---
OA_place: publisher
_id: '20449'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Males and females of many species differ in morphology, physiology, and
behavior. In taxa\r\nwith genetic sex determination, sexual differentiation arises
largely from sex-biased gene\r\nexpression, which varies across tissues, developmental
stages, and lineages. Increasing\r\nevidence highlights chromatin configuration,
which can exist in open or closed states, and can\r\nbe shaped by sex-determination
path ways, as a key regulatory layer of this dimorphism.\r\nDegeneration of the
Y or W chromosome further contributes to sex -specific differences by\r\naltering
gene copy numbers relative to autosomes in heterogametic sex. To mitigate these\r\nimbalances,
many eukaryotes have independently evolved dosage compensation mechanisms,\r\noften
mediated through chromatin -level regulation. In this thesis, we investigate the\r\nevolutionary
dynamics of sex chromosome differentiation in two species, Artemia franciscana\r\nand
Cameraria ohridella , with a particular focus on the extent of dosage compensation\r\nfollowing
gene loss in the heterogametic sex and the potential chromatin-based mechanisms\r\nunderlying
this process. We further characterize sex -biased gene expression and its regulation\r\nthrough
histone modifications. Our analyses also reveal that the A. franciscana genome
is\r\nhighly repetitive, with many genes containing intronic transposable elements.
We find that\r\nenrichment of histonemo difications associated with constitutive
heterochromatin, positively\r\ncorrelates with variation in gene expression levels.
Collectively, these findings underscore role\r\nof chromatin regulation in shaping
the evolution of sex chromosomes and sexual\r\ndifferentiation. "
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: "This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through
grants PAT8748323\r\nand SFB F88-10 awarded to Professor Beatriz Vicoso."
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Vincent K
full_name: Bett, Vincent K
id: 57854184-AAE0-11E9-8D04-98D6E5697425
last_name: Bett
citation:
ama: Bett VK. Evolution and regulation of the Z chromosome. 2025. doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-20449
apa: Bett, V. K. (2025). Evolution and regulation of the Z chromosome. Institute
of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20449
chicago: Bett, Vincent K. “Evolution and Regulation of the Z Chromosome.” Institute
of Science and Technology Austria, 2025. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20449.
ieee: V. K. Bett, “Evolution and regulation of the Z chromosome,” Institute of Science
and Technology Austria, 2025.
ista: Bett VK. 2025. Evolution and regulation of the Z chromosome. Institute of
Science and Technology Austria.
mla: Bett, Vincent K. Evolution and Regulation of the Z Chromosome. Institute
of Science and Technology Austria, 2025, doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-20449.
short: V.K. Bett, Evolution and Regulation of the Z Chromosome, Institute of Science
and Technology Austria, 2025.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-10-11T08:18:51Z
date_published: 2025-10-10T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-06-12T08:32:16Z
day: '10'
ddc:
- '576'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.15479/AT-ISTA-20449
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language:
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license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: '114'
project:
- _id: 8ed82125-16d5-11f0-9cad-fbcae312235b
grant_number: PAT 8748323
name: Sex chromosomes in evolution and development
- _id: 34ae1506-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c14f4c474396
grant_number: F8810
name: The highjacking of meiosis for asexual reproduction
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2663-337X
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
related_material:
record:
- id: '19735'
relation: part_of_dissertation
status: public
- id: '15009'
relation: part_of_dissertation
status: public
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Beatriz
full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
title: Evolution and regulation of the Z chromosome
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: dissertation
user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9
year: '2025'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '19735'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The males and females of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana are highly dimorphic,
and this dimorphism is associated with substantial sex-biased gene expression
in heads and gonads. How these sex-specific patterns of expression are regulated
at the molecular level is unknown. A. franciscana also has differentiated ZW sex
chromosomes, with complete dosage compensation, but the molecular mechanism through
which compensation is achieved is unknown. Here, we conducted CUT&TAG assays targeting
7 post-translational histone modifications (H3K27me3, H3K9me2, H3K9me3, H3K36me3,
H3K27ac, H3K4me3, and H4K16ac) in heads and gonads of A. franciscana, allowing
us to divide the genome into 12 chromatin states. We further defined functional
chromatin signatures for all genes, which were correlated with transcript level
abundances. Differences in the occupancy of the profiled epigenetic marks between
sexes were associated with differential gene expression between males and females.
