[{"OA_type":"green","date_published":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","corr_author":"1","user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","publication_status":"draft","publication":"arXiv","date_updated":"2026-05-20T13:35:42Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Superconducting qubits are a leading candidate for utility-scale quantum computing due to their fast gate speeds and steadily decreasing error rates. The requirement for millikelvin operating temperatures, however, creates a significant scaling bottleneck. Modular architectures using optical fiber links could bridge separate cryogenic nodes, but superconducting circuits do not have coherent optical transitions and microwave-to-optical conversion has not been shown for any non-classical photon state. In this work, we demonstrate the on-demand generation and tomographic reconstruction of itinerant single microwave photons at 8.9 GHz from a superconducting qubit. We upconvert this non-Gaussian state with a transducer added noise below 0.012 quanta and count the converted telecom photons at 193.4 THz with a signal-to-noise ratio of up to 5.1$\\pm$1.1. We characterize the trade-offs between throughput and noise, and establish a viable path toward heralded entanglement distribution and gate teleportation. Looking ahead, these results empower existing superconducting devices to take a key role in distributed quantum technologies and heterogeneous quantum systems."}],"project":[{"_id":"bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a","name":"Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states","grant_number":"101089099"},{"_id":"5b807754-ab3d-11f0-914f-ff8c34502cc9","name":"Integrated optical coupling for low loss electro-optic interconnects","grant_number":"101248662"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"_id":"91aaf765-16d5-11f0-9cad-a8e7e44cccb7","name":"Cavity-Integrated Electro-Optics: Measuring, Converting and Manipulating Microwaves with Light","grant_number":"101187231"},{"_id":"26927A52-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"F07105","name":"Integrating superconducting quantum circuits","call_identifier":"FWF"},{"name":"NOMIS Fellowship Program","_id":"9B861AAC-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"}],"date_created":"2026-05-12T13:58:18Z","external_id":{"arxiv":["2602.00928"]},"title":"Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states","author":[{"id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7","full_name":"Werner, Thomas","orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Werner"},{"full_name":"Riyazi, Erfan","id":"53322f94-5355-11ee-ae5a-ff6f81c87d51","last_name":"Riyazi","first_name":"Erfan"},{"last_name":"Hawaldar","first_name":"Samarth","orcid":"0000-0002-1965-4309","full_name":"Hawaldar, Samarth","id":"221708e1-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-85146607433e"},{"id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","last_name":"Sahu","first_name":"Rishabh"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M"},{"full_name":"Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker, Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker","first_name":"Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker","last_name":"Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker"},{"last_name":"Naranjo","first_name":"Jennifer A. Sánchez","full_name":"Naranjo, Jennifer A. Sánchez"},{"full_name":"Loi, Dante","first_name":"Dante","last_name":"Loi"},{"full_name":"Kapoor, Lucky N.","last_name":"Kapoor","first_name":"Lucky N."},{"full_name":"Zemlicka, Martin","id":"2DCF8DE6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Zemlicka","orcid":"0009-0005-0878-3032"},{"full_name":"Qiu, Liu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","last_name":"Qiu","first_name":"Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267"},{"last_name":"Militaru","first_name":"Andrei","full_name":"Militaru, Andrei","id":"d67706f8-8eb1-11ee-ad1b-9c30dfa19e0b"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X"}],"day":"31","_id":"21870","article_processing_charge":"No","oa_version":"Preprint","scopus_import":"1","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"},{"_id":"GradSch"}],"citation":{"mla":"Werner, Thomas, et al. “Electro-Optic Conversion of Itinerant Fock States.” <i>ArXiv</i>, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928\">10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928</a>.","short":"T. Werner, E. Riyazi, S. Hawaldar, R. Sahu, G.M. Arnold, P.F.-S. Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker, J.A.S. Naranjo, D. Loi, L.N. Kapoor, M. Zemlicka, L. Qiu, A. Militaru, J.M. Fink, ArXiv (n.d.).","ieee":"T. Werner <i>et al.</i>, “Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","ista":"Werner T, Riyazi E, Hawaldar S, Sahu R, Arnold GM, Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker PF-S, Naranjo JAS, Loi D, Kapoor LN, Zemlicka M, Qiu L, Militaru A, Fink JM. Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states. arXiv, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928\">10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928</a>.","chicago":"Werner, Thomas, Erfan Riyazi, Samarth Hawaldar, Rishabh Sahu, Georg M Arnold, Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker, Jennifer A. Sánchez Naranjo, et al. “Electro-Optic Conversion of Itinerant Fock States.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928</a>.","ama":"Werner T, Riyazi E, Hawaldar S, et al. Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928\">10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928</a>","apa":"Werner, T., Riyazi, E., Hawaldar, S., Sahu, R., Arnold, G. M., Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker, P. F.-S., … Fink, J. M. (n.d.). Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928</a>"},"doi":"10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"21863"}]},"year":"2026","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"arxiv":1,"month":"01","type":"preprint","acknowledgement":"We thank Fritz Diorico and Onur Hosten who suggested the filter cavity design, and gave important insights about the assembly and the testing of the FabryPerot filter cavities. Ekatrina Fedotova and Diego A.\r\nLancheros Naranjo worked on the filter cavity setup in\r\nthe early stages of this work. Gustavo Wiederhecker and\r\nYiewen Chu provided insights as to the origins of the\r\nobserved optical noise and Nicola Carlon Zambon suggested using telecom filters to mitigate it further. This\r\nwork was supported by the European Research Council under grant agreement no. 101089099 (ERC CoG\r\ncQEO), and 101248662 (ERC POC CoupledEOT), the\r\nEuropean Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogram under grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen\r\nSuperQuLAN), the European Innovation Council no.\r\n101187231 (PathfinderOpen CIELO), and the Austrian\r\nScience Fund (FWF) no. F7105 (SFB BeyondC). J.F.\r\nand L.K. acknowledge support from the Horizon Europe\r\nProgram HORIZON-CL4-2022-QUANTUM-01-SGA via\r\nProject No. 101113946 OpenSuperQPlus100. A.M. acknowledges support from the NOMIS-ISTA fellowship.","status":"public","ec_funded":1,"OA_place":"repository"},{"external_id":{"pmid":["40093969"],"isi":["001417760400001"]},"date_created":"2025-02-23T23:01:57Z","title":"All-optical superconducting qubit readout","author":[{"full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876"},{"orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Werner","full_name":"Werner, Thomas","id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","first_name":"Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh"},{"last_name":"Kapoor","first_name":"Lucky","orcid":"0000-0001-8319-2148","full_name":"Kapoor, Lucky","id":"84b9700b-15b2-11ec-abd3-831089e67615"},{"full_name":"Qiu, Liu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","last_name":"Qiu","first_name":"Liu"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X"}],"project":[{"name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states","grant_number":"101089099","_id":"bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The rapid development of superconducting quantum hardware is expected to run into substantial restrictions on scalability because error correction in a cryogenic environment has stringent input–output requirements. Classical data centres rely on fibre-optic interconnects to remove similar networking bottlenecks. In the same spirit, ultracold electro-optic links have been proposed and used to generate qubit control signals, or to replace cryogenic readout electronics. So far, these approaches have suffered from either low efficiency, low bandwidth or additional noise. Here we realize radio-over-fibre qubit readout at millikelvin temperatures. We use one device to simultaneously perform upconversion and downconversion between microwave and optical frequencies and so do not require any active or passive cryogenic microwave equipment. We demonstrate all-optical single-shot readout in a circulator-free readout scheme. Importantly, we do not observe any direct radiation impact on the qubit state, despite the absence of shielding elements. This compatibility between superconducting circuits and telecom-wavelength light is not only a prerequisite to establish modular quantum networks, but it is also relevant for multiplexed readout of superconducting photon detectors and classical superconducting logic."