[{"intvolume":" 7","month":"03","scopus_import":"1","pmid":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Treating sick group members is a hallmark of collective disease defence in vertebrates and invertebrates alike. Despite substantial effects on pathogen fitness and epidemiology, it is still largely unknown how pathogens react to the selection pressure imposed by care intervention. Using social insects and pathogenic fungi, we here performed a serial passage experiment in the presence or absence of colony members, which provide social immunity by grooming off infectious spores from exposed individuals. We found specific effects on pathogen diversity, virulence and transmission. Under selection of social immunity, pathogens invested into higher spore production, but spores were less virulent. Notably, they also elicited a lower grooming response in colony members, compared with spores from the individual host selection lines. Chemical spore analysis suggested that the spores from social selection lines escaped the caregivers’ detection by containing lower levels of ergosterol, a key fungal membrane component. Experimental application of chemically pure ergosterol indeed induced sanitary grooming, supporting its role as a microbe-associated cue triggering host social immunity against fungal pathogens. By reducing this detection cue, pathogens were able to evade the otherwise very effective collective disease defences of their social hosts.","lang":"eng"}],"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","ec_funded":1,"volume":7,"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/how-sneaky-germs-hide-from-ants/","relation":"press_release","description":"News on ISTA website"}]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2023-08-16T11:54:59Z","file_size":1600499,"date_created":"2023-08-16T11:54:59Z","file_name":"2023_NatureEcoEvo_Stock.pdf","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"14069","checksum":"8244f4650a0e7aeea488d1bcd4a31702","success":1}],"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2397-334X"]},"status":"public","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","_id":"12543","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"JiFr"}],"file_date_updated":"2023-08-16T11:54:59Z","ddc":["570"],"date_updated":"2023-08-16T11:55:48Z","oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Springer Nature","acknowledgement":"We thank B. M. Steinwender, N. V. Meyling and J. Eilenberg for the fungal strains; J. Anaya-Rojas for statistical advice; the Social Immunity team at ISTA for ant collection and experimental help, in particular H. Leitner, and the ISTA Lab Support Facility for general laboratory support; D. Ebert, H. Schulenburg and J. Heinze for continued project discussion; and M. Sixt, R. Roemhild and the Social Immunity team for comments on the manuscript. The study was funded by the German Research Foundation (CR118/3-1) within the Framework of the Priority Program SPP 1399, and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (No. 771402; EPIDEMICSonCHIP), both to S.C.","date_created":"2023-02-12T23:00:59Z","doi":"10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6","date_published":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","page":"450-460","publication":"Nature Ecology and Evolution","day":"01","year":"2023","has_accepted_license":"1","isi":1,"project":[{"_id":"2649B4DE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Epidemics in ant societies on a chip","grant_number":"771402"},{"_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"CR-118/3-1","name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution"}],"title":"Pathogen evasion of social immunity","article_processing_charge":"No","external_id":{"isi":["000924572800001"],"pmid":["36732670"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Miriam","id":"42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Stock, Miriam","last_name":"Stock"},{"id":"2CDC32B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Barbara","orcid":"0000-0002-8214-4758","full_name":"Milutinovic, Barbara","last_name":"Milutinovic"},{"full_name":"Hönigsberger, Michaela","last_name":"Hönigsberger","first_name":"Michaela","id":"953894f3-25bd-11ec-8556-f70a9d38ef60"},{"full_name":"Grasse, Anna V","last_name":"Grasse","id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Anna V"},{"id":"39523C54-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Florian","last_name":"Wiesenhofer","full_name":"Wiesenhofer, Florian"},{"full_name":"Kampleitner, Niklas","last_name":"Kampleitner","id":"2AC57FAC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Niklas"},{"first_name":"Madhumitha","id":"44BF24D0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Narasimhan","full_name":"Narasimhan, Madhumitha","orcid":"0000-0002-8600-0671"},{"full_name":"Schmitt, Thomas","last_name":"Schmitt","first_name":"Thomas"},{"last_name":"Cremer","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Sylvia"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","citation":{"mla":"Stock, Miriam, et al. “Pathogen Evasion of Social Immunity.” Nature Ecology and Evolution, vol. 7, Springer Nature, 2023, pp. 450–60, doi:10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6.","ama":"Stock M, Milutinovic B, Hönigsberger M, et al. Pathogen evasion of social immunity. Nature Ecology and Evolution. 