[{"tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"date_created":"2026-05-12T13:58:18Z","external_id":{"arxiv":["2602.00928"]},"corr_author":"1","citation":{"ista":"Werner T, Riyazi E, Hawaldar S, Sahu R, Arnold GM, Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker PF-S, Naranjo JAS, Loi D, Kapoor LN, Zemlicka M, Qiu L, Militaru A, Fink JM. Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states. arXiv, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928\">10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928</a>.","ieee":"T. Werner <i>et al.</i>, “Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","apa":"Werner, T., Riyazi, E., Hawaldar, S., Sahu, R., Arnold, G. M., Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker, P. F.-S., … Fink, J. M. (n.d.). Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928</a>","ama":"Werner T, Riyazi E, Hawaldar S, et al. Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928\">10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928</a>","chicago":"Werner, Thomas, Erfan Riyazi, Samarth Hawaldar, Rishabh Sahu, Georg M Arnold, Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker, Jennifer A. Sánchez Naranjo, et al. “Electro-Optic Conversion of Itinerant Fock States.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928</a>.","short":"T. Werner, E. Riyazi, S. Hawaldar, R. Sahu, G.M. Arnold, P.F.-S. Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker, J.A.S. Naranjo, D. Loi, L.N. Kapoor, M. Zemlicka, L. Qiu, A. Militaru, J.M. Fink, ArXiv (n.d.).","mla":"Werner, Thomas, et al. “Electro-Optic Conversion of Itinerant Fock States.” <i>ArXiv</i>, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928\">10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928</a>."},"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928","author":[{"orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","full_name":"Werner, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas","id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7","last_name":"Werner"},{"first_name":"Erfan","full_name":"Riyazi, Erfan","id":"53322f94-5355-11ee-ae5a-ff6f81c87d51","last_name":"Riyazi"},{"last_name":"Hawaldar","full_name":"Hawaldar, Samarth","first_name":"Samarth","orcid":"0000-0002-1965-4309","id":"221708e1-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-85146607433e"},{"last_name":"Sahu","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Arnold"},{"last_name":"Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker","full_name":"Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker, Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker","first_name":"Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker"},{"full_name":"Naranjo, Jennifer A. Sánchez","first_name":"Jennifer A. Sánchez","last_name":"Naranjo"},{"first_name":"Dante","full_name":"Loi, Dante","last_name":"Loi"},{"last_name":"Kapoor","full_name":"Kapoor, Lucky N.","first_name":"Lucky N."},{"id":"2DCF8DE6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0009-0005-0878-3032","full_name":"Zemlicka, Martin","first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Zemlicka"},{"full_name":"Qiu, Liu","first_name":"Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","last_name":"Qiu"},{"last_name":"Militaru","first_name":"Andrei","full_name":"Militaru, Andrei","id":"d67706f8-8eb1-11ee-ad1b-9c30dfa19e0b"},{"last_name":"Fink","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X"}],"ec_funded":1,"oa":1,"arxiv":1,"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"},{"_id":"GradSch"}],"date_updated":"2026-09-14T07:08:55Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"01","article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_status":"draft","project":[{"name":"Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states","_id":"bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a","grant_number":"101089099"},{"grant_number":"101248662","name":"Integrated optical coupling for low loss electro-optic interconnects","_id":"5b807754-ab3d-11f0-914f-ff8c34502cc9"},{"_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"899354"},{"_id":"91aaf765-16d5-11f0-9cad-a8e7e44cccb7","name":"Cavity-Integrated Electro-Optics: Measuring, Converting and Manipulating Microwaves with Light","grant_number":"101187231"},{"name":"NOMIS Fellowship Program","_id":"9B861AAC-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Superconducting qubits are a leading candidate for utility-scale quantum computing due to their fast gate speeds and steadily decreasing error rates. The requirement for millikelvin operating temperatures, however, creates a significant scaling bottleneck. Modular architectures using optical fiber links could bridge separate cryogenic nodes, but superconducting circuits do not have coherent optical transitions and microwave-to-optical conversion has not been shown for any non-classical photon state. In this work, we demonstrate the on-demand generation and tomographic reconstruction of itinerant single microwave photons at 8.9 GHz from a superconducting qubit. We upconvert this non-Gaussian state with a transducer added noise below 0.012 quanta and count the converted telecom photons at 193.4 THz with a signal-to-noise ratio of up to 5.1$\\pm$1.1. We characterize the trade-offs between throughput and noise, and establish a viable path toward heralded entanglement distribution and gate teleportation. Looking ahead, these results empower existing superconducting devices to take a key role in distributed quantum technologies and heterogeneous quantum systems.","lang":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Preprint","doi":"10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928","day":"31","publication":"arXiv","title":"Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states","OA_place":"repository","scopus_import":"1","OA_type":"green","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"21863","status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"type":"preprint","status":"public","date_published":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","acknowledgement":"We thank Fritz Diorico and Onur Hosten who suggested the filter cavity design, and gave important insights about the assembly and the testing of the FabryPerot filter cavities. Ekatrina Fedotova and Diego A.\r\nLancheros Naranjo worked on the filter cavity setup in\r\nthe early stages of this work. Gustavo Wiederhecker and\r\nYiewen Chu provided insights as to the origins of the\r\nobserved optical noise and Nicola Carlon Zambon suggested using telecom filters to mitigate it further. This\r\nwork was supported by the European Research Council under grant agreement no. 101089099 (ERC CoG\r\ncQEO), and 101248662 (ERC POC CoupledEOT), the\r\nEuropean Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogram under grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen\r\nSuperQuLAN), the European Innovation Council no.\r\n101187231 (PathfinderOpen CIELO), and the Austrian\r\nScience Fund (FWF) no. F7105 (SFB BeyondC). J.F.