}],"date_updated":"2026-05-20T13:35:42Z","publication":"Nature Physics","file_date_updated":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","publication_status":"published","pmid":1,"article_number":"9470","corr_author":"1","OA_type":"hybrid","date_published":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","ddc":["530"],"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"chicago":"Arnold, Georg M, Thomas Werner, Rishabh Sahu, Lucky Kapoor, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “All-Optical Superconducting Qubit Readout.” <i>Nature Physics</i>. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>.","apa":"Arnold, G. M., Werner, T., Sahu, R., Kapoor, L., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2025). All-optical superconducting qubit readout. <i>Nature Physics</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>","ama":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical superconducting qubit readout. <i>Nature Physics</i>. 2025;21. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>","short":"G.M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, Nature Physics 21 (2025).","mla":"Arnold, Georg M., et al. “All-Optical Superconducting Qubit Readout.” <i>Nature Physics</i>, vol. 21, 9470, Springer Nature, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>.","ieee":"G. M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “All-optical superconducting qubit readout,” <i>Nature Physics</i>, vol. 21. Springer Nature, 2025.","ista":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. 2025. All-optical superconducting qubit readout. Nature Physics. 21, 9470."},"publisher":"Springer Nature","intvolume":"        21","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","_id":"19073","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","oa_version":"Published Version","day":"01","month":"03","isi":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"access_level":"open_access","success":1,"creator":"dernst","file_id":"19572","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"ab7469aca9e2e068eb78e5c5c1efaf7d","file_size":3396595,"file_name":"2025_NaturePhysics_Arnold.pdf","date_updated":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","date_created":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","relation":"main_file"}],"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"year":"2025","oa":1,"doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4","has_accepted_license":"1","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/when-qubits-learn-the-language-of-fiberoptics/","description":"News on ISTA Website","relation":"press_release"}],"record":[{"relation":"earlier_version","status":"public","id":"18953"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"21863"}]},"volume":21,"OA_place":"publisher","status":"public","ec_funded":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1745-2473"],"eissn":["1745-2481"]},"acknowledgement":"We thank F. Hassani and M. Zemlicka for assistance with qubit design and high-power readout, respectively, and P. Winkel and I. Pop at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for providing the JPA. This work was supported by the European Research Council under grant nos. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT) and 101089099 (ERC CoG cQEO), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN). This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) DOI 10.55776/F71. L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW programme and G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. Open access funding provided by Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria).","type":"journal_article"},{"date_published":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","article_number":"LM1F.3","doi":"10.1364/ls.2023.lm1f.3","corr_author":"1","conference":{"start_date":"2023-10-09","end_date":"2023-10-12","location":"Tacoma, WA, United States","name":"Laser Science"},"year":"2023","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023","date_updated":"2024-10-09T21:07:59Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We entangled microwave and optical photons for the first time as verified by a measured two-mode vacuum squeezing of 0.7 dB. This electro-optic entanglement is the key resource needed to connect cryogenic quantum circuits."}],"month":"10","date_created":"2024-01-22T12:29:41Z","title":"Entangling microwaves and telecom wavelength light","author":[{"full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sahu","first_name":"Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162"},{"last_name":"Qiu","first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu"},{"first_name":"William J","last_name":"Hease","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Hease, William J"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold"},{"last_name":"Minoguchi","first_name":"Yuri","full_name":"Minoguchi, Yuri"},{"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Rabl","full_name":"Rabl, Peter"},{"first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"day":"01","type":"conference","_id":"14872","oa_version":"None","article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9781957171296"]},"status":"public","publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","citation":{"ama":"Sahu R, Qiu L, Hease WJ, et al. Entangling microwaves and telecom wavelength light. In: <i>Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023</i>. Optica Publishing Group; 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/ls.2023.lm1f.3\">10.1364/ls.2023.lm1f.3</a>","apa":"Sahu, R., Qiu, L., Hease, W. J., Arnold, G. M., Minoguchi, Y., Rabl, P., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Entangling microwaves and telecom wavelength light. In <i>Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023</i>. Tacoma, WA, United States: Optica Publishing Group. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/ls.2023.lm1f.3\">https://doi.org/10.1364/ls.2023.lm1f.3</a>","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh, Liu Qiu, William J Hease, Georg M Arnold, Yuri Minoguchi, Peter Rabl, and Johannes M Fink. “Entangling Microwaves and Telecom Wavelength Light.” In <i>Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023</i>. Optica Publishing Group, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/ls.2023.lm1f.3\">https://doi.org/10.1364/ls.2023.lm1f.3</a>.","ista":"Sahu R, Qiu L, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Minoguchi Y, Rabl P, Fink JM. 2023. Entangling microwaves and telecom wavelength light. Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023. Laser Science, LM1F.3.","ieee":"R. Sahu <i>et al.</i>, “Entangling microwaves and telecom wavelength light,” in <i>Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023</i>, Tacoma, WA, United States, 2023.","short":"R. Sahu, L. Qiu, W.J. Hease, G.M. Arnold, Y. Minoguchi, P. Rabl, J.M. Fink, in:, Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023, Optica Publishing Group, 2023.","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh, et al. “Entangling Microwaves and Telecom Wavelength Light.” <i>Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023</i>, LM1F.3, Optica Publishing Group, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/ls.2023.lm1f.3\">10.1364/ls.2023.lm1f.3</a>."