---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21760'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 3I/ATLAS is the third interstellar object discovered to date, following 1I/‘Oumuamua
    and 2I/Borisov. Its unusually high excess velocity and active cometary nature
    make it a key probe of the Galactic population of icy planetesimals. Understanding
    its origin requires its past trajectory through the Galaxy to be traced and the
    possible role of stellar encounters to be assessed, both as a potential origin
    and a perturber to its orbit. We integrated the orbit of 3I/ATLAS backward in
    time for 10 Myr, together with a sample of Gaia DR3 stars with high-quality astrometry
    and radial velocities, to identify close passages within 2 pc. We identify 93
    nominal encounters, 62 of which are significant at the 2σ level. However, none
    of these encounters produced any meaningful perturbation. The strongest perturber
    Gaia DR3 6863591389529611264 at 0.30 pc and with a relative velocity of 35 km
    s−1, imparted only a velocity change of ∣Δv∣  ≃  5  ×  10−4 km s−1 to the orbit
    of 3I/ATLAS. Our results indicate that no stellar flybys within the past 10 Myr
    and 500 pc contained in Gaia DR3 can account for the present trajectory of 3I/ATLAS
    or be associated with its origin. We further show that 3I/ATLAS is kinematically
    consistent with a thin-disk population, despite its large peculiar velocity.
acknowledgement: We thank the anonymous referee for a careful reading of the manuscript
  and for constructive comments that improved the paper. X.P.C. and S.T. thank J.L.
  Gragera-Más and Ylva Götberg for their valuable feedback and comments. X.P.C. acknowledges
  financial support from the Spanish National Programme for the Promotion of Talent
  and its Employability grant PRE2022-104959 cofunded by the European Social Fund.
  S.T. acknowledges the funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and
  innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101034413.
  E.V. acknowledges support from the DISCOBOLO project funded by the Spanish Ministerio
  de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades under grant PID2021-127289NB-I00. A.J.M.
  acknowledges support from the Swedish National Space Agency (Career grant 2023-00146).
  X.P.C. and M.M. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaciòn
  y Universidades under grants PID2021122842OB-C22 and PID2024-157964OB-C22; from
  the Xunta de Galicia and the European Union (FEDER Galicia 2021-2027 Program) Ref.
  ED431B 2024/21, ED431B 2024/02, and CITIC ED431G 2023/01. This work has made use
  of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Gaia mission and processed by the Gaia
  Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC has been provided
  by national institutions, particularly the institutions participating in the Gaia
  Multilateral Agreement.
article_number: '146'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: X.
  full_name: Pérez-Couto, X.
  last_name: Pérez-Couto
- first_name: Santiago
  full_name: Torres Rodriguez, Santiago
  id: a8df4360-4328-11ee-8f1a-e502d0c83fc2
  last_name: Torres Rodriguez
  orcid: 0000-0002-3150-8988
- first_name: E.
  full_name: Villaver, E.
  last_name: Villaver
- first_name: A. J.
  full_name: Mustill, A. J.
  last_name: Mustill
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Manteiga, M.
  last_name: Manteiga
citation:
  ama: 'Pérez-Couto X, Torres Rodriguez S, Villaver E, Mustill AJ, Manteiga M. 3I/ATLAS:
    In search of the witnesses to its voyage. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2026;1001(2).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae56ff">10.3847/1538-4357/ae56ff</a>'
  apa: 'Pérez-Couto, X., Torres Rodriguez, S., Villaver, E., Mustill, A. J., &#38;
    Manteiga, M. (2026). 3I/ATLAS: In search of the witnesses to its voyage. <i>The
    Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae56ff">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae56ff</a>'
  chicago: 'Pérez-Couto, X., Santiago Torres Rodriguez, E. Villaver, A. J. Mustill,
    and M. Manteiga. “3I/ATLAS: In Search of the Witnesses to Its Voyage.” <i>The
    Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae56ff">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae56ff</a>.'
  ieee: 'X. Pérez-Couto, S. Torres Rodriguez, E. Villaver, A. J. Mustill, and M. Manteiga,
    “3I/ATLAS: In search of the witnesses to its voyage,” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>,
    vol. 1001, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2026.'
  ista: 'Pérez-Couto X, Torres Rodriguez S, Villaver E, Mustill AJ, Manteiga M. 2026.