\r\nand L.K. acknowledge support from the Horizon Europe\r\nProgram HORIZON-CL4-2022-QUANTUM-01-SGA via\r\nProject No. 101113946 OpenSuperQPlus100. A.M. acknowledges support from the NOMIS-ISTA fellowship.","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928","open_access":"1"}],"_id":"21870","year":"2026"},{"publication":"Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition","day":"01","citation":{"chicago":"Militaru, Andrei, Thomas Werner, Erfan Riyazi, Samarth Hawaldar, Rishabh Sahu, Georg M Arnold, Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker, et al. “Electro-Optic Conversion of Itinerant Fock States.” In <i>Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition</i>. Optica Publishing Group, 2026.","short":"A. Militaru, T. Werner, E. Riyazi, S. Hawaldar, R. Sahu, G.M. Arnold, P. Falthansl-Scheinecker, J.A. Sanchez Naranjo, D. Loi, L. Kapoor, M. Zemlicka, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, in:, Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition, Optica Publishing Group, 2026.","mla":"Militaru, Andrei, et al. “Electro-Optic Conversion of Itinerant Fock States.” <i>Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition</i>, QM2A.1, Optica Publishing Group, 2026.","ieee":"A. Militaru <i>et al.</i>, “Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states,” in <i>Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition</i>, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 2026.","ista":"Militaru A, Werner T, Riyazi E, Hawaldar S, Sahu R, Arnold GM, Falthansl-Scheinecker P, Sanchez Naranjo JA, Loi D, Kapoor L, Zemlicka M, Qiu L, Fink JM. 2026. Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states. Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition. Quantum 2.0, Technical Digest Series, , QM2A.1.","apa":"Militaru, A., Werner, T., Riyazi, E., Hawaldar, S., Sahu, R., Arnold, G. M., … Fink, J. M. (2026). Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states. In <i>Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition</i>. Glasgow, United Kingdom: Optica Publishing Group.","ama":"Militaru A, Werner T, Riyazi E, et al. Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states. In: <i>Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition</i>. Optica Publishing Group; 2026."},"oa_version":"None","abstract":[{"text":"Superconducting qubits face scaling challenges due to millikelvin temperature requirements. Here we demonstrate the generation and low-noise upconversion of single microwave photons to telecom frequencies, paving the way for quantum networks with superconducting qubits.","lang":"eng"}],"corr_author":"1","publication_status":"published","publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_created":"2026-10-04T22:01:57Z","article_processing_charge":"No","alternative_title":["Technical Digest Series"],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9781957171616"]},"month":"09","_id":"23056","article_number":"QM2A.1","year":"2026","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"},{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"GeKa"}],"date_updated":"2026-10-12T08:53:25Z","date_published":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","conference":{"location":"Glasgow, United Kingdom","name":"Quantum 2.0","end_date":"2026-06-18","start_date":"2026-06-15"},"type":"conference","status":"public","OA_type":"closed access","scopus_import":"1","title":"Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states","author":[{"last_name":"Militaru","first_name":"Andrei","full_name":"Militaru, Andrei","id":"d67706f8-8eb1-11ee-ad1b-9c30dfa19e0b"},{"orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","first_name":"Thomas","full_name":"Werner, Thomas","id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7","last_name":"Werner"},{"first_name":"Erfan","full_name":"Riyazi, Erfan","id":"53322f94-5355-11ee-ae5a-ff6f81c87d51","last_name":"Riyazi"},{"last_name":"Hawaldar","orcid":"0000-0002-1965-4309","first_name":"Samarth","full_name":"Hawaldar, Samarth","id":"221708e1-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-85146607433e"},{"full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sahu"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Georg M","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","last_name":"Arnold"},{"last_name":"Falthansl-Scheinecker","id":"85b43b21-15b2-11ec-abd3-e2c252cc2285","first_name":"Paul","full_name":"Falthansl-Scheinecker, Paul"},{"id":"0fd10295-ebd4-11ec-b0f1-c1c8465143f9","first_name":"Jennifer Anais","full_name":"Sanchez Naranjo, Jennifer Anais","last_name":"Sanchez Naranjo"},{"last_name":"Loi","first_name":"Dante","full_name":"Loi, Dante","id":"a24803ec-c619-11f1-873b-95804e96f22f"},{"id":"84b9700b-15b2-11ec-abd3-831089e67615","orcid":"0000-0001-8319-2148","first_name":"Lucky","full_name":"Kapoor, Lucky","last_name":"Kapoor"},{"full_name":"Zemlicka, Martin","first_name":"Martin","orcid":"0009-0005-0878-3032","id":"2DCF8DE6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Zemlicka"},{"last_name":"Qiu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","first_name":"Liu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac"},{"last_name":"Fink","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}]},{"publisher":"Springer Nature","date_created":"2025-02-23T23:01:57Z","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"intvolume":"        21","isi":1,"article_type":"original","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4","citation":{"ama":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical superconducting qubit readout. <i>Nature Physics</i>. 2025;21. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>","apa":"Arnold, G. M., Werner, T., Sahu, R., Kapoor, L., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2025). All-optical superconducting qubit readout. <i>Nature Physics</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>","ieee":"G. M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “All-optical superconducting qubit readout,” <i>Nature Physics</i>, vol. 21. Springer Nature, 2025.","ista":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. 2025. All-optical superconducting qubit readout. Nature Physics. 21, 9470.","mla":"Arnold, Georg M., et al. “All-Optical Superconducting Qubit Readout.” <i>Nature Physics</i>, vol. 21, 9470, Springer Nature, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>.","chicago":"Arnold, Georg M, Thomas Werner, Rishabh Sahu, Lucky Kapoor, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “All-Optical Superconducting Qubit Readout.” <i>Nature Physics</i>. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>.","short":"G.M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, Nature Physics 21 (2025)."