},"quality_controlled":"1"},{"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1095-9203"],"issn":["0036-8075"]},"ec_funded":1,"status":"public","volume":380,"keyword":["Multidisciplinary"],"type":"journal_article","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council (grant no. 758053, ERC StG QUNNECT) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 899354, FETopen SuperQuLAN). L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW program. W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant no. 754411). G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J.M.F. acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (grant no. F7105) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 862644, FETopen QUARTET).","arxiv":1,"isi":1,"month":"05","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"press_release","description":"News on ISTA Website","url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/wiring-up-quantum-circuits-with-light/"}],"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"13122","status":"public"}]},"page":"718-721","doi":"10.1126/science.adg3812","issue":"6646","oa":1,"year":"2023","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","citation":{"ama":"Sahu R, Qiu L, Hease WJ, et al. Entangling microwaves with light. <i>Science</i>. 2023;380(6646):718-721. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">10.1126/science.adg3812</a>","apa":"Sahu, R., Qiu, L., Hease, W. J., Arnold, G. M., Minoguchi, Y., Rabl, P., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Entangling microwaves with light. <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812</a>","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh, Liu Qiu, William J Hease, Georg M Arnold, Y. Minoguchi, P. Rabl, and Johannes M Fink. “Entangling Microwaves with Light.” <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812</a>.","ista":"Sahu R, Qiu L, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Minoguchi Y, Rabl P, Fink JM. 2023. Entangling microwaves with light. Science. 380(6646), 718–721.","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh, et al. “Entangling Microwaves with Light.” <i>Science</i>, vol. 380, no. 6646, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023, pp. 718–21, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">10.1126/science.adg3812</a>.","short":"R. Sahu, L. Qiu, W.J. Hease, G.M. Arnold, Y. Minoguchi, P. Rabl, J.M. Fink, Science 380 (2023) 718–721.","ieee":"R. Sahu <i>et al.</i>, “Entangling microwaves with light,” <i>Science</i>, vol. 380, no. 6646. American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 718–721, 2023."},"quality_controlled":"1","day":"18","article_processing_charge":"No","oa_version":"Preprint","_id":"13106","scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"intvolume":"       380","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2301.03315","open_access":"1"}],"date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:39:33Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Quantum entanglement is a key resource in currently developed quantum technologies. Sharing this fragile property between superconducting microwave circuits and optical or atomic systems would enable new functionalities, but this has been hindered by an energy scale mismatch of >104 and the resulting mutually imposed loss and noise. In this work, we created and verified entanglement between microwave and optical fields in a millikelvin environment. Using an optically pulsed superconducting electro-optical device, we show entanglement between propagating microwave and optical fields in the continuous variable domain. This achievement not only paves the way for entanglement between superconducting circuits and telecom wavelength light, but also has wide-ranging implications for hybrid quantum networks in the context of modularization, scaling, sensing, and cross-platform verification."}],"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","grant_number":"754411","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","grant_number":"862644","name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits"}],"title":"Entangling microwaves with light","author":[{"id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162"},{"full_name":"Qiu, Liu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","last_name":"Qiu","first_name":"Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267"},{"id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Hease, William J","last_name":"Hease","first_name":"William J","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876"},{"full_name":"Minoguchi, Y.","last_name":"Minoguchi","first_name":"Y."},{"first_name":"P.","last_name":"Rabl","full_name":"Rabl, P."},{"first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M"}],"date_created":"2023-05-31T11:39:24Z","external_id":{"pmid":["37200415"],"arxiv":["2301.03315"],"isi":["000996515200004"]},"date_published":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","corr_author":"1","pmid":1,"publication_status":"published","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication":"Science"},{"day":"31","type":"research_data_reference","_id":"13122","oa_version":"Published Version","article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"status":"public","publisher":"Zenodo","citation":{"mla":"Sahu, Rishabh. <i>Entangling Microwaves with Light</i>. Zenodo, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7789417\">10.5281/ZENODO.7789417</a>.","short":"R. Sahu, (2023).","ieee":"R. Sahu, “Entangling microwaves with light.” Zenodo, 2023.","ista":"Sahu R. 2023. Entangling microwaves with light, Zenodo, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7789417\">10.5281/ZENODO.7789417</a>.","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh. “Entangling Microwaves with Light.” Zenodo, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7789417\">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7789417</a>.","apa":"Sahu, R. (2023). Entangling microwaves with light. Zenodo. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7789417\">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7789417</a>","ama":"Sahu R. Entangling microwaves with light. 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7789417\">10.5281/ZENODO.7789417</a>"},"date_published":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.7789417","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","id":"13106","status":"public"}]},"corr_author":"1","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2023","oa":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:39:32Z","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7789418","open_access":"1"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Data for submitted article \"Entangling microwaves with light\" at arXiv:2301.03315v1","lang":"eng"}],"month":"03","date_created":"2023-06-06T06:46:16Z","title":"Entangling microwaves with light","author":[{"first_name":"Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh"}]},{"article_processing_charge":"No","oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"13175","day":"05","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"JoFi"}],"alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"SSU"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"ddc":["537","535","539"],"supervisor":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"citation":{"apa":"Sahu, R. (2023). <i>Cavity quantum electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>","ama":"Sahu R. Cavity quantum electrooptics. 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh. “Cavity Quantum Electrooptics.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>.","ista":"Sahu R. 2023. Cavity quantum electrooptics. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","short":"R. Sahu, Cavity Quantum Electrooptics, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh. <i>Cavity Quantum Electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>.","ieee":"R. Sahu, “Cavity quantum electrooptics,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023."