[{"department":[{"_id":"CaMu"}],"article_number":"e2025MS005343","status":"public","OA_place":"publisher","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"date_updated":"2026-06-16T10:43:35Z","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1029/2025MS005343","_id":"21657","article_processing_charge":"Yes","ec_funded":1,"has_accepted_license":"1","date_created":"2026-04-05T22:01:31Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","volume":18,"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343","corr_author":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We compare three global kilometer-scale models (ICON, IFS and NICAM) to clarify the advantages and challenges of high-resolution global weather and climate modeling, using different approaches to represent convection, from fully parameterized to fully explicit. Our analysis focuses on tropical precipitation characteristics spanning a wide range of spatio-temporal scales—including the diurnal cycle, extreme precipitation, convective organization, and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)—along with interactions between convection and the thermodynamic environment. All three models commonly show weaker convective organization with smaller precipitation cells than observed, though the strength of the bias varies by model. This diversity is introduced by differences in the representation of (a) convective initiation affected by the convective sensitivity to moisture and (b) tropospheric moistening associated with deep convection. Models with stronger thermodynamic-convection coupling increase environmental moisture near convection, thereby enhancing convective organization. This has important upscale effects on the MJO; while IFS and NICAM capture its eastward propagation well, ICON has difficulty reproducing it. The amplitudes and phases of precipitation diurnal cycles over land show much greater disagreement among the models than over ocean, influenced by how convection is initiated. Biases in rain evaporation and cold pool formation hinder the propagation of mesoscale convection, leading to errors such as the misrepresentation of nocturnal convection moving off the coast of Sumatra in IFS and ICON. These results highlight the importance of thermodynamic-convection coupling in realistically simulating tropical convection across scales. To improve this coupling, kilometer-scale models require better representation of the interaction between resolved convection and three-dimensional turbulent mixing."}],"author":[{"full_name":"Takasuka, Daisuke","last_name":"Takasuka","first_name":"Daisuke"},{"first_name":"Tobias","full_name":"Becker, Tobias","last_name":"Becker"},{"last_name":"Bao","full_name":"Bao, Jiawei","id":"bb9a7399-fefd-11ed-be3c-ae648fd1d160","first_name":"Jiawei"}],"citation":{"mla":"Takasuka, Daisuke, et al. “Precipitation Characteristics and Thermodynamic-Convection Coupling in Global Kilometer-Scale Simulations.” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 18, no. 3, e2025MS005343, Wiley, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343\">10.1029/2025MS005343</a>.","ieee":"D. Takasuka, T. Becker, and J. Bao, “Precipitation characteristics and thermodynamic-convection coupling in global kilometer-scale simulations,” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>, vol. 18, no. 3. Wiley, 2026.","chicago":"Takasuka, Daisuke, Tobias Becker, and Jiawei Bao. “Precipitation Characteristics and Thermodynamic-Convection Coupling in Global Kilometer-Scale Simulations.” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343</a>.","apa":"Takasuka, D., Becker, T., &#38; Bao, J. (2026). Precipitation characteristics and thermodynamic-convection coupling in global kilometer-scale simulations. <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343</a>","ista":"Takasuka D, Becker T, Bao J. 2026. Precipitation characteristics and thermodynamic-convection coupling in global kilometer-scale simulations. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 18(3), e2025MS005343.","short":"D. Takasuka, T. Becker, J. Bao, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 18 (2026).","ama":"Takasuka D, Becker T, Bao J. Precipitation characteristics and thermodynamic-convection coupling in global kilometer-scale simulations. <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i>. 2026;18(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005343\">10.1029/2025MS005343</a>"},"file_date_updated":"2026-04-07T09:11:23Z","DOAJ_listed":"1","publisher":"Wiley","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1942-2466"]},"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101034413","_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c","name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program"}],"oa":1,"OA_type":"gold","issue":"3","ddc":["550"],"day":"01","publication":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","article_type":"original","intvolume":"        18","type":"journal_article","year":"2026","title":"Precipitation characteristics and thermodynamic-convection coupling in global kilometer-scale simulations","month":"03","file":[{"file_size":3854313,"content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2026-04-07T09:11:23Z","checksum":"ca7dac4bab31348d0640ed22580c6dce","file_name":"2026_JAMES_Takasuka.pdf","file_id":"21665","relation":"main_file","success":1,"date_created":"2026-04-07T09:11:23Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst"}],"date_published":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","acknowledgement":"We thank Peter Bechtold, Lukas Brunner, Peter Dueben, Richard Forbes, Estibaliz Gascon, and Benoit Vanniere for providing insightful comments on the present study. We also thank Sebastian Milinski, Xabier Pedruzo and Thomas Rackow