    3I/ATLAS: In search of the witnesses to its voyage. The Astrophysical Journal.
    1001(2), 146.'
  mla: 'Pérez-Couto, X., et al. “3I/ATLAS: In Search of the Witnesses to Its Voyage.”
    <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 1001, no. 2, 146, IOP Publishing, 2026,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae56ff">10.3847/1538-4357/ae56ff</a>.'
  short: X. Pérez-Couto, S. Torres Rodriguez, E. Villaver, A.J. Mustill, M. Manteiga,
    The Astrophysical Journal 1001 (2026).
date_created: 2026-04-26T22:01:46Z
date_published: 2026-04-20T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-28T13:08:39Z
day: '20'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: LiBu
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae56ff
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2509.07678'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: c3daf49261a9933c079854c38eec316f
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-04-28T13:06:00Z
  date_updated: 2026-04-28T13:06:00Z
  file_id: '21773'
  file_name: 2026_AstrophysicalJournal_PerezCouto.pdf
  file_size: 2905627
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-04-28T13:06:00Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '      1001'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '101034413'
  name: 'IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program'
publication: The Astrophysical Journal
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1538-4357
  issn:
  - 0004-637X
publication_status: published
publisher: IOP Publishing
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: '3I/ATLAS: In search of the witnesses to its voyage'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 1001
year: '2026'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '20930'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Context. Beta Pictoris is an A-type star that hosts a complex planetary system
    with two massive gas giants and a prominent debris disc. Variable absorption lines
    in its stellar spectrum have been interpreted as signatures of exocomets – comet-like
    bodies transiting the star. Stellar flybys can gravitationally perturb objects
    in the outer comet reservoir, altering their orbits and potentially injecting
    them into the inner system, thereby triggering exocomet showers.\r\nAims. We assessed
    the contribution of stellar flybys to the observed exocomet activity by reconstructing
    the stellar encounter history of β Pictoris in the past and future.\r\nMethods.
    We used Gaia DR3 data, supplemented with radial velocities from complementary
    spectroscopic surveys, to compile a catalogue of stars currently within 80 pc
    of β Pictoris. Their orbits were integrated backwards and forwards in time in
    an axisymmetric Galactic potential (via the GALA package) to identify encounters
    within 2 pc of the system.\r\nResults. We identified 99 416 stars currently within
    80 pc of β Pictoris with resolved kinematics. Among these, 49 stars (including
    the eight components of five binaries) encounter β Pictoris within 2 pc between
    –1.5 Myr and +2 Myr. For four of the binaries, the centre-of-mass trajectories
    also pass within 2 pc. We estimated the sample to be more than 60% complete within
    0.5 Myr of today.\r\nConclusions. Despite β Pictoris being the eponym of its famous
    moving group, none of the identified encounters involved its moving group members;
    all are unrelated field stars. We found no encounter capable of shaping the observed
    disc structures, although stellar flybys may contribute to the long-term evolution
    of an Oort Cloud-like structure. Our catalogue constitutes the most complete reconstruction
    of the β Pictoris encounter history to date and provides a robust foundation for
    future dynamical simulations."
acknowledgement: We thank the referee for their suggestions and comments, which helped
  us improve the quality and clarity of the paper. JLGM and EV acknowledge the support
  from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research (MCIN/AEI)
  under the grant PID2021-127289-NB-I00. ST acknowledges the funding from the European
  Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie
  grant agreement No. 101034413. AJM acknowledges support from the Swedish National
  Space Agency (Career Grant 2023-00146) and from the Swedish Research Council (Project
  Grant 2022-04043). JLGM also sincerely thanks AMP for his careful final reading
  of this manuscript. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency
  (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data
  Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC has been provided
  by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia
  Multilateral Agreement. We acknowledge the use of the public data products from
  RAVE (https://www.rave-survey.org), GALAH (https://galah-survey.org), APOGEE ((https://www.sdss.org)
  and LAMOST (http://www.lamost.org) surveys. This research has also made use of the
  SIMBAD database and the VizieR catalogue access tool, operated at CDS, Strasbourg,
  France, as well as the NASA Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic Services and
  the arXiv pre-print server operated by Cornell University. Computational analyses
  in this work relied extensively on the NumPy and SciPy libraries for numerical computing,
  matplotlib and seaborn for data visualization, and the Gala package for Galactic
  dynamics. This work also made use of Astropy, a community-developed core PYTHON
  package and an ecosystem of tools and resources for astronomy. We thank the developers
  and maintainers of these open-source resources for their invaluable contributions
  to the astronomical community.