},"corr_author":"1","date_published":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","file_date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:35:15Z","publication_status":"published","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"About a 100 years ago, we discovered that our universe is inherently noisy, that is, measuring any physical quantity with a precision beyond a certain point is not possible because of an omnipresent inherent noise. We call this - the quantum noise. Certain physical processes allow this quantum noise to get correlated in conjugate physical variables. These quantum correlations can be used to go beyond the potential of our inherently noisy universe and obtain a quantum advantage over the classical applications. \r\n\r\nQuantum noise being inherent also means that, at the fundamental level, the physical quantities are not well defined and therefore, objects can stay in multiple states at the same time. For example, the position of a particle not being well defined means that the particle is in multiple positions at the same time. About 4 decades ago, we started exploring the possibility of using objects which can be in multiple states at the same time to increase the dimensionality in computation. Thus, the field of quantum computing was born. We discovered that using quantum entanglement, a property closely related to quantum correlations, can be used to speed up computation of certain problems, such as factorisation of large numbers, faster than any known classical algorithm. Thus began the pursuit to make quantum computers a reality. \r\n\r\nTill date, we have explored quantum control over many physical systems including photons, spins, atoms, ions and even simple circuits made up of superconducting material. However, there persists one ubiquitous theme. The more readily a system interacts with an external field or matter, the more easily we can control it. But this also means that such a system can easily interact with a noisy environment and quickly lose its coherence. Consequently, such systems like electron spins need to be protected from the environment to ensure the longevity of their coherence. Other systems like nuclear spins are naturally protected as they do not interact easily with the environment. But, due to the same reason, it is harder to interact with such systems. \r\n\r\nAfter decades of experimentation with various systems, we are convinced that no one type of quantum system would be the best for all the quantum applications. We would need hybrid systems which are all interconnected - much like the current internet where all sorts of devices can all talk to each other - but now for quantum devices. A quantum internet. \r\n\r\nOptical photons are the best contenders to carry information for the quantum internet. They can carry quantum information cheaply and without much loss - the same reasons which has made them the backbone of our current internet. Following this direction, many systems, like trapped ions, have already demonstrated successful quantum links over a large distances using optical photons. However, some of the most promising contenders for quantum computing which are based on microwave frequencies have been left behind. This is because high energy optical photons can adversely affect fragile low-energy microwave systems. \r\n\r\nIn this thesis, we present substantial progress on this missing quantum link between microwave and optics using electrooptical nonlinearities in lithium niobate. The nonlinearities are enhanced by using resonant cavities for all the involved modes leading to observation of strong direct coupling between optical and microwave frequencies. With this strong coupling we are not only able to achieve almost 100\\% internal conversion efficiency with low added noise, thus presenting a quantum-enabled transducer, but also we are able to observe novel effects such as cooling of a microwave mode using optics. The strong coupling regime also leads to direct observation of dynamical backaction effect between microwave and optical frequencies which are studied in detail here. Finally, we also report first observation of microwave-optics entanglement in form of two-mode squeezed vacuum squeezed 0.7dB below vacuum level. \r\nWith this new bridge between microwave and optics, the microwave-based quantum technologies can finally be a part of a quantum network which is based on optical photons - putting us one step closer to a future with quantum internet. "}],"date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:43:26Z","title":"Cavity quantum electrooptics","author":[{"id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162"}],"date_created":"2023-06-30T08:07:43Z","project":[{"grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"degree_awarded":"PhD","type":"dissertation","ec_funded":1,"status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"],"isbn":["978-3-99078-030-5"]},"keyword":["quantum optics","electrooptics","quantum networks","quantum communication","transduction"],"OA_place":"publisher","has_accepted_license":"1","page":"202","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"old_edition","status":"public","id":"12900"},{"id":"10924","status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"id":"9114","status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation"}]},"doi":"10.15479/at:ista:13175","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_sa.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","short":"CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)"},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"date_created":"2023-06-30T08:17:25Z","relation":"main_file","file_name":"thesis_pdfa.pdf","date_updated":"2023-06-30T08:17:25Z","file_size":18688376,"checksum":"7d03f1a5a5258ee43dfc3323dea4e08f","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"13176","access_level":"open_access","creator":"cchlebak","success":1},{"file_name":"thesis.zip","date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:35:15Z","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","checksum":"c3b45317ae58e0527533f98c202d81b7","file_size":37847025,"date_created":"2023-07-06T11:35:15Z","relation":"source_file","access_level":"closed","creator":"cchlebak","file_id":"13196"}],"oa":1,"year":"2023","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","month":"05"},{"date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:43:26Z","abstract":[{"text":"About a 100 years ago, we discovered that our universe is inherently noisy, that is, measuring any physical quantity with a precision beyond a certain point is not possible because of an omnipresent inherent noise. We call this - the quantum noise. Certain physical processes allow this quantum noise to get correlated in conjugate physical variables. These quantum correlations can be used to go beyond the potential of our inherently noisy universe and obtain a quantum advantage over the classical applications. \r\n\r\nQuantum noise being inherent also means that, at the fundamental level, the physical quantities are not well defined and therefore, objects can stay in multiple states at the same time. For example, the position of a particle not being well defined means that the particle is in multiple positions at the same time. About 4 decades ago, we started exploring the possibility of using objects which can be in multiple states at the same time to increase the dimensionality in computation. Thus, the field of quantum computing was born. We discovered that using quantum entanglement, a property closely related to quantum correlations, can be used to speed up computation of certain problems, such as factorisation of large numbers, faster than any known classical algorithm. Thus began the pursuit to make quantum computers a reality. \r\n\r\nTill date, we have explored quantum control over many physical systems including photons, spins, atoms, ions and even simple circuits made up of superconducting material. However, there persists one ubiquitous theme. The more readily a system interacts with an external field or matter, the more easily we can control it. But this also means that such a system can easily interact with a noisy environment and quickly lose its coherence. Consequently, such systems like electron spins need to be protected from the environment to ensure the longevity of their coherence. Other systems like nuclear spins are naturally protected as they do not interact easily with the environment. But, due to the same reason, it is harder to interact with such systems. \r\n\r\nAfter decades of experimentation with various systems, we are convinced that no one type of quantum system would be the best for all the quantum applications. We would need hybrid systems which are all interconnected - much like the current internet where all sorts of devices can all talk to each other - but now for quantum devices. A quantum internet. \r\n\r\nOptical photons are the best contenders to carry information for the quantum internet. They can carry quantum information cheaply and without much loss - the same reasons which has made them the backbone of our current internet. Following this direction, many systems, like trapped ions, have already demonstrated successful quantum links over a large distances using optical photons. However, some of the most promising contenders for quantum computing which are based on microwave frequencies have been left behind. This is because high energy optical photons can adversely affect fragile low-energy microwave systems. \r\n\r\nIn this thesis, we present substantial progress on this missing quantum link between microwave and optics using electrooptical nonlinearities in lithium niobate. The nonlinearities are enhanced by using resonant cavities for all the involved modes leading to observation of strong direct coupling between optical and microwave frequencies. With this strong coupling we are not only able to achieve