---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21045'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The abundant population of little red dots (LRDs), compact objects with red
    UV to optical colors and broad Balmer lines at high redshift, is revealing new
    insights into the properties of early active galactic nuclei (AGN). Perhaps the
    most surprising features of this population are the presence of Balmer absorption
    and ubiquitous strong Balmer breaks. Recent models link these features to an active
    supermassive black hole (SMBH) cocooned in very dense gas (NH ∼ 1024 cm−2). We
    present a stringent test of such models using VLT/MUSE observations of A2744-45924,
    the most luminous LRD known to date (LHα ≈ 1044 erg s−1), located behind the Abell-2744
    lensing cluster at z = 4.464 (μ = 1.8). We detect a moderately extended Lyα nebula
    (h ≈ 5.7 pkpc), spatially offset from the point-like Hα seen by JWST by ≈1.6 pkpc.
    The Lyα emission is narrow (FWHM = 270 ± 15 km s−1), and faint (Lyα = 0.07Hα)
    compared to Lyα nebulae typically observed around quasars of similar luminosity.
    We detect compact N IV]λ1486 emission, spatially aligned with Hα, and a spatial
    shift in the far-UV continuum matching the Lyα offset. We discuss that Hα and
    Lyα have distinct physical origins: Hα originates from the AGN, while Lyα is powered
    by star formation. In the environment of A2744-45924, we identified four extended
    Lyα halos (Δz < 0.02, Δr < 100 pkpc). Their Lyα luminosities match the expectations
    based on Hα emission, and show no evidence for radiation from A2744-45924 affecting
    its surroundings. The lack of strong, compact, and broad Lyα and the absence of
    a luminous extended halo, suggest that the UV AGN light is obscured by dense gas
    cloaking the SMBH with a covering factor close to unity.'
acknowledgement: 'We thank the anonymous referee for constructive and useful comments.
  We thank Sebastiano Cantalupo for comments on the draft. Based on observations collected
  at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere
  under ESO programme 114.27M6.001. Funded by the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224).
  Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not
  necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council.
  Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for
  them. We acknowledge funding from JWST program GO-3516. This work is based in part
  on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data
  were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope
  Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research
  in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations
  are associated with program #3516. MG thanks the Max Planck Society for support
  through the MPRG. FDE acknowledges support by the Science and Technology Facilities
  Council (STFC), by the ERC through Advanced Grant 695671 “QUENCH”, and by the UKRI
  Frontier Research grant RISEandFALL. TU acknowledges funding from the ERC-AdG grant
  SPECMAP-CGM, GA 101020943. GK acknowledges support from the MERAC foundation.'
article_number: A147
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Alberto
  full_name: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto
  id: 018f0249-0e87-11f0-b167-cbce08fbd541
  last_name: Torralba Torregrosa
  orcid: 0000-0001-5586-6950
- first_name: Jorryt J
  full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
  id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
  last_name: Matthee
  orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
- first_name: Gabriele
  full_name: Pezzulli, Gabriele
  last_name: Pezzulli
- first_name: Tanya
  full_name: Urrutia, Tanya
  last_name: Urrutia
- first_name: Max
  full_name: Gronke, Max
  last_name: Gronke
- first_name: Sara
  full_name: Mascia, Sara
  id: edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29
  last_name: Mascia
- first_name: Francesco
  full_name: D’Eugenio, Francesco
  last_name: D’Eugenio
- first_name: Claudia
  full_name: Di Cesare, Claudia
  id: 2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb
  last_name: Di Cesare
- first_name: Anna Christina
  full_name: Eilers, Anna Christina
  last_name: Eilers
- first_name: Jenny E.
  full_name: Greene, Jenny E.
  last_name: Greene
- first_name: Edoardo
  full_name: Iani, Edoardo
  id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
  last_name: Iani
  orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Yuzo
  full_name: Ishikawa, Yuzo
  last_name: Ishikawa
- first_name: Ruari
  full_name: Mackenzie, Ruari
  last_name: Mackenzie
- first_name: Rohan P.
  full_name: Naidu, Rohan P.
