name: Gabriel B.
full_name: Brammer, Gabriel B.
last_name: Brammer
- first_name: Seok Jun
full_name: Chang, Seok Jun
last_name: Chang
- first_name: John
full_name: Chisholm, John
last_name: Chisholm
- first_name: Anna
full_name: De Graaff, Anna
last_name: De Graaff
- first_name: Francesco
full_name: D’Eugenio, Francesco
last_name: D’Eugenio
- first_name: Claudia
full_name: Di Cesare, Claudia
id: 2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb
last_name: Di Cesare
- first_name: Anna Christina
full_name: Eilers, Anna Christina
last_name: Eilers
- first_name: Jenny E.
full_name: Greene, Jenny E.
last_name: Greene
- first_name: Max
full_name: Gronke, Max
last_name: Gronke
- first_name: Edoardo
full_name: Iani, Edoardo
id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
last_name: Iani
orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Vasily
full_name: Kokorev, Vasily
last_name: Kokorev
- first_name: Gauri
full_name: Kotiwale, Gauri
id: 1438afc8-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-cd4a75d66875
last_name: Kotiwale
- first_name: Ivan
full_name: Kramarenko, Ivan
id: 9a9394cb-3200-11ee-973b-f5ba2a8b16e4
last_name: Kramarenko
orcid: 0000-0001-5346-6048
- first_name: Yilun
full_name: Ma, Yilun
last_name: Ma
- first_name: Sara
full_name: Mascia, Sara
id: edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29
last_name: Mascia
- first_name: Benjamín
full_name: Navarrete, Benjamín
id: aa14a535-50c9-11ef-b52e-e0c373d10148
last_name: Navarrete
- first_name: Erica
full_name: Nelson, Erica
last_name: Nelson
- first_name: Pascal
full_name: Oesch, Pascal
last_name: Oesch
- first_name: Robert A.
full_name: Simcoe, Robert A.
last_name: Simcoe
- first_name: Stijn
full_name: Wuyts, Stijn
last_name: Wuyts
citation:
ama: Torralba Torregrosa A, Matthee JJ, Pezzulli G, et al. The warm outer layer
of a little red dot as the source of [Fe ii] and collisional Balmer lines with
scattering wings. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2026;707. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557537
apa: Torralba Torregrosa, A., Matthee, J. J., Pezzulli, G., Naidu, R. P., Ishikawa,
Y., Brammer, G. B., … Wuyts, S. (2026). The warm outer layer of a little red dot
as the source of [Fe ii] and collisional Balmer lines with scattering wings. Astronomy
& Astrophysics. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557537
chicago: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto, Jorryt J Matthee, Gabriele Pezzulli, Rohan
P. Naidu, Yuzo Ishikawa, Gabriel B. Brammer, Seok Jun Chang, et al. “The Warm
Outer Layer of a Little Red Dot as the Source of [Fe Ii] and Collisional Balmer
Lines with Scattering Wings.” Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences,
2026. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557537.
ieee: A. Torralba Torregrosa et al., “The warm outer layer of a little red
dot as the source of [Fe ii] and collisional Balmer lines with scattering wings,”
Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 707. EDP Sciences, 2026.
ista: Torralba Torregrosa A, Matthee JJ, Pezzulli G, Naidu RP, Ishikawa Y, Brammer
GB, Chang SJ, Chisholm J, De Graaff A, D’Eugenio F, Di Cesare C, Eilers AC, Greene
JE, Gronke M, Iani E, Kokorev V, Kotiwale G, Kramarenko I, Ma Y, Mascia S, Navarrete
B, Nelson E, Oesch P, Simcoe RA, Wuyts S. 2026. The warm outer layer of a little
red dot as the source of [Fe ii] and collisional Balmer lines with scattering
wings. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 707, A75.
mla: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto, et al. “The Warm Outer Layer of a Little Red
Dot as the Source of [Fe Ii] and Collisional Balmer Lines with Scattering Wings.”
Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 707, A75, EDP Sciences, 2026, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557537.
short: A. Torralba Torregrosa, J.J. Matthee, G. Pezzulli, R.P. Naidu, Y. Ishikawa,
G.B. Brammer, S.J. Chang, J. Chisholm, A. De Graaff, F. D’Eugenio, C. Di Cesare,
A.C. Eilers, J.E. Greene, M. Gronke, E. Iani, V. Kokorev, G. Kotiwale, I. Kramarenko,
Y. Ma, S. Mascia, B. Navarrete, E. Nelson, P. Oesch, R.A. Simcoe, S. Wuyts, Astronomy
& Astrophysics 707 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-03-15T23:01:36Z
date_published: 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:59:16Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202557537
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2510.00103'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: fcab9cb3dcf1d68612e1fdc8191643c1
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2026-03-16T10:57:49Z
date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:57:49Z
file_id: '21460'
file_name: 2026_AstronomyAstrophysics_Torralba2.pdf
file_size: 2510157
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:57:49Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 707'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea
grant_number: '101076224'
name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization
publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1432-0746
issn:
- 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The warm outer layer of a little red dot as the source of [Fe ii] and collisional
Balmer lines with scattering wings
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 707
year: '2026'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21452'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Galaxies exhibit a tight correlation between their star formation rate (SFR)
and stellar mass over a wide redshift range known as the star-forming main sequence
(SFMS). With JWST, the SFMS can now be investigated at high redshifts down to
masses of ∼106 M⊙, using sensitive star formation rate tracers such as the Hα
emission, which allow us to probe the variability in the star formation histories.
We present inferences of the SFMS based on 316 Hα-selected galaxies at z ∼ 4 − 5
with log(M★/M⊙) = 6.4 − 10.6. These galaxies were identified behind the Abell
2744 lensing cluster with NIRCam grism spectroscopy from the survey All the Little
Things (ALT). At face value, our data suggest a shallow slope in the SFMS (SFR ∝ M★α,
with α = 0.45). After we corrected this for the Hα-flux limited nature of our
survey using a Bayesian framework, the slope steepened to α = 0.59+0.10−0.09,
whereas current data on their own are inconclusive on the mass dependence of the
scatter. These slopes differ significantly from the slope of ∼1 that is expected
from the observed evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function and from simulations.
When we fixed the slope to α = 1, we found evidence for a decreasing intrinsic
scatter with stellar mass (from ∼0.5 dex at M★ = 108 M⊙ to 0.4 dex at M★ = 1010
M⊙). This difference might be explained by a (combination of) luminosity-dependent
SFR(Hα) calibration, a population of (mini)-quenched low-mass galaxies, or underestimated
dust attenuation in high-mass galaxies. Future deep observations with different
facilities can quantify these processes, which will enable us to achieve better
insights into the variability of the star formation histories.
acknowledgement: "We thank the anonymous referee for the insightful comments that
helped improving the manuscript. We thank Romain. A. Meyer for valuable discussion,
Pierluigi Rinaldi for his help with data handling and Luca Graziani and William
McClymont for providing the dustyGadget and\r\nTHESAN-ZOOM data, respectively. Funded
by the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224). Views and opinions expressed are
however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the
European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor
the granting authority can be held responsible for them. This work is based on observations
made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from
the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute,
which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy,
Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated
with program # 3516. We acknowledge funding from JWST program GO-3516. Software
used in developing this work includes: matplotlib (Hunter 2007), numpy (Oliphant
2007), scipy (Virtanen et al. 2020), TOPCAT (Taylor 2005), and Astropy (Astropy
Collaboration 2013)."
article_number: A129
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Claudia
full_name: Di Cesare, Claudia
id: 2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb
last_name: Di Cesare
- first_name: Jorryt J
full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
last_name: Matthee
orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
- first_name: Rohan P.
full_name: Naidu, Rohan P.
last_name: Naidu
- first_name: Alberto
full_name: Torralba, Alberto
last_name: Torralba
- first_name: Gauri
full_name: Kotiwale, Gauri
id: 1438afc8-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-cd4a75d66875
last_name: Kotiwale
- first_name: Ivan
full_name: Kramarenko, Ivan
id: 9a9394cb-3200-11ee-973b-f5ba2a8b16e4
last_name: Kramarenko
orcid: 0000-0001-5346-6048
- first_name: Jeremy
full_name: Blaizot, Jeremy
last_name: Blaizot
- first_name: Joakim
full_name: Rosdahl, Joakim
last_name: Rosdahl
- first_name: Joel
full_name: Leja, Joel
last_name: Leja
- first_name: Edoardo
full_name: Iani, Edoardo
id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
last_name: Iani
orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Adamo, Angela
last_name: Adamo
- first_name: Alba
full_name: Covelo-Paz, Alba
last_name: Covelo-Paz
- first_name: Lukas J.
