---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21131'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) impairs motor preparation due to basal
ganglia dysfunction, contributing to motor deficits. Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation
(GVS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, shows promise in enhancing motor
function in PD, but its underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. This
study employs a Deep Koopman model to linearize and analyze preparatory EEG dynamics
in PD, hypothesizing that GVS restores cortical activity patterns critical for
motor planning.\r\nMethods: EEG data from 18 PD participants (on/off medication)
and 18 healthy controls were collected during a preparatory phase of a motor task
under three conditions: sham, GVS1 (50–100 Hz multi-sine), and GVS2 (100–150 Hz
multi-sine). A Deep Koopman framework mapped EEG signals into a three-dimensional
latent space for linear dynamical analysis. Temporal dynamics were assessed via
eigenvalue analysis, spatial contributions via regression-based scalp mapping,
and motor performance correlations via Pearson’s coefficients. A Linear Quadratic
Regulator (LQR) simulated control of PD dynamics toward healthy patterns.\r\nResults:
The Deep Koopman model accurately captured EEG dynamics, with eigenvalue analysis
showing no significant temporal dynamic differences across groups. Spatial contribution
analysis revealed that PD-Off sham conditions deviated most from healthy control
EEG patterns, while GVS and medication significantly reduced these deviations,
aligning PD patterns closer to controls. Closer alignment correlated with improved
motor performance metrics, including reduced reaction and squeeze times. LQR control
effectively guided PD neural dynamics toward healthy trajectories in the latent
space.\r\nDiscussion: GVS enhances motor preparation in PD by restoring healthy
cortical EEG patterns, with additive benefits from dopaminergic medication. The
Deep Koopman framework offers a powerful approach for dissecting complex EEG dynamics
and designing targeted neuromodulation strategies. These findings elucidate GVS’s
therapeutic mechanisms and highlight its potential for personalized PD interventions,
warranting further exploration in larger cohorts and varied stimulation protocols."
article_number: '1566566'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Maryam
full_name: Kia, Maryam
last_name: Kia
- first_name: Maryam S.
full_name: Mirian, Maryam S.
last_name: Mirian
- first_name: Saeed
full_name: Soori, Saeed
last_name: Soori
- first_name: Saeed
full_name: Saedi, Saeed
last_name: Saedi
- first_name: Emad
full_name: Arasteh, Emad
last_name: Arasteh
- first_name: Mohamadhosein
full_name: Faramarzi, Mohamadhosein
id: 9b785ee7-712d-11f0-b3a8-f7a45b28b9c3
last_name: Faramarzi
orcid: 0009-0003-2174-3938
- first_name: Abhijit
full_name: Chinchani, Abhijit
last_name: Chinchani
- first_name: Soojin
full_name: Lee, Soojin
last_name: Lee
- first_name: Artur
full_name: Luczak, Artur
last_name: Luczak
- first_name: Martin J.
full_name: McKeown, Martin J.
last_name: McKeown
citation:
ama: Kia M, Mirian MS, Soori S, et al. Koopman-based linearization of preparatory
EEG dynamics in Parkinson’s disease during galvanic vestibular stimulation. Frontiers
in Human Neuroscience. 2025;19. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566
apa: Kia, M., Mirian, M. S., Soori, S., Saedi, S., Arasteh, E., Faramarzi, M., …
McKeown, M. J. (2025). Koopman-based linearization of preparatory EEG dynamics
in Parkinson’s disease during galvanic vestibular stimulation. Frontiers in
Human Neuroscience. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566
chicago: Kia, Maryam, Maryam S. Mirian, Saeed Soori, Saeed Saedi, Emad Arasteh,
Mohamadhosein Faramarzi, Abhijit Chinchani, Soojin Lee, Artur Luczak, and Martin
J. McKeown. “Koopman-Based Linearization of Preparatory EEG Dynamics in Parkinson’s
Disease during Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
Frontiers Media, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566.
ieee: M. Kia et al., “Koopman-based linearization of preparatory EEG dynamics
in Parkinson’s disease during galvanic vestibular stimulation,” Frontiers in
Human Neuroscience, vol. 19. Frontiers Media, 2025.
ista: Kia M, Mirian MS, Soori S, Saedi S, Arasteh E, Faramarzi M, Chinchani A, Lee
S, Luczak A, McKeown MJ. 2025. Koopman-based linearization of preparatory EEG
dynamics in Parkinson’s disease during galvanic vestibular stimulation. Frontiers
in Human Neuroscience. 19, 1566566.
mla: Kia, Maryam, et al. “Koopman-Based Linearization of Preparatory EEG Dynamics
in Parkinson’s Disease during Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation.” Frontiers in
Human Neuroscience, vol. 19, 1566566, Frontiers Media, 2025, doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566.
short: M. Kia, M.S. Mirian, S. Soori, S. Saedi, E. Arasteh, M. Faramarzi, A. Chinchani,
S. Lee, A. Luczak, M.J. McKeown, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 19 (2025).
date_created: 2026-01-31T23:07:16Z
date_published: 2025-05-14T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-10T09:21:56Z
day: '14'
ddc:
- '570'
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '40438537'
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 19'
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
publication: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1662-5161
publication_status: published
publisher: Frontiers Media
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Koopman-based linearization of preparatory EEG dynamics in Parkinson’s disease
during galvanic vestibular stimulation
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 19
year: '2025'
...