---
OA_place: publisher
_id: '22804'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Embryo cleavage — a series of rapid, reductive cell divisions — is the first
    morphogenetic movement following fertilisation. It lays the foundation for subsequent
    developmental events, including gastrulation, germ layer specification, organogenesis,
    and the establishment of the overall body plan. Two major modes of cleavage exist
    in the animal kingdom: holoblastic (complete) and meroblastic (incomplete) cleavage.
    Because holoblastic cleavage resembles canonical cytokinesis, its biochemical
    and mechanical basis has been extensively studied — an annular contractile ring
    forms at the equator and constricts in a purse-string-like manner, leading to
    the complete separation of two daughter cells. In contrast, although meroblastic
    cleavage occurs widely across the animal kingdom (e.g. in fish, reptiles, birds,
    and cephalopod molluscs), its mechanical basis remains largely unclear. During
    meroblastic cleavage, the cytokinetic furrow forms only at one pole and does not
    traverse the entire embryo, raising the question of how cytokinesis proceeds in
    the absence of a closed contractile ring. Moreover, the resulting daughter cells
    are not fully separated from the underlying yolk compartment, and how these blastomeres
    are subsequently cellularised remains unknown. This thesis takes the zebrafish
    as a model organism to address both questions. The first part characterises the
    biochemical and mechanical mechanisms underlying non-canonical meroblastic cleavage,
    revealing a two-phase process in which actomyosin cable contraction and cadherin-mediated
    membrane adhesion act sequentially to drive furrow ingression and invagination.
    The second part sheds light on the spatiotemporal dynamics by which individual
    blastomeres become cellularised, and uncovers a previously unrecognised contribution
    of central blastomeres to the yolk syncytial layer.'
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: LifeSc
acknowledgement: "I gratefully acknowledge the NOMIS Stiftung (Project ID 5061.844,
  Cytoplasmic\r\nself-organization into cell-like compartments as a common guiding
  principle in\r\nearly animal development) for funding my doctoral studies."
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Xin
  full_name: Tong, Xin
  id: 50F65CDC-AA30-11E9-A72B-8A12E6697425
  last_name: Tong
citation:
  ama: Tong X. Towards a deeper understanding of meroblastic cleavage. 2026. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22804">10.15479/AT-ISTA-22804</a>
  apa: Tong, X. (2026). <i>Towards a deeper understanding of meroblastic cleavage</i>.
    Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22804">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22804</a>
  chicago: Tong, Xin. “Towards a Deeper Understanding of Meroblastic Cleavage.” Institute
    of Science and Technology Austria, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22804">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22804</a>.
  ieee: X. Tong, “Towards a deeper understanding of meroblastic cleavage,” Institute
    of Science and Technology Austria, 2026.
  ista: Tong X. 2026. Towards a deeper understanding of meroblastic cleavage. Institute
    of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Tong, Xin. <i>Towards a Deeper Understanding of Meroblastic Cleavage</i>. Institute
    of Science and Technology Austria, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22804">10.15479/AT-ISTA-22804</a>.
  short: X. Tong, Towards a Deeper Understanding of Meroblastic Cleavage, Institute
    of Science and Technology Austria, 2026.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-09-04T11:54:20Z
date_published: 2026-07-12T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-10-05T08:56:10Z
day: '12'
ddc:
- '596'
- '532'
- '572'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: CaHe
doi: 10.15479/AT-ISTA-22804
doi_confirm: '1'
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fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22804
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- meroblastic cleavage
- cytokinesis
- active gel theory
- embryogenesis
- zebrafish
- adhesion
language:
- iso: eng
month: '07'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: '121'
project:
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  name: Cytoplasmic self-organization into cell-like compartments as a common guiding
    principle in early animal development
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-3-99078-080-0
  issn:
  - 2663-337X
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
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researchdata_availability: upon request
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Carl-Philipp J
  full_name: Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J
  id: 39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Heisenberg
  orcid: 0000-0002-0912-4566
title: Towards a deeper understanding of meroblastic cleavage
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC (4.0)
type: dissertation
user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9
year: '2026'
...