full_name: Furtak, Lukas J.
last_name: Furtak
- first_name: Kasper E.
full_name: Heintz, Kasper E.
last_name: Heintz
- first_name: Sara
full_name: Mascia, Sara
id: edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29
last_name: Mascia
- first_name: Benjamín
full_name: Navarrete, Benjamín
id: aa14a535-50c9-11ef-b52e-e0c373d10148
last_name: Navarrete
- first_name: Pascal A.
full_name: Oesch, Pascal A.
last_name: Oesch
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Romano, Michael
last_name: Romano
- first_name: Irene
full_name: Shivaei, Irene
last_name: Shivaei
- first_name: Sandro
full_name: Tacchella, Sandro
last_name: Tacchella
citation:
ama: 'Di Cesare C, Matthee JJ, Naidu RP, et al. The slope and scatter of the star-forming
main sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations with simulations. Astronomy
& Astrophysics. 2026;707. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557790'
apa: 'Di Cesare, C., Matthee, J. J., Naidu, R. P., Torralba, A., Kotiwale, G., Kramarenko,
I., … Tacchella, S. (2026). The slope and scatter of the star-forming main sequence
at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations with simulations. Astronomy & Astrophysics.
EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790'
chicago: 'Di Cesare, Claudia, Jorryt J Matthee, Rohan P. Naidu, Alberto Torralba,
Gauri Kotiwale, Ivan Kramarenko, Jeremy Blaizot, et al. “The Slope and Scatter
of the Star-Forming Main Sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling Observations with Simulations.”
Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790.'
ieee: 'C. Di Cesare et al., “The slope and scatter of the star-forming main
sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations with simulations,” Astronomy &
Astrophysics, vol. 707. EDP Sciences, 2026.'
ista: 'Di Cesare C, Matthee JJ, Naidu RP, Torralba A, Kotiwale G, Kramarenko I,
Blaizot J, Rosdahl J, Leja J, Iani E, Adamo A, Covelo-Paz A, Furtak LJ, Heintz
KE, Mascia S, Navarrete B, Oesch PA, Romano M, Shivaei I, Tacchella S. 2026. The
slope and scatter of the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations
with simulations. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 707, A129.'
mla: 'Di Cesare, Claudia, et al. “The Slope and Scatter of the Star-Forming Main
Sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling Observations with Simulations.” Astronomy &
Astrophysics, vol. 707, A129, EDP Sciences, 2026, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557790.'
short: C. Di Cesare, J.J. Matthee, R.P. Naidu, A. Torralba, G. Kotiwale, I. Kramarenko,
J. Blaizot, J. Rosdahl, J. Leja, E. Iani, A. Adamo, A. Covelo-Paz, L.J. Furtak,
K.E. Heintz, S. Mascia, B. Navarrete, P.A. Oesch, M. Romano, I. Shivaei, S. Tacchella,
Astronomy & Astrophysics 707 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-03-15T23:01:36Z
date_published: 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:52:44Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202557790
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2510.19044'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: c056b00ce7324849754521fde10fb7ca
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2026-03-16T10:48:07Z
date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:48:07Z
file_id: '21459'
file_name: 2026_AstronomyAstrophysics_DiCesare.pdf
file_size: 1821411
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:48:07Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 707'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea
grant_number: '101076224'
name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization
publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1432-0746
issn:
- 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'The slope and scatter of the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling
observations with simulations'
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 707
year: '2026'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21045'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'The abundant population of little red dots (LRDs), compact objects with red
UV to optical colors and broad Balmer lines at high redshift, is revealing new
insights into the properties of early active galactic nuclei (AGN). Perhaps the
most surprising features of this population are the presence of Balmer absorption
and ubiquitous strong Balmer breaks. Recent models link these features to an active
supermassive black hole (SMBH) cocooned in very dense gas (NH ∼ 1024 cm−2). We
present a stringent test of such models using VLT/MUSE observations of A2744-45924,
the most luminous LRD known to date (LHα ≈ 1044 erg s−1), located behind the Abell-2744
lensing cluster at z = 4.464 (μ = 1.8). We detect a moderately extended Lyα nebula
(h ≈ 5.7 pkpc), spatially offset from the point-like Hα seen by JWST by ≈1.6 pkpc.
The Lyα emission is narrow (FWHM = 270 ± 15 km s−1), and faint (Lyα = 0.07Hα)
compared to Lyα nebulae typically observed around quasars of similar luminosity.
We detect compact N IV]λ1486 emission, spatially aligned with Hα, and a spatial
shift in the far-UV continuum matching the Lyα offset. We discuss that Hα and
Lyα have distinct physical origins: Hα originates from the AGN, while Lyα is powered
by star formation. In the environment of A2744-45924, we identified four extended
Lyα halos (Δz < 0.02, Δr < 100 pkpc). Their Lyα luminosities match the expectations
based on Hα emission, and show no evidence for radiation from A2744-45924 affecting
its surroundings. The lack of strong, compact, and broad Lyα and the absence of
a luminous extended halo, suggest that the UV AGN light is obscured by dense gas
cloaking the SMBH with a covering factor close to unity.'
acknowledgement: 'We thank the anonymous referee for constructive and useful comments.
We thank Sebastiano Cantalupo for comments on the draft. Based on observations collected
at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere
under ESO programme 114.27M6.001. Funded by the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224).
Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not
necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council.
Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for
them. We acknowledge funding from JWST program GO-3516. This work is based in part
on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data
were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope
Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research
in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations
are associated with program #3516. MG thanks the Max Planck Society for support
through the MPRG. FDE acknowledges support by the Science and Technology Facilities
Council (STFC), by the ERC through Advanced Grant 695671 “QUENCH”, and by the UKRI
Frontier Research grant RISEandFALL. TU acknowledges funding from the ERC-AdG grant
SPECMAP-CGM, GA 101020943. GK acknowledges support from the MERAC foundation.'
article_number: A147
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Alberto
full_name: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto
id: 018f0249-0e87-11f0-b167-cbce08fbd541
last_name: Torralba Torregrosa
orcid: 0000-0001-5586-6950
- first_name: Jorryt J
full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
last_name: Matthee
orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
- first_name: Gabriele
full_name: Pezzulli, Gabriele
last_name: Pezzulli
- first_name: Tanya
full_name: Urrutia, Tanya
last_name: Urrutia
- first_name: Max
full_name: Gronke, Max
last_name: Gronke
- first_name: Sara
full_name: Mascia, Sara
id: edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29
last_name: Mascia
- first_name: Francesco
full_name: D’Eugenio, Francesco
last_name: D’Eugenio
- first_name: Claudia
full_name: Di Cesare, Claudia
id: 2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb
last_name: Di Cesare
- first_name: Anna Christina
full_name: Eilers, Anna Christina
last_name: Eilers
- first_name: Jenny E.
full_name: Greene, Jenny E.
last_name: Greene
- first_name: Edoardo
full_name: Iani, Edoardo
id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
last_name: Iani
orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Yuzo
full_name: Ishikawa, Yuzo
last_name: Ishikawa
- first_name: Ruari
full_name: Mackenzie, Ruari
last_name: Mackenzie
- first_name: Rohan P.
full_name: Naidu, Rohan P.
last_name: Naidu
- first_name: Benjamín
full_name: Navarrete, Benjamín
id: aa14a535-50c9-11ef-b52e-e0c373d10148
last_name: Navarrete
- first_name: Gauri
full_name: Kotiwale, Gauri
id: 1438afc8-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-cd4a75d66875
last_name: Kotiwale
citation:
ama: Torralba Torregrosa A, Matthee JJ, Pezzulli G, et al. A weak Ly α halo for
an extremely bright little red dot. Indications of enshrouded supermassive black
hole growth. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2026;705. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555596
apa: Torralba Torregrosa, A., Matthee, J. J., Pezzulli, G., Urrutia, T., Gronke,
M., Mascia, S., … Kotiwale, G. (2026). A weak Ly α halo for an extremely bright
little red dot. Indications of enshrouded supermassive black hole growth. Astronomy
& Astrophysics. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555596
chicago: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto, Jorryt J Matthee, Gabriele Pezzulli, Tanya
Urrutia, Max Gronke, Sara Mascia, Francesco D’Eugenio, et al. “A Weak Ly α Halo
for an Extremely Bright Little Red Dot. Indications of Enshrouded Supermassive
Black Hole Growth.” Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555596.
ieee: A. Torralba Torregrosa et al., “A weak Ly α halo for an extremely bright
little red dot. Indications of enshrouded supermassive black hole growth,” Astronomy
& Astrophysics, vol. 705. EDP Sciences, 2026.
ista: Torralba Torregrosa A, Matthee JJ, Pezzulli G, Urrutia T, Gronke M, Mascia
S, D’Eugenio F, Di Cesare C, Eilers AC, Greene JE, Iani E, Ishikawa Y, Mackenzie
R, Naidu RP, Navarrete B, Kotiwale G. 2026. A weak Ly α halo for an extremely
bright little red dot. Indications of enshrouded supermassive black hole growth.