2023;7:450-460. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6","apa":"Stock, M., Milutinovic, B., Hönigsberger, M., Grasse, A. V., Wiesenhofer, F., Kampleitner, N., … Cremer, S. (2023). Pathogen evasion of social immunity. Nature Ecology and Evolution. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6","ieee":"M. Stock et al., “Pathogen evasion of social immunity,” Nature Ecology and Evolution, vol. 7. Springer Nature, pp. 450–460, 2023.","short":"M. Stock, B. Milutinovic, M. Hönigsberger, A.V. Grasse, F. Wiesenhofer, N. Kampleitner, M. Narasimhan, T. Schmitt, S. Cremer, Nature Ecology and Evolution 7 (2023) 450–460.","chicago":"Stock, Miriam, Barbara Milutinovic, Michaela Hönigsberger, Anna V Grasse, Florian Wiesenhofer, Niklas Kampleitner, Madhumitha Narasimhan, Thomas Schmitt, and Sylvia Cremer. “Pathogen Evasion of Social Immunity.” Nature Ecology and Evolution. Springer Nature, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6.","ista":"Stock M, Milutinovic B, Hönigsberger M, Grasse AV, Wiesenhofer F, Kampleitner N, Narasimhan M, Schmitt T, Cremer S. 2023. Pathogen evasion of social immunity. Nature Ecology and Evolution. 7, 450–460."}},{"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1461-023X"],"eissn":["1461-0248"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"success":1,"file_id":"8776","checksum":"0cd8be386fa219db02845b7c3991ce04","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2020_EcologyLetters_Milutinovic.pdf","date_created":"2020-11-19T11:27:10Z","creator":"dernst","file_size":561749,"date_updated":"2020-11-19T11:27:10Z"}],"ec_funded":1,"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","volume":23,"related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"press_release","url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/social-ants-shapes-disease-outcome/","description":"News on IST Homepage"}],"record":[{"relation":"research_data","status":"public","id":"13060"}]},"issue":"3","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Coinfections with multiple pathogens can result in complex within‐host dynamics affecting virulence and transmission. While multiple infections are intensively studied in solitary hosts, it is so far unresolved how social host interactions interfere with pathogen competition, and if this depends on coinfection diversity. We studied how the collective disease defences of ants – their social immunity – influence pathogen competition in coinfections of same or different fungal pathogen species. Social immunity reduced virulence for all pathogen combinations, but interfered with spore production only in different‐species coinfections. Here, it decreased overall pathogen sporulation success while increasing co‐sporulation on individual cadavers and maintaining a higher pathogen diversity at the community level. Mathematical modelling revealed that host sanitary care alone can modulate competitive outcomes between pathogens, giving advantage to fast‐germinating, thus less grooming‐sensitive ones. Host social interactions can hence modulate infection dynamics in coinfected group members, thereby altering pathogen communities at the host level and population level."}],"oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","intvolume":" 23","month":"03","date_updated":"2023-09-05T16:04:49Z","ddc":["570"],"file_date_updated":"2020-11-19T11:27:10Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"},{"_id":"KrCh"}],"_id":"7343","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by_nc.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)","short":"CC BY-NC (4.0)"},"type":"journal_article","article_type":"letter_note","status":"public","year":"2020","isi":1,"has_accepted_license":"1","publication":"Ecology Letters","day":"01","page":"565-574","date_created":"2020-01-20T13:32:12Z","doi":"10.1111/ele.13458","date_published":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","acknowledgement":"We thank Bernhardt Steinwender and Jorgen Eilenberg for the fungal strains, Xavier Espadaler, Mireia Diaz, Christiane Wanke, Lumi Viljakainen and the Social Immunity Team at IST Austria, for help with ant collection, and Wanda Gorecka and Gertraud Stift of the IST Austria Life Science Facility for technical support. We are thankful to Dieter Ebert for input at all stages of the project, Roger Mundry for statistical advice, Hinrich Schulenburg, Paul Schmid-Hempel, Yuko\r\nUlrich and Joachim Kurtz for project discussion, Bor Kavcic for advice on growth curves, Marcus Roper for advice on modelling work and comments on the manuscript, as well as Marjon de Vos, Weini Huang and the Social Immunity Team for comments on the manuscript.