[{"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"ScienComp"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"date_updated":"2026-04-28T13:29:05Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"corr_author":"1","oa_version":"None","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"AAAS","type":"journal_article","month":"04","citation":{"ieee":"B. L. Springstein <i>et al.</i>, “Repurposing of a DNA segregation machinery into a cytoskeletal system controlling cell shape,” <i>Science</i>, vol. 392, no. 6795. AAAS, 2026.","mla":"Springstein, Benjamin L., et al. “Repurposing of a DNA Segregation Machinery into a Cytoskeletal System Controlling Cell Shape.” <i>Science</i>, vol. 392, no. 6795, eaea6343, AAAS, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aea6343\">10.1126/science.aea6343</a>.","ista":"Springstein BL, Javoor M, Megrian D, Hajdu R, Hanke DM, Zens B, Weiss GL, Schur FK, Loose M. 2026. Repurposing of a DNA segregation machinery into a cytoskeletal system controlling cell shape. Science. 392(6795), eaea6343.","chicago":"Springstein, Benjamin L, Manjunath Javoor, Daniela Megrian, Roman Hajdu, Dustin M. Hanke, Bettina Zens, Gregor L. Weiss, Florian KM Schur, and Martin Loose. “Repurposing of a DNA Segregation Machinery into a Cytoskeletal System Controlling Cell Shape.” <i>Science</i>. AAAS, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aea6343\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aea6343</a>.","ama":"Springstein BL, Javoor M, Megrian D, et al. Repurposing of a DNA segregation machinery into a cytoskeletal system controlling cell shape. <i>Science</i>. 2026;392(6795). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aea6343\">10.1126/science.aea6343</a>","apa":"Springstein, B. L., Javoor, M., Megrian, D., Hajdu, R., Hanke, D. M., Zens, B., … Loose, M. (2026). Repurposing of a DNA segregation machinery into a cytoskeletal system controlling cell shape. <i>Science</i>. AAAS. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aea6343\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aea6343</a>","short":"B.L. Springstein, M. Javoor, D. Megrian, R. Hajdu, D.M. Hanke, B. Zens, G.L. Weiss, F.K. Schur, M. Loose, Science 392 (2026)."},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Bacteria, like eukaryotes, use conserved cytoskeletal systems for intracellular organization. The plasmid-encoded ParMRC system forms actin-like filaments that segregate low–copy number plasmids. In multicellular cyanobacteria such as Anabaena sp., we found that a chromosomally encoded ParMR system has evolved into a cytoskeletal system named CorMR with a function in cell shape control rather than DNA segregation. Live-cell imaging, in vitro reconstitution, and cryo–electron microscopy revealed that CorM formed dynamically unstable, antiparallel double-stranded filaments that were recruited to the membrane by CorR through an amphipathic helix conserved in multicellular cyanobacteria. CorMR filaments were regulated by MinC, which excluded them from the poles and division plane. Comparative genomics indicated that the repurposing of ParMR and Min systems coevolved with cyanobacterial multicellularity, highlighting the evolutionary plasticity of cytoskeletal systems in bacteria."}],"_id":"21762","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"MaLo"},{"_id":"FlSc"},{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"}],"external_id":{"pmid":["41990175"]},"publication_status":"published","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0036-8075"],"eissn":["1095-9203"]},"day":"16","OA_type":"closed access","issue":"6795","ec_funded":1,"date_created":"2026-04-26T22:01:46Z","title":"Repurposing of a DNA segregation machinery into a cytoskeletal system controlling cell shape","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-3461-5391","last_name":"Springstein","id":"b4eb62ef-ac72-11ed-9503-ed3b4d66c083","full_name":"Springstein, Benjamin L","first_name":"Benjamin L"},{"first_name":"Manjunath","full_name":"Javoor, Manjunath","id":"305ab18b-dc7d-11ea-9b2f-b58195228ea2","last_name":"Javoor","orcid":"0000-0003-2311-2112"},{"last_name":"Megrian","first_name":"Daniela","full_name":"Megrian, Daniela"},{"first_name":"Roman","full_name":"Hajdu, Roman","last_name":"Hajdu","id":"ffab949d-133f-11ed-8f02-94de21ace503"},{"last_name":"Hanke","full_name":"Hanke, Dustin M.","first_name":"Dustin M."