for their contributions to setting up IFS-FESOM for nextGEMS. We are also grateful to Dr. Walter Hannah and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments, which improved the original version of the manuscript. D. Takasuka was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grants 20H05728 and 24K22893 and by JSPS Core-to-Core Program, “International Core-to-Core Project on Global Storm Resolving Analysis” (Grant Number: JPJSCCA20220001). T. Becker was supported by the Horizon 2020 project nextGEMS under grant agreement number 101003470. J. Bao acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (grant agreement No 101034413). The ICON and IFS simulations were performed with supercomputing resources of the German Climate Computing Centre (Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, DKRZ) granted by its Scientific Steering Committee (WLA) under project ID 1235. The NICAM simulation was performed on the supercomputer Fugaku (proposal numbers hp220132, hp230078, hp230108, hp230278, and hp240267)."},{"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","_id":"21233","doi":"10.5194/esd-17-167-2026","page":"167-179","scopus_import":"1","date_updated":"2026-07-06T12:55:02Z","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"status":"public","OA_place":"publisher","department":[{"_id":"CaMu"}],"das_tickbox":"1","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-167-2026","volume":17,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2026-02-16T10:44:58Z","has_accepted_license":"1","PlanS_conform":"1","oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2190-4987"]},"publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publisher":"Copernicus Publications","author":[{"last_name":"Yoon","full_name":"Yoon, Arim","first_name":"Arim"},{"full_name":"Hohenegger, Cathy","last_name":"Hohenegger","first_name":"Cathy"},{"first_name":"Jiawei","id":"bb9a7399-fefd-11ed-be3c-ae648fd1d160","full_name":"Bao, Jiawei","last_name":"Bao"},{"last_name":"Brunner","full_name":"Brunner, Lukas","first_name":"Lukas"}],"DOAJ_listed":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-02-23T10:26:29Z","citation":{"ama":"Yoon A, Hohenegger C, Bao J, Brunner L. Extreme events in the Amazon after deforestation. <i>Earth System Dynamics</i>. 2026;17(1):167-179. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-167-2026\">10.5194/esd-17-167-2026</a>","short":"A. Yoon, C. Hohenegger, J. Bao, L. Brunner, Earth System Dynamics 17 (2026) 167–179.","ista":"Yoon A, Hohenegger C, Bao J, Brunner L. 2026. Extreme events in the Amazon after deforestation. Earth System Dynamics. 17(1), 167–179.","apa":"Yoon, A., Hohenegger, C., Bao, J., &#38; Brunner, L. (2026). Extreme events in the Amazon after deforestation. <i>Earth System Dynamics</i>. Copernicus Publications. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-167-2026\">https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-167-2026</a>","chicago":"Yoon, Arim, Cathy Hohenegger, Jiawei Bao, and Lukas Brunner. “Extreme Events in the Amazon after Deforestation.” <i>Earth System Dynamics</i>. Copernicus Publications, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-167-2026\">https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-167-2026</a>.","ieee":"A. Yoon, C. Hohenegger, J. Bao, and L. Brunner, “Extreme events in the Amazon after deforestation,” <i>Earth System Dynamics</i>, vol. 17, no. 1. Copernicus Publications, pp. 167–179, 2026.","mla":"Yoon, Arim, et al. “Extreme Events in the Amazon after Deforestation.” <i>Earth System Dynamics</i>, vol. 17, no. 1, Copernicus Publications, 2026, pp. 167–79, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-167-2026\">10.5194/esd-17-167-2026</a>."},"abstract":[{"text":"Potential self-perpetuating dieback of the Amazon rain forest has been a topic of concern. The concern is that initial deforestation could critically impair the forest’s water recycling capacities, further harming the remaining forest through reduced annual precipitation. Many studies have focused on annual mean precipitation changes, due to its widespread perception as a central control on the Amazon rain forest’s stability. However, the impact of deforestation goes beyond changes in the annual mean precipitation. Yet, global coarse-resolution climate models are not well suited to investigate changes in short-duration and localized events due to their coarse resolution. Here, we circumvent these issues by analyzing a full-deforestation scenario simulated by a global storm-resolving model. We focus on changes in the tail of the hourly distribution of precipitation, temperature, and wind. Hourly precipitation becomes more extreme in the absence of the forest than in an intact forest, with an increased occurrence of both no rain and intense rainfall. These changes are driven by enhanced moisture convergence that strengthens vertical velocity. On average, the near-surface temperature rises significantly by about 3.84 °C, and the daily minimum temperature after deforestation becomes similar to the daily maximum temperature before deforestation. Except for wet-bulb temperature, human heat stress indicators shift to more severe levels, with implications for health and a significant reduction in work productivity. Finally, the mean 10 m wind speed intensifies by a factor of four, with the 99th percentile wind speed doubling. To summarize, our findings, while based on an idealized case, provide a stark warning of the effects of continuing deforestation of the Amazon.","lang":"eng"}],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":2068229,"date_updated":"2026-02-23T10:26:29Z","file_id":"21348","checksum":"6c3669c463731ad7c484b2990eb8ee0d","file_name":"2026_EarthSystDynam_Yoon.pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","date_created":"2026-02-23T10:26:29Z"}],"acknowledgement":"AY