\r\nThis study was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) within the Priority Programme 1399 Host-parasite Coevolution (CR 118/3 to S.C.) and the People Programme\r\n(Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant agreement no 291734 (ISTFELLOW to B.M.). ","oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Wiley","citation":{"ista":"Milutinovic B, Stock M, Grasse AV, Naderlinger E, Hilbe C, Cremer S. 2020. Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens. Ecology Letters. 23(3), 565–574.","chicago":"Milutinovic, Barbara, Miriam Stock, Anna V Grasse, Elisabeth Naderlinger, Christian Hilbe, and Sylvia Cremer. “Social Immunity Modulates Competition between Coinfecting Pathogens.” Ecology Letters. Wiley, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13458.","short":"B. Milutinovic, M. Stock, A.V. Grasse, E. Naderlinger, C. Hilbe, S. Cremer, Ecology Letters 23 (2020) 565–574.","ieee":"B. Milutinovic, M. Stock, A. V. Grasse, E. Naderlinger, C. Hilbe, and S. Cremer, “Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens,” Ecology Letters, vol. 23, no. 3. Wiley, pp. 565–574, 2020.","ama":"Milutinovic B, Stock M, Grasse AV, Naderlinger E, Hilbe C, Cremer S. Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens. Ecology Letters. 2020;23(3):565-574. doi:10.1111/ele.13458","apa":"Milutinovic, B., Stock, M., Grasse, A. V., Naderlinger, E., Hilbe, C., & Cremer, S. (2020). Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens. Ecology Letters. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13458","mla":"Milutinovic, Barbara, et al. “Social Immunity Modulates Competition between Coinfecting Pathogens.” Ecology Letters, vol. 23, no. 3, Wiley, 2020, pp. 565–74, doi:10.1111/ele.13458."},"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","external_id":{"isi":["000507515900001"]},"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","author":[{"last_name":"Milutinovic","full_name":"Milutinovic, Barbara","orcid":"0000-0002-8214-4758","id":"2CDC32B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Barbara"},{"id":"42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Miriam","last_name":"Stock","full_name":"Stock, Miriam"},{"full_name":"Grasse, Anna V","last_name":"Grasse","id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Anna V"},{"last_name":"Naderlinger","full_name":"Naderlinger, Elisabeth","id":"31757262-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Elisabeth"},{"first_name":"Christian","id":"2FDF8F3C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Hilbe","orcid":"0000-0001-5116-955X","full_name":"Hilbe, Christian"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"title":"Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens","project":[{"_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FP7","name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme","grant_number":"291734"},{"_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"CR-118/3-1","name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution"}]},{"title":"Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"},{"_id":"KrCh"}],"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-8214-4758","full_name":"Milutinovic, Barbara","last_name":"Milutinovic","first_name":"Barbara","id":"2CDC32B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Miriam","id":"42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Stock","full_name":"Stock, Miriam"},{"full_name":"Grasse, Anna V","last_name":"Grasse","id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Anna V"},{"id":"31757262-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Elisabeth","last_name":"Naderlinger","full_name":"Naderlinger, Elisabeth"},{"last_name":"Hilbe","orcid":"0000-0001-5116-955X","full_name":"Hilbe, Christian","first_name":"Christian","id":"2FDF8F3C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","ddc":["570"],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_updated":"2023-09-05T16:04:48Z","citation":{"ista":"Milutinovic B, Stock M, Grasse AV, Naderlinger E, Hilbe C, Cremer S. 2020. Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens, Dryad, 10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318.","chicago":"Milutinovic, Barbara, Miriam Stock, Anna V Grasse, Elisabeth Naderlinger, Christian Hilbe, and Sylvia Cremer. “Social Immunity Modulates Competition between Coinfecting Pathogens.” Dryad, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318.","apa":"Milutinovic, B., Stock, M., Grasse, A. V., Naderlinger, E., Hilbe, C., & Cremer, S. (2020). Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318","ama":"Milutinovic B, Stock M, Grasse AV, Naderlinger E, Hilbe C, Cremer S. Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens. 2020. doi:10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318","short":"B. Milutinovic, M. Stock, A.V. Grasse, E. Naderlinger, C. Hilbe, S. Cremer, (2020).","ieee":"B. Milutinovic, M. Stock, A. V. Grasse, E. Naderlinger, C. Hilbe, and S. Cremer, “Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens.” Dryad, 2020.","mla":"Milutinovic, Barbara, et al. Social Immunity Modulates Competition between Coinfecting Pathogens. Dryad, 2020, doi:10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318."},"status":"public","type":"research_data_reference","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_0.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0 1.0)","short":"CC0 (1.0)"},"_id":"13060","doi":"10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318","date_published":"2020-12-19T00:00:00Z","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"7343","relation":"used_in_publication"}]},"date_created":"2023-05-23T16:11:22Z","license":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","day":"19","year":"2020","month":"12","publisher":"Dryad","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.crjdfn318","open_access":"1"}],"oa":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Coinfections with multiple pathogens can result in complex within-host dynamics affecting virulence and transmission. Whilst multiple infections are intensively studied in solitary hosts, it is so far unresolved how social host interactions interfere with pathogen competition, and if this depends on coinfection diversity. We studied how the collective disease defenses of ants – their social immunity – influence pathogen competition in coinfections of same or different fungal pathogen species. Social immunity reduced virulence for all pathogen combinations, but interfered with spore production only in different-species coinfections. Here, it decreased overall pathogen sporulation success, whilst simultaneously increasing co-sporulation on individual cadavers and maintaining a higher pathogen diversity at the community-level. Mathematical modeling revealed that host sanitary care alone can modulate competitive outcomes between pathogens, giving advantage to fast-germinating, thus less grooming-sensitive ones. Host social interactions can hence modulate infection dynamics in coinfected group members, thereby altering pathogen communities at the host- and population-level."}]},{"title":"Evolution of a fungal pathogen towards individual versus social immunity in ants","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"publist_id":"5803","author":[{"full_name":"Stock, Miriam","last_name":"Stock","first_name":"Miriam","id":"42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","citation":{"mla":"Stock, Miriam. Evolution of a Fungal Pathogen towards Individual versus Social Immunity in Ants. IST Austria, 2014.","ama":"Stock M. Evolution of a fungal pathogen towards individual versus social immunity in ants. 2014.","apa":"Stock, M. (2014). Evolution of a fungal pathogen towards individual versus social immunity in ants. IST Austria.","ieee":"M. Stock, “Evolution of a fungal pathogen towards individual versus social immunity in ants,” IST Austria, 2014.","short":"M. Stock, Evolution of a Fungal Pathogen towards Individual versus Social Immunity in Ants, IST Austria, 2014.","chicago":"Stock, Miriam. “Evolution of a Fungal Pathogen towards Individual versus Social Immunity in Ants.” IST Austria, 2014.","ista":"Stock M. 2014. Evolution of a fungal pathogen towards individual versus social immunity in ants. IST Austria."},"date_updated":"2021-01-12T06:50:30Z","supervisor":[{"last_name":"Cremer","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia M","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","first_name":"Sylvia M","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"status":"public","type":"dissertation","_id":"1404","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:51:49Z","date_published":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","page":"101","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"01","year":"2014","publication_status":"published","month":"04","publisher":"IST Austria","alternative_title":["IST Austria Thesis"],"acknowledgement":"This work was funded by the DFG and the ERC.","oa_version":"None","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The co-evolution of hosts and pathogens is characterized by continuous adaptations of both parties. Pathogens of social insects need to adapt towards disease defences at two levels: 1) individual immunity of each colony member consisting of behavioural defence strategies as well as humoral and cellular immune responses and 2) social immunity that is collectively performed by all group members comprising behavioural, physiological and organisational defence strategies.