},"corr_author":"1","external_id":{"pmid":["40093969"],"isi":["001417760400001"]},"oa":1,"ec_funded":1,"ddc":["530"],"author":[{"last_name":"Arnold","first_name":"Georg M","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7","full_name":"Werner, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas","orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","last_name":"Werner"},{"id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu"},{"id":"84b9700b-15b2-11ec-abd3-831089e67615","first_name":"Lucky","full_name":"Kapoor, Lucky","orcid":"0000-0001-8319-2148","last_name":"Kapoor"},{"id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","last_name":"Qiu"},{"last_name":"Fink","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M"}],"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-05-20T13:35:42Z","pmid":1,"publication_status":"published","project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053"},{"_id":"bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a","name":"Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states","grant_number":"101089099"},{"name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","grant_number":"899354","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"},{"grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits"}],"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1745-2481"],"issn":["1745-2473"]},"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","has_accepted_license":"1","quality_controlled":"1","month":"03","file_date_updated":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","publication":"Nature Physics","volume":21,"doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4","day":"01","oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The rapid development of superconducting quantum hardware is expected to run into substantial restrictions on scalability because error correction in a cryogenic environment has stringent input–output requirements. Classical data centres rely on fibre-optic interconnects to remove similar networking bottlenecks. In the same spirit, ultracold electro-optic links have been proposed and used to generate qubit control signals, or to replace cryogenic readout electronics. So far, these approaches have suffered from either low efficiency, low bandwidth or additional noise. Here we realize radio-over-fibre qubit readout at millikelvin temperatures. We use one device to simultaneously perform upconversion and downconversion between microwave and optical frequencies and so do not require any active or passive cryogenic microwave equipment. We demonstrate all-optical single-shot readout in a circulator-free readout scheme. Importantly, we do not observe any direct radiation impact on the qubit state, despite the absence of shielding elements. This compatibility between superconducting circuits and telecom-wavelength light is not only a prerequisite to establish modular quantum networks, but it is also relevant for multiplexed readout of superconducting photon detectors and classical superconducting logic."}],"OA_type":"hybrid","scopus_import":"1","OA_place":"publisher","title":"All-optical superconducting qubit readout","year":"2025","file":[{"date_created":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","file_size":3396595,"file_name":"2025_NaturePhysics_Arnold.pdf","file_id":"19572","date_updated":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","checksum":"ab7469aca9e2e068eb78e5c5c1efaf7d","creator":"dernst"}],"_id":"19073","article_number":"9470","acknowledgement":"We thank F. Hassani and M. Zemlicka for assistance with qubit design and high-power readout, respectively, and P. Winkel and I. Pop at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for providing the JPA. This work was supported by the European Research Council under grant nos. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT) and 101089099 (ERC CoG cQEO), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN). This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) DOI 10.55776/F71. L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW programme and G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. Open access funding provided by Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria).","date_published":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","status":"public","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"earlier_version","status":"public","id":"18953"},{"status":"public","id":"21863","relation":"dissertation_contains"}],"link":[{"description":"News on ISTA Website","url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/when-qubits-learn-the-language-of-fiberoptics/","relation":"press_release"}]},"type":"journal_article"},{"arxiv":1,"oa":1,"ec_funded":1,"author":[{"last_name":"Sahu","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","first_name":"Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","last_name":"Qiu"},{"last_name":"Hease","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","first_name":"William J","full_name":"Hease, William J"},{"last_name":"Arnold","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","first_name":"Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876"},{"full_name":"Minoguchi, Y.","first_name":"Y.","last_name":"Minoguchi"},{"first_name":"P.","full_name":"Rabl, P.","last_name":"Rabl"},{"last_name":"Fink","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:39:33Z","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","date_created":"2023-05-31T11:39:24Z","intvolume":"       380","article_type":"original","isi":1,"citation":{"chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh, Liu Qiu, William J Hease, Georg M Arnold, Y. Minoguchi, P. Rabl, and Johannes M Fink. “Entangling Microwaves with Light.” <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812</a>.","short":"R. Sahu, L. Qiu, W.J. Hease, G.M. Arnold, Y. Minoguchi, P. Rabl, J.M. Fink, Science 380 (2023) 718–721.","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh, et al. “Entangling Microwaves with Light.” <i>Science</i>, vol. 380, no. 6646, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023, pp. 718–21, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">10.1126/science.adg3812</a>.","ista":"Sahu R, Qiu L, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Minoguchi Y, Rabl P, Fink JM. 2023. Entangling microwaves with light. Science. 380(6646), 718–721.","ieee":"R. Sahu <i>et al.</i>, “Entangling microwaves with light,” <i>Science</i>, vol. 380, no. 6646. American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 718–721, 2023.","ama":"Sahu R, Qiu L, Hease WJ, et al. Entangling microwaves with light. <i>Science</i>. 2023;380(6646):718-721. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">10.1126/science.adg3812</a>","apa":"Sahu, R., Qiu, L., Hease, W. J., Arnold, G. M., Minoguchi, Y., Rabl, P., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Entangling microwaves with light. <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812</a>"},"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812","page":"718-721","corr_author":"1","external_id":{"isi":["000996515200004"],"arxiv":["2301.03315"],"pmid":["37200415"]},"keyword":["Multidisciplinary"],"scopus_import":"1","title":"Entangling microwaves with light","_id":"13106","year":"2023","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2301.03315"}],"acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council (grant no. 758053, ERC StG QUNNECT) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 899354, FETopen SuperQuLAN). L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW program. W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant no. 754411). G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J.M.F. acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (grant no. F7105) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 862644, FETopen QUARTET).","date_published":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"13122","status":"public","relation":"research_data"}],"link":[{"relation":"press_release","url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/wiring-up-quantum-circuits-with-light/","description":"News on ISTA Website"}]},"type":"journal_article","status":"public","pmid":1,"project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053"},{"name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","grant_number":"899354","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"754411","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships"},{"_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"862644"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","grant_number":"F07105"}],"publication_status":"published","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1095-9203"],"issn":["0036-8075"]},"month":"05","quality_controlled":"1","issue":"6646","volume":380,"publication":"Science","day":"18","doi":"10.1126/science.adg3812","oa_version":"Preprint","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Quantum entanglement is a key resource in currently developed quantum technologies. Sharing this fragile property between superconducting microwave circuits and optical or atomic systems would enable new functionalities, but this has been hindered by an energy scale mismatch of >104 and the resulting mutually imposed loss and noise. In this work, we created and verified entanglement between microwave and optical fields in a millikelvin environment. Using an optically pulsed superconducting electro-optical device, we show entanglement between propagating microwave and optical fields in the continuous variable domain. This achievement not only paves the way for entanglement between superconducting circuits and telecom wavelength light, but also has wide-ranging implications for hybrid quantum networks in the context of modularization, scaling, sensing, and cross-platform verification."}]},{"scopus_import":"1","title":"Microwave-optics entanglement via cavity optomagnomechanics","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant no. 2022YFA1405200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 92265202), and the European Research Council (ERC CoG Q-ECHOS, 101001005).","date_published":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","status":"public","article_number":"2200866","_id":"14489","year":"2023","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2208.10703","open_access":"1"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1863-8880"],"eissn":["1863-8899"]},"month":"12","quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","oa_version":"Preprint","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Microwave-optics entanglement is a vital component for building hybrid quantum networks. Here, a new mechanism for preparing stationary entanglement between microwave and optical cavity fields in a cavity optomagnomechanical system is proposed. It consists of a magnon mode in a ferrimagnetic crystal that couples directly to a microwave cavity mode via the magnetic dipole interaction and indirectly to an optical cavity through the deformation displacement of the crystal. The mechanical displacement is induced by the magnetostrictive force and coupled to the optical cavity via radiation pressure. Both the opto- and magnomechanical couplings are dispersive. Magnon–phonon entanglement is created via magnomechanical parametric down-conversion, which is further distributed to optical and microwave photons via simultaneous optomechanical beamsplitter interaction and electromagnonic state-swap interaction, yielding stationary microwave-optics entanglement. The microwave-optics entanglement is robust against thermal noise, which will find broad potential applications in quantum networks and quantum information processing with hybrid quantum systems."}],"issue":"12","volume":17,"publication":"Laser and Photonics Reviews","day":"01","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202200866","author":[{"last_name":"Fan","full_name":"Fan, Zhi Yuan","first_name":"Zhi Yuan"},{"last_name":"Qiu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","first_name":"Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267"},{"last_name":"Gröblacher","first_name":"Simon","full_name":"Gröblacher, Simon"},{"first_name":"Jie","full_name":"Li, Jie","last_name":"Li"}],"oa":1,"arxiv":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-09T13:13:18Z","publisher":"Wiley","date_created":"2023-11-05T23:00:54Z","citation":{"ista":"Fan ZY, Qiu L, Gröblacher S, Li J. 2023. Microwave-optics entanglement via cavity optomagnomechanics. Laser and Photonics Reviews. 17(12), 2200866.","ieee":"Z. Y. Fan, L. Qiu, S. Gröblacher, and J. Li, “Microwave-optics entanglement via cavity optomagnomechanics,” <i>Laser and Photonics Reviews</i>, vol. 17, no. 12. Wiley, 2023.","apa":"Fan, Z. Y., Qiu, L., Gröblacher, S., &#38; Li, J. (2023). Microwave-optics entanglement via cavity optomagnomechanics. <i>Laser and Photonics Reviews</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202200866\">https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202200866</a>","ama":"Fan ZY, Qiu L, Gröblacher S, Li J. Microwave-optics entanglement via cavity optomagnomechanics. <i>Laser and Photonics Reviews</i>. 2023;17(12). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202200866\">10.1002/lpor.202200866</a>","short":"Z.Y. Fan, L. Qiu, S. Gröblacher, J. Li, Laser and Photonics Reviews 17 (2023).","chicago":"Fan, Zhi Yuan, Liu Qiu, Simon Gröblacher, and Jie Li. “Microwave-Optics Entanglement via Cavity Optomagnomechanics.” <i>Laser and Photonics Reviews</i>. Wiley, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202200866\">https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202200866</a>.","mla":"Fan, Zhi Yuan, et al. “Microwave-Optics Entanglement via Cavity Optomagnomechanics.” <i>Laser and Photonics Reviews</i>, vol. 17, no. 12, 2200866, Wiley, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202200866\">10.1002/lpor.202200866</a>."},"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202200866","external_id":{"arxiv":["2208.10703"],"isi":["001088860000001"]},"intvolume":"        17","article_type":"original","isi":1},{"intvolume":"        14","article_type":"original","isi":1,"citation":{"apa":"Qiu, L., Sahu, R., Hease, W. J., Arnold, G. M., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Nature Research. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>","ama":"Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Fink JM. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2023;14. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>","ista":"Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Fink JM. 2023. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. Nature Communications. 14, 3784.","ieee":"L. Qiu, R. Sahu, W. J. Hease, G. M. Arnold, and J. M. Fink, “Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14. Nature Research, 2023.","mla":"Qiu, Liu, et al. “Coherent Optical Control of a Superconducting Microwave Cavity via Electro-Optical Dynamical Back-Action.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14, 3784, Nature Research, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>.","short":"L. Qiu, R. Sahu, W.J. Hease, G.M. Arnold, J.M. Fink, Nature Communications 14 (2023).","chicago":"Qiu, Liu, Rishabh Sahu, William J Hease, Georg M Arnold, and Johannes M Fink. “Coherent Optical Control of a Superconducting Microwave Cavity via Electro-Optical Dynamical Back-Action.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Nature Research, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>."},"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3","external_id":{"pmid":["37355691"],"arxiv":["2210.12443"],"isi":["001018100800002"]},"corr_author":"1","publisher":"Nature Research","date_created":"2023-07-09T22:01:11Z","DOAJ_listed":"1","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-11-08T23:30:30Z","arxiv":1,"oa":1,"ec_funded":1,"ddc":["000"],"author":[{"id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","first_name":"Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","last_name":"Qiu"},{"last_name":"Sahu","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","first_name":"Rishabh","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Hease","full_name":"Hease, William J","first_name":"William J","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","last_name":"Arnold"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink"}],"file_date_updated":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","publication":"Nature Communications","volume":14,"day":"24","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3","oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"text":"Recent quantum technologies have established precise quantum control of various microscopic systems using electromagnetic waves. Interfaces based on cryogenic cavity electro-optic systems are particularly promising, due to the direct interaction between microwave and optical fields in the quantum regime. Quantum optical control of superconducting microwave circuits has been precluded so far due to the weak electro-optical coupling as well as quasi-particles induced by the pump laser. Here we report the coherent control of a superconducting microwave cavity using laser pulses in a multimode electro-optical device at millikelvin temperature with near-unity cooperativity. Both the stationary and instantaneous responses of the microwave and optical modes comply with the coherent electro-optical interaction, and reveal only minuscule amount of excess back-action with an unanticipated time delay. Our demonstration enables wide ranges of applications beyond quantum transductions, from squeezing and quantum non-demolition measurements of microwave fields, to entanglement generation and hybrid quantum networks.","lang":"eng"}],"APC_amount":"6228 EUR","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"899354","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits"},{"grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"754411","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships"},{"_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme","call_identifier":"FP7","grant_number":"291734"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"call_identifier":"FWF","_id":"3AC91DDA-15DF-11EA-824D-93A3E7B544D1","name":"FWF Open Access Fund"}],"pmid":1,"publication_status":"published","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"month":"06","quality_controlled":"1","_id":"13200","article_number":"3784","file":[{"file_id":"13206","date_updated":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","checksum":"ec7ccd2c08f90d59cab302fd0d7776a4","file_name":"2023_NatureComms_Qiu.pdf","file_size":1349134,"access_level":"open_access","creator":"alisjak","content_type":"application/pdf","date_created":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","success":1,"relation":"main_file"}],"year":"2023","date_published":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN), and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F7105). L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW programme. W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411. G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria.","type":"journal_article","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"18871","status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"status":"public","OA_type":"gold","scopus_import":"1","title":"Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action","OA_place":"publisher"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","month":"10","project":[{"grant_number":"758053","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"grant_number":"101089099","name":"Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states","_id":"bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a"},{"_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"899354"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"},{"grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"publication_status":"draft","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa_version":"Preprint","abstract":[{"text":"The rapid development of superconducting quantum hardware is expected to run into significant I/O restrictions due to the need for large-scale error correction in a cryogenic environment. Classical data centers rely on fiber-optic interconnects to remove similar networking bottlenecks and to allow for reconfigurable, software-defined infrastructures. In the same spirit, ultra-cold electro-optic links have been proposed and used to generate qubit control signals, or to replace cryogenic readout electronics. So far, the latter suffered from either low efficiency, low bandwidth and the need for additional microwave drives, or breaking of Cooper pairs and qubit states. In this work we realize electro-optic microwave photonics at millikelvin temperatures to implement a radio-over-fiber qubit readout that does not require any active or passive cryogenic microwave equipment. We demonstrate all-optical single-shot-readout by means of the Jaynes-Cummings nonlinearity in a circulator-free readout scheme. Importantly, we do not observe any direct radiation impact on the qubit state as verified with high-fidelity quantum-non-demolition measurements despite the absence of shielding elements. This compatibility between superconducting circuits and telecom wavelength light is not only a prerequisite to establish modular quantum networks, it is also relevant for multiplexed readout of superconducting photon detectors and classical superconducting logic. Moreover, this experiment showcases the potential of electro-optic radiometry in harsh environments - an electronics-free sensing principle that extends into the THz regime with applications in radio astronomy, planetary missions and earth observation.