Astronomy & Astrophysics. 705, A147.
mla: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto, et al. “A Weak Ly α Halo for an Extremely Bright
Little Red Dot. Indications of Enshrouded Supermassive Black Hole Growth.” Astronomy
& Astrophysics, vol. 705, A147, EDP Sciences, 2026, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555596.
short: A. Torralba Torregrosa, J.J. Matthee, G. Pezzulli, T. Urrutia, M. Gronke,
S. Mascia, F. D’Eugenio, C. Di Cesare, A.C. Eilers, J.E. Greene, E. Iani, Y. Ishikawa,
R. Mackenzie, R.P. Naidu, B. Navarrete, G. Kotiwale, Astronomy & Astrophysics
705 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
das_tickbox: '1'
date_created: 2026-01-25T23:01:41Z
date_published: 2026-01-14T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-07-08T06:38:23Z
day: '14'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202555596
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2505.09542'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 3782e03bc0843438aae8487f6af779c5
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2026-02-16T07:35:03Z
date_updated: 2026-02-16T07:35:03Z
file_id: '21224'
file_name: 2026_AstronomyAstrophysics_Torralba.pdf
file_size: 2259914
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-02-16T07:35:03Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 705'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea
grant_number: '101076224'
name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization
publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1432-0746
issn:
- 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: A weak Ly α halo for an extremely bright little red dot. Indications of enshrouded
supermassive black hole growth
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 705
year: '2026'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21727'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: We present a comprehensive analysis of the MIRI Extremely Red Object Virgil,
a Lyα emitter at zspec = 6.6379 ± 0.0035 with the photometric properties of a
Little Red Dot. Leveraging new JWST/MIRI imaging from the MIDIS and PAHSPECS programs,
we confirm Virgil’s extraordinary nature among galaxies in JADES/GOODS-South,
exhibiting a strikingly red NIRCam-to-MIRI color (F444W–F1500W = 2.84 ± 0.04 mag).
Deep NIRSpec/PRISM spectroscopy from the OASIS program offers key insights into
the host galaxy, revealing properties of an average star-forming galaxy during
Cosmic Reionization, such as a subsolar metallicity, low-to-moderate dust content,
and a relatively high ionization parameter and electron temperature. By estimating
the star formation rate of Virgil from UV and Hα, we find evidence that the galaxy
is either entering or fading out of a bursty episode. Although line-ratio diagnostics
employed at high z would classify Virgil as an active galactic nucleus (AGN),
this classification becomes ambiguous once redshift evolution is considered. Nonetheless,
Virgil occupies the same parameter space as recently confirmed AGNs at similar
redshifts. The new deep MIRI data at 15 μm reinforce the AGN nature of Virgil,
as inferred from multiple spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting codes. Virgil’s
rising infrared SED and UV excess resemble those of Dust-Obscured Galaxies (DOGs)
studied with Spitzer at Cosmic Noon, particularly blue-excess HotDOGs. Our results
highlight the need for a multiwavelength approach incorporating MIRI to uncover
such extreme sources at z ≳ 6 and to shed light on the interplay between galaxy
evolution and early black hole growth during Cosmic Reionization.
acknowledgement: "The authors are deeply grateful to Antonello Calabrò for valuable
insights on CLOUDY and pyCloudy, and for publicly sharing their SFG and AGN models,
which were used as a reference to verify the consistency of our photoionization
models. The authors also thank Adam Carnall for insightful input on bagpipes and
for assistance with the implementation of the two-population model adopted in this
work. Finally, they also thank Camilla Pacifici, Vasily Kokorev, and Cristian Vignali
for their insightful discussions.\r\n\r\nThis work is based on observations made
with the NASA/ESA/CSA JWST. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for
Space Telescopes (MAST) at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated
by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract
NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with JWST programs GTO #1180,
GO #1210, GTO#1283, GO #1963, GO #1895, GO# 3215, and GO#6511.\r\n\r\nThe authors
acknowledge the FRESCO, JEMS, and #3215 teams led by co-PIs P. Oesch, C. C. Williams,
M. Maseda, D. Eisenstein, and R. Maiolino for developing their observing program
with a zero-exclusive-access period. Processing for the JADES NIRCam data release
was performed on the lux cluster at the University of California, Santa Cruz, funded
by NSF MRI grant AST 1828315. Also based on observations made with the NASA/ESA
Hubble Space Telescope obtained from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which
is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc.,
under NASA contract NAS 526555. The data presented in this article were obtained
from MAST at the Space Telescope Science Institute. The specific observations analyzed
can be accessed via doi: 10.17909/1rq3-8048 P. Oesch & D. Magee (2023), C. Williams
et al. (2023), G. Illingworth (2015), and M. Rieke et al. (2023).\r\n\r\nA.J.B.
acknowledges funding from the “FirstGalaxies” Advanced Grant from the European Research
Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
(grant agreement No. 789056).\r\n\r\nP.G.P.-G. acknowledges support from grant PID2022-139567NB-I00
funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033,
FEDER, UE.\r\n\r\nB.E.R. acknowledges support from the NIRCam Science Team contract
to the University of Arizona, NAS5-02015, and JWST Program 3215.\r\n\r\nS.T. acknowledges
support by the Royal Society Research Grant G125142.\r\n\r\nThe research of C.C.W.
is supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for
Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science
Foundation.\r\n\r\nJ.W. gratefully acknowledges support from the Cosmic Dawn Center
through the DAWN Fellowship. The Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) is funded by the Danish
National Research Foundation under grant No. 140.\r\n\r\nY.Z., Z.J., and P.L. gratefully
acknowledge the JWST/NIRCam contract to the University of Arizona NAS5-02015.\r\n\r\nThe
work of G.H.R. and P.L. was also supported by grant 80NSSC18K0555, from the NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center to the University of Arizona.\r\n\r\nH.Ü. acknowledges
funding by the European Union (ERC APEX, 101164796). Views and opinions expressed
are however those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the
European Union or the European Research Council Executive Agency. Neither the European
Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.\r\n\r\nG.C.J.
acknowledges support by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), ERC
Advanced grant 695671 “QUENCH.”\r\n\r\nA.C.G. acknowledges support by JWST contract
B0215/JWST-GO-02926.\r\n\r\nG.O. acknowledges support from the Swedish National
Space Agency (SNSA).\r\n\r\nH.I. acknowledges support from JSPS KAKENHI grant No.
JP21H01129.\r\n\r\nM.A. gratefully acknowledges support from ANID Basal Project
FB210003 and ANID MILENIO NCN2024_112.\r\n\r\nT.D.S. acknowledges the research project
was supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) under
the “2nd Call for HFRI Research Projects to Support Faculty Members and Researchers”
(project No.: 03382).\r\n\r\nR.M. acknowledges support by the Science and Technology
Facilities Council (STFC), by the ERC through Advanced grant 695671 “QUENCH,” and
by the UKRI Frontier Research grant RISEandFALL. R.M. also acknowledges funding
from a research professorship from the Royal Society.\r\n\r\nI.S. acknowledges funding
from the Atraccíon de Talento grant No. 2022-T1/TIC-20472 of the Comunidad de Madrid,
Spain, and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon
2020 research and innovation program (grant No. 101117541, DistantDust).\r\n\r\nK.I.C.
acknowledges funding from the Dutch Research Council (NWO) through the award of
the Vici grant VI.C.212.036.\r\n\r\nFacilities: HST - Hubble Space Telescope satellite,
JWST. -\r\n\r\nSoftware: Astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2022), Bagpipes (A.