article_number: A237
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: J. L.
  full_name: Gragera-Más, J. L.
  last_name: Gragera-Más
- first_name: Santiago
  full_name: Torres Rodriguez, Santiago
  id: a8df4360-4328-11ee-8f1a-e502d0c83fc2
  last_name: Torres Rodriguez
  orcid: 0000-0002-3150-8988
- first_name: A. J.
  full_name: Mustill, A. J.
  last_name: Mustill
- first_name: E.
  full_name: Villaver, E.
  last_name: Villaver
citation:
  ama: Gragera-Más JL, Torres Rodriguez S, Mustill AJ, Villaver E. A kinematic history
    of stellar encounters with Beta Pictoris. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>.
    2025;704. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555940">10.1051/0004-6361/202555940</a>
  apa: Gragera-Más, J. L., Torres Rodriguez, S., Mustill, A. J., &#38; Villaver, E.
    (2025). A kinematic history of stellar encounters with Beta Pictoris. <i>Astronomy
    &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555940">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555940</a>
  chicago: Gragera-Más, J. L., Santiago Torres Rodriguez, A. J. Mustill, and E. Villaver.
    “A Kinematic History of Stellar Encounters with Beta Pictoris.” <i>Astronomy &#38;
    Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555940">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555940</a>.
  ieee: J. L. Gragera-Más, S. Torres Rodriguez, A. J. Mustill, and E. Villaver, “A
    kinematic history of stellar encounters with Beta Pictoris,” <i>Astronomy &#38;
    Astrophysics</i>, vol. 704. EDP Sciences, 2025.
  ista: Gragera-Más JL, Torres Rodriguez S, Mustill AJ, Villaver E. 2025. A kinematic
    history of stellar encounters with Beta Pictoris. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics.
    704, A237.
  mla: Gragera-Más, J. L., et al. “A Kinematic History of Stellar Encounters with
    Beta Pictoris.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 704, A237, EDP Sciences,
    2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555940">10.1051/0004-6361/202555940</a>.
  short: J.L. Gragera-Más, S. Torres Rodriguez, A.J. Mustill, E. Villaver, Astronomy
    &#38; Astrophysics 704 (2025).
date_created: 2026-01-04T23:01:34Z
date_published: 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-16T12:15:07Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: LiBu
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202555940
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2510.02509'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 2fb4d5a1603043aa7931a31f2c180877
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-01-05T11:06:16Z
  date_updated: 2026-01-05T11:06:16Z
  file_id: '20942'
  file_name: 2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_GrageraMas.pdf
  file_size: 11021467
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-01-05T11:06:16Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       704'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '101034413'
  name: 'IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program'
publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1432-0746
  issn:
  - 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: A kinematic history of stellar encounters with Beta Pictoris
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 704
year: '2025'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '18984'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Although planets have been found orbiting binary systems, whether they can
    survive binary interactions is debated. While the tightest-orbit binaries should
    host the most dynamically stable and long-lived circumbinary planetary systems,
    they are also the systems that are expected to experience mass transfer, common
    envelope evolution, or stellar mergers. In this study, we explore the effect of
    stable non-conservative mass transfer on the dynamical evolution of circumbinary
    planets. We present a new script that seamlessly integrates binary evolution data
    from the 1D binary stellar evolution code MESA into the N-body simulation code
    REBOUND. This integration framework enables a comprehensive examination of the
    dynamical evolution of circumbinary planets orbiting mass-transferring binaries,
    while simultaneously accounting for the detailed stellar structure evolution.