acknowledges funding by the CLICCS centre of excellence subproject A3 funded by DFG. We thank the German Climate Computing Center DKRZ for providing computing resources and the Integrated Climate Data Center (ICDC), the Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, for supporting the IMERG data. In addition, we would like to thank Jana Sillmann for suggesting the analysis of heat stress indices and Keno Riechers for providing a thorough internal review of the initial manuscript at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Open Access funding is enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This research has been supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant no. CLICCS 390683824 (A3)). The article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by the Max Planck Society.","date_published":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","month":"02","title":"Extreme events in the Amazon after deforestation","year":"2026","article_type":"original","intvolume":"        17","type":"journal_article","day":"04","publication":"Earth System Dynamics","OA_type":"gold","issue":"1","ddc":["550"]},{"date_created":"2025-05-11T22:02:38Z","has_accepted_license":"1","PlanS_conform":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-489-2025","volume":6,"department":[{"_id":"CaMu"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"OA_place":"publisher","status":"public","page":"489-503","date_updated":"2025-07-09T08:40:18Z","scopus_import":"1","ec_funded":1,"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","doi":"10.5194/wcd-6-489-2025","_id":"19662","publication":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","day":"25","ddc":["550"],"issue":"2","OA_type":"gold","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"         6","article_type":"original","year":"2025","date_published":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","acknowledgement":"We thank Bjorn Stevens for suggesting the study and for substantial ideas along the way. We also thank Sebastian Rast for helping with the model compilation. This work used resources of the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ) under project ID mh0066 for our experiments and analysis. Jiawei Bao acknowledges the European Union's Horizon 2020 for funding.Jiawei Bao has been supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under a Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (grant agreement no. 101034413).\r\nThe article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by the Max Planck Society.","file":[{"file_size":6500575,"content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"2ea68f7e51ee39ccb6886719a83a78ca","file_name":"2025_WeatherClimateDynam_Gnanaraj.pdf","file_id":"19680","date_updated":"2025-05-12T08:23:10Z","relation":"main_file","success":1,"date_created":"2025-05-12T08:23:10Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst"}],"title":"The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet's radiant energy budget: Insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter","month":"04","file_date_updated":"2025-05-12T08:23:10Z","citation":{"short":"A.M. Gnanaraj, J. Bao, H. Schmidt, Weather and Climate Dynamics 6 (2025) 489–503.","ama":"Gnanaraj AM, Bao J, Schmidt H. The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet’s radiant energy budget: Insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter. <i>Weather and Climate Dynamics</i>. 2025;6(2):489-503. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-489-2025\">10.5194/wcd-6-489-2025</a>","ista":"Gnanaraj AM, Bao J, Schmidt H. 2025. The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet’s radiant energy budget: Insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter. Weather and Climate Dynamics. 6(2), 489–503.","apa":"Gnanaraj, A. M., Bao, J., &#38; Schmidt, H. (2025). The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet’s radiant energy budget: Insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter. <i>Weather and Climate Dynamics</i>. Copernicus Publications. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-489-2025\">https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-489-2025</a>","chicago":"Gnanaraj, Abisha Mary, Jiawei Bao, and Hauke Schmidt. “The Impact of the Rotation Rate on an Aquaplanet’s Radiant Energy Budget: Insights from Experiments Varying the Coriolis Parameter.” <i>Weather and Climate Dynamics</i>. Copernicus Publications, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-489-2025\">https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-489-2025</a>.","mla":"Gnanaraj, Abisha Mary, et al. “The Impact of the Rotation Rate on an Aquaplanet’s Radiant Energy Budget: Insights from Experiments Varying the Coriolis Parameter.” <i>Weather and Climate Dynamics</i>, vol. 6, no. 2, Copernicus Publications, 2025, pp. 489–503, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-489-2025\">10.5194/wcd-6-489-2025</a>.","ieee":"A. M. Gnanaraj, J. Bao, and H. Schmidt, “The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet’s radiant energy budget: Insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter,” <i>Weather and Climate Dynamics</i>, vol. 6, no. 2. Copernicus Publications, pp. 489–503, 2025."