C. Carnall et al. 2019), MSAEXP (G. Brammer 2023) NumPy (C. R. Harris et al. 2020),
pandas (The pandas development team 2024) Photutils (L. Bradley et al. 2016), TOPCAT
(M. Taylor 2022)."
article_number: '86'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Pierluigi
full_name: Rinaldi, Pierluigi
last_name: Rinaldi
- first_name: Pablo G.
full_name: Pérez-González, Pablo G.
last_name: Pérez-González
- first_name: George H.
full_name: Rieke, George H.
last_name: Rieke
- first_name: Jianwei
full_name: Lyu, Jianwei
last_name: Lyu
- first_name: Francesco
full_name: D’Eugenio, Francesco
last_name: D’Eugenio
- first_name: Zihao
full_name: Wu, Zihao
last_name: Wu
- first_name: Stefano
full_name: Carniani, Stefano
last_name: Carniani
- first_name: Tobias J.
full_name: Looser, Tobias J.
last_name: Looser
- first_name: Irene
full_name: Shivaei, Irene
last_name: Shivaei
- first_name: Leindert A.
full_name: Boogaard, Leindert A.
last_name: Boogaard
- first_name: Tanio
full_name: Diaz-Santos, Tanio
last_name: Diaz-Santos
- first_name: Luis
full_name: Colina, Luis
last_name: Colina
- first_name: Göran
full_name: Östlin, Göran
last_name: Östlin
- first_name: Stacey
full_name: Alberts, Stacey
last_name: Alberts
- first_name: Javier
full_name: Álvarez-Márquez, Javier
last_name: Álvarez-Márquez
- first_name: Marianna
full_name: Annuziatella, Marianna
last_name: Annuziatella
- first_name: Manuel
full_name: Aravena, Manuel
last_name: Aravena
- first_name: Rachana
full_name: Bhatawdekar, Rachana
last_name: Bhatawdekar
- first_name: Andrew J.
full_name: Bunker, Andrew J.
last_name: Bunker
- first_name: Karina I.
full_name: Caputi, Karina I.
last_name: Caputi
- first_name: Stéphane
full_name: Charlot, Stéphane
last_name: Charlot
- first_name: Alejandro
full_name: Crespo Gómez, Alejandro
last_name: Crespo Gómez
- first_name: Mirko
full_name: Curti, Mirko
last_name: Curti
- first_name: Andreas
full_name: Eckart, Andreas
last_name: Eckart
- first_name: Steven
full_name: Gillman, Steven
last_name: Gillman
- first_name: Kevin
full_name: Hainline, Kevin
last_name: Hainline
- first_name: Nimisha
full_name: Kumari, Nimisha
last_name: Kumari
- first_name: Jens
full_name: Hjorth, Jens
last_name: Hjorth
- first_name: Edoardo
full_name: Iani, Edoardo
id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
last_name: Iani
orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Hanae
full_name: Inami, Hanae
last_name: Inami
- first_name: Zhiyuan
full_name: Ji, Zhiyuan
last_name: Ji
- first_name: Benjamin D.
full_name: Johnson, Benjamin D.
last_name: Johnson
- first_name: Gareth C.
full_name: Jones, Gareth C.
last_name: Jones
- first_name: Álvaro
full_name: Labiano, Álvaro
last_name: Labiano
- first_name: Roberto
full_name: Maiolino, Roberto
last_name: Maiolino
- first_name: Jens
full_name: Melinder, Jens
last_name: Melinder
- first_name: Thibaud
full_name: Moutard, Thibaud
last_name: Moutard
- first_name: Florian
full_name: Peissker, Florian
last_name: Peissker
- first_name: Marcia
full_name: Rieke, Marcia
last_name: Rieke
- first_name: Brant
full_name: Robertson, Brant
last_name: Robertson
- first_name: Jan
full_name: Scholtz, Jan
last_name: Scholtz
- first_name: Sandro
full_name: Tacchella, Sandro
last_name: Tacchella
- first_name: Paul P.
full_name: Van Der Werf, Paul P.
last_name: Van Der Werf
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Walter, Fabian
last_name: Walter
- first_name: Christina C.
full_name: Williams, Christina C.
last_name: Williams
- first_name: Chris
full_name: Willott, Chris
last_name: Willott
- first_name: Joris
full_name: Witstok, Joris
last_name: Witstok
- first_name: Hannah
full_name: Übler, Hannah
last_name: Übler
- first_name: Yongda
full_name: Zhu, Yongda
last_name: Zhu
citation:
ama: 'Rinaldi P, Pérez-González PG, Rieke GH, et al. Deciphering the nature of Virgil:
An obscured active galactic nucleus lurking within an apparently normal Lyα emitter
during cosmic reionization. The Astrophysical Journal. 2025;994(1). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae089c'
apa: 'Rinaldi, P., Pérez-González, P. G., Rieke, G. H., Lyu, J., D’Eugenio, F.,
Wu, Z., … Zhu, Y. (2025). Deciphering the nature of Virgil: An obscured active
galactic nucleus lurking within an apparently normal Lyα emitter during cosmic
reionization. The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae089c'
chicago: 'Rinaldi, Pierluigi, Pablo G. Pérez-González, George H. Rieke, Jianwei
Lyu, Francesco D’Eugenio, Zihao Wu, Stefano Carniani, et al. “Deciphering the
Nature of Virgil: An Obscured Active Galactic Nucleus Lurking within an Apparently
Normal Lyα Emitter during Cosmic Reionization.” The Astrophysical Journal.
IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae089c.'
ieee: 'P. Rinaldi et al., “Deciphering the nature of Virgil: An obscured
active galactic nucleus lurking within an apparently normal Lyα emitter during
cosmic reionization,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 994, no. 1. IOP Publishing,
2025.'
ista: 'Rinaldi P, Pérez-González PG, Rieke GH, Lyu J, D’Eugenio F, Wu Z, Carniani
S, Looser TJ, Shivaei I, Boogaard LA, Diaz-Santos T, Colina L, Östlin G, Alberts
S, Álvarez-Márquez J, Annuziatella M, Aravena M, Bhatawdekar R, Bunker AJ, Caputi
KI, Charlot S, Crespo Gómez A, Curti M, Eckart A, Gillman S, Hainline K, Kumari
N, Hjorth J, Iani E, Inami H, Ji Z, Johnson BD, Jones GC, Labiano Á, Maiolino
R, Melinder J, Moutard T, Peissker F, Rieke M, Robertson B, Scholtz J, Tacchella
S, Van Der Werf PP, Walter F, Williams CC, Willott C, Witstok J, Übler H, Zhu
Y. 2025. Deciphering the nature of Virgil: An obscured active galactic nucleus
lurking within an apparently normal Lyα emitter during cosmic reionization. The
Astrophysical Journal. 994(1), 86.'
mla: 'Rinaldi, Pierluigi, et al. “Deciphering the Nature of Virgil: An Obscured
Active Galactic Nucleus Lurking within an Apparently Normal Lyα Emitter during
Cosmic Reionization.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 994, no. 1, 86, IOP
Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae089c.'
short: P. Rinaldi, P.G. Pérez-González, G.H. Rieke, J. Lyu, F. D’Eugenio, Z. Wu,
S. Carniani, T.J. Looser, I. Shivaei, L.A. Boogaard, T. Diaz-Santos, L. Colina,
G. Östlin, S. Alberts, J. Álvarez-Márquez, M. Annuziatella, M. Aravena, R. Bhatawdekar,
A.J. Bunker, K.I. Caputi, S. Charlot, A. Crespo Gómez, M. Curti, A. Eckart, S.
Gillman, K. Hainline, N. Kumari, J. Hjorth, E. Iani, H. Inami, Z. Ji, B.D. Johnson,
G.C. Jones, Á. Labiano, R. Maiolino, J. Melinder, T. Moutard, F. Peissker, M.
Rieke, B. Robertson, J. Scholtz, S. Tacchella, P.P. Van Der Werf, F. Walter, C.C.