  last_name: Naidu
- first_name: Benjamín
  full_name: Navarrete, Benjamín
  id: aa14a535-50c9-11ef-b52e-e0c373d10148
  last_name: Navarrete
- first_name: Gauri
  full_name: Kotiwale, Gauri
  id: 1438afc8-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-cd4a75d66875
  last_name: Kotiwale
citation:
  ama: Torralba Torregrosa A, Matthee JJ, Pezzulli G, et al. A weak Ly α halo for
    an extremely bright little red dot. Indications of enshrouded supermassive black
    hole growth. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. 2026;705. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555596">10.1051/0004-6361/202555596</a>
  apa: Torralba Torregrosa, A., Matthee, J. J., Pezzulli, G., Urrutia, T., Gronke,
    M., Mascia, S., … Kotiwale, G. (2026). A weak Ly α halo for an extremely bright
    little red dot. Indications of enshrouded supermassive black hole growth. <i>Astronomy
    and Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555596">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555596</a>
  chicago: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto, Jorryt J Matthee, Gabriele Pezzulli, Tanya
    Urrutia, Max Gronke, Sara Mascia, Francesco D’Eugenio, et al. “A Weak Ly α Halo
    for an Extremely Bright Little Red Dot. Indications of Enshrouded Supermassive
    Black Hole Growth.” <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2026. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555596">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555596</a>.
  ieee: A. Torralba Torregrosa <i>et al.</i>, “A weak Ly α halo for an extremely bright
    little red dot. Indications of enshrouded supermassive black hole growth,” <i>Astronomy
    and Astrophysics</i>, vol. 705. EDP Sciences, 2026.
  ista: Torralba Torregrosa A, Matthee JJ, Pezzulli G, Urrutia T, Gronke M, Mascia
    S, D’Eugenio F, Di Cesare C, Eilers AC, Greene JE, Iani E, Ishikawa Y, Mackenzie
    R, Naidu RP, Navarrete B, Kotiwale G. 2026. A weak Ly α halo for an extremely
    bright little red dot. Indications of enshrouded supermassive black hole growth.
    Astronomy and Astrophysics. 705, A147.
  mla: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto, et al. “A Weak Ly α Halo for an Extremely Bright
    Little Red Dot. Indications of Enshrouded Supermassive Black Hole Growth.” <i>Astronomy
    and Astrophysics</i>, vol. 705, A147, EDP Sciences, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555596">10.1051/0004-6361/202555596</a>.
  short: A. Torralba Torregrosa, J.J. Matthee, G. Pezzulli, T. Urrutia, M. Gronke,
    S. Mascia, F. D’Eugenio, C. Di Cesare, A.C. Eilers, J.E. Greene, E. Iani, Y. Ishikawa,
    R. Mackenzie, R.P. Naidu, B. Navarrete, G. Kotiwale, Astronomy and Astrophysics
    705 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-01-25T23:01:41Z
date_published: 2026-01-14T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-16T07:46:53Z
day: '14'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202555596
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2505.09542'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 3782e03bc0843438aae8487f6af779c5
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-02-16T07:35:03Z
  date_updated: 2026-02-16T07:35:03Z
  file_id: '21224'
  file_name: 2026_AstronomyAstrophysics_Torralba.pdf
  file_size: 2259914
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-02-16T07:35:03Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       705'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea
  grant_number: '101076224'
  name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization
publication: Astronomy and Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1432-0746
  issn:
  - 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: A weak Ly α halo for an extremely bright little red dot. Indications of enshrouded
  supermassive black hole growth
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 705
year: '2026'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21341'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We aim to characterise the mass-metallicity relation (MZR) and the 3D correlation
    between the stellar mass, metallicity, and star formation rate (SFR) known as
    the fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) for galaxies at 5 < z < 7. Using ∼800
    [O III] selected galaxies from deep NIRCam grism surveys, we present our stacked
    measurements of direct-Te metallicities, which we used to test recent strong-line
    metallicity calibrations. Our measured direct-Te metallicities (0.1–0.2 Z⊙ for
    M★ ≈ 5 × 107 − 9 M⊙, respectively) match recent JWST/NIRSpec-based results. However,
    there are significant inconsistencies between observations and hydrodynamical
    simulations. We observe a flatter MZR slope than the SPHINX20 and FLARES simulations,
    which cannot be attributed to selection effects. With simple models, we show that
    the effect of an [O III] flux-limited sample on the observed shape of the MZR
    is strongly dependent on the FMR. If the FMR is similar to the one in the local
    Universe, the intrinsic high-redshift MZR should be even flatter than is observed.