},{"full_name":"Zens, Bettina","first_name":"Bettina","orcid":"0000-0002-9561-1239","last_name":"Zens","id":"45FD126C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Weiss, Gregor L.","first_name":"Gregor L.","last_name":"Weiss"},{"full_name":"Schur, Florian Km","first_name":"Florian Km","orcid":"0000-0003-4790-8078","id":"48AD8942-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Schur"},{"full_name":"Loose, Martin","first_name":"Martin","orcid":"0000-0001-7309-9724","last_name":"Loose","id":"462D4284-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"article_number":"eaea6343","article_type":"original","project":[{"name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101034413","_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c"},{"name":"A molecular atlas of Actin filament IDentities in the cell motility machinery","grant_number":"101076260","_id":"bd980d18-d553-11ed-ba76-ceaa645c97eb"}],"date_published":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","volume":392,"year":"2026","publication":"Science","scopus_import":"1","pmid":1,"intvolume":"       392","acknowledgement":"We thank all members of the Loose lab at ISTA for helpful discussions; M. Kojic for critical reading of the manuscript; A. Herrero (Sevilla University) for sharing her extensive BACTH plasmid library and other plasmids, as well as cyanobacterial strains; T. Dagan and F. Nies (both Kiel University) for sharing cyanobacterial strains and plasmids and for valuable discussions; N. Sapay and A. Michon for providing the Amphipaseek code, which enabled us to perform our large-scale amphipathic helix screen of cyanobacterial CorR proteins; V.-V. Hodirnau for support in cryo-ET data collection; and J. Hansen for advice about cryo-EM data processing.\r\nThis work was supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of ISTA through resources provided by the Imaging & Optics Facility (IOF), the Scientific Computing (SciComp), the Electron Microscopy Facility (EMF), and the Lab Support Facility (LSF). This work was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant 101034413 to B.L.S.); the European Research Council (ERC) of the European Union (grant ActinID 101076260 to F.K.M.S.); the Swiss National Science Foundation (starting grant TMSGI3_226208 to G.L.W.); and the Jean-Jacques et Letitia Lopez-Loreta Foundation (G.L.W.).","doi":"10.1126/science.aea6343"},{"department":[{"_id":"MaLo"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"68b8ca59-c5b3-11ee-8790-cd641c68093d","has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","contributor":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-3461-5391","last_name":"Springstein","id":"b4eb62ef-ac72-11ed-9503-ed3b4d66c083","contributor_type":"project_leader","first_name":"Benjamin 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System Controlling Cyanobacterial Cell Shape.”</i> Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:19915\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:19915</a>.","ieee":"B. L. Springstein, “Files for ‘Evolutionary repurposing of a DNA segregation machinery into a cytoskeletal system controlling cyanobacterial cell shape.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.","apa":"Springstein, B. L. (2025). Files for “Evolutionary repurposing of a DNA segregation machinery into a cytoskeletal system controlling cyanobacterial cell shape.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:19915\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:19915</a>","short":"B.L. Springstein, (2025).","ama":"Springstein BL. Files for “Evolutionary repurposing of a DNA segregation machinery into a cytoskeletal system controlling cyanobacterial cell shape.” 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:19915\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:19915</a>","ista":"Springstein BL. 2025. Files for ‘Evolutionary repurposing of a DNA segregation machinery into a cytoskeletal system controlling cyanobacterial cell shape’, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:19915\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:19915</a>.","chicago":"Springstein, Benjamin L. “Files for ‘Evolutionary Repurposing of a DNA Segregation Machinery into a Cytoskeletal System Controlling Cyanobacterial Cell Shape.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:19915\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:19915</a>."},"author":[{"full_name":"Springstein, Benjamin L","first_name":"Benjamin L","orcid":"0000-0002-3461-5391","last_name":"Springstein","id":"b4eb62ef-ac72-11ed-9503-ed3b4d66c083"}],"date_created":"2025-06-27T07:34:52Z","title":"Files for \"Evolutionary repurposing of a DNA segregation machinery into a cytoskeletal system controlling cyanobacterial cell shape\"","oa":1,"ec_funded":1,"project":[{"name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101034413","_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c"},{"_id":"bd980d18-d553-11ed-ba76-ceaa645c97eb","grant_number":"101076260","name":"A molecular atlas of Actin filament IDentities in the cell motility machinery"}],"_id":"19915","date_published":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","year":"2025","doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:19915","acknowledgement":"We thank all members of the Martin Loose lab at ISTA for helpful discussions and Marko Kojic for critical reading of the manuscript. This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of ISTA through resources provided by the Imaging & Optics Facility (IOF), the Scientific Computing (SciComp) and the Electron Microscopy Facility (EMF), as well as the Lab Support Facility (LSF). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No.101034413 awarded to BLS as well as an ERC grant (ActinID, 101076260) from the European Union awarded to FKMS. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.\r\n\r\nWe are grateful for Antonia Herrero (Sevilla University) for sharing her extensive BACTH plasmid library and other plasmids as well as cyanobacterial strains. Likewise, we would like to thank Tal Dagan and Fabian Nies (both Kiel University) for sharing cyanobacterial strains and plasmids and for valuable discussions.\r\n\r\nWe would further like to express our gratitude to Nicolas Sapay and Alexis Michon for providing the Amphipaseek code, which enabled us to perform our large-scale amphipathic helix screen of cyanobacterial CorR proteins. Finally, we also want to thank Jesse Hansen for advice in cryo-EM data processing"},{"intvolume":"       121","ddc":["570"],"doi":"10.1073/pnas.2317453121","acknowledgement":"We thank S. L. Dove for valuable discussion and comments on the manuscript and R. Hellmiss for artwork. This work was supported by NIH grants GM136247 to A.H., AG011085 to J.W.H., and GM132129 to J.A.P.","volume":121,"year":"2024","publication":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","scopus_import":"1","pmid":1,"article_type":"original","date_published":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","file":[{"file_name":"2024_PNAS_Springstein.pdf","checksum":"5bd62c7cb4287e3706a1d45d6ef61fd1","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","file_id":"18939","success":1,"relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2025-01-29T08:43:16Z","file_size":720902,"date_created":"2025-01-29T08:43:16Z","creator":"dernst"}],"issue":"6","title":"Systematic analysis of nonprogrammed frameshift suppression in E.coli via translational tiling proteomics","date_created":"2025-01-29T08:39:27Z","author":[{"full_name":"Springstein, Benjamin L","first_name":"Benjamin L","orcid":"0000-0002-3461-5391","id":"b4eb62ef-ac72-11ed-9503-ed3b4d66c083","last_name":"Springstein"},{"last_name":"Paulo","full_name":"Paulo, Joao A.","first_name":"Joao A."},{"full_name":"Park, Hankum","first_name":"Hankum","last_name":"Park"},{"last_name":"Henry","first_name":"Kemardo","full_name":"Henry, Kemardo"},{"last_name":"Fleming","full_name":"Fleming, Eleanor","first_name":"Eleanor"},{"last_name":"Feder","first_name":"Zoë","full_name":"Feder, Zoë"},{"first_name":"J. Wade","full_name":"Harper, J. Wade","last_name":"Harper"},{"first_name":"Ann","full_name":"Hochschild, Ann","last_name":"Hochschild"}],"article_number":"e2317453121","OA_type":"hybrid","file_date_updated":"2025-01-29T08:43:16Z","status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0027-8424"],"eissn":["1091-6490"]},"day":"06","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","department":[{"_id":"MaLo"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","external_id":{"pmid":["38289956"]},"publication_status":"published","OA_place":"publisher","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The synthesis of proteins as encoded in the genome depends critically on translational fidelity. Nevertheless, errors inevitably occur, and those that result in reading frame shifts are particularly consequential because the resulting polypeptides are typically nonfunctional. Despite the generally maladaptive impact of such errors, the proper decoding of certain mRNAs, including many viral mRNAs, depends on a process known as programmed ribosomal frameshifting. The fact that these programmed events, commonly involving a shift to the –1 frame, occur at specific evolutionarily optimized “slippery” sites has facilitated mechanistic investigation. By contrast, less is known about the scope and nature of error (i.e., nonprogrammed) frameshifting. Here, we examine error frameshifting by monitoring spontaneous frameshift events that suppress the effects of single base pair deletions affecting two unrelated test proteins. To map the precise sites of frameshifting, we developed a targeted mass spectrometry–based method called “translational tiling proteomics” for interrogating the full set of possible –1 slippage events that could produce the observed frameshift suppression. Surprisingly, such events occur at many sites along the transcripts, involving up to one half of the available codons. Only a subset of these resembled canonical “slippery” sites, implicating alternative mechanisms potentially involving noncognate mispairing events. Additionally, the aggregate frequency of these events (ranging from 1 to 10% in our test cases) was higher than we might have anticipated. Our findings point to an unexpected degree of mechanistic diversity among ribosomal frameshifting events and suggest that frameshifted products may contribute more significantly to the proteome than generally assumed."