---
OA_place: repository
_id: '22777'
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: LifeSc
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Xin
  full_name: Tong, Xin
  id: 50F65CDC-AA30-11E9-A72B-8A12E6697425
  last_name: Tong
citation:
  ama: Tong X. Towards a deeper understanding of meroblastic cleavage - supplementary
    movies. 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22777">10.15479/AT-ISTA-22777</a>
  apa: Tong, X. (2026). Towards a deeper understanding of meroblastic cleavage - supplementary
    movies. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22777">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22777</a>
  chicago: Tong, Xin. “Towards a Deeper Understanding of Meroblastic Cleavage - Supplementary
    Movies.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22777">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22777</a>.
  ieee: X. Tong, “Towards a deeper understanding of meroblastic cleavage - supplementary
    movies.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026.
  ista: Tong X. 2026. Towards a deeper understanding of meroblastic cleavage - supplementary
    movies, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22777">10.15479/AT-ISTA-22777</a>.
  mla: Tong, Xin. <i>Towards a Deeper Understanding of Meroblastic Cleavage - Supplementary
    Movies</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22777">10.15479/AT-ISTA-22777</a>.
  short: X. Tong, (2026).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-09-03T10:48:15Z
date_published: 2026-09-04T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-10-05T08:56:09Z
day: '4'
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- _id: GradSch
- _id: CaHe
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fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-22777
has_accepted_license: '1'
month: '9'
oa: 1
oa_version: None
project:
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  name: NOMIS Fellowship Program
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  grant_number: '851288'
  name: Design Principles of Branching Morphogenesis
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
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status: public
title: Towards a deeper understanding of meroblastic cleavage - supplementary movies
tmp:
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  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
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type: research_data
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year: '2026'
...
---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '22807'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Cleavage - the series of rapid cell divisions that follow fertilization -
    marks the onset of metazoan development and represents a deeply conserved evolutionary
    process. Across animals, two principal modes exist: complete (holoblastic) and
    incomplete (meroblastic) cleavage. While holoblastic cleavage resembles conventional
    cytokinesis both in vitro and in vivo, the mechanisms underlying meroblastic cleavage
    have remained poorly understood. Using zebrafish embryos as a model, we show that
    meroblastic cleavage proceeds through a distinct two-step mechanism. The process
    begins with the assembly and contraction of a large, arc-shaped actomyosin cable.
    However, this contractile event alone is insufficient to complete division. A
    second phase, driven by cadherin-mediated membrane adhesion, is required to invaginate
    the furrow ridge. Strikingly, this transition depends on mechanical uncoupling
    of the contractile cable from the surrounding cortex. We demonstrate that such
    uncoupling arises from an active nematic instability, which both enhances contractility
    along the cable and generates actin depletion zones that relieve lateral connections.
    Together, these findings reveal that meroblastic cleavage is governed not by a
    single actomyosin-based event but by a sequential interplay between cytoskeletal
    contraction and cadherin-dependent adhesion, highlighting a mechanism fundamentally
    distinct from canonical cytokinesis.'
acknowledgement: We are grateful to the members of the Hannezo and Heisenberg groups
  for discussions and technical advice. We also thank the Imaging and Optics Facility
  and the Lab Support Facility at ISTA for their continuous support. Y.I.L. acknowledges
  funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
  under the Marie Skodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 101034413. The research was
  supported by funding to C.-P.H. from the NOMIS Foundation (Project ID 1.844) and
  to E.H. from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon
  2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 851288).
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Xin
  full_name: Tong, Xin
  id: 50F65CDC-AA30-11E9-A72B-8A12E6697425
  last_name: Tong
- first_name: Yuting I
  full_name: Li, Yuting I
  id: ee7a5ca8-8b71-11ed-b662-b3341c05b7eb
  last_name: Li
- first_name: Joséphine
  full_name: Schelle, Joséphine
  last_name: Schelle
- first_name: Edouard B
  full_name: Hannezo, Edouard B
  id: 3A9DB764-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Hannezo
  orcid: 0000-0001-6005-1561
- first_name: Carl-Philipp J
  full_name: Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J
  id: 39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Heisenberg
  orcid: 0000-0002-0912-4566
biorxivid: 1
citation:
  ama: Tong X, Li YI, Schelle J, Hannezo EB, Heisenberg C-PJ. Non-canonical cytokinesis
    driven by mechanical uncoupling via nematic flows and adhesion-based invagination.