    In turn, a 3D relation where SFR correlates positively with metallicity at fixed
    mass would imply an intrinsically steeper MZR. Our measurements indicate that
    metallicity variations at fixed mass show little dependence on the SFR, suggesting
    a flat intrinsic MZR. This could indicate that the low-mass galaxies at these
    redshifts are out of equilibrium and that metal enrichment occurs rapidly in low-mass
    galaxies. However, being limited by our stacking analysis, we are yet to probe
    the scatter in the MZR and its dependence on SFR. Large carefully selected samples
    of galaxies with robust metallicity measurements can put tight constraints on
    the high-redshift FMR and help us to understand the interplay between gas flows,
    star formation, and feedback in early galaxies.
acknowledgement: 'We thank the anonymous referee for the insightful comments that
  helped improving this paper. This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA
  James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for
  Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by
  the Associations of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract
  NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations were taken under programmes # 1243, # 1933
  and # 3516. Funded by the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224). Views and opinions
  expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect
  those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European
  Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. GK acknowledges
  support from the Foundation MERAC. APV acknowledge support from the Sussex Astronomy
  Centre STFC Consolidated Grant (ST/X001040/1).'
article_number: A165
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Gauri
  full_name: Kotiwale, Gauri
  id: 1438afc8-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-cd4a75d66875
  last_name: Kotiwale
- first_name: Jorryt J
  full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
  id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
  last_name: Matthee
  orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
- first_name: Daichi
  full_name: Kashino, Daichi
  last_name: Kashino
- first_name: Aswin P.
  full_name: Vijayan, Aswin P.
  last_name: Vijayan
- first_name: Alberto
  full_name: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto
  id: 018f0249-0e87-11f0-b167-cbce08fbd541
  last_name: Torralba Torregrosa
  orcid: 0000-0001-5586-6950
- first_name: Claudia
  full_name: Di Cesare, Claudia
  id: 2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb
  last_name: Di Cesare
- first_name: Edoardo
  full_name: Iani, Edoardo
  id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
  last_name: Iani
  orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Rongmon
  full_name: Bordoloi, Rongmon
  last_name: Bordoloi
- first_name: Joel
  full_name: Leja, Joel
  last_name: Leja
- first_name: Michael V.
  full_name: Maseda, Michael V.
  last_name: Maseda
- first_name: Sandro
  full_name: Tacchella, Sandro
  last_name: Tacchella
- first_name: Irene
  full_name: Shivaei, Irene
  last_name: Shivaei
- first_name: Kasper E.
  full_name: Heintz, Kasper E.
  last_name: Heintz
- first_name: A. Lola
  full_name: Danhaive, A. Lola
  last_name: Danhaive
- first_name: Sara
  full_name: Mascia, Sara
  id: edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29
  last_name: Mascia
- first_name: Ivan
  full_name: Kramarenko, Ivan
  id: 9a9394cb-3200-11ee-973b-f5ba2a8b16e4
  last_name: Kramarenko
  orcid: 0000-0001-5346-6048
- first_name: Benjamín
  full_name: Navarrete, Benjamín
  id: aa14a535-50c9-11ef-b52e-e0c373d10148
  last_name: Navarrete
- first_name: Ruari
  full_name: Mackenzie, Ruari
  last_name: Mackenzie
- first_name: Rohan P.
  full_name: Naidu, Rohan P.
  last_name: Naidu
- first_name: David
  full_name: Sobral, David
  last_name: Sobral
citation:
  ama: Kotiwale G, Matthee JJ, Kashino D, et al. Rapid, out-of-equilibrium metal enrichment
    indicated by a flat mass-metallicity relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam grism spectroscopy.
    <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2026;706. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556597">10.1051/0004-6361/202556597</a>
  apa: Kotiwale, G., Matthee, J. J., Kashino, D., Vijayan, A. P., Torralba Torregrosa,
    A., Di Cesare, C., … Sobral, D. (2026). Rapid, out-of-equilibrium metal enrichment
    indicated by a flat mass-metallicity relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam grism spectroscopy.
    <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556597">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556597</a>
  chicago: Kotiwale, Gauri, Jorryt J Matthee, Daichi Kashino, Aswin P. Vijayan, Alberto
    Torralba Torregrosa, Claudia Di Cesare, Edoardo Iani, et al. “Rapid, out-of-Equilibrium
    Metal Enrichment Indicated by a Flat Mass-Metallicity Relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam
    Grism Spectroscopy.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2026.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556597">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556597</a>.
  ieee: G. Kotiwale <i>et al.</i>, “Rapid, out-of-equilibrium metal enrichment indicated
    by a flat mass-metallicity relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam grism spectroscopy,”
    <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 706. EDP Sciences, 2026.
  ista: Kotiwale G, Matthee JJ, Kashino D, Vijayan AP, Torralba Torregrosa A, Di Cesare
    C, Iani E, Bordoloi R, Leja J, Maseda MV, Tacchella S, Shivaei I, Heintz KE, Danhaive
    AL, Mascia S, Kramarenko I, Navarrete B, Mackenzie R, Naidu RP, Sobral D. 2026.
    Rapid, out-of-equilibrium metal enrichment indicated by a flat mass-metallicity
    relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam grism spectroscopy. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics.