\r\n\r\nTo disentangle the selection pressure on pathogens by the collective versus individual level of disease defence in social insects, we performed an evolution experiment using the Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile, as a host and a mixture of the general insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium spp. (6 strains) as a pathogen. We allowed pathogen evolution over 10 serial host passages to two different evolution host treatments: (1) only individual host immunity in a single host treatment, and (2) simultaneously acting individual and social immunity in a social host treatment, in which an exposed ant was accompanied by two untreated nestmates.\r\n\r\nBefore starting the pathogen evolution experiment, the 6 Metarhizium spp. strains were characterised concerning conidiospore size killing rates in singly and socially reared ants, their competitiveness under coinfecting conditions and their influence on ant behaviour. We analysed how the ancestral atrain mixture changed in conidiospere size, killing rate and strain composition dependent on host treatment (single or social hosts) during 10 passages and found that killing rate and conidiospere size of the pathogen increased under both evolution regimes, but different depending on host treatment.\r\n\r\nTesting the evolved strain mixtures that evolved under either the single or social host treatment under both single and social current rearing conditions in a full factorial design experiment revealed that the additional collective defences in insect societies add new selection pressure for their coevolving pathogens that compromise their ability to adapt to its host at the group level. To our knowledge, this is the first study directly measuring the influence of social immunity on pathogen evolution."}]},{"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"type":"journal_article","pubrep_id":"96","status":"public","_id":"3242","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:04Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"date_updated":"2023-02-23T14:07:11Z","ddc":["570","579"],"scopus_import":1,"intvolume":" 10","month":"04","abstract":[{"text":"Due to the omnipresent risk of epidemics, insect societies have evolved sophisticated disease defences at the individual and colony level. An intriguing yet little understood phenomenon is that social contact to pathogen-exposed individuals reduces susceptibility of previously naive nestmates to this pathogen. We tested whether such social immunisation in Lasius ants against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is based on active upregulation of the immune system of nestmates following contact to an infectious individual or passive protection via transfer of immune effectors among group members—that is, active versus passive immunisation. We found no evidence for involvement of passive immunisation via transfer of antimicrobials among colony members. Instead, intensive allogrooming behaviour between naive and pathogen-exposed ants before fungal conidia firmly attached to their cuticle suggested passage of the pathogen from the exposed individuals to their nestmates. By tracing fluorescence-labelled conidia we indeed detected frequent pathogen transfer to the nestmates, where they caused low-level infections as revealed by growth of small numbers of fungal colony forming units from their dissected body content. These infections rarely led to death, but instead promoted an enhanced ability to inhibit fungal growth and an active upregulation of immune genes involved in antifungal defences (defensin and prophenoloxidase, PPO). Contrarily, there was no upregulation of the gene cathepsin L, which is associated with antibacterial and antiviral defences, and we found no increased antibacterial activity of nestmates of fungus-exposed ants. This indicates that social immunisation after fungal exposure is specific, similar to recent findings for individual-level immune priming in invertebrates. Epidemiological modeling further suggests that active social immunisation is adaptive, as it leads to faster elimination of the disease and lower death rates than passive immunisation. Interestingly, humans have also utilised the protective effect of low-level infections to fight smallpox by intentional transfer of low pathogen doses (“variolation” or “inoculation”).","lang":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","ec_funded":1,"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","status":"public","id":"9755"}]},"issue":"4","volume":10,"publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:04Z","file_size":674228,"creator":"system","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:08:28Z","file_name":"IST-2012-96-v1+1_journal.pbio.1001300.