}],"_id":"18938","type":"journal_article","citation":{"short":"B.L. Springstein, J.A. Paulo, H. Park, K. Henry, E. Fleming, Z. Feder, J.W. Harper, A. Hochschild, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 121 (2024).","apa":"Springstein, B. L., Paulo, J. A., Park, H., Henry, K., Fleming, E., Feder, Z., … Hochschild, A. (2024). Systematic analysis of nonprogrammed frameshift suppression in E.coli via translational tiling proteomics. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317453121\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317453121</a>","ama":"Springstein BL, Paulo JA, Park H, et al. Systematic analysis of nonprogrammed frameshift suppression in E.coli via translational tiling proteomics. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 2024;121(6). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317453121\">10.1073/pnas.2317453121</a>","chicago":"Springstein, Benjamin L, Joao A. Paulo, Hankum Park, Kemardo Henry, Eleanor Fleming, Zoë Feder, J. Wade Harper, and Ann Hochschild. “Systematic Analysis of Nonprogrammed Frameshift Suppression in E.Coli via Translational Tiling Proteomics.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317453121\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317453121</a>.","ista":"Springstein BL, Paulo JA, Park H, Henry K, Fleming E, Feder Z, Harper JW, Hochschild A. 2024. Systematic analysis of nonprogrammed frameshift suppression in E.coli via translational tiling proteomics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 121(6), e2317453121.","mla":"Springstein, Benjamin L., et al. “Systematic Analysis of Nonprogrammed Frameshift Suppression in E.Coli via Translational Tiling Proteomics.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>, vol. 121, no. 6, e2317453121, National Academy of Sciences, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317453121\">10.1073/pnas.2317453121</a>.","ieee":"B. L. Springstein <i>et al.</i>, “Systematic analysis of nonprogrammed frameshift suppression in E.coli via translational tiling proteomics,” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>, vol. 121, no. 6. National Academy of Sciences, 2024."},"month":"02","oa":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","date_updated":"2025-05-14T11:02:52Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode"}},{"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","department":[{"_id":"MaLo"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes (in subscription journal)","publication_status":"published","external_id":{"pmid":["37794696"],"isi":["001080203100001"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","isi":1,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1758-2229"]},"day":"01","file_date_updated":"2024-01-16T09:42:10Z","issue":"6","file":[{"file_name":"2023_EnvirMicroBiolReports_Nies.pdf","date_updated":"2024-01-16T09:42:10Z","relation":"main_file","file_id":"14810","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","checksum":"d09ebb68fee61f4e2e09ec286c9cf1d3","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":1518350,"creator":"dernst","date_created":"2024-01-16T09:42:10Z"}],"date_created":"2024-01-10T10:41:07Z","author":[{"last_name":"Nies","first_name":"Fabian","full_name":"Nies, Fabian"},{"first_name":"Tanita","full_name":"Wein, Tanita","last_name":"Wein"},{"full_name":"Hanke, Dustin M.","first_name":"Dustin M.","last_name":"Hanke"},{"first_name":"Benjamin L","full_name":"Springstein, Benjamin L","last_name":"Springstein","id":"b4eb62ef-ac72-11ed-9503-ed3b4d66c083","orcid":"0000-0002-3461-5391"},{"last_name":"Alcorta","full_name":"Alcorta, Jaime","first_name":"Jaime"},{"last_name":"Taubenheim","full_name":"Taubenheim, Claudia","first_name":"Claudia"},{"last_name":"Dagan","full_name":"Dagan, Tal","first_name":"Tal"}],"title":"Role of natural transformation in the evolution of small cryptic plasmids in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803","article_type":"original","date_published":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","volume":15,"pmid":1,"year":"2023","publication":"Environmental Microbiology Reports","intvolume":"        15","doi":"10.1111/1758-2229.13203","acknowledgement":"We thank the lab of Francisco Javier Florencio Bel-lido, Sevilla, Spain for supplying theSynechocystislabtype Sevilla used in this work and the lab of MartinHagemann, Rostock, Germany for supplying the pIGAplasmidusedinthiswork.WethankNilsHülterforfruitful discussions. We thank Fenna Stücker forgraphical illustrations and Katrin Schumann, FennaStücker,  and  Lidusha  Manivannan  for  technicalsupport.