    706, A165.
  mla: Kotiwale, Gauri, et al. “Rapid, out-of-Equilibrium Metal Enrichment Indicated
    by a Flat Mass-Metallicity Relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam Grism Spectroscopy.”
    <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 706, A165, EDP Sciences, 2026, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556597">10.1051/0004-6361/202556597</a>.
  short: G. Kotiwale, J.J. Matthee, D. Kashino, A.P. Vijayan, A. Torralba Torregrosa,
    C. Di Cesare, E. Iani, R. Bordoloi, J. Leja, M.V. Maseda, S. Tacchella, I. Shivaei,
    K.E. Heintz, A.L. Danhaive, S. Mascia, I. Kramarenko, B. Navarrete, R. Mackenzie,
    R.P. Naidu, D. Sobral, Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics 706 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-02-22T23:01:35Z
date_published: 2026-02-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-24T07:49:42Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202556597
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2510.19959'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 6f5849d29ad43bee32f90152f6fc0294
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-02-24T07:46:47Z
  date_updated: 2026-02-24T07:46:47Z
  file_id: '21355'
  file_name: 2026_AstronomyAstrophysics_Kotiwale.pdf
  file_size: 6531719
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-02-24T07:46:47Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       706'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea
  grant_number: '101076224'
  name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization
publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1432-0746
  issn:
  - 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Rapid, out-of-equilibrium metal enrichment indicated by a flat mass-metallicity
  relation at z ∼ 6 from NIRCam grism spectroscopy
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 706
year: '2026'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21451'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The population of the little red dots (LRDs) may represent a key phase of
    supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth. A cocoon of dense excited gas is emerging
    as a key component to explain the most striking properties of LRDs, such as strong
    Balmer breaks and Balmer absorption, as well as the weak IR emission. To dissect
    the structure of LRDs, we analyzed new deep JWST/NIRSpec PRISM and G395H spectra
    of FRESCO-GN-9771, one of the most luminous known LRDs at z = 5.5. These spectra
    reveal a strong Balmer break, broad Balmer lines, and very narrow [O III] emission.
    We revealed a forest of optical [Fe II] lines, which we argue are emerging from
    a dense (nH = 109 − 10 cm−3) warm layer with electron temperature Te ≈ 7000 K.
    The broad wings of Hα and Hβ have an exponential profile due to electron scattering
    in this same layer. The high Hα : Hβ : Hγ flux ratio of ≈10.4 : 1 : 0.14 is an
    indicator of collisional excitation and resonant scattering dominating the Balmer
    line emission. A narrow Hγ component, unseen in the other two Balmer lines due
    to outshining by the broad components, could trace the ISM of a normal host galaxy
    with a star formation rate of ∼5 M⊙ yr−1. The warm layer is mostly opaque to Balmer
    transitions, producing a characteristic P Cygni profile in the line centers suggesting
    outflowing motions. This same layer is responsible for shaping the Balmer break.
    The broadband spectrum can be reasonably matched by a simple photoionized slab
    model that dominates the λ > 1500 Å continuum and a low-mass (∼108 M⊙) galaxy
    that could explain the narrow [O III], with only a subdominant contribution to
    the UV continuum. Our findings indicate that Balmer lines are not directly tracing
    the gas kinematics near the SMBH and that the BH mass scale is likely much lower
    than virial indicators suggest.
acknowledgement: 'We thank the scientific referee for useful and constructive comments.
  We thank Ylva Götberg and Zoltan Haiman for insightful discussions about the physics
  of gaseous envelopes and accretion into black holes. Funded by the European Union
  (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the
  author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the
  European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority
  can be held responsible for them. This work is based in part on observations made
  with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the
  Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute,
  which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy,
  Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated
  with program #5664. This work has received funding from the Swiss State Secretariat
  for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00072,
  as well as from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) through project grant
  200020_207349.'
article_number: A75
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Alberto
  full_name: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto
  id: 018f0249-0e87-11f0-b167-cbce08fbd541
  last_name: Torralba Torregrosa
  orcid: 0000-0001-5586-6950
- first_name: Jorryt J
  full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
  id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
  last_name: Matthee
  orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
- first_name: Gabriele
  full_name: Pezzulli, Gabriele
  last_name: Pezzulli
- first_name: Rohan P.
  full_name: Naidu, Rohan P.
  last_name: Naidu
- first_name: Yuzo
  full_name: Ishikawa, Yuzo
  last_name: Ishikawa
- first_name: Gabriel B.
  full_name: Brammer, Gabriel B.