Finally, we found a significant enrichment of the permissive H4K16ac histone mark
in the Z-specific region in both tissues of females but not males, supporting
the role of this histone mark in mediating dosage compensation of the Z chromosome.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: We thank the Vicoso lab for their help in maintaining Artemia and
for their valuable feedback and suggestions. We thank Marwan Elkrewi for his useful
technical advice and discussions. We are also grateful to the Scientific Unit at
ISTA Austria for computational resources and assistance. This work was supported
by Austrian science fund (FWF) grants PAT8748323 and SFB F88-10 (as part of the
SFB Meiosis consortium https://sfbmeiosis.org) to BV and Swedish Research Council
(Vetenskapsrådet, grant number 2020-06424) to MSTA.
article_number: msaf085
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Vincent K
full_name: Bett, Vincent K
id: 57854184-AAE0-11E9-8D04-98D6E5697425
last_name: Bett
- first_name: Minerva S
full_name: Trejo Arellano, Minerva S
id: 2b681148-eed5-11eb-b81b-ae229e8620f8
last_name: Trejo Arellano
orcid: 0000-0002-1982-3475
- first_name: Beatriz
full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
citation:
ama: Bett VK, Trejo Arellano MS, Vicoso B. Chromatin landscape is associated with
sex-biased expression and Drosophila-like dosage compensation of the Z chromosome
in Artemia franciscana. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2025;42(5). doi:10.1093/molbev/msaf085
apa: Bett, V. K., Trejo Arellano, M. S., & Vicoso, B. (2025). Chromatin landscape
is associated with sex-biased expression and Drosophila-like dosage compensation
of the Z chromosome in Artemia franciscana. Molecular Biology and Evolution.
Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaf085
chicago: Bett, Vincent K, Minerva S Trejo Arellano, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Chromatin
Landscape Is Associated with Sex-Biased Expression and Drosophila-like Dosage
Compensation of the Z Chromosome in Artemia Franciscana.” Molecular Biology
and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaf085.
ieee: V. K. Bett, M. S. Trejo Arellano, and B. Vicoso, “Chromatin landscape is associated
with sex-biased expression and Drosophila-like dosage compensation of the Z chromosome
in Artemia franciscana,” Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 42, no.
5. Oxford University Press, 2025.
ista: Bett VK, Trejo Arellano MS, Vicoso B. 2025. Chromatin landscape is associated
with sex-biased expression and Drosophila-like dosage compensation of the Z chromosome
in Artemia franciscana. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 42(5), msaf085.
mla: Bett, Vincent K., et al. “Chromatin Landscape Is Associated with Sex-Biased
Expression and Drosophila-like Dosage Compensation of the Z Chromosome in Artemia
Franciscana.” Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 42, no. 5, msaf085,
Oxford University Press, 2025, doi:10.1093/molbev/msaf085.
short: V.K. Bett, M.S. Trejo Arellano, B. Vicoso, Molecular Biology and Evolution
42 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-05-25T22:16:56Z
date_published: 2025-05-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-08-26T22:30:43Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: BeVi
- _id: DaZi
doi: 10.1093/molbev/msaf085
external_id:
isi:
- '001483460200001'
pmid:
- '40202086'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 6c14b03f94b4aadf8869be2c4366d077
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2025-05-28T09:34:36Z
date_updated: 2025-05-28T09:34:36Z
file_id: '19756'
file_name: 2025_MBE_Bett.pdf
file_size: 1282772
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-05-28T09:34:36Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 42'
isi: 1
issue: '5'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 8ed82125-16d5-11f0-9cad-fbcae312235b
grant_number: PAT 8748323
name: Sex chromosomes in evolution and development
- _id: 34ae1506-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c14f4c474396
grant_number: F8810
name: The highjacking of meiosis for asexual reproduction
publication: Molecular Biology and Evolution
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1537-1719
issn:
- 0737-4038
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford University Press
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: software
url: https://github.com/vkb25/Chromatin-landscape-in-Artemia-franciscana.git
record:
- id: '20449'
relation: dissertation_contains
status: public
- id: '20444'
relation: dissertation_contains
status: deleted
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Chromatin landscape is associated with sex-biased expression and Drosophila-like
dosage compensation of the Z chromosome in Artemia franciscana
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 42
year: '2025'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '15009'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Since the commercialization of brine shrimp (genus Artemia) in the 1950s,
this lineage, and in particular the model species Artemia franciscana, has been
the subject of extensive research. However, our understanding of the genetic mechanisms
underlying various aspects of their reproductive biology, including sex determination,
is still lacking. This is partly due to the scarcity of genomic resources for
Artemia species and crustaceans in general. Here, we present a chromosome-level
genome assembly of A. franciscana (Kellogg 1906), from the Great Salt Lake, United
States. The genome is 1 GB, and the majority of the genome (81%) is scaffolded
into 21 linkage groups using a previously published high-density linkage map.