Williams, C. Willott, J. Witstok, H. Übler, Y. Zhu, The Astrophysical Journal
994 (2025).
date_created: 2026-04-12T22:01:53Z
date_published: 2025-11-20T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-13T07:54:11Z
day: '20'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae089c
file:
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checksum: 5d13b0ad3e9f56cbe29c5de0ba5757c8
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creator: dernst
date_created: 2026-04-13T07:53:00Z
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oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: The Astrophysical Journal
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1538-4357
issn:
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publication_status: published
publisher: IOP Publishing
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Deciphering the nature of Virgil: An obscured active galactic nucleus lurking
within an apparently normal Lyα emitter during cosmic reionization'
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 994
year: '2025'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
_id: '19845'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Context. The recently launched James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is opening
new observing windows on the distant Universe. Among JWST’s instruments, the Mid
Infrared Instrument (MIRI) offers the unique capability of imaging observations
at wavelengths of λ > 5 μm. This enables unique access to the rest frame near-infrared
(NIR, λ ≥ 1 μm) emission from galaxies at redshifts of z > 4 and the visual (λ ≳ 5000
Å) rest frame for z > 9. We report here on the guaranteed time observations (GTO),
from the MIRI European Consortium, of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF), forming
the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS), consisting of an on source integration time
of ∼41 hours in the MIRI/F560W (5.6 μm) filter. The F560W filter was selected
since it would produce the deepest data in terms of AB magnitudes in a given time.
To our knowledge, this constitutes the longest single filter exposure obtained
with JWST of an extragalactic field as of yet.\r\nAims. The HUDF is one of the
most observed extragalactic fields, with extensive multi-wavelength coverage,
where (before JWST) galaxies up to z ∼ 7 have been confirmed, and at z > 10 suggested,
from HST photometry. We aim to characterise the galaxy population in HUDF at 5.6
μm, enabling studies such as: the rest frame NIR morphologies for galaxies at
z ≲ 4.6, probing mature stellar populations and emission lines in z > 6 sources,
intrinsically red and dusty galaxies, and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and their
host galaxies at intermediate redshifts.\r\n\r\nMethods. We reduced the MIRI data
using the official JWST pipeline, augmented by in-house custom scripts. We measured
the noise characteristics of the resulting image. Galaxy photometry was obtained,
and photometric redshifts were estimated for sources with available multi-wavelength
photometry (and compared to spectroscopic redshifts when available).\r\n\r\nResults.
Over the deepest part of our image, the 5σ point source limit is 28.65 mag AB
(12.6 nJy), ∼0.35 mag better than predicted by the JWST exposure time calculator.
We find ∼2500 sources, the overwhelming majority of which are distant galaxies,
but we note that spurious sources likely remain at faint magnitudes due to imperfect
cosmic ray rejection in the JWST pipeline. More than 500 galaxies with available
spectroscopic redshifts, up to z ≈ 11, have been identified, the majority of which
are at z < 6. More than 1000 galaxies have reliable photometric redshift estimates,
of which ∼25 are at 6 < z < 12. The point spread function in the F560W filter
has a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of ≈0.2″ (corresponding to 1.4 kpc at
z = 4), allowing the NIR rest frame morphologies and stellar mass distributions
to be resolved for z < 4.5. Moreover, > 100 objects with very red NIRCam vs MIRI
(3.6–5.6 μm > 1 mag) colours have been found, suggestive of dusty or old stellar
populations at high redshifts.\r\n\r\nConclusions. We conclude that MIDIS surpasses
preflight expectations and that deep MIRI imaging has great potential to characterise
the galaxy population from cosmic noon to dawn."
acknowledgement: 'We dedicate this paper to the memory of our deceased and much valued
MIRI-EC team members Hans Ulrik Nørgaard-Nielsen and Olivier Le Fèvre, both of whom
played a central role in defining the MIDIS project. This work is based on observations
made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The work presented is the
effort of the entire MIRI team and the enthusiasm within the MIRI partnership is
a significant factor in its success. The following National and International Funding
Agencies funded and supported the MIRI development: NASA; ESA; Belgian Science Policy
Office (BELSPO); Centre Nationale d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES); Danish National Space
Centre; Deutsches Zentrum fur Luftund Raumfahrt (DLR); Enterprise Ireland; Ministerio
De Economia y Competividad; Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA); Netherlands
Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Science and Technology Facilities Council;
Swiss Space Office; Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA); and UK Space Agency. MIRI
drew on the scientific and technical expertise of the following organizations: Ames
Research Center, USA; Airbus Defence and Space, UK; CEAIrfu, Saclay, France; Centre
Spatial de Liège, Belgium; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, Spain;
Carl Zeiss Optronics, Germany; Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; Danish
Space Research Institute, Denmark; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland;
European Space Agency, Netherlands; ETCA, Belgium; ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Goddard
Space Flight Center, USA; Institute d’Astrophysique Spatiale, France; Instituto
Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial,Spain; Institute for Astronomy, Edinburgh, UK;
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA; Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM),
France; Leiden University, Netherlands; Lockheed Advanced Technology Center (USA);
NOVA Opt-IR group at Dwingeloo, Netherlands; Northrop Grumman, USA; Max Planck Institut
f ür Astronomie (MPIA), Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation
en Astrophysique (LESIA), France; Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland; Raytheon
Vision Systems, USA; RUAG Aerospace, Switzerland; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
(RAL Space), UK; Space Telescope Science Institute, USA; Stockholm University, Sweden;
Toegepast- Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (TNOTPD), Netherlands; UK Astronomy
Technology Centre, UK; University College London, UK; University of Amsterdam, Netherlands;
University of Arizona, USA; University of Cardiff, UK; University of Cologne, Germany;
University of Ghent; University of Groningen, Netherlands; University of Leicester,
UK; University of Leuven, Belgium; Utah State University, USA. Additional acknowledgements
related to specific grants: G.Ö., J.M. and A.B. acknowledges funding from the Swedish
National Space Administration (SNSA). P.G.P.-G. acknowledges support from grant
PID2022-139567NB-I00 funded by Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033,
FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa. This work was supported by research grants (VIL16599,VIL54489)
from VILLUM FONDEN. L.C. and J.A.-M. acknowledge support by grant PIB2021-127718NB-100
from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033
and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. M.A. acknowledges financial support from Comunidad
de Madrid under Atracción de Talento grant 2020-T2/TIC-19971. J.P.P. and T.V.T.
acknowledge financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council,
and the UK Space Agency. A.A.-H. acknowledges financial support from grant PID2021-124665NB-I00
funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. E.I.
and K.I.C. acknowledge funding from the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy
(NOVA). K.I.C. acknowledges funding from the Dutch Research Council (NWO) through
the award of the Vici Grant VI.C.212.036. RAM acknowledges support from the Swiss
National Science Foundation (SNSF) through project grant 200020_207349. The paper
uses JWST data from programme #1283, obtained from the Barbara Mikulski Archive
for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). For the purpose
of open access, the authors have applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)
licence to the Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.'
article_number: A57
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Göran
full_name: Östlin, Göran
last_name: Östlin
- first_name: Pablo G.
full_name: Pérez-González, Pablo G.
last_name: Pérez-González
- first_name: Jens
full_name: Melinder, Jens
last_name: Melinder
- first_name: Steven
full_name: Gillman, Steven
last_name: Gillman
- first_name: Edoardo
full_name: Iani, Edoardo
id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
last_name: Iani
orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Luca
full_name: Costantin, Luca
last_name: Costantin
- first_name: Leindert A.
full_name: Boogaard, Leindert A.
last_name: Boogaard
- first_name: Pierluigi
full_name: Rinaldi, Pierluigi
last_name: Rinaldi
- first_name: Luis
full_name: Colina, Luis
last_name: Colina
- first_name: Hans Ulrik
full_name: Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik
last_name: Nørgaard-Nielsen
- first_name: Daniel
full_name: Dicken, Daniel
last_name: Dicken
- first_name: Thomas R.
full_name: Greve, Thomas R.
last_name: Greve
- first_name: Gillian
full_name: Wright, Gillian
last_name: Wright
- first_name: Almudena
full_name: Alonso-Herrero, Almudena
last_name: Alonso-Herrero
- first_name: Javier
full_name: Álvarez-Márquez, Javier
last_name: Álvarez-Márquez
- first_name: Marianna
full_name: Annunziatella, Marianna
last_name: Annunziatella
- first_name: Arjan
full_name: Bik, Arjan
last_name: Bik
- first_name: Sarah E.I.
full_name: Bosman, Sarah E.I.