    <i>bioRxiv</i>. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.15.682552">10.1101/2025.10.15.682552</a>
  apa: Tong, X., Li, Y. I., Schelle, J., Hannezo, E. B., &#38; Heisenberg, C.-P. J.
    (n.d.). Non-canonical cytokinesis driven by mechanical uncoupling via nematic
    flows and adhesion-based invagination. <i>bioRxiv</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.15.682552">https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.15.682552</a>
  chicago: Tong, Xin, Yuting I Li, Joséphine Schelle, Edouard B Hannezo, and Carl-Philipp
    J Heisenberg. “Non-Canonical Cytokinesis Driven by Mechanical Uncoupling via Nematic
    Flows and Adhesion-Based Invagination.” <i>BioRxiv</i>, n.d. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.15.682552">https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.15.682552</a>.
  ieee: X. Tong, Y. I. Li, J. Schelle, E. B. Hannezo, and C.-P. J. Heisenberg, “Non-canonical
    cytokinesis driven by mechanical uncoupling via nematic flows and adhesion-based
    invagination,” <i>bioRxiv</i>. .
  ista: Tong X, Li YI, Schelle J, Hannezo EB, Heisenberg C-PJ. Non-canonical cytokinesis
    driven by mechanical uncoupling via nematic flows and adhesion-based invagination.
    bioRxiv, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.15.682552">10.1101/2025.10.15.682552</a>.
  mla: Tong, Xin, et al. “Non-Canonical Cytokinesis Driven by Mechanical Uncoupling
    via Nematic Flows and Adhesion-Based Invagination.” <i>BioRxiv</i>, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.15.682552">10.1101/2025.10.15.682552</a>.
  short: X. Tong, Y.I. Li, J. Schelle, E.B. Hannezo, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, BioRxiv (n.d.).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-09-04T12:32:21Z
date_published: 2025-10-15T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-10-05T08:56:09Z
day: '15'
department:
- _id: EdHa
- _id: CaHe
doi: 10.1101/2025.10.15.682552
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  biorxivid:
  - 2025.10.15.682552
fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.15.682552
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
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  url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.15.682552
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
project:
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  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '101034413'
  name: 'IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program'
- _id: 05943252-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '851288'
  name: Design Principles of Branching Morphogenesis
- _id: 9B861AAC-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A
  name: NOMIS Fellowship Program
publication: bioRxiv
publication_status: draft
related_material:
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status: public
title: Non-canonical cytokinesis driven by mechanical uncoupling via nematic flows
  and adhesion-based invagination
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC (4.0)
type: preprint
user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9
year: '2025'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '19404'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Cell migration is a fundamental process during embryonic development. Most
    studies in vivo have focused on the migration of cells using the extracellular
    matrix (ECM) as their substrate for migration. In contrast, much less is known
    about how cells migrate on other cells, as found in early embryos when the ECM
    has not yet formed. Here, we show that lateral mesendoderm (LME) cells in the
    early zebrafish gastrula use the ectoderm as their substrate for migration. We
    show that the lateral ectoderm is permissive for the animal-pole-directed migration
    of LME cells, while the ectoderm at the animal pole halts it. These differences
    in permissiveness depend on the lateral ectoderm being more cohesive than the
    animal ectoderm, a property controlled by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling
    within the ectoderm. Collectively, these findings identify ectoderm tissue cohesion
    as one critical factor in regulating LME migration during zebrafish gastrulation.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: 'We are grateful to the colleagues who contributed to this work with
  discussions, technical advice, and feedback on the manuscript: Irene Steccari, David
  Labrousse Arias and the other members of the Heisenberg lab, Nicole Amberg, Florian
  Pauler, Nicoletta Petridou, Elena Scarpa, and Edouard Hannezo. We also thank the
  Imaging and Optics Facility, the Life Science Facility, and the Scientific Computing
  Unit at ISTA for support. The Next Generation Sequencing Facility at Vienna BioCenter
  Core Facilities performed the RNA-seq for animal and lateral ectoderm. D.B.B. was
  supported by the NOMIS Foundation as a NOMIS Fellow and by an EMBO Postdoctoral
  Fellowship (ALTF 343-2022). S. Tavano was supported by an EMBO Postdoctoral Fellowship
  (ALTF 1159-2018).'