We performed coverage and FST analyses using male and female genomic and transcriptomic
reads to quantify the extent of differentiation between the Z and W chromosomes.
Additionally, we quantified the expression levels in male and female heads and
gonads and found further evidence for dosage compensation in this species.
article_number: evae006
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Vincent K
full_name: Bett, Vincent K
id: 57854184-AAE0-11E9-8D04-98D6E5697425
last_name: Bett
- first_name: Ariana
full_name: Macon, Ariana
id: 2A0848E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Macon
- first_name: Beatriz
full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
- first_name: Marwan N
full_name: Elkrewi, Marwan N
id: 0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425
last_name: Elkrewi
orcid: 0000-0002-5328-7231
citation:
ama: Bett VK, Macon A, Vicoso B, Elkrewi MN. Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia
franciscana sheds light on sex chromosome differentiation. Genome Biology and
Evolution. 2024;16(1). doi:10.1093/gbe/evae006
apa: Bett, V. K., Macon, A., Vicoso, B., & Elkrewi, M. N. (2024). Chromosome-level
assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex chromosome differentiation.
Genome Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evae006
chicago: Bett, Vincent K, Ariana Macon, Beatriz Vicoso, and Marwan N Elkrewi. “Chromosome-Level
Assembly of Artemia Franciscana Sheds Light on Sex Chromosome Differentiation.”
Genome Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evae006.
ieee: V. K. Bett, A. Macon, B. Vicoso, and M. N. Elkrewi, “Chromosome-level assembly
of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex chromosome differentiation,” Genome
Biology and Evolution, vol. 16, no. 1. Oxford University Press, 2024.
ista: Bett VK, Macon A, Vicoso B, Elkrewi MN. 2024. Chromosome-level assembly of
Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex chromosome differentiation. Genome Biology
and Evolution. 16(1), evae006.
mla: Bett, Vincent K., et al. “Chromosome-Level Assembly of Artemia Franciscana
Sheds Light on Sex Chromosome Differentiation.” Genome Biology and Evolution,
vol. 16, no. 1, evae006, Oxford University Press, 2024, doi:10.1093/gbe/evae006.
short: V.K. Bett, A. Macon, B. Vicoso, M.N. Elkrewi, Genome Biology and Evolution
16 (2024).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2024-02-18T23:01:02Z
date_published: 2024-01-20T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-08-26T22:30:44Z
day: '20'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1093/gbe/evae006
external_id:
isi:
- '001153952800001'
pmid:
- '38245839'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 106a40f10443b2e7ba66749844ebbdf1
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2024-02-26T09:54:59Z
date_updated: 2024-02-26T09:54:59Z
file_id: '15029'
file_name: 2024_GBE_Bett.pdf
file_size: 5213306
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2024-02-26T09:54:59Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 16'
isi: 1
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
publication: Genome Biology and Evolution
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1759-6653
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford University Press
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
record:
- id: '14705'
relation: research_data
status: public
- id: '19386'
relation: dissertation_contains
status: public
- id: '20449'
relation: dissertation_contains
status: public
- id: '20444'
relation: dissertation_contains
status: deleted
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Chromosome-level assembly of Artemia franciscana sheds light on sex chromosome
differentiation
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 16
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '12248'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Eurasian brine shrimp (genus Artemia) have closely related sexual and asexual
lineages of parthenogenetic females, which produce rare males at low frequencies.
Although they are known to have ZW chromosomes, these are not well characterized,
and it is unclear whether they are shared across the clade. Furthermore, the underlying
genetic architecture of the transmission of asexuality, which can occur when rare
males mate with closely related sexual females, is not well understood. We produced
a chromosome-level assembly for the sexual Eurasian species Artemia sinica and
characterized in detail the pair of sex chromosomes of this species. We combined
this new assembly with short-read genomic data for the sexual species Artemia
sp. Kazakhstan and several asexual lineages of Artemia parthenogenetica, allowing
us to perform an in-depth characterization of sex-chromosome evolution across
the genus. We identified a small differentiated region of the ZW pair that is
shared by all sexual and asexual lineages, supporting the shared ancestry of the
sex chromosomes. We also inferred that recombination suppression has spread to
larger sections of the chromosome independently in the American and Eurasian lineages.