\r\nChilean National Agency for Research andDevelopment (ANID), Grant/Award Number:21191763; DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft, Grant/AwardNumbers: 456882089, RTG2501; EuropeanResearch Council (ERC), Grant/AwardNumber: 101043835","ddc":["570"],"tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2024-01-16T09:46:12Z","oa_version":"Published Version","publisher":"Wiley","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"apa":"Nies, F., Wein, T., Hanke, D. M., Springstein, B. L., Alcorta, J., Taubenheim, C., &#38; Dagan, T. (2023). Role of natural transformation in the evolution of small cryptic plasmids in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. <i>Environmental Microbiology Reports</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.13203\">https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.13203</a>","short":"F. Nies, T. Wein, D.M. Hanke, B.L. Springstein, J. Alcorta, C. Taubenheim, T. Dagan, Environmental Microbiology Reports 15 (2023) 656–668.","ama":"Nies F, Wein T, Hanke DM, et al. Role of natural transformation in the evolution of small cryptic plasmids in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. <i>Environmental Microbiology Reports</i>. 2023;15(6):656-668. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.13203\">10.1111/1758-2229.13203</a>","chicago":"Nies, Fabian, Tanita Wein, Dustin M. Hanke, Benjamin L Springstein, Jaime Alcorta, Claudia Taubenheim, and Tal Dagan. “Role of Natural Transformation in the Evolution of Small Cryptic Plasmids in Synechocystis Sp. PCC 6803.” <i>Environmental Microbiology Reports</i>. Wiley, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.13203\">https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.13203</a>.","ista":"Nies F, Wein T, Hanke DM, Springstein BL, Alcorta J, Taubenheim C, Dagan T. 2023. Role of natural transformation in the evolution of small cryptic plasmids in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Environmental Microbiology Reports. 15(6), 656–668.","mla":"Nies, Fabian, et al. “Role of Natural Transformation in the Evolution of Small Cryptic Plasmids in Synechocystis Sp. PCC 6803.” <i>Environmental Microbiology Reports</i>, vol. 15, no. 6, Wiley, 2023, pp. 656–68, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.13203\">10.1111/1758-2229.13203</a>.","ieee":"F. Nies <i>et al.</i>, “Role of natural transformation in the evolution of small cryptic plasmids in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803,” <i>Environmental Microbiology Reports</i>, vol. 15, no. 6. Wiley, pp. 656–668, 2023."},"type":"journal_article","month":"12","page":"656-668","oa":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Small cryptic plasmids have no clear effect on the host fitness and their functional repertoire remains obscure. The naturally competent cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 harbours several small cryptic plasmids; whether their evolution with this species is supported by horizontal transfer remains understudied. Here, we show that the small cryptic plasmid DNA is transferred in the population exclusively by natural transformation, where the transfer frequency of plasmid‐encoded genes is similar to that of chromosome‐encoded genes. Establishing a system to follow gene transfer, we compared the transfer frequency of genes encoded in cryptic plasmids pCA2.4 (2378 bp) and pCB2.4 (2345 bp) within and between populations of two <jats:italic>Synechocystis</jats:italic> sp. PCC 6803 labtypes (termed Kiel and Sevilla). Our results reveal that plasmid gene transfer frequency depends on the recipient labtype. Furthermore, gene transfer via whole plasmid uptake in the Sevilla labtype ranged among the lowest detected transfer rates in our experiments. Our study indicates that horizontal DNA transfer via natural transformation is frequent in the evolution of small cryptic plasmids that reside in naturally competent organisms. Furthermore, we suggest that the contribution of natural transformation to cryptic plasmid persistence in Synechocystis is limited.","lang":"eng"}],"_id":"14785","keyword":["Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)","Ecology","Evolution","Behavior and Systematics"]}]