  last_name: Brammer
- first_name: Seok Jun
  full_name: Chang, Seok Jun
  last_name: Chang
- first_name: John
  full_name: Chisholm, John
  last_name: Chisholm
- first_name: Anna
  full_name: De Graaff, Anna
  last_name: De Graaff
- first_name: Francesco
  full_name: D’Eugenio, Francesco
  last_name: D’Eugenio
- first_name: Claudia
  full_name: Di Cesare, Claudia
  id: 2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb
  last_name: Di Cesare
- first_name: Anna Christina
  full_name: Eilers, Anna Christina
  last_name: Eilers
- first_name: Jenny E.
  full_name: Greene, Jenny E.
  last_name: Greene
- first_name: Max
  full_name: Gronke, Max
  last_name: Gronke
- first_name: Edoardo
  full_name: Iani, Edoardo
  id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
  last_name: Iani
  orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Vasily
  full_name: Kokorev, Vasily
  last_name: Kokorev
- first_name: Gauri
  full_name: Kotiwale, Gauri
  id: 1438afc8-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-cd4a75d66875
  last_name: Kotiwale
- first_name: Ivan
  full_name: Kramarenko, Ivan
  id: 9a9394cb-3200-11ee-973b-f5ba2a8b16e4
  last_name: Kramarenko
  orcid: 0000-0001-5346-6048
- first_name: Yilun
  full_name: Ma, Yilun
  last_name: Ma
- first_name: Sara
  full_name: Mascia, Sara
  id: edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29
  last_name: Mascia
- first_name: Benjamín
  full_name: Navarrete, Benjamín
  id: aa14a535-50c9-11ef-b52e-e0c373d10148
  last_name: Navarrete
- first_name: Erica
  full_name: Nelson, Erica
  last_name: Nelson
- first_name: Pascal
  full_name: Oesch, Pascal
  last_name: Oesch
- first_name: Robert A.
  full_name: Simcoe, Robert A.
  last_name: Simcoe
- first_name: Stijn
  full_name: Wuyts, Stijn
  last_name: Wuyts
citation:
  ama: Torralba Torregrosa A, Matthee JJ, Pezzulli G, et al. The warm outer layer
    of a little red dot as the source of [Fe ii] and collisional Balmer lines with
    scattering wings. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2026;707. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557537">10.1051/0004-6361/202557537</a>
  apa: Torralba Torregrosa, A., Matthee, J. J., Pezzulli, G., Naidu, R. P., Ishikawa,
    Y., Brammer, G. B., … Wuyts, S. (2026). The warm outer layer of a little red dot
    as the source of [Fe ii] and collisional Balmer lines with scattering wings. <i>Astronomy
    &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557537">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557537</a>
  chicago: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto, Jorryt J Matthee, Gabriele Pezzulli, Rohan
    P. Naidu, Yuzo Ishikawa, Gabriel B. Brammer, Seok Jun Chang, et al. “The Warm
    Outer Layer of a Little Red Dot as the Source of [Fe Ii] and Collisional Balmer
    Lines with Scattering Wings.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences,
    2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557537">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557537</a>.
  ieee: A. Torralba Torregrosa <i>et al.</i>, “The warm outer layer of a little red
    dot as the source of [Fe ii] and collisional Balmer lines with scattering wings,”
    <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 707. EDP Sciences, 2026.
  ista: Torralba Torregrosa A, Matthee JJ, Pezzulli G, Naidu RP, Ishikawa Y, Brammer
    GB, Chang SJ, Chisholm J, De Graaff A, D’Eugenio F, Di Cesare C, Eilers AC, Greene
    JE, Gronke M, Iani E, Kokorev V, Kotiwale G, Kramarenko I, Ma Y, Mascia S, Navarrete
    B, Nelson E, Oesch P, Simcoe RA, Wuyts S. 2026. The warm outer layer of a little
    red dot as the source of [Fe ii] and collisional Balmer lines with scattering
    wings. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 707, A75.
  mla: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto, et al. “The Warm Outer Layer of a Little Red
    Dot as the Source of [Fe Ii] and Collisional Balmer Lines with Scattering Wings.”
    <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 707, A75, EDP Sciences, 2026, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557537">10.1051/0004-6361/202557537</a>.