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","file_id":"4689","checksum":"4ebacefd9fbab5c68adf829124115fd1"}],"project":[{"_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution","grant_number":"CR-118/3-1"},{"name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects","grant_number":"243071","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FP7"},{"name":"Antnet","_id":"25E0E184-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"article_number":"e1001300","publist_id":"3434","author":[{"full_name":"Konrad, Matthias","last_name":"Konrad","first_name":"Matthias","id":"46528076-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Meghan","id":"418901AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Vyleta, Meghan","last_name":"Vyleta"},{"last_name":"Theis","full_name":"Theis, Fabian","first_name":"Fabian"},{"first_name":"Miriam","id":"42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Stock","full_name":"Stock, Miriam"},{"id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Simon","last_name":"Tragust","full_name":"Tragust, Simon"},{"id":"E60F29C6-E9AE-11E9-AF6E-D190C7302F38","first_name":"Martina","last_name":"Klatt","full_name":"Klatt, Martina"},{"first_name":"Verena","last_name":"Drescher","full_name":"Drescher, Verena"},{"last_name":"Marr","full_name":"Marr, Carsten","first_name":"Carsten"},{"id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Line V","full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883","last_name":"Ugelvig"},{"first_name":"Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer"}],"title":"Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies","citation":{"ista":"Konrad M, Vyleta M, Theis F, Stock M, Tragust S, Klatt M, Drescher V, Marr C, Ugelvig LV, Cremer S. 2012. Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. PLoS Biology. 10(4), e1001300.","chicago":"Konrad, Matthias, Meghan Vyleta, Fabian Theis, Miriam Stock, Simon Tragust, Martina Klatt, Verena Drescher, Carsten Marr, Line V Ugelvig, and Sylvia Cremer. “Social Transfer of Pathogenic Fungus Promotes Active Immunisation in Ant Colonies.” PLoS Biology. Public Library of Science, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300.","ieee":"M. Konrad et al., “Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies,” PLoS Biology, vol. 10, no. 4. Public Library of Science, 2012.","short":"M. Konrad, M. Vyleta, F. Theis, M. Stock, S. Tragust, M. Klatt, V. Drescher, C. Marr, L.V. Ugelvig, S. Cremer, PLoS Biology 10 (2012).","ama":"Konrad M, Vyleta M, Theis F, et al. Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. PLoS Biology. 2012;10(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300","apa":"Konrad, M., Vyleta, M., Theis, F., Stock, M., Tragust, S., Klatt, M., … Cremer, S. (2012). Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. PLoS Biology. Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300","mla":"Konrad, Matthias, et al. “Social Transfer of Pathogenic Fungus Promotes Active Immunisation in Ant Colonies.” PLoS Biology, vol. 10, no. 4, e1001300, Public Library of Science, 2012, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300."},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa":1,"publisher":"Public Library of Science","quality_controlled":"1","acknowledgement":"Funding for this project was obtained by the German Research Foundation DFG (http://www.dfg.de/en/index.jsp) as an Individual Research Grant (CR118/2-1 to SC) and the European Research Council (http://erc.europa.eu/) in form of two ERC Starting Grants (ERC-2009-StG240371-SocialVaccines to SC and ERC-2010-StG259294-LatentCauses to FJT). In addition, the Junge Akademie (Young Academy of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (http://www.diejungeakademie.de/english/index.html) funded this joint Antnet project of SC and FJT. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:02:13Z","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300","date_published":"2012-04-03T00:00:00Z","year":"2012","has_accepted_license":"1","publication":"PLoS Biology","day":"03"},{"year":"2012","day":"27","doi":"10.5061/dryad.sv37s","date_published":"2012-09-27T00:00:00Z","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"3242","status":"public","relation":"used_in_publication"}]},"date_created":"2021-07-30T08:39:13Z","abstract":[{"text":"Due to the omnipresent risk of epidemics, insect societies have evolved sophisticated disease defences at the individual and colony level. An intriguing yet little understood phenomenon is that social contact to pathogen-exposed individuals reduces susceptibility of previously naive nestmates to this pathogen. We tested whether such social immunisation in Lasius ants against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is based on active upregulation of the immune system of nestmates following contact to an infectious individual or passive protection via transfer of immune effectors among group members—that is, active versus passive immunisation. We found no evidence for involvement of passive immunisation via transfer of antimicrobials among colony members. Instead, intensive allogrooming behaviour between naive and pathogen-exposed ants before fungal conidia firmly attached to their cuticle suggested passage of the pathogen from the exposed individuals to their nestmates. By tracing fluorescence-labelled conidia we indeed detected frequent pathogen transfer to the nestmates, where they caused low-level infections as revealed by growth of small numbers of fungal colony forming units from their dissected body content. These infections rarely led to death, but instead promoted an enhanced ability to inhibit fungal growth and an active upregulation of immune genes involved in antifungal defences (defensin and prophenoloxidase, PPO). Contrarily, there was no upregulation of the gene cathepsin L, which is associated with antibacterial and antiviral defences, and we found no increased antibacterial activity of nestmates of fungus-exposed ants. This indicates that social immunisation after fungal exposure is specific, similar to recent findings for individual-level immune priming in invertebrates. Epidemiological modeling further suggests that active social immunisation is adaptive, as it leads to faster elimination of the disease and lower death rates than passive immunisation. Interestingly, humans have also utilised the protective effect of low-level infections to fight smallpox by intentional transfer of low pathogen doses (“variolation” or “inoculation”).","lang":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","publisher":"Dryad","oa":1,"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sv37s"}],"month":"09","citation":{"ista":"Konrad M, Vyleta M, Theis F, Stock M, Klatt M, Drescher V, Marr C, Ugelvig LV, Cremer S. 2012. Data from: Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies, Dryad, 10.5061/dryad.sv37s.","chicago":"Konrad, Matthias, Meghan Vyleta, Fabian Theis, Miriam Stock, Martina Klatt, Verena Drescher, Carsten Marr, Line V Ugelvig, and Sylvia Cremer. “Data from: Social Transfer of Pathogenic Fungus Promotes Active Immunisation in Ant Colonies.” Dryad, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sv37s.","short":"M. Konrad, M. Vyleta, F. Theis, M. Stock, M. Klatt, V. Drescher, C. Marr, L.V. Ugelvig, S. Cremer, (2012).","ieee":"M. Konrad et al., “Data from: Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies.” Dryad, 2012.","ama":"Konrad M, Vyleta M, Theis F, et al. Data from: Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. 2012. doi:10.5061/dryad.sv37s","apa":"Konrad, M., Vyleta, M., Theis, F., Stock, M., Klatt, M., Drescher, V., … Cremer, S. (2012). Data from: Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sv37s","mla":"Konrad, Matthias, et al. Data from: Social Transfer of Pathogenic Fungus Promotes Active Immunisation in Ant Colonies. Dryad, 2012, doi:10.5061/dryad.sv37s."},"date_updated":"2023-02-23T11:18:41Z","user_id":"6785fbc1-c503-11eb-8a32-93094b40e1cf","author":[{"id":"46528076-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Matthias","last_name":"Konrad","full_name":"Konrad, Matthias"},{"id":"418901AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Meghan","last_name":"Vyleta","full_name":"Vyleta, Meghan"},{"first_name":"Fabian","full_name":"Theis, Fabian","last_name":"Theis"},{"last_name":"Stock","full_name":"Stock, Miriam","first_name":"Miriam","id":"42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"E60F29C6-E9AE-11E9-AF6E-D190C7302F38","first_name":"Martina","last_name":"Klatt","full_name":"Klatt, Martina"},{"first_name":"Verena","last_name":"Drescher","full_name":"Drescher, Verena"},{"full_name":"Marr, Carsten","last_name":"Marr","first_name":"Carsten"},{"full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883","last_name":"Ugelvig","first_name":"Line V","id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Data from: Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"_id":"9755","type":"research_data_reference","status":"public"}]