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"arXiv","doi":"10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817","day":"25","OA_place":"repository","title":"All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit","date_published":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","acknowledgement":"We thank F. Hassani and M. Zemlicka for assistance\r\nwith qubit design and high power readout respectively,\r\nand P. Winkel and I. Pop at KIT for providing the JPA.\r\nThis work was supported by the European Research\r\nCouncil under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG\r\nQUNNECT) and no. 101089099 (ERC CoG cQEO), the\r\nEuropean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogram under grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen\r\nSuperQuLAN) and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)\r\nthrough BeyondC (grant no. F7105). L.Q. acknowledges\r\ngenerous support from the ISTFELLOW programme\r\nand G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the\r\nAustrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria.","status":"public","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"19073","relation":"later_version"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"18871"}]},"type":"preprint","year":"2023","_id":"18953","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.16817"}],"tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"date_created":"2025-01-29T11:11:34Z","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817","citation":{"apa":"Arnold, G. M., Werner, T., Sahu, R., Kapoor, L., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (n.d.). All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>","ama":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>","ista":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. arXiv, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>.","ieee":"G. M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","mla":"Arnold, Georg M., et al. “All-Optical Single-Shot Readout of a Superconducting Qubit.” <i>ArXiv</i>, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>.","short":"G.M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, ArXiv (n.d.).","chicago":"Arnold, Georg M, Thomas Werner, Rishabh Sahu, Lucky Kapoor, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “All-Optical Single-Shot Readout of a Superconducting Qubit.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>."},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2310.16817"]},"corr_author":"1","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","first_name":"Georg M","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Arnold"},{"full_name":"Werner, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas","orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7","last_name":"Werner"},{"full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sahu"},{"last_name":"Kapoor","orcid":"0000-0001-8319-2148","full_name":"Kapoor, Lucky","first_name":"Lucky","id":"84b9700b-15b2-11ec-abd3-831089e67615"},{"last_name":"Qiu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink"}],"oa":1,"arxiv":1,"ec_funded":1,"date_updated":"2026-11-08T23:30:30Z","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"title":"Dissipative quantum feedback in measurements using a parametrically coupled microcavity","scopus_import":"1","type":"journal_article","status":"public","acknowledgement":"L.Q. acknowledges fruitful discussions with D. Vitali, R. Schnabel, P.K. Lam, A. Nunnenkamp, and D. Malz. This work is supported by the EUH2020 research and innovation programme under Grant No. 732894 (FET Proactive HOT), and the European Research Council through \r\nGrant No. 835329 (ExCOM-cCEO). This work was further supported by Swiss National Science Foundation under Grant Agreements No. 185870 (Ambizione) and No. 204927. Samples were fabricated at the Center of MicroNanoTechnology (CMi) at EPFL and the Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center at IBM Research-Zurich.","date_published":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","_id":"11353","article_number":"020309","file":[{"date_created":"2022-05-09T07:10:51Z","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","file_size":1657177,"file_id":"11358","date_updated":"2022-05-09T07:10:51Z","checksum":"35ff9ddf1d54f64432e435b660edaeb6","file_name":"2022_PRXQuantum_Qiu.pdf","creator":"dernst"}],"year":"2022","month":"04","quality_controlled":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2691-3399"]},"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","project":[{"_id":"257EB838-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Hybrid Optomechanical Technologies","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"732894"}],"publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Micro- and nanoscale optical or microwave cavities are used in a wide range of classical applications and quantum science experiments, ranging from precision measurements, laser technologies to quantum control of mechanical motion. The dissipative photon loss via absorption, present to some extent in any optical cavity, is known to introduce thermo-optical effects and thereby impose fundamental limits on precision measurements. Here, we theoretically and experimentally reveal that such dissipative photon absorption can result in quantum feedback via in-loop field detection of the absorbed optical field, leading to the intracavity field fluctuations to be squashed or antisquashed. A closed-loop dissipative quantum feedback to the cavity field arises. Strikingly, this modifies the optical cavity susceptibility in coherent response measurements (capable of both increasing or decreasing the bare cavity linewidth) and causes excess noise and correlations in incoherent interferometric optomechanical measurements using a cavity, that is parametrically coupled to a mechanical oscillator. We experimentally observe such unanticipated dissipative dynamics in optomechanical spectroscopy of sideband-cooled optomechanical crystal cavitiess at both cryogenic temperature (approximately 8 K) and ambient conditions. The dissipative feedback introduces effective modifications to the optical cavity linewidth and the optomechanical scattering rate and gives rise to excess imprecision noise in the interferometric quantum measurement of mechanical motion. Such dissipative feedback differs fundamentally from a quantum nondemolition feedback, e.g., optical Kerr squeezing. The dissipative feedback itself always results in an antisqueezed out-of-loop optical field, while it can enhance the coexisting Kerr squeezing under certain conditions. Our result applies to cavity spectroscopy in both optical and superconducting microwave cavities, and equally applies to any dissipative feedback mechanism of different bandwidth inside the cavity. It has wide-ranging implications for future dissipation engineering, such as dissipation enhanced sideband cooling and Kerr squeezing, quantum frequency conversion, and nonreciprocity in photonic systems."