    In addition, we introduce a recalibration method to mitigate numerical errors
    from updates of binary properties during the system's dynamical evolution. We
    construct a reference binary model in which a 2.21M⊙ star loses its hydrogen-rich
    envelope through non-conservative mass transfer to the 1.76M⊙ companion star,
    creating a 0.38M⊙ subdwarf. We find the tightest stable orbital separation for
    circumbinary planets to be ≃2.5 times the binary separation after mass transfer.
    Accounting for tides by using the interior stellar structure, we find that tidal
    effects become apparent after the rapid mass transfer phase and start to fade
    away during the latter stage of the slow mass transfer phase. Our research provides
    a new framework for exploring circumbinary planet dynamics in interacting binary
    systems.
acknowledgement: We thank the participants of the 2023 Kavli Summer Program in Astrophysics,
  hosted by the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics and funded by the Kavli Foundation.
  In particular, Holly Preece, Selma de Mink, and Stephen Justham for their feedback
  and comments on our work. ZX acknowledges support from the China Scholarship Council
  (CSC). ST acknowledges the funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research
  and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101034413.
  AAT acknowledges support from the Horizon Europe research and innovation programmes
  under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 101103134.
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Zepei
  full_name: Xing, Zepei
  last_name: Xing
- first_name: Santiago
  full_name: Torres Rodriguez, Santiago
  id: a8df4360-4328-11ee-8f1a-e502d0c83fc2
  last_name: Torres Rodriguez
  orcid: 0000-0002-3150-8988
- first_name: Ylva Louise Linsdotter
  full_name: Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter
  id: d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d
  last_name: Götberg
  orcid: 0000-0002-6960-6911
- first_name: Alessandro A.
  full_name: Trani, Alessandro A.
  last_name: Trani
- first_name: Valeriya
  full_name: Korol, Valeriya
  last_name: Korol
- first_name: Jorge
  full_name: Cuadra, Jorge
  last_name: Cuadra
citation:
  ama: 'Xing Z, Torres Rodriguez S, Götberg YLL, Trani AA, Korol V, Cuadra J. Combining
    REBOUND and MESA: Dynamical evolution of planets orbiting interacting binaries.
    <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2025;537(1):285-292.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae2820">10.1093/mnras/stae2820</a>'
  apa: 'Xing, Z., Torres Rodriguez, S., Götberg, Y. L. L., Trani, A. A., Korol, V.,
    &#38; Cuadra, J. (2025). Combining REBOUND and MESA: Dynamical evolution of planets
    orbiting interacting binaries. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>.
    Oxford University Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae2820">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae2820</a>'
  chicago: 'Xing, Zepei, Santiago Torres Rodriguez, Ylva Louise Linsdotter Götberg,
    Alessandro A. Trani, Valeriya Korol, and Jorge Cuadra. “Combining REBOUND and
    MESA: Dynamical Evolution of Planets Orbiting Interacting Binaries.” <i>Monthly
    Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press, 2025.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae2820">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae2820</a>.'
  ieee: 'Z. Xing, S. Torres Rodriguez, Y. L. L. Götberg, A. A. Trani, V. Korol, and
    J. Cuadra, “Combining REBOUND and MESA: Dynamical evolution of planets orbiting
    interacting binaries,” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>,
    vol. 537, no. 1. Oxford University Press, pp. 285–292, 2025.'
  ista: 'Xing Z, Torres Rodriguez S, Götberg YLL, Trani AA, Korol V, Cuadra J. 2025.