almost 100\\% internal conversion efficiency with low added noise, thus presenting a quantum-enabled transducer, but also we are able to observe novel effects such as cooling of a microwave mode using optics. The strong coupling regime also leads to direct observation of dynamical backaction effect between microwave and optical frequencies which are studied in detail here. Finally, we also report first observation of microwave-optics entanglement in form of two-mode squeezed vacuum squeezed 0.7dB below vacuum level. \r\nWith this new bridge between microwave and optics, the microwave-based quantum technologies can finally be a part of a quantum network which is based on optical photons - putting us one step closer to a future with quantum internet. ","lang":"eng"}],"project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits"}],"author":[{"id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","last_name":"Sahu","first_name":"Rishabh"}],"title":"Cavity quantum electrooptics","date_created":"2023-05-05T11:08:50Z","date_published":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","corr_author":"1","publication_status":"published","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","file_date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:37:40Z","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"SSU"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","citation":{"apa":"Sahu, R. (2023). <i>Cavity quantum electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>","ama":"Sahu R. Cavity quantum electrooptics. 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh. “Cavity Quantum Electrooptics.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>.","ista":"Sahu R. 2023. Cavity quantum electrooptics. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","ieee":"R. Sahu, “Cavity quantum electrooptics,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh. <i>Cavity Quantum Electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>.","short":"R. Sahu, Cavity Quantum Electrooptics, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023."},"supervisor":[{"last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"ddc":["537","535","539"],"day":"05","oa_version":"Published Version","article_processing_charge":"No","_id":"12900","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"JoFi"}],"alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"month":"05","has_accepted_license":"1","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"new_edition","status":"public","id":"13175"},{"status":"public","id":"10924","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"9114","status":"public"}]},"page":"190","doi":"10.15479/at:ista:12900","year":"2023","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_sa.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","short":"CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)"},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"access_level":"closed","creator":"rsahu","file_id":"12928","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","checksum":"8cbdab9c37ee55e591092a6f66b272c4","file_size":36767177,"file_name":"thesis.zip","date_updated":"2023-06-06T22:30:03Z","embargo_to":"open_access","date_created":"2023-05-09T08:45:14Z","relation":"source_file"},{"checksum":"439659ead46618147309be39d9dd5a8c","file_size":17501990,"content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:37:40Z","file_name":"thesis_pdfa_final.pdf","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2023-05-09T08:51:17Z","creator":"rsahu","access_level":"closed","file_id":"12929"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-99078-030-5"],"issn":["2663-337X"]},"ec_funded":1,"status":"public","OA_place":"publisher","keyword":["quantum optics","electrooptics","quantum networks","quantum communication","transduction"],"degree_awarded":"PhD","type":"dissertation"},{"month":"06","isi":1,"arxiv":1,"DOAJ_listed":"1","year":"2023","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"file_id":"13206","success":1,"creator":"alisjak","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","file_size":1349134,"checksum":"ec7ccd2c08f90d59cab302fd0d7776a4","content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","file_name":"2023_NatureComms_Qiu.pdf"}],"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3","has_accepted_license":"1","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"18871"}]},"volume":14,"OA_place":"publisher","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"status":"public","ec_funded":1,"APC_amount":"6228 EUR","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN), and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F7105). L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW programme. W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411. G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria.","type":"journal_article","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","grant_number":"754411","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme","grant_number":"291734","call_identifier":"FP7","_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"call_identifier":"FWF","name":"FWF Open Access Fund","_id":"3AC91DDA-15DF-11EA-824D-93A3E7B544D1"}],"external_id":{"isi":["001018100800002"],"arxiv":["2210.12443"],"pmid":["37355691"]},"date_created":"2023-07-09T22:01:11Z","author":[{"last_name":"Qiu","first_name":"Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac"},{"full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","last_name":"Sahu","first_name":"Rishabh"},{"first_name":"William J","last_name":"Hease","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Hease, William J"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","last_name":"Arnold","first_name":"Georg M"},{"first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"title":"Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action","date_updated":"2026-06-15T22:31:15Z","abstract":[{"text":"Recent quantum technologies have established precise quantum control of various microscopic systems using electromagnetic waves. Interfaces based on cryogenic cavity electro-optic systems are particularly promising, due to the direct interaction between microwave and optical fields in the quantum regime. Quantum optical control of superconducting microwave circuits has been precluded so far due to the weak electro-optical coupling as well as quasi-particles induced by the pump laser. Here we report the coherent control of a superconducting microwave cavity using laser pulses in a multimode electro-optical device at millikelvin temperature with near-unity cooperativity. Both the stationary and instantaneous responses of the microwave and optical modes comply with the coherent electro-optical interaction, and reveal only minuscule amount of excess back-action with an unanticipated time delay. Our demonstration enables wide ranges of applications beyond quantum transductions, from squeezing and quantum non-demolition measurements of microwave fields, to entanglement generation and hybrid quantum networks.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_status":"published","pmid":1,"file_date_updated":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","publication":"Nature Communications","OA_type":"gold","date_published":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","article_number":"3784","corr_author":"1","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ieee":"L. Qiu, R. Sahu, W. J. Hease, G. M. Arnold, and J. M. Fink, “Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14. Nature Research, 2023.","short":"L. Qiu, R. Sahu, W.J. Hease, G.M. Arnold, J.M. Fink, Nature Communications 14 (2023).","mla":"Qiu, Liu, et al. “Coherent Optical Control of a Superconducting Microwave Cavity via Electro-Optical Dynamical Back-Action.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14, 3784, Nature Research, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>.","ista":"Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Fink JM. 2023. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. Nature Communications. 14, 3784.","chicago":"Qiu, Liu, Rishabh Sahu, William J Hease, Georg M Arnold, and Johannes M Fink. “Coherent Optical Control of a Superconducting Microwave Cavity via Electro-Optical Dynamical Back-Action.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Nature Research, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>.","apa":"Qiu, L., Sahu, R., Hease, W. J., Arnold, G. M., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Nature Research. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>","ama":"Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Fink JM. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2023;14. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>"},"ddc":["000"],"publisher":"Nature Research","scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","intvolume":"        14","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"day":"24","_id":"13200","oa_version":"Published Version","article_processing_charge":"Yes"},{"month":"10","arxiv":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"year":"2023","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"19073","status":"public","relation":"later_version"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"18871","status":"public"}]},"doi":"10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817","OA_place":"repository","ec_funded":1,"status":"public","acknowledgement":"We thank F. Hassani and M. Zemlicka for assistance\r\nwith qubit design and high power readout respectively,\r\nand P. Winkel and I. Pop at KIT for providing the JPA.\r\nThis work was supported by the European Research\r\nCouncil under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG\r\nQUNNECT) and no. 101089099 (ERC CoG cQEO), the\r\nEuropean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogram under grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen\r\nSuperQuLAN) and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)\r\nthrough BeyondC (grant no. F7105). L.Q. acknowledges\r\ngenerous support from the ISTFELLOW programme\r\nand G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the\r\nAustrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria.","type":"preprint","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","last_name":"Arnold","first_name":"Georg M","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M"},{"id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7","full_name":"Werner, Thomas","orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Werner"},{"first_name":"Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh"},{"id":"84b9700b-15b2-11ec-abd3-831089e67615","full_name":"Kapoor, Lucky","orcid":"0000-0001-8319-2148","first_name":"Lucky","last_name":"Kapoor"},{"id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","first_name":"Liu","last_name":"Qiu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267"},{"last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"title":"All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit","date_created":"2025-01-29T11:11:34Z","external_id":{"arxiv":["2310.16817"]},"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states","grant_number":"101089099","_id":"bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a"},{"_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"899354","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"abstract":[{"text":"The rapid development of superconducting quantum hardware is expected to run into significant I/O restrictions due to the need for large-scale error correction in a cryogenic environment. Classical data centers rely on fiber-optic interconnects to remove similar networking bottlenecks and to allow for reconfigurable, software-defined infrastructures. In the same spirit, ultra-cold electro-optic links have been proposed and used to generate qubit control signals, or to replace cryogenic readout electronics. So far, the latter suffered from either low efficiency, low bandwidth and the need for additional microwave drives, or breaking of Cooper pairs and qubit states. In this work we realize electro-optic microwave photonics at millikelvin temperatures to implement a radio-over-fiber qubit readout that does not require any active or passive cryogenic microwave equipment. We demonstrate all-optical single-shot-readout by means of the Jaynes-Cummings nonlinearity in a circulator-free readout scheme. Importantly, we do not observe any direct radiation impact on the qubit state as verified with high-fidelity quantum-non-demolition measurements despite the absence of shielding elements. This compatibility between superconducting circuits and telecom wavelength light is not only a prerequisite to establish modular quantum networks, it is also relevant for multiplexed readout of superconducting photon detectors and classical superconducting logic. Moreover, this experiment showcases the potential of electro-optic radiometry in harsh environments - an electronics-free sensing principle that extends into the THz regime with applications in radio astronomy, planetary missions and earth observation.","lang":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.16817","open_access":"1"}],"date_updated":"2026-06-15T22:31:15Z","publication":"arXiv","publication_status":"draft","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","corr_author":"1","date_published":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","citation":{"chicago":"Arnold, Georg M, Thomas Werner, Rishabh Sahu, Lucky Kapoor, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “All-Optical Single-Shot Readout of a Superconducting Qubit.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>.","ama":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>","apa":"Arnold, G. M., Werner, T., Sahu, R., Kapoor, L., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (n.d.). All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>","ieee":"G. M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","mla":"Arnold, Georg M., et al. “All-Optical Single-Shot Readout of a Superconducting Qubit.” <i>ArXiv</i>, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>.","short":"G.M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, ArXiv (n.d.).","ista":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. arXiv, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>."},"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"oa_version":"Preprint","article_processing_charge":"No","_id":"18953","day":"25"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","oa_version":"None","_id":"12088","type":"conference","day":"01","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"scopus_import":"1","publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9781557528209"]},"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh, William J Hease, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Georg M Arnold, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “Realizing a Quantum-Enabled Interconnect between Microwave and Telecom Light.” In <i>Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics</i>. Optica Publishing Group, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4\">https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4</a>.","ama":"Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. Realizing a quantum-enabled interconnect between microwave and telecom light. In: <i>Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics</i>. Optica Publishing Group; 2022. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4\">10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4</a>","apa":"Sahu, R., Hease, W. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Arnold, G. M., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2022). Realizing a quantum-enabled interconnect between microwave and telecom light. In <i>Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics</i>. San Jose, CA, United States: Optica Publishing Group. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4\">https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4</a>","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh, et al. “Realizing a Quantum-Enabled Interconnect between Microwave and Telecom Light.” <i>Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics</i>, FW4D.4, Optica Publishing Group, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4\">10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4</a>.","short":"R. Sahu, W.J. Hease, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, G.M. Arnold, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, in:, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Optica Publishing Group, 2022.","ieee":"R. Sahu, W. J. Hease, A. R. Rueda Sanchez, G. M. Arnold, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “Realizing a quantum-enabled interconnect between microwave and telecom light,” in <i>Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics</i>, San Jose, CA, United States, 2022.","ista":"Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. 2022. Realizing a quantum-enabled interconnect between microwave and telecom light. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. CLEO: QELS Fundamental Science, FW4D.4."