last_name: Bosman
- first_name: Karina I.
full_name: Caputi, Karina I.
last_name: Caputi
- first_name: Alejandro Crespo
full_name: Gomez, Alejandro Crespo
last_name: Gomez
- first_name: Andreas
full_name: Eckart, Andreas
last_name: Eckart
- first_name: Macarena
full_name: Garcia-Marin, Macarena
last_name: Garcia-Marin
- first_name: Jens
full_name: Hjorth, Jens
last_name: Hjorth
- first_name: Olivier
full_name: Ilbert, Olivier
last_name: Ilbert
- first_name: Iris
full_name: Jermann, Iris
last_name: Jermann
- first_name: Sarah
full_name: Kendrew, Sarah
last_name: Kendrew
- first_name: Alvaro
full_name: Labiano, Alvaro
last_name: Labiano
- first_name: Danial
full_name: Langeroodi, Danial
last_name: Langeroodi
- first_name: Olivier
full_name: Le Fevre, Olivier
last_name: Le Fevre
- first_name: Mattia
full_name: Libralato, Mattia
last_name: Libralato
- first_name: Romain A.
full_name: Meyer, Romain A.
last_name: Meyer
- first_name: Thibaud
full_name: Moutard, Thibaud
last_name: Moutard
- first_name: Florian
full_name: Peissker, Florian
last_name: Peissker
- first_name: John P.
full_name: Pye, John P.
last_name: Pye
- first_name: Tuomo V.
full_name: Tikkanen, Tuomo V.
last_name: Tikkanen
- first_name: Martin
full_name: Topinka, Martin
last_name: Topinka
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Walter, Fabian
last_name: Walter
- first_name: Martin
full_name: Ward, Martin
last_name: Ward
- first_name: Paul
full_name: Van Der Werf, Paul
last_name: Van Der Werf
- first_name: Ewine F.
full_name: Van Dishoeck, Ewine F.
last_name: Van Dishoeck
- first_name: Manuel
full_name: Güdel, Manuel
last_name: Güdel
- first_name: Thomas
full_name: Henning, Thomas
last_name: Henning
- first_name: Pierre Olivier
full_name: Lagage, Pierre Olivier
last_name: Lagage
- first_name: Tom P.
full_name: Ray, Tom P.
last_name: Ray
- first_name: Bart
full_name: Vandenbussche, Bart
last_name: Vandenbussche
citation:
ama: 'Östlin G, Pérez-González PG, Melinder J, et al. MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS)
of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Survey description and early results for the galaxy
population detected at 5.6 µm. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2025;696.
doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451723'
apa: 'Östlin, G., Pérez-González, P. G., Melinder, J., Gillman, S., Iani, E., Costantin,
L., … Vandenbussche, B. (2025). MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS) of the Hubble
Ultra Deep Field: Survey description and early results for the galaxy population
detected at 5.6 µm. Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451723'
chicago: 'Östlin, Göran, Pablo G. Pérez-González, Jens Melinder, Steven Gillman,
Edoardo Iani, Luca Costantin, Leindert A. Boogaard, et al. “MIRI Deep Imaging
Survey (MIDIS) of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Survey Description and Early Results
for the Galaxy Population Detected at 5.6 Μm.” Astronomy & Astrophysics.
EDP Sciences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451723.'
ieee: 'G. Östlin et al., “MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS) of the Hubble
Ultra Deep Field: Survey description and early results for the galaxy population
detected at 5.6 µm,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 696. EDP Sciences,
2025.'
ista: 'Östlin G, Pérez-González PG, Melinder J, Gillman S, Iani E, Costantin L,
Boogaard LA, Rinaldi P, Colina L, Nørgaard-Nielsen HU, Dicken D, Greve TR, Wright
G, Alonso-Herrero A, Álvarez-Márquez J, Annunziatella M, Bik A, Bosman SEI, Caputi
KI, Gomez AC, Eckart A, Garcia-Marin M, Hjorth J, Ilbert O, Jermann I, Kendrew
S, Labiano A, Langeroodi D, Le Fevre O, Libralato M, Meyer RA, Moutard T, Peissker
F, Pye JP, Tikkanen TV, Topinka M, Walter F, Ward M, Van Der Werf P, Van Dishoeck
EF, Güdel M, Henning T, Lagage PO, Ray TP, Vandenbussche B. 2025. MIRI Deep Imaging
Survey (MIDIS) of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Survey description and early results
for the galaxy population detected at 5.6 µm. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 696,
A57.'
mla: 'Östlin, Göran, et al. “MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS) of the Hubble Ultra
Deep Field: Survey Description and Early Results for the Galaxy Population Detected
at 5.6 Μm.” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 696, A57, EDP Sciences,
2025, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451723.'
short: G. Östlin, P.G. Pérez-González, J. Melinder, S. Gillman, E. Iani, L. Costantin,
L.A. Boogaard, P. Rinaldi, L. Colina, H.U. Nørgaard-Nielsen, D. Dicken, T.R. Greve,
G. Wright, A. Alonso-Herrero, J. Álvarez-Márquez, M. Annunziatella, A. Bik, S.E.I.
Bosman, K.I. Caputi, A.C. Gomez, A. Eckart, M. Garcia-Marin, J. Hjorth, O. Ilbert,
I. Jermann, S. Kendrew, A. Labiano, D. Langeroodi, O. Le Fevre, M. Libralato,
R.A. Meyer, T. Moutard, F. Peissker, J.P. Pye, T.V. Tikkanen, M. Topinka, F. Walter,
M. Ward, P. Van Der Werf, E.F. Van Dishoeck, M. Güdel, T. Henning, P.O. Lagage,
T.P. Ray, B. Vandenbussche, Astronomy & Astrophysics 696 (2025).
date_created: 2025-06-15T22:01:30Z
date_published: 2025-04-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-16T12:10:36Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202451723
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2411.19686 '
isi:
- '001459780300005'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 67600eba8bda24987a130ac334f10456
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2025-06-23T07:46:01Z
date_updated: 2025-06-23T07:46:01Z
file_id: '19865'
file_name: 2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_Oestlin.pdf
file_size: 15858045
relation: main_file
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file_date_updated: 2025-06-23T07:46:01Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 696'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1432-0746
issn:
- 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS) of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Survey description
and early results for the galaxy population detected at 5.6 µm'
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 696
year: '2025'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
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PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '20217'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "We present Virgil, a Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) extremely red object
detected with the F1000W filter as part of the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey observations
of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. Virgil is an Lyα emitter (LAE) at zspec = 6.6312
± 0.0019 (from the Very Large Telescope/MUSE) with a rest-frame UV-to-optical
spectral energy distribution (SED) typical of LAEs at similar redshifts. However,
MIRI observations reveal an unexpected extremely red color at rest-frame near-infrared
(NIR) wavelengths, F444W − F1000W = 2.33 ± 0.06. Such a steep\r\nrise in the NIR,
completely missed without MIRI imaging, is poorly reproduced by models including
only stellar populations and hints toward the presence of an active galactic nucleus,
although alternative explanations such as extreme dust obscuration and strong
nebular continuum and emission lines contribution due to young stellar ages cannot
be completely ruled out. According to the shape of its overall SED, Virgil belongs
to the recently discovered\r\npopulation of little red dots but displays an extended
rest-frame UV-optical wavelength morphology following a 2DSérsic profile with
an average index of n = 0.93+0.85_0.31 and re = 0.49+0.05_0.11 pkpc. Only at
MIRI wavelengths, Virgil is unresolved due to the coarser point-spread function.