    Combining REBOUND and MESA: Dynamical evolution of planets orbiting interacting
    binaries. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 537(1), 285–292.'
  mla: 'Xing, Zepei, et al. “Combining REBOUND and MESA: Dynamical Evolution of Planets
    Orbiting Interacting Binaries.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>,
    vol. 537, no. 1, Oxford University Press, 2025, pp. 285–92, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae2820">10.1093/mnras/stae2820</a>.'
  short: Z. Xing, S. Torres Rodriguez, Y.L.L. Götberg, A.A. Trani, V. Korol, J. Cuadra,
    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 537 (2025) 285–292.
date_created: 2025-02-02T23:01:53Z
date_published: 2025-02-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-12-30T07:25:37Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: YlGo
- _id: LiBu
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stae2820
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2410.19695'
  isi:
  - '001400731500001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 49fb4fe69f487d36169ccea60acbeccc
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-12-30T07:24:34Z
  date_updated: 2025-12-30T07:24:34Z
  file_id: '20881'
  file_name: 2025_MonthlyNoticesRAS_Xing.pdf
  file_size: 2974244
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-12-30T07:24:34Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       537'
isi: 1
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 285-292
project:
- _id: fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '101034413'
  name: 'IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program'
publication: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1365-2966
  issn:
  - 0035-8711
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford University Press
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Combining REBOUND and MESA: Dynamical evolution of planets orbiting interacting
  binaries'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 537
year: '2025'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '18306'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Neutral sodium (Na i) is an alkali metal with a favorable absorption cross
    section such that tenuous gases are easily illuminated at select transiting exoplanet
    systems. We examine both the time-averaged and time-series alkali spectral flux
    individually, over 4 nights at a hot Saturn system on a ∼2.8 day orbit about a
    Sun-like star WASP-49 A. Very Large Telescope/ESPRESSO observations are analyzed,
    providing new constraints. We recover the previously confirmed residual sodium
    flux uniquely when averaged, whereas night-to-night Na i varies by more than an
    order of magnitude. On HARPS/3.6 m Epoch II, we report a Doppler redshift at vΓ,NaD
    = + 9.7 ± 1.6 km s−1 with respect to the planet's rest frame. Upon examining the
    lightcurves, we confirm night-to-night variability, on the order of ∼1%–4% in
    NaD, rarely coinciding with exoplanet transit, not readily explained by stellar
    activity, starspots, tellurics, or the interstellar medium. Coincident with the
    ∼+10 km s−1 Doppler redshift, we detect a transient sodium absorption event dFNaD/F⋆
    = 3.6% ± 1% at a relative difference of ΔFNaD(t) ∼ 4.4% ± 1%, lasting ΔtNaD ≳
    40 minutes. Since exoplanetary alkali signatures are blueshifted due to the natural
    vector of radiation pressure, estimated here at roughly ∼−5.7 km s−1, the radial
    velocity is rather at +15.4 km s−1, far larger than any known exoplanet system.
    Given that the redshift magnitude vΓ is in between the Roche limit and dynamically
    stable satellite orbits, the transient sodium may be a putative indication of
    a natural satellite orbiting WASP-49 A b.
acknowledgement: The research described in this Letter was carried out in part at
  the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract
  with the National Aeronautics Space Administration, © 2024. California Institute
  of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. A.V.O. and J.V.S. thank M. Lendl
  for constraints and discussions on the mass of WASP-49 A b. S.G.S acknowledges the
  support from FCT through Investigador FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE
  (EC).
article_number: L53
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Apurva V.
  full_name: Oza, Apurva V.
  last_name: Oza
- first_name: Julia V.
  full_name: Seidel, Julia V.
  last_name: Seidel
- first_name: H. Jens
  full_name: Hoeijmakers, H. Jens
  last_name: Hoeijmakers
- first_name: Athira
  full_name: Unni, Athira
  last_name: Unni
- first_name: Aurora Y.
  full_name: Kesseli, Aurora Y.
  last_name: Kesseli
- first_name: Carl A.
  full_name: Schmidt, Carl A.
  last_name: Schmidt
- first_name: Thirupathi
  full_name: Sivarani, Thirupathi
  last_name: Sivarani
- first_name: Aaron
  full_name: Bello-Arufe, Aaron
  last_name: Bello-Arufe
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Gebek, Andrea
  last_name: Gebek
- first_name: Moritz
  full_name: Meyer Zu Westram, Moritz
  last_name: Meyer Zu Westram
- first_name: Sérgio G.
  full_name: Sousa, Sérgio G.