  short: A. Torralba Torregrosa, J.J. Matthee, G. Pezzulli, R.P. Naidu, Y. Ishikawa,
    G.B. Brammer, S.J. Chang, J. Chisholm, A. De Graaff, F. D’Eugenio, C. Di Cesare,
    A.C. Eilers, J.E. Greene, M. Gronke, E. Iani, V. Kokorev, G. Kotiwale, I. Kramarenko,
    Y. Ma, S. Mascia, B. Navarrete, E. Nelson, P. Oesch, R.A. Simcoe, S. Wuyts, Astronomy
    &#38; Astrophysics 707 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-03-15T23:01:36Z
date_published: 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:59:16Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202557537
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2510.00103'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: fcab9cb3dcf1d68612e1fdc8191643c1
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-03-16T10:57:49Z
  date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:57:49Z
  file_id: '21460'
  file_name: 2026_AstronomyAstrophysics_Torralba2.pdf
  file_size: 2510157
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:57:49Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       707'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea
  grant_number: '101076224'
  name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization
publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1432-0746
  issn:
  - 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The warm outer layer of a little red dot as the source of [Fe ii] and collisional
  Balmer lines with scattering wings
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 707
year: '2026'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21452'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Galaxies exhibit a tight correlation between their star formation rate (SFR)
    and stellar mass over a wide redshift range known as the star-forming main sequence
    (SFMS). With JWST, the SFMS can now be investigated at high redshifts down to
    masses of ∼106 M⊙, using sensitive star formation rate tracers such as the Hα
    emission, which allow us to probe the variability in the star formation histories.
    We present inferences of the SFMS based on 316 Hα-selected galaxies at z ∼ 4 − 5
    with log(M★/M⊙) = 6.4 − 10.6. These galaxies were identified behind the Abell
    2744 lensing cluster with NIRCam grism spectroscopy from the survey All the Little
    Things (ALT). At face value, our data suggest a shallow slope in the SFMS (SFR ∝ M★α,
    with α = 0.45). After we corrected this for the Hα-flux limited nature of our
    survey using a Bayesian framework, the slope steepened to α = 0.59+0.10−0.09,
    whereas current data on their own are inconclusive on the mass dependence of the
    scatter. These slopes differ significantly from the slope of ∼1 that is expected
    from the observed evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function and from simulations.
    When we fixed the slope to α = 1, we found evidence for a decreasing intrinsic
    scatter with stellar mass (from ∼0.5 dex at M★ = 108 M⊙ to 0.4 dex at M★ = 1010
    M⊙). This difference might be explained by a (combination of) luminosity-dependent
    SFR(Hα) calibration, a population of (mini)-quenched low-mass galaxies, or underestimated
    dust attenuation in high-mass galaxies. Future deep observations with different
    facilities can quantify these processes, which will enable us to achieve better
    insights into the variability of the star formation histories.
acknowledgement: "We thank the anonymous referee for the insightful comments that
  helped improving the manuscript. We thank Romain. A. Meyer for valuable discussion,
  Pierluigi Rinaldi for his help with data handling and Luca Graziani and William
  McClymont for providing the dustyGadget and\r\nTHESAN-ZOOM data, respectively. Funded
  by the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224). Views and opinions expressed are
  however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the
  European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor
  the granting authority can be held responsible for them. This work is based on observations
  made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from
  the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute,
  which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy,
  Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated
  with program # 3516. We acknowledge funding from JWST program GO-3516. Software
  used in developing this work includes: matplotlib (Hunter 2007), numpy (Oliphant
  2007), scipy (Virtanen et al. 2020), TOPCAT (Taylor 2005), and Astropy (Astropy
  Collaboration 2013)."
article_number: A129
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Claudia
  full_name: Di Cesare, Claudia
  id: 2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb
  last_name: Di Cesare
- first_name: Jorryt J
  full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
  id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
  last_name: Matthee
  orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
- first_name: Rohan P.
  full_name: Naidu, Rohan P.
  last_name: Naidu
- first_name: Alberto
  full_name: Torralba, Alberto
  last_name: Torralba
- first_name: Gauri
  full_name: Kotiwale, Gauri
  id: 1438afc8-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-cd4a75d66875
  last_name: Kotiwale
- first_name: Ivan
  full_name: Kramarenko, Ivan
  id: 9a9394cb-3200-11ee-973b-f5ba2a8b16e4
  last_name: Kramarenko
  orcid: 0000-0001-5346-6048
- first_name: Jeremy
  full_name: Blaizot, Jeremy
  last_name: Blaizot
- first_name: Joakim
  full_name: Rosdahl, Joakim
  last_name: Rosdahl
- first_name: Joel
  full_name: Leja, Joel
  last_name: Leja
- first_name: Edoardo
  full_name: Iani, Edoardo
  id: 4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a
  last_name: Iani
  orcid: 0000-0001-8386-3546
- first_name: Angela
  full_name: Adamo, Angela
  last_name: Adamo
- first_name: Alba
  full_name: Covelo-Paz, Alba
  last_name: Covelo-Paz
- first_name: Lukas J.
  full_name: Furtak, Lukas J.
  last_name: Furtak
- first_name: Kasper E.
  full_name: Heintz, Kasper E.