This discovery demonstrates the crucial importance of deep MIRI surveys to reveal
the true nature and properties of high-z galaxies that otherwise would be misinterpreted
and raises the question of how common Virgil-like objects could be in the early
Universe."
acknowledgement: "The authors thank R. Cooper, G. Yang, V. Kokorev, D. Wen, C. Williams,
and H. Übler for useful discussions and comments.\r\nE.I. and K.I.C. acknowledge
funding from the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA). K.I.C. acknowledges
funding from the Dutch Research Council (NWO) through the award of the Vici grant
VI.C.212.036. A.A.-H. acknowledges support from grant PID2021-124665NB-I00 funded
by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe.” P.G.P.-G.
acknowledges support from grant PID2022-139567NB-I00 funded by the Spanish Ministerio
de Ciencia e Innovación MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, FEDER Una manera de hacer
Europa. J.A.-M., A.C.-G., and L.C. acknowledge support by grant PIB2021-127718NB-100
from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033
and by “ERDF A way of making Europe.” L.C. thanks the support from the Cosmic Dawn
Center received during visits to DAWN as an international associate. L.C. acknowledges
support by grants PIB2021-127718NB-100 and PID2022-139567NB-I00 from the Spanish
Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033
and by “ERDF A way of making Europe.” T.R.G. acknowledges support from the Carlsberg
Foundation (grant No. CF20-0534). S.G. acknowledges financial support from the Cosmic
Dawn Center (DAWN), funded by the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF) under
grant No. 140. This work was supported by research grants (VIL16599, VIL54489) from
VILLUM FONDEN. J.P.P. and T.V.T. acknowledge financial support from the UK Science
and Technology Facilities Council and the UK Space Agency.\r\n\r\nThis work is based
on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data
were obtained from the MAST at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated
by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract
NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with programs GO #1963,
GO #1895, and GTO #1283. The authors acknowledge the team led by co-PIs: C. Williams,
M. Maseda, and S. Tacchella, and PI P. Oesch, for developing their respective observing
programs with a zero-exclusive-access period. Also based on observations made with
the NASA/ESA HST obtained from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated
by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract
NAS 5-26555. The work presented here is the effort of the entire MIRI team, and
the enthusiasm within the MIRI partnership is a significant factor in its success.
MIRI draws on the scientific and technical expertise of the following organizations:
Ames Research Center, USA; Airbus Defence and Space, UK; CEA-Irfu, Saclay, France;
Centre Spatial de Liège, Belgium; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,
Spain; Carl Zeiss Optronics, Germany; Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden;
Danish Space Research Institute, Denmark; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,
Ireland; European Space Agency, Netherlands; ETCA, Belgium; ETH Zurich, Switzerland;
Goddard Space Flight Center, USA; Institute d’Astrophysique Spatiale, France; Instituto
Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Spain; Institute for Astronomy, Edinburgh, UK;
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA; Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM),
France; Leiden University, Netherlands; Lockheed Advanced Technology Center (USA);
NOVA Opt-IR group at Dwingeloo, Netherlands; Northrop Grumman, USA; Max-Planck Institut
für Astronomie (MPIA), Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation
en Astrophysique (LESIA), France; Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland; Raytheon
Vision Systems, USA; RUAG Aerospace, Switzerland; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
(RAL Space), UK; Space Telescope Science Institute, USA; Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk
Onderzoek (TNO-TPD), Netherlands; UK Astronomy Technology Centre, UK; University
College London, UK; University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; University of Arizona,
USA; University of Cardiff, UK; University of Cologne, Germany; University of Ghent;
University of Groningen, Netherlands; University of Leicester, UK; University of
Leuven, Belgium; University of Stockholm, Sweden; Utah State University, USA.\r\nFor
the purpose of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) licence to the Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission."
article_number: '160'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Edoardo
full_name: Iani, Edoardo
id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
last_name: Iani
orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Pierluigi
full_name: Rinaldi, Pierluigi
last_name: Rinaldi
- first_name: Karina I.
full_name: Caputi, Karina I.
last_name: Caputi
- first_name: Marianna
full_name: Annunziatella, Marianna
last_name: Annunziatella
- first_name: Danial
full_name: Langeroodi, Danial
last_name: Langeroodi
- first_name: Jens
full_name: Melinder, Jens
last_name: Melinder
- first_name: Pablo G.
full_name: Pérez-González, Pablo G.
last_name: Pérez-González
- first_name: Javier
full_name: Álvarez-Márquez, Javier
last_name: Álvarez-Márquez
- first_name: Leindert A.
full_name: Boogaard, Leindert A.
last_name: Boogaard
- first_name: Sarah E.I.
full_name: Bosman, Sarah E.I.
last_name: Bosman
- first_name: Luca
full_name: Costantin, Luca
last_name: Costantin
- first_name: Thibaud
full_name: Moutard, Thibaud
last_name: Moutard
- first_name: Luis
full_name: Colina, Luis
last_name: Colina
- first_name: Göran
full_name: Östlin, Göran
last_name: Östlin
- first_name: Thomas R.
full_name: Greve, Thomas R.
last_name: Greve
- first_name: Gillian
full_name: Wright, Gillian
last_name: Wright
- first_name: Almudena
full_name: Alonso-Herrero, Almudena
last_name: Alonso-Herrero
- first_name: Arjan
full_name: Bik, Arjan
last_name: Bik
- first_name: Steven
full_name: Gillman, Steven
last_name: Gillman
- first_name: Alejandro
full_name: Crespo Gómez, Alejandro
last_name: Crespo Gómez
- first_name: Jens
full_name: Hjorth, Jens
last_name: Hjorth
- first_name: Sarah
full_name: Kendrew, Sarah
last_name: Kendrew
- first_name: Alvaro
full_name: Labiano, Alvaro
last_name: Labiano
- first_name: John P.
full_name: Pye, John P.
last_name: Pye
- first_name: Tuomo V.
full_name: Tikkanen, Tuomo V.
last_name: Tikkanen
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Walter, Fabian
last_name: Walter
- first_name: Manuel
full_name: Güdel, Manuel
last_name: Güdel
- first_name: Thomas
full_name: Henning, Thomas
last_name: Henning
- first_name: Paul P.
full_name: Van Der Werf, Paul P.
last_name: Van Der Werf
citation:
ama: 'Iani E, Rinaldi P, Caputi KI, et al. MIDIS: MIRI uncovers Virgil, the first
Little Red Dot with clear detection of its host galaxy at z ≃ 6.6. The Astrophysical
Journal. 2025;989(2). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade5a6'
apa: 'Iani, E., Rinaldi, P., Caputi, K. I., Annunziatella, M., Langeroodi, D., Melinder,
J., … Van Der Werf, P. P. (2025). MIDIS: MIRI uncovers Virgil, the first Little
Red Dot with clear detection of its host galaxy at z ≃ 6.6. The Astrophysical
Journal. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade5a6'
chicago: 'Iani, Edoardo, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Karina I. Caputi, Marianna Annunziatella,
Danial Langeroodi, Jens Melinder, Pablo G. Pérez-González, et al. “MIDIS: MIRI
Uncovers Virgil, the First Little Red Dot with Clear Detection of Its Host Galaxy
at z ≃ 6.6.” The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade5a6.'
ieee: 'E. Iani et al., “MIDIS: MIRI uncovers Virgil, the first Little Red
Dot with clear detection of its host galaxy at z ≃ 6.6,” The Astrophysical
Journal, vol. 989, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2025.'
ista: 'Iani E, Rinaldi P, Caputi KI, Annunziatella M, Langeroodi D, Melinder J,
Pérez-González PG, Álvarez-Márquez J, Boogaard LA, Bosman SEI, Costantin L, Moutard
T, Colina L, Östlin G, Greve TR, Wright G, Alonso-Herrero A, Bik A, Gillman S,
Crespo Gómez A, Hjorth J, Kendrew S, Labiano A, Pye JP, Tikkanen TV, Walter F,
Güdel M, Henning T, Van Der Werf PP. 2025. MIDIS: MIRI uncovers Virgil, the first
Little Red Dot with clear detection of its host galaxy at z ≃ 6.6. The Astrophysical
Journal. 989(2), 160.'
mla: 'Iani, Edoardo, et al. “MIDIS: MIRI Uncovers Virgil, the First Little Red Dot
with Clear Detection of Its Host Galaxy at z ≃ 6.6.” The Astrophysical Journal,
vol. 989, no. 2, 160, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade5a6.'
short: E. Iani, P. Rinaldi, K.I. Caputi, M. Annunziatella, D. Langeroodi, J. Melinder,
P.G. Pérez-González, J. Álvarez-Márquez, L.A. Boogaard, S.E.I. Bosman, L. Costantin,
T. Moutard, L. Colina, G. Östlin, T.R. Greve, G. Wright, A. Alonso-Herrero, A.
Bik, S. Gillman, A. Crespo Gómez, J. Hjorth, S. Kendrew, A. Labiano, J.P. Pye,
T.V. Tikkanen, F. Walter, M. Güdel, T. Henning, P.P. Van Der Werf, The Astrophysical
Journal 989 (2025).
date_created: 2025-08-24T22:01:29Z
date_published: 2025-08-20T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-16T12:43:12Z
day: '20'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ade5a6
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2406.18207'
isi:
- '001548132000001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 92196e8352dddb1f305c253da1996ab6
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2025-09-02T06:40:23Z
date_updated: 2025-09-02T06:40:23Z
file_id: '20268'
file_name: 2025_AstrophysicalJour_Iani.pdf
file_size: 5474992
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-09-02T06:40:23Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 989'
isi: 1
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: The Astrophysical Journal
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1538-4357
issn:
- 0004-637X
publication_status: published
publisher: IOP Publishing
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'MIDIS: MIRI uncovers Virgil, the first Little Red Dot with clear detection
of its host galaxy at z ≃ 6.6'
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 989
year: '2025'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '20589'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Context. This paper investigates the star formation histories (SFHs) of a
sample of massive galaxies (M⋆ ≥ 1010 M⊙) in the redshift range 1 < z < 4.5.\r\nMethods.