  last_name: Sousa
- first_name: Rosaly M.C.
  full_name: Lopes, Rosaly M.C.
  last_name: Lopes
- first_name: Renyu
  full_name: Hu, Renyu
  last_name: Hu
- first_name: Katherine
  full_name: De Kleer, Katherine
  last_name: De Kleer
- first_name: Chloe
  full_name: Fisher, Chloe
  last_name: Fisher
- first_name: Sébastien
  full_name: Charnoz, Sébastien
  last_name: Charnoz
- first_name: Ashley D.
  full_name: Baker, Ashley D.
  last_name: Baker
- first_name: Samuel P.
  full_name: Halverson, Samuel P.
  last_name: Halverson
- first_name: Nick M.
  full_name: Schneider, Nick M.
  last_name: Schneider
- first_name: Angelica
  full_name: Psaridi, Angelica
  last_name: Psaridi
- first_name: Aurélien
  full_name: Wyttenbach, Aurélien
  last_name: Wyttenbach
- first_name: Santiago
  full_name: Torres Rodriguez, Santiago
  id: a8df4360-4328-11ee-8f1a-e502d0c83fc2
  last_name: Torres Rodriguez
  orcid: 0000-0002-3150-8988
- first_name: Ishita
  full_name: Bhatnagar, Ishita
  last_name: Bhatnagar
- first_name: Robert E.
  full_name: Johnson, Robert E.
  last_name: Johnson
citation:
  ama: Oza AV, Seidel JV, Hoeijmakers HJ, et al. Redshifted sodium transient near
    exoplanet transit. <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. 2024;973(2). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29">10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29</a>
  apa: Oza, A. V., Seidel, J. V., Hoeijmakers, H. J., Unni, A., Kesseli, A. Y., Schmidt,
    C. A., … Johnson, R. E. (2024). Redshifted sodium transient near exoplanet transit.
    <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29">https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29</a>
  chicago: Oza, Apurva V., Julia V. Seidel, H. Jens Hoeijmakers, Athira Unni, Aurora
    Y. Kesseli, Carl A. Schmidt, Thirupathi Sivarani, et al. “Redshifted Sodium Transient
    near Exoplanet Transit.” <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. IOP Publishing,
    2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29">https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29</a>.
  ieee: A. V. Oza <i>et al.</i>, “Redshifted sodium transient near exoplanet transit,”
    <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>, vol. 973, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2024.
  ista: Oza AV, Seidel JV, Hoeijmakers HJ, Unni A, Kesseli AY, Schmidt CA, Sivarani
    T, Bello-Arufe A, Gebek A, Meyer Zu Westram M, Sousa SG, Lopes RMC, Hu R, De Kleer
    K, Fisher C, Charnoz S, Baker AD, Halverson SP, Schneider NM, Psaridi A, Wyttenbach
    A, Torres Rodriguez S, Bhatnagar I, Johnson RE. 2024. Redshifted sodium transient
    near exoplanet transit. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 973(2), L53.
  mla: Oza, Apurva V., et al. “Redshifted Sodium Transient near Exoplanet Transit.”
    <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>, vol. 973, no. 2, L53, IOP Publishing, 2024,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29">10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29</a>.
  short: A.V. Oza, J.V. Seidel, H.J. Hoeijmakers, A. Unni, A.Y. Kesseli, C.A. Schmidt,
    T. Sivarani, A. Bello-Arufe, A. Gebek, M. Meyer Zu Westram, S.G. Sousa, R.M.C.
    Lopes, R. Hu, K. De Kleer, C. Fisher, S. Charnoz, A.D. Baker, S.P. Halverson,
    N.M. Schneider, A. Psaridi, A. Wyttenbach, S. Torres Rodriguez, I. Bhatnagar,
    R.E. Johnson, Astrophysical Journal Letters 973 (2024).
date_created: 2024-10-13T22:01:49Z
date_published: 2024-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-08T14:18:18Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: LiBu
doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2409.19844'
  isi:
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publication_status: published
publisher: IOP Publishing
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title: Redshifted sodium transient near exoplanet transit
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