  last_name: Heintz
- first_name: Sara
  full_name: Mascia, Sara
  id: edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29
  last_name: Mascia
- first_name: Benjamín
  full_name: Navarrete, Benjamín
  id: aa14a535-50c9-11ef-b52e-e0c373d10148
  last_name: Navarrete
- first_name: Pascal A.
  full_name: Oesch, Pascal A.
  last_name: Oesch
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Romano, Michael
  last_name: Romano
- first_name: Irene
  full_name: Shivaei, Irene
  last_name: Shivaei
- first_name: Sandro
  full_name: Tacchella, Sandro
  last_name: Tacchella
citation:
  ama: 'Di Cesare C, Matthee JJ, Naidu RP, et al. The slope and scatter of the star-forming
    main sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations with simulations. <i>Astronomy
    &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2026;707. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790">10.1051/0004-6361/202557790</a>'
  apa: 'Di Cesare, C., Matthee, J. J., Naidu, R. P., Torralba, A., Kotiwale, G., Kramarenko,
    I., … Tacchella, S. (2026). The slope and scatter of the star-forming main sequence
    at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations with simulations. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>.
    EDP Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790</a>'
  chicago: 'Di Cesare, Claudia, Jorryt J Matthee, Rohan P. Naidu, Alberto Torralba,
    Gauri Kotiwale, Ivan Kramarenko, Jeremy Blaizot, et al. “The Slope and Scatter
    of the Star-Forming Main Sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling Observations with Simulations.”
    <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Di Cesare <i>et al.</i>, “The slope and scatter of the star-forming main
    sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations with simulations,” <i>Astronomy &#38;
    Astrophysics</i>, vol. 707. EDP Sciences, 2026.'
  ista: 'Di Cesare C, Matthee JJ, Naidu RP, Torralba A, Kotiwale G, Kramarenko I,
    Blaizot J, Rosdahl J, Leja J, Iani E, Adamo A, Covelo-Paz A, Furtak LJ, Heintz
    KE, Mascia S, Navarrete B, Oesch PA, Romano M, Shivaei I, Tacchella S. 2026. The
    slope and scatter of the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations
    with simulations. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 707, A129.'
  mla: 'Di Cesare, Claudia, et al. “The Slope and Scatter of the Star-Forming Main
    Sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling Observations with Simulations.” <i>Astronomy &#38;
    Astrophysics</i>, vol. 707, A129, EDP Sciences, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790">10.1051/0004-6361/202557790</a>.'
  short: C. Di Cesare, J.J. Matthee, R.P. Naidu, A. Torralba, G. Kotiwale, I. Kramarenko,
    J. Blaizot, J. Rosdahl, J. Leja, E. Iani, A. Adamo, A. Covelo-Paz, L.J. Furtak,
    K.E. Heintz, S. Mascia, B. Navarrete, P.A. Oesch, M. Romano, I. Shivaei, S. Tacchella,
    Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics 707 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-03-15T23:01:36Z
date_published: 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:52:44Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202557790
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2510.19044'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: c056b00ce7324849754521fde10fb7ca
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2026-03-16T10:48:07Z
  date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:48:07Z
  file_id: '21459'
  file_name: 2026_AstronomyAstrophysics_DiCesare.pdf
  file_size: 1821411
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-03-16T10:48:07Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       707'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea
  grant_number: '101076224'
  name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization
publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1432-0746
  issn:
  - 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'The slope and scatter of the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling
  observations with simulations'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 707
year: '2026'
...
---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '20425'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from accreting black holes ionizes the intergalactic
    gas around early quasars, carving out highly ionized bubbles in their surroundings.
    Any changes in a quasar’s luminosity are therefore predicted to produce outward-propagating
    ionization gradients, affecting the Lyα absorption opacity near the quasar’s systemic
    redshift. This “proximity effect” is well-documented in rest-UV quasar spectra
    but only provides a one-dimensional probe along our line of sight. Here we present
    deep spectroscopic observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) of
    galaxies in the background of a superluminous quasar at zQSO ≈ 6.3, which reveal
    the quasar’s “light echo” with Lyα tomography in the transverse direction. This
    transverse proximity effect is detected for the first time toward multiple galaxy
    sightlines, allowing us to map the extent and geometry of the quasar’s ionization
    cone. We obtain constraints on the orientation and inclination of the cone, as
    well as an upper limit on the obscured solid angle fraction of fobsc < 91%. Additionally,
    we find a timescale of the quasar’s UV radiation of tqso = 10^5.6+0.1-0.3 yr,
    which is significantly shorter than would be required to build up the central
    supermassive black hole (SMBH) with conventional growth models, but is consistent
    with independent measurements of the quasars’ duty cycle. Our inferred obscured
    fraction disfavors a scenario where short quasar lifetimes can be explained exclusively
    by geometric obscuration, and instead supports the idea that radiatively inefficient
    accretion or growth in initially heavily enshrouded cocoons plays a pivotal role
    in early SMBH growth. Our results pave the way for novel studies of quasars’ ionizing
    geometries and radiative histories at early cosmic times.