article_number: '115387'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Ste
  full_name: Tavano, Ste
  id: 2F162F0C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Tavano
  orcid: 0000-0001-9970-7804
- first_name: David
  full_name: Brückner, David
  id: e1e86031-6537-11eb-953a-f7ab92be508d
  last_name: Brückner
  orcid: 0000-0001-7205-2975
- first_name: Saren
  full_name: Tasciyan, Saren
  id: 4323B49C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Tasciyan
  orcid: 0000-0003-1671-393X
- first_name: Xin
  full_name: Tong, Xin
  id: 50F65CDC-AA30-11E9-A72B-8A12E6697425
  last_name: Tong
- first_name: Roland
  full_name: Kardos, Roland
  id: 4039350E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Kardos
- first_name: Alexandra
  full_name: Schauer, Alexandra
  id: 30A536BA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Schauer
  orcid: 0000-0001-7659-9142
- first_name: Robert
  full_name: Hauschild, Robert
  id: 4E01D6B4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Hauschild
  orcid: 0000-0001-9843-3522
- first_name: Carl-Philipp J
  full_name: Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J
  id: 39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Heisenberg
  orcid: 0000-0002-0912-4566
citation:
  ama: Tavano S, Brückner D, Tasciyan S, et al. BMP-dependent patterning of ectoderm
    tissue material properties modulates lateral mesendoderm cell migration during
    early zebrafish gastrulation. <i>Cell Reports</i>. 2025;44(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115387">10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115387</a>
  apa: Tavano, S., Brückner, D., Tasciyan, S., Tong, X., Kardos, R., Schauer, A.,
    … Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2025). BMP-dependent patterning of ectoderm tissue material
    properties modulates lateral mesendoderm cell migration during early zebrafish
    gastrulation. <i>Cell Reports</i>. Cell Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115387">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115387</a>
  chicago: Tavano, Ste, David Brückner, Saren Tasciyan, Xin Tong, Roland Kardos, Alexandra
    Schauer, Robert Hauschild, and Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg. “BMP-Dependent Patterning
    of Ectoderm Tissue Material Properties Modulates Lateral Mesendoderm Cell Migration
    during Early Zebrafish Gastrulation.” <i>Cell Reports</i>. Cell Press, 2025. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115387">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115387</a>.
  ieee: S. Tavano <i>et al.</i>, “BMP-dependent patterning of ectoderm tissue material
    properties modulates lateral mesendoderm cell migration during early zebrafish
    gastrulation,” <i>Cell Reports</i>, vol. 44, no. 3. Cell Press, 2025.
  ista: Tavano S, Brückner D, Tasciyan S, Tong X, Kardos R, Schauer A, Hauschild R,
    Heisenberg C-PJ. 2025. BMP-dependent patterning of ectoderm tissue material properties
    modulates lateral mesendoderm cell migration during early zebrafish gastrulation.
    Cell Reports. 44(3), 115387.
  mla: Tavano, Ste, et al. “BMP-Dependent Patterning of Ectoderm Tissue Material Properties
    Modulates Lateral Mesendoderm Cell Migration during Early Zebrafish Gastrulation.”
    <i>Cell Reports</i>, vol. 44, no. 3, 115387, Cell Press, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115387">10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115387</a>.
  short: S. Tavano, D. Brückner, S. Tasciyan, X. Tong, R. Kardos, A. Schauer, R. Hauschild,
    C.-P.J. Heisenberg, Cell Reports 44 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-03-16T23:01:24Z
date_published: 2025-03-25T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-10-20T08:20:45Z
day: '25'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: CaHe
- _id: EdHa
- _id: MiSi
- _id: Bio
doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115387
external_id:
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fulldoi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115387
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month: '03'
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oa_version: Published Version
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project:
- _id: 34e2a5b5-11ca-11ed-8bc3-b2265616ef0b
  grant_number: ALTF 343-2022
  name: A mechano-chemical theory for stem cell fate decisions in organoid development
- _id: 269CD5C4-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  grant_number: ALTF 1159-2018
  name: 'Mechanosensation in cell migration: the role of friction forces in cell polarization
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publication: Cell Reports
publication_identifier:
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publication_status: published
publisher: Cell Press
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: BMP-dependent patterning of ectoderm tissue material properties modulates lateral
  mesendoderm cell migration during early zebrafish gastrulation
tmp:
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year: '2025'
...