Finally, we took advantage of a rare male, which we backcrossed to sexual females,
to explore the genetic basis of asexuality. Our results suggest that parthenogenesis
is likely partly controlled by a locus on the Z chromosome, highlighting the interplay
between sex determination and asexuality.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: "This work was supported by the European Research Council under the
European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no.
715257) and by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF SFB F88-10).\r\nWe thank the
Vicoso group for comments on the manuscript and the ISTA Scientific computing team
and the Vienna Biocenter Sequencing facility for technical support."
article_number: iyac123
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Marwan N
full_name: Elkrewi, Marwan N
id: 0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425
last_name: Elkrewi
orcid: 0000-0002-5328-7231
- first_name: Uladzislava
full_name: Khauratovich, Uladzislava
id: 5eba06f4-97d8-11ed-9f8f-d826ebdd9434
last_name: Khauratovich
- first_name: Melissa A
full_name: Toups, Melissa A
id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Toups
orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380
- first_name: Vincent K
full_name: Bett, Vincent K
id: 57854184-AAE0-11E9-8D04-98D6E5697425
last_name: Bett
- first_name: Andrea
full_name: Mrnjavac, Andrea
id: 353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425
last_name: Mrnjavac
- first_name: Ariana
full_name: Macon, Ariana
id: 2A0848E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Macon
- first_name: Christelle
full_name: Fraisse, Christelle
id: 32DF5794-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Fraisse
orcid: 0000-0001-8441-5075
- first_name: Luca
full_name: Sax, Luca
id: 701c5602-97d8-11ed-96b5-b52773c70189
last_name: Sax
- first_name: Ann K
full_name: Huylmans, Ann K
id: 4C0A3874-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Huylmans
orcid: 0000-0001-8871-4961
- first_name: Francisco
full_name: Hontoria, Francisco
last_name: Hontoria
- first_name: Beatriz
full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
citation:
ama: Elkrewi MN, Khauratovich U, Toups MA, et al. ZW sex-chromosome evolution and
contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics. 2022;222(2).
doi:10.1093/genetics/iyac123
apa: Elkrewi, M. N., Khauratovich, U., Toups, M. A., Bett, V. K., Mrnjavac, A.,
Macon, A., … Vicoso, B. (2022). ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis
in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123
chicago: Elkrewi, Marwan N, Uladzislava Khauratovich, Melissa A Toups, Vincent K
Bett, Andrea Mrnjavac, Ariana Macon, Christelle Fraisse, et al. “ZW Sex-Chromosome
Evolution and Contagious Parthenogenesis in Artemia Brine Shrimp.” Genetics.
Oxford University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123.
ieee: M. N. Elkrewi et al., “ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis
in Artemia brine shrimp,” Genetics, vol. 222, no. 2. Oxford University
Press, 2022.
ista: Elkrewi MN, Khauratovich U, Toups MA, Bett VK, Mrnjavac A, Macon A, Fraisse
C, Sax L, Huylmans AK, Hontoria F, Vicoso B. 2022. ZW sex-chromosome evolution
and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics. 222(2), iyac123.
mla: Elkrewi, Marwan N., et al. “ZW Sex-Chromosome Evolution and Contagious Parthenogenesis
in Artemia Brine Shrimp.” Genetics, vol. 222, no. 2, iyac123, Oxford University
Press, 2022, doi:10.1093/genetics/iyac123.
short: M.N. Elkrewi, U. Khauratovich, M.A. Toups, V.K. Bett, A. Mrnjavac, A. Macon,
C. Fraisse, L. Sax, A.K. Huylmans, F. Hontoria, B. Vicoso, Genetics 222 (2022).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2023-01-16T09:56:10Z
date_published: 2022-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-08-26T22:30:28Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1093/genetics/iyac123
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
isi:
- '000850270300001'
pmid:
- '35977389'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: f79ff5383e882ea3f95f3da47a78029d
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2023-01-30T08:59:58Z
date_updated: 2023-01-30T08:59:58Z
file_id: '12440'
file_name: 2022_Genetics_Elkrewi.pdf
file_size: 1347136
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-01-30T08:59:58Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 222'
isi: 1
issue: '2'
keyword:
- Genetics
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: H2020
grant_number: '715257'
name: Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution
- _id: 34ae1506-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c14f4c474396
grant_number: F8810
name: The highjacking of meiosis for asexual reproduction
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1943-2631
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford University Press
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
record:
- id: '11653'
relation: research_data
status: public
- id: '19386'
relation: dissertation_contains
status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine
shrimp
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 222
year: '2022'
...