acknowledgement: "This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James
  Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space
  Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association
  of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127
  for JWST. These observations are associated with programs #1243 and #4713.\r\n\r\nAll
  of the data presented in this Letter were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for
  Space Telescopes (MAST) at the Space Telescope Science Institute. The specific observations
  analyzed can be accessed via doi:10.17909/w7hm-qb39.\r\nJ.M. is supported by the
  European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224)."
article_number: L40
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Anna Christina
  full_name: Eilers, Anna Christina
  last_name: Eilers
- first_name: Minghao
  full_name: Yue, Minghao
  last_name: Yue
- first_name: Jorryt J
  full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
  id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
  last_name: Matthee
  orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
- first_name: Joseph F.
  full_name: Hennawi, Joseph F.
  last_name: Hennawi
- first_name: Frederick B.
  full_name: Davies, Frederick B.
  last_name: Davies
- first_name: Robert A.
  full_name: Simcoe, Robert A.
  last_name: Simcoe
- first_name: Richard
  full_name: Teague, Richard
  last_name: Teague
- first_name: Rongmon
  full_name: Bordoloi, Rongmon
  last_name: Bordoloi
- first_name: Gabriel
  full_name: Brammer, Gabriel
  last_name: Brammer
- first_name: Yi
  full_name: Kang, Yi
  last_name: Kang
- first_name: Daichi
  full_name: Kashino, Daichi
  last_name: Kashino
- first_name: Ruari
  full_name: Mackenzie, Ruari
  last_name: Mackenzie
- first_name: Rohan P.
  full_name: Naidu, Rohan P.
  last_name: Naidu
- first_name: Benjamín
  full_name: Navarrete, Benjamín
  id: aa14a535-50c9-11ef-b52e-e0c373d10148
  last_name: Navarrete
citation:
  ama: Eilers AC, Yue M, Matthee JJ, et al. The light echo of a high-redshift quasar
    mapped with Lyα tomography. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. 2025;991(2).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae057a">10.3847/2041-8213/ae057a</a>
  apa: Eilers, A. C., Yue, M., Matthee, J. J., Hennawi, J. F., Davies, F. B., Simcoe,
    R. A., … Navarrete, B. (2025). The light echo of a high-redshift quasar mapped
    with Lyα tomography. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. IOP Publishing.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae057a">https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae057a</a>
  chicago: Eilers, Anna Christina, Minghao Yue, Jorryt J Matthee, Joseph F. Hennawi,
    Frederick B. Davies, Robert A. Simcoe, Richard Teague, et al. “The Light Echo
    of a High-Redshift Quasar Mapped with Lyα Tomography.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal
    Letters</i>. IOP Publishing, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae057a">https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae057a</a>.
  ieee: A. C. Eilers <i>et al.</i>, “The light echo of a high-redshift quasar mapped
    with Lyα tomography,” <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>, vol. 991, no.
    2. IOP Publishing, 2025.
  ista: Eilers AC, Yue M, Matthee JJ, Hennawi JF, Davies FB, Simcoe RA, Teague R,
    Bordoloi R, Brammer G, Kang Y, Kashino D, Mackenzie R, Naidu RP, Navarrete B.
    2025. The light echo of a high-redshift quasar mapped with Lyα tomography. The
    Astrophysical Journal Letters. 991(2), L40.
  mla: Eilers, Anna Christina, et al. “The Light Echo of a High-Redshift Quasar Mapped
    with Lyα Tomography.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>, vol. 991, no.
    2, L40, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae057a">10.3847/2041-8213/ae057a</a>.
  short: A.C. Eilers, M. Yue, J.J. Matthee, J.F. Hennawi, F.B. Davies, R.A. Simcoe,
    R. Teague, R. Bordoloi, G. Brammer, Y. Kang, D. Kashino, R. Mackenzie, R.P. Naidu,
    B. Navarrete, The Astrophysical Journal Letters 991 (2025).
date_created: 2025-10-05T22:01:35Z
date_published: 2025-09-25T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-16T12:44:42Z
day: '25'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae057a
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2509.05417'
  isi:
  - '001581023000001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
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  name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization
publication: The Astrophysical Journal Letters
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title: The light echo of a high-redshift quasar mapped with Lyα tomography
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