We analyzed spectro-photometric data, combining broadband photometry from HST
and JWST with low-resolution grism spectroscopy from JWST/NIRISS, obtained as
part of the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey program. SFHs were derived through spectral
energy distribution fitting using two independent codes, BAGPIPES and synthesizer,
under various SFH assumptions. This approach enables a comprehensive assessment
of the biases introduced by different modeling choices.\r\nResults. The inclusion
of NIRISS spectroscopy, even with its low resolution, significantly improves constraints
on key physical parameters, such as the mass-weighted stellar age (tM) and formation
redshift (zform), by narrowing their posterior distributions. The massive galaxies
in our sample exhibit rapid stellar mass assembly, forming 50% of their mass between
3 ≤ z ≤ 9. The highest inferred formation redshifts are compatible with elevated
star formation efficiencies (ϵ) at early epochs. Nonparametric SFHs generally
imply an earlier and slower mass assembly compared to parametric forms, highlighting
the sensitivity of inferred formation timescales to the chosen SFH model–particularly
for galaxies at z < 2. We find that quiescent galaxies are, on average, older
(tM ∼ 1.1 Gyr) and assembled more rapidly at earlier times than their star-forming
counterparts. These findings support the “downsizing” scenario, in which more
massive and passive systems form earlier and more efficiently."
acknowledgement: MA acknowledges financial support from Comunidad de Madrid under
Atracción de Talento grant 2020-T2/TIC-19971. This work has made use of the Rainbow
Cosmological Surveys Database, which is operated by the Centro de Astrobiología
(CAB/INTA), partnered with the University of California Observatories at Santa Cruz
(UCO/Lick,UCSC). The project that gave rise to these results received the support
of a fellowship from the “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434). The fellowship code
is LCF/BQ/PR24/12050015. LC acknowledges support from grants PID2022-139567NB-I00
and PIB2021-127718NB-I00 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State
Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”.
This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ ESA/CSA JWST. The data were
obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) at the Space Telescope
Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research
in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST.
article_number: A224
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: M.
full_name: Annunziatella, M.
last_name: Annunziatella
- first_name: P. G.
full_name: P’Erez-Gonz’Alez, P. G.
last_name: P’Erez-Gonz’Alez
- first_name: J.
full_name: Álvarez-Márquez, J.
last_name: Álvarez-Márquez
- first_name: L.
full_name: Costantin, L.
last_name: Costantin
- first_name: Edoardo
full_name: Iani, Edoardo
id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
last_name: Iani
orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Unknown
full_name: Labiano, Unknown
last_name: Labiano
- first_name: P.
full_name: Rinaldi, P.
last_name: Rinaldi
- first_name: L.
full_name: Boogaard, L.
last_name: Boogaard
- first_name: R. A.
full_name: Meyer, R. A.
last_name: Meyer
- first_name: G.
full_name: Östlin, G.
last_name: Östlin
- first_name: L.
full_name: Colina, L.
last_name: Colina
- first_name: J.
full_name: Melinder, J.
last_name: Melinder
- first_name: I.
full_name: Jermann, I.
last_name: Jermann
- first_name: S.
full_name: Gillman, S.
last_name: Gillman
- first_name: D.
full_name: Langeroodi, D.
last_name: Langeroodi
- first_name: J.
full_name: Hjorth, J.
last_name: Hjorth
- first_name: A.
full_name: Alonso-Herrero, A.
last_name: Alonso-Herrero
- first_name: A.
full_name: Eckart, A.
last_name: Eckart
- first_name: F.
full_name: Walter, F.
last_name: Walter
- first_name: P. P.
full_name: Van Der Werf, P. P.
last_name: Van Der Werf
- first_name: A.
full_name: Bik, A.
last_name: Bik
- first_name: F.
full_name: Peißker, F.
last_name: Peißker
- first_name: K. I.
full_name: Caputi, K. I.
last_name: Caputi
- first_name: M.
full_name: García-Marín, M.
last_name: García-Marín
- first_name: G.
full_name: Wright, G.
last_name: Wright
- first_name: T. R.
full_name: Greve, T. R.
last_name: Greve
citation:
ama: 'Annunziatella M, P’Erez-Gonz’Alez PG, Álvarez-Márquez J, et al. MIDIS: Unveiling
the star formation history in massive galaxies at 1 < z < 4.5 with spectro-photometric
analysis. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2025;702. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453298'
apa: 'Annunziatella, M., P’Erez-Gonz’Alez, P. G., Álvarez-Márquez, J., Costantin,
L., Iani, E., Labiano, U., … Greve, T. R. (2025). MIDIS: Unveiling the star formation
history in massive galaxies at 1 < z < 4.5 with spectro-photometric analysis.
Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453298'
chicago: 'Annunziatella, M., P. G. P’Erez-Gonz’Alez, J. Álvarez-Márquez, L. Costantin,
Edoardo Iani, Unknown Labiano, P. Rinaldi, et al. “MIDIS: Unveiling the Star Formation
History in Massive Galaxies at 1 < z < 4.5 with Spectro-Photometric Analysis.”
Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453298.'
ieee: 'M. Annunziatella et al., “MIDIS: Unveiling the star formation history
in massive galaxies at 1 < z < 4.5 with spectro-photometric analysis,”
Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 702. EDP Sciences, 2025.'
ista: 'Annunziatella M, P’Erez-Gonz’Alez PG, Álvarez-Márquez J, Costantin L, Iani
E, Labiano U, Rinaldi P, Boogaard L, Meyer RA, Östlin G, Colina L, Melinder J,
Jermann I, Gillman S, Langeroodi D, Hjorth J, Alonso-Herrero A, Eckart A, Walter
F, Van Der Werf PP, Bik A, Peißker F, Caputi KI, García-Marín M, Wright G, Greve
TR. 2025. MIDIS: Unveiling the star formation history in massive galaxies at 1 < z <
4.5 with spectro-photometric analysis. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 702, A224.'
mla: 'Annunziatella, M., et al. “MIDIS: Unveiling the Star Formation History in
Massive Galaxies at 1 < z < 4.5 with Spectro-Photometric Analysis.” Astronomy
& Astrophysics, vol. 702, A224, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453298.'
short: M. Annunziatella, P.G. P’Erez-Gonz’Alez, J. Álvarez-Márquez, L. Costantin,
E. Iani, U. Labiano, P. Rinaldi, L. Boogaard, R.A. Meyer, G. Östlin, L. Colina,
J. Melinder, I. Jermann, S. Gillman, D. Langeroodi, J. Hjorth, A. Alonso-Herrero,
A. Eckart, F. Walter, P.P. Van Der Werf, A. Bik, F. Peißker, K.I. Caputi, M. García-Marín,
G. Wright, T.R. Greve, Astronomy & Astrophysics 702 (2025).
date_created: 2025-11-02T23:01:34Z
date_published: 2025-10-24T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-16T12:14:12Z
day: '24'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202453298
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2508.16951'
isi:
- '001600932400021'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 0cd0c3fc75b7f6589088a2b7bd60c0ed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2025-11-04T09:36:30Z
date_updated: 2025-11-04T09:36:30Z
file_id: '20600'
file_name: 2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_Annunziatella.pdf
file_size: 5107702
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-11-04T09:36:30Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 702'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1432-0746
issn:
- 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'MIDIS: Unveiling the star formation history in massive galaxies at 1 < z <
4.5 with spectro-photometric analysis'
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 702
year: '2025'
...