}],"oa_version":"Published Version","day":"13","doi":"10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020309","issue":"2","file_date_updated":"2022-05-09T07:10:51Z","volume":3,"publication":"PRX Quantum","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","last_name":"Qiu"},{"full_name":"Huang, Guanhao","first_name":"Guanhao","last_name":"Huang"},{"first_name":"Itay","full_name":"Shomroni, Itay","last_name":"Shomroni"},{"full_name":"Pan, Jiahe","first_name":"Jiahe","last_name":"Pan"},{"last_name":"Seidler","first_name":"Paul","full_name":"Seidler, Paul"},{"full_name":"Kippenberg, Tobias J.","first_name":"Tobias J.","last_name":"Kippenberg"}],"ddc":["530"],"ec_funded":1,"oa":1,"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-04-02T12:30:47Z","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"date_created":"2022-05-08T22:01:43Z","publisher":"American Physical Society","external_id":{"isi":["000789316700001"]},"citation":{"ieee":"L. Qiu, G. Huang, I. Shomroni, J. Pan, P. Seidler, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Dissipative quantum feedback in measurements using a parametrically coupled microcavity,” <i>PRX Quantum</i>, vol. 3, no. 2. American Physical Society, 2022.","ista":"Qiu L, Huang G, Shomroni I, Pan J, Seidler P, Kippenberg TJ. 2022. Dissipative quantum feedback in measurements using a parametrically coupled microcavity. PRX Quantum. 3(2), 020309.","apa":"Qiu, L., Huang, G., Shomroni, I., Pan, J., Seidler, P., &#38; Kippenberg, T. J. (2022). Dissipative quantum feedback in measurements using a parametrically coupled microcavity. <i>PRX Quantum</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020309\">https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020309</a>","ama":"Qiu L, Huang G, Shomroni I, Pan J, Seidler P, Kippenberg TJ. Dissipative quantum feedback in measurements using a parametrically coupled microcavity. <i>PRX Quantum</i>. 2022;3(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020309\">10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020309</a>","short":"L. Qiu, G. Huang, I. Shomroni, J. Pan, P. Seidler, T.J. Kippenberg, PRX Quantum 3 (2022).","chicago":"Qiu, Liu, Guanhao Huang, Itay Shomroni, Jiahe Pan, Paul Seidler, and Tobias J. Kippenberg. “Dissipative Quantum Feedback in Measurements Using a Parametrically Coupled Microcavity.” <i>PRX Quantum</i>. American Physical Society, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020309\">https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020309</a>.","mla":"Qiu, Liu, et al. “Dissipative Quantum Feedback in Measurements Using a Parametrically Coupled Microcavity.” <i>PRX Quantum</i>, vol. 3, no. 2, 020309, American Physical Society, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020309\">10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020309</a>."},"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020309","article_type":"original","isi":1,"intvolume":"         3"},{"title":"Realizing a quantum-enabled interconnect between microwave and telecom light","author":[{"last_name":"Sahu","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","first_name":"Rishabh","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh"},{"last_name":"Hease","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","first_name":"William J","full_name":"Hease, William J"},{"last_name":"Rueda Sanchez","id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R","first_name":"Alfredo R","orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","last_name":"Arnold"},{"first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","last_name":"Qiu"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink"}],"scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2024-10-09T21:03:27Z","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"_id":"12088","article_number":"FW4D.4","year":"2022","type":"conference","status":"public","date_published":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","conference":{"start_date":"2022-05-15","end_date":"2022-05-20","location":"San Jose, CA, United States","name":"CLEO: QELS Fundamental Science"},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_created":"2022-09-11T22:01:58Z","publication_status":"published","publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","month":"05","quality_controlled":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9781557528209"]},"day":"01","doi":"10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4","publication":"Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We present a quantum-enabled microwave-telecom interface with bidirectional conversion efficiencies up to 15% and added input noise quanta as low as 0.16. Moreover, we observe evidence for electro-optic laser cooling and vacuum amplification."}],"corr_author":"1","citation":{"ama":"Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. Realizing a quantum-enabled interconnect between microwave and telecom light. In: <i>Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics</i>. Optica Publishing Group; 2022. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4\">10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4</a>","apa":"Sahu, R., Hease, W. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Arnold, G. M., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2022). Realizing a quantum-enabled interconnect between microwave and telecom light. In <i>Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics</i>. San Jose, CA, United States: Optica Publishing Group. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4\">https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4</a>","ista":"Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. 2022. Realizing a quantum-enabled interconnect between microwave and telecom light. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. CLEO: QELS Fundamental Science, FW4D.4.","ieee":"R. Sahu, W. J. Hease, A. R. Rueda Sanchez, G. M. Arnold, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “Realizing a quantum-enabled interconnect between microwave and telecom light,” in <i>Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics</i>, San Jose, CA, United States, 2022.","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh, et al. “Realizing a Quantum-Enabled Interconnect between Microwave and Telecom Light.” <i>Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics</i>, FW4D.4, Optica Publishing Group, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4\">10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4</a>.","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh, William J Hease, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Georg M Arnold, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “Realizing a Quantum-Enabled Interconnect between Microwave and Telecom Light.” In <i>Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics</i>. Optica Publishing Group, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4\">https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4</a>.","short":"R. Sahu, W.J. Hease, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, G.M. Arnold, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, in:, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Optica Publishing Group, 2022."},"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4","oa_version":"None"},{"corr_author":"1","external_id":{"arxiv":["2107.08303"],"pmid":["35277488"],"isi":["000767892300013"]},"citation":{"ama":"Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2022;13. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>","apa":"Sahu, R., Hease, W. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Arnold, G. M., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2022). Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>","ieee":"R. Sahu, W. J. Hease, A. R. Rueda Sanchez, G. M. Arnold, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 13. Springer Nature, 2022.","ista":"Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. 2022. Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface. Nature Communications. 13, 1276.","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh, et al. “Quantum-Enabled Operation of a Microwave-Optical Interface.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 13, 1276, Springer Nature, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>.","short":"R. Sahu, W.J. Hease, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, G.M. Arnold, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, Nature Communications 13 (2022).","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh, William J Hease, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Georg M Arnold, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “Quantum-Enabled Operation of a Microwave-Optical Interface.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>."},"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2","article_type":"original","isi":1,"intvolume":"        13","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"date_created":"2022-03-27T22:01:45Z","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-11-08T23:30:30Z","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sahu"},{"full_name":"Hease, William J","first_name":"William J","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Hease"},{"last_name":"Rueda Sanchez","first_name":"Alfredo R","full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R","orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860","id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Arnold","first_name":"Georg M","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Qiu","first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac"},{"last_name":"Fink","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"ddc":["530"],"ec_funded":1,"oa":1,"arxiv":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Solid-state microwave systems offer strong interactions for fast quantum logic and sensing but photons at telecom wavelength are the ideal choice for high-density low-loss quantum interconnects. A general-purpose interface that can make use of single photon effects requires < 1 input noise quanta, which has remained elusive due to either low efficiency or pump induced heating. Here we demonstrate coherent electro-optic modulation on nanosecond-timescales with only 0.16+0.02−0.01 microwave input noise photons with a total bidirectional transduction efficiency of 8.7% (or up to 15% with 0.41+0.02−0.02), as required for near-term heralded quantum network protocols. The use of short and high-power optical pump pulses also enables near-unity cooperativity of the electro-optic interaction leading to an internal pure conversion efficiency of up to 99.5%. Together with the low mode occupancy this provides evidence for electro-optic laser cooling and vacuum amplification as predicted a decade ago."}],"oa_version":"Published Version","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2","day":"11","file_date_updated":"2022-03-28T08:02:12Z","publication":"Nature Communications","volume":13,"month":"03","quality_controlled":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","project":[{"grant_number":"758053","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","grant_number":"899354","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"754411","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies","_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","grant_number":"862644","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105"}],"pmid":1,"publication_status":"published","type":"journal_article","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"13175","status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains"},{"id":"12900","status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains"},{"status":"public","id":"18871","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"status":"public","acknowledgement":"The authors thank S. Wald and F. Diorico for their help with optical filtering, O. Hosten\r\nand M. Aspelmeyer for equipment, H.G.L. Schwefel for materials and discussions, L.\r\nDrmic and P. Zielinski for software support, and the MIBA workshop at IST Austria for\r\nmachining the microwave cavity. This work was supported by the European Research\r\nCouncil under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT) and the European\r\nUnion’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no.\r\n899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN). W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship\r\nwith funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogram under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411. G.A. is the\r\nrecipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J.M.F.\r\nacknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F7105)\r\nand the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under grant\r\nagreement no. 862644 (FETopen QUARTET).","date_published":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","article_number":"1276","_id":"10924","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","date_created":"2022-03-28T08:02:12Z","success":1,"relation":"main_file","file_name":"2022_NatureCommunications_Sahu.pdf","date_updated":"2022-03-28T08:02:12Z","checksum":"7c5176db7b8e2ed18a4e0c5aca70a72c","file_id":"10929","file_size":1167492,"access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst"}],"year":"2022","title":"Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface","scopus_import":"1"}]