},"corr_author":"1","conference":{"start_date":"2022-05-15","end_date":"2022-05-20","location":"San Jose, CA, United States","name":"CLEO: QELS Fundamental Science"},"doi":"10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2022.FW4D.4","article_number":"FW4D.4","date_published":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","year":"2022","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We present a quantum-enabled microwave-telecom interface with bidirectional conversion efficiencies up to 15% and added input noise quanta as low as 0.16. Moreover, we observe evidence for electro-optic laser cooling and vacuum amplification."}],"date_updated":"2024-10-09T21:03:27Z","author":[{"full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","last_name":"Sahu","first_name":"Rishabh"},{"first_name":"William J","last_name":"Hease","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","full_name":"Hease, William J","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Rueda Sanchez","first_name":"Alfredo R","orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860","full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R","id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876"},{"id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","first_name":"Liu","last_name":"Qiu"},{"last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M"}],"title":"Realizing a quantum-enabled interconnect between microwave and telecom light","date_created":"2022-09-11T22:01:58Z","month":"05"},{"date_updated":"2026-06-15T22:31:15Z","abstract":[{"text":"Solid-state microwave systems offer strong interactions for fast quantum logic and sensing but photons at telecom wavelength are the ideal choice for high-density low-loss quantum interconnects. A general-purpose interface that can make use of single photon effects requires < 1 input noise quanta, which has remained elusive due to either low efficiency or pump induced heating. Here we demonstrate coherent electro-optic modulation on nanosecond-timescales with only 0.16+0.02−0.01 microwave input noise photons with a total bidirectional transduction efficiency of 8.7% (or up to 15% with 0.41+0.02−0.02), as required for near-term heralded quantum network protocols. The use of short and high-power optical pump pulses also enables near-unity cooperativity of the electro-optic interaction leading to an internal pure conversion efficiency of up to 99.5%. Together with the low mode occupancy this provides evidence for electro-optic laser cooling and vacuum amplification as predicted a decade ago.","lang":"eng"}],"project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","grant_number":"754411","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"862644","name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"title":"Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface","author":[{"id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","first_name":"Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162"},{"full_name":"Hease, William J","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"William J","last_name":"Hease","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860","last_name":"Rueda Sanchez","first_name":"Alfredo R","full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R","id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Arnold","first_name":"Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876"},{"id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","first_name":"Liu","last_name":"Qiu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M"}],"date_created":"2022-03-27T22:01:45Z","external_id":{"pmid":["35277488"],"isi":["000767892300013"],"arxiv":["2107.08303"]},"date_published":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","corr_author":"1","article_number":"1276","pmid":1,"publication_status":"published","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","file_date_updated":"2022-03-28T08:02:12Z","publication":"Nature Communications","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ista":"Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. 2022. Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface. Nature Communications. 13, 1276.","ieee":"R. Sahu, W. J. Hease, A. R. Rueda Sanchez, G. M. Arnold, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 13. Springer Nature, 2022.","short":"R. Sahu, W.J. Hease, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, G.M. Arnold, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, Nature Communications 13 (2022).","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh, et al. “Quantum-Enabled Operation of a Microwave-Optical Interface.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 13, 1276, Springer Nature, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>.","ama":"Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2022;13. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>","apa":"Sahu, R., Hease, W. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Arnold, G. M., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2022). Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh, William J Hease, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Georg M Arnold, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “Quantum-Enabled Operation of a Microwave-Optical Interface.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>."},"ddc":["530"],"day":"11","article_processing_charge":"No","oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"10924","article_type":"original","scopus_import":"1","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"intvolume":"        13","arxiv":1,"isi":1,"month":"03","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"13175","status":"public"},{"id":"12900","status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains"},{"id":"18871","status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"has_accepted_license":"1","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2","oa":1,"year":"2022","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"file":[{"file_id":"10929","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","success":1,"date_created":"2022-03-28T08:02:12Z","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2022-03-28T08:02:12Z","file_name":"2022_NatureCommunications_Sahu.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":1167492,"checksum":"7c5176db7b8e2ed18a4e0c5aca70a72c"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"ec_funded":1,"status":"public","volume":13,"type":"journal_article","acknowledgement":"The authors thank S. Wald and F. Diorico for their help with optical filtering, O. Hosten\r\nand M. Aspelmeyer for equipment, H.G.L. Schwefel for materials and discussions, L.\r\nDrmic and P. Zielinski for software support, and the MIBA workshop at IST Austria for\r\nmachining the microwave cavity. This work was supported by the European Research\r\nCouncil under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT) and the European\r\nUnion’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no.\r\n899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN). W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship\r\nwith funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogram under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411. G.A. is the\r\nrecipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J.M.F.\r\nacknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F7105)\r\nand the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under grant\r\nagreement no. 862644 (FETopen QUARTET)."},{"day":"10","oa_version":"Published Version","article_processing_charge":"No","_id":"13071","type":"research_data_reference","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"publisher":"Zenodo","status":"public","citation":{"ieee":"W. J. Hease <i>et al.</i>, “Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state.” Zenodo, 2020.","mla":"Hease, William J., et al. <i>Bidirectional Electro-Optic Wavelength Conversion in the Quantum Ground State</i>. Zenodo, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4266025\">10.5281/ZENODO.4266025</a>.","short":"W.J. Hease, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, R. Sahu, M. Wulf, G.M. Arnold, H. Schwefel, J.M. Fink, (2020).","ista":"Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Sahu R, Wulf M, Arnold GM, Schwefel H, Fink JM. 2020. Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state, Zenodo, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4266025\">10.5281/ZENODO.4266025</a>.","chicago":"Hease, William J, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Rishabh Sahu, Matthias Wulf, Georg M Arnold, Harald Schwefel, and Johannes M Fink. “Bidirectional Electro-Optic Wavelength Conversion in the Quantum Ground State.” Zenodo, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4266025\">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4266025</a>.","apa":"Hease, W. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Sahu, R., Wulf, M., Arnold, G. M., Schwefel, H., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2020). Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state. Zenodo. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4266025\">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4266025</a>","ama":"Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Sahu R, et al. Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state. 2020. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4266025\">10.5281/ZENODO.4266025</a>"},"ddc":["530"],"date_published":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","corr_author":"1","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"9114","status":"public","relation":"used_in_publication"}]},"doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.4266025","oa":1,"year":"2020","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4266026","open_access":"1"}],"date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:43:26Z","abstract":[{"text":"This dataset comprises all data shown in the plots of the main part of the submitted article \"Bidirectional Electro-Optic Wavelength Conversion in the Quantum Ground State\". Additional raw data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.","lang":"eng"}],"month":"11","title":"Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","first_name":"William J","last_name":"Hease","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Hease, William J"},{"last_name":"Rueda Sanchez","first_name":"Alfredo R","orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860","full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R","id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","first_name":"Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6613-1378","last_name":"Wulf","first_name":"Matthias","id":"45598606-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Wulf, Matthias"},{"full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold"},{"full_name":"Schwefel, Harald","last_name":"Schwefel","first_name":"Harald"},{"full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink"}],"date_created":"2023-05-23T16:44:11Z"},{"day":"23","_id":"9114","article_processing_charge":"No","oa_version":"Published Version","article_type":"original","scopus_import":"1","intvolume":"         1","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"publisher":"American Physical Society","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ama":"Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Sahu R, et al. Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state. <i>PRX Quantum</i>. 2020;1(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>","apa":"Hease, W. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Sahu, R., Wulf, M., Arnold, G. M., Schwefel, H. G. L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2020). Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state. <i>PRX Quantum</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>","chicago":"Hease, William J, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Rishabh Sahu, Matthias Wulf, Georg M Arnold, Harald G.L. Schwefel, and Johannes M Fink. “Bidirectional Electro-Optic Wavelength Conversion in the Quantum Ground State.” <i>PRX Quantum</i>. American Physical Society, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>.","ista":"Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Sahu R, Wulf M, Arnold GM, Schwefel HGL, Fink JM. 2020. Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state. PRX Quantum. 1(2), 020315.","ieee":"W. J. Hease <i>et al.</i>, “Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state,” <i>PRX Quantum</i>, vol. 1, no. 2. American Physical Society, 2020.","short":"W.J. Hease, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, R. Sahu, M. Wulf, G.M. Arnold, H.G.L. Schwefel, J.M. Fink, PRX Quantum 1 (2020).","mla":"Hease, William J., et al. “Bidirectional Electro-Optic Wavelength Conversion in the Quantum Ground State.” <i>PRX Quantum</i>, vol. 1, no. 2, 020315, American Physical Society, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>."},"ddc":["530"],"date_published":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","article_number":"020315","corr_author":"1","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_status":"published","publication":"PRX Quantum","file_date_updated":"2021-02-12T11:16:16Z","date_updated":"2026-06-15T22:31:15Z","abstract":[{"text":"Microwave photonics lends the advantages of fiber optics to electronic sensing and communication systems. In contrast to nonlinear optics, electro-optic devices so far require classical modulation fields whose variance is dominated by electronic or thermal noise rather than quantum fluctuations. Here we demonstrate bidirectional single-sideband conversion of X band microwave to C band telecom light with a microwave mode occupancy as low as 0.025 ± 0.005 and an added output noise of less than or equal to 0.074 photons. This is facilitated by radiative cooling and a triply resonant ultra-low-loss transducer operating at millikelvin temperatures. The high bandwidth of 10.7 MHz and total (internal) photon conversion\r\nefficiency of 0.03% (0.67%) combined with the extremely slow heating rate of 1.1 added output noise photons per second for the highest available pump power of 1.48 mW puts near-unity efficiency pulsed quantum transduction within reach. Together with the non-Gaussian resources of superconducting qubits this might provide the practical foundation to extend the range and scope of current quantum networks in analogy to electrical repeaters in classical fiber optic communication.","lang":"eng"}],"project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","grant_number":"754411","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits"}],"date_created":"2021-02-12T10:41:28Z","external_id":{"isi":["000674680100001"]},"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","first_name":"William J","last_name":"Hease","full_name":"Hease, William J","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Alfredo R","last_name":"Rueda Sanchez","orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860","full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R","id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6613-1378","first_name":"Matthias","last_name":"Wulf","id":"45598606-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Wulf, Matthias"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold"},{"last_name":"Schwefel","first_name":"Harald G.L.","full_name":"Schwefel, Harald G.L."},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X"}],"title":"Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state","type":"journal_article","acknowledgement":"The authors acknowledge the support of T. Menner, A. Arslani, and T. Asenov from the Miba machine shop for machining the microwave cavity, and thank S. Barzanjeh, F. Sedlmeir, and C. Marquardt for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by IST Austria and the European Research Council under Grant No. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT). W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant No. 754411.\r\nG.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J.M.F. acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F71) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant No. 899354 (FET Open SuperQuLAN). H.G.L.S. acknowledges support from the Aotearoa/New Zealand’s MBIE Endeavour Smart Ideas Grant No UOOX1805.","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2691-3399"]},"status":"public","ec_funded":1,"volume":1,"issue":"2","doi":"10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315","has_accepted_license":"1","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"13071","status":"public"},{"status":"public","id":"13175","relation":"dissertation_contains"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"12900"},{"status":"public","id":"18871","relation":"dissertation_contains"}],"link":[{"description":"News on IST Homepage","relation":"press_release","url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/how-to-transport-microwave-quantum-information-via-optical-fiber/"}]},"year":"2020","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"access_level":"open_access","success":1,"creator":"dernst","file_id":"9115","checksum":"b70b12ded6d7660d4c9037eb09bfed0c","file_size":2146924,"content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2021-02-12T11:16:16Z","file_name":"2020_PRXQuantum_Hease.pdf","date_created":"2021-02-12T11:16:16Z","relation":"main_file"}],"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"isi":1,"month":"11"}]