},"DOAJ_listed":"1","author":[{"last_name":"Gnanaraj","full_name":"Gnanaraj, Abisha Mary","first_name":"Abisha Mary"},{"first_name":"Jiawei","id":"bb9a7399-fefd-11ed-be3c-ae648fd1d160","full_name":"Bao, Jiawei","last_name":"Bao"},{"full_name":"Schmidt, Hauke","last_name":"Schmidt","first_name":"Hauke"}],"abstract":[{"text":"We investigate the effect of changes in the Coriolis force caused by changes in the rotation rate on the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiant energy budget of an aquaplanet general circulation model with prescribed sea surface temperatures. We analyse the effective radiative forcing caused by changes from Earth-like rotation to values between 1/32 and 8 times the Earth's rotation rate. The forcing differs by about 60 W m−2 between the fastest and slowest rotation cases, with a monotonically increasing positive forcing for faster-than-Earth-like rotations and a non-monotonically increasing negative forcing for slower rotations. The largest contributions to the forcing are due to changes in, in this order, the shortwave cloud radiative effect (SWCRE) and the clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). From the fastest to the slowest rotation, the Hadley cell expands and the troposphere becomes drier, increasing the OLR. This contributes to negative forcing at slower-than-Earth-like rotations and to positive forcing at faster-than-Earth-like rotations. The SWCRE is influenced by changes in the low-level cloudiness within the Hadley cell and the baroclinic regime. With the expansion of the Hadley cell, the area of enhanced tropospheric stability increases, resulting in more low-level clouds, a higher SWCRE, and increased negative forcing. The non-monotonicity results from an intermediate decrease in the SWCRE caused by the disappearance of baroclinic eddies as the Hadley cell reaches global extension. At rotations faster than Earth-like, the decrease in the SWCRE, mainly due to the weakening of baroclinic eddies and storm systems, leads to an increase in positive forcing. In summary, changes in the SWCRE, driven by different circulation responses at slower-than-Earth-like and faster-than-Earth-like rotations, strongly influence the TOA radiant energy budget. These effects, along with a substantial contribution from the clear-sky OLR, could impact the habitability of Earth-like rotating planets.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publisher":"Copernicus Publications","publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"project":[{"_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101034413","name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2698-4016"]}},{"has_accepted_license":"1","PlanS_conform":"1","date_created":"2025-11-24T14:23:07Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","volume":18,"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025","department":[{"_id":"CaMu"}],"status":"public","OA_place":"publisher","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"scopus_import":"1","date_updated":"2025-11-25T12:33:05Z","page":"7735-7761","doi":"10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025","_id":"20685","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","OA_type":"gold","ddc":["550"],"issue":"20","day":"23","publication":"Geoscientific Model Development","intvolume":"        18","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","year":"2025","month":"10","title":"nextGEMS: Entering the era of kilometer-scale Earth system modeling","acknowledgement":"This research was supported by the Horizon 2020 project nextGEMS under grant agreement no. 101003470. Most simulations were performed and analyzed on facilities of the DKRZ (HLRE-4 Levante, 2024) with resources granted under project bm1235. We would like to thank DKRZ staff for their continued support in running the simulations and hosting and handling the data, in particular Jan Frederik Engels, Hendryk Bockelmann, Fabian Wachsmann, Irina Fast, and Carsten Beyer. We also want to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments.This research has been supported by the EU Horizon 2020 (grant no. 101003470).\r\nThe article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by the Max Planck Society.","file":[{"date_created":"2025-11-25T12:02:30Z","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"relation":"main_file","file_name":"2025_GeosciModelDev_Segura.pdf","checksum":"0f6a4af94e3a6be773d0051256bcecf5","file_id":"20692","date_updated":"2025-11-25T12:02:30Z","file_size":8618996,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"date_published":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","abstract":[{"text":"The Next Generation of Earth Modeling Systems (nextGEMS) project aimed to produce multidecadal climate simulations, for the first time, with resolved kilometer-scale (km-scale) processes in the ocean, land, and atmosphere. In only 3 years, nextGEMS achieved this milestone with the two km-scale Earth system models, ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic model (ICON) and Integrated Forecasting System coupled to the Finite-volumE Sea ice-Ocean Model (IFS-FESOM). nextGEMS was based on three cornerstones: (1) developing km-scale Earth system models with small errors in the energy and water balance, (2) performing km-scale climate simulations with a throughput greater than 1 simulated year per day, and (3) facilitating new workflows for an efficient analysis of the large simulations with common data structures and output variables. These cornerstones shaped the timeline of nextGEMS, divided into four cycles. Each cycle marked the release of a new configuration of ICON and IFS-FESOM, which were evaluated at hackathons. The hackathon participants included experts from climate science, software engineering, and high-performance computing as well as users from the energy and agricultural sectors. The continuous efforts over the four cycles allowed us to produce 30-year simulations with ICON and IFS-FESOM, spanning the period 2020–2049 under the SSP3-7.0 scenario. The throughput was about 500 simulated days per day on the Levante supercomputer of the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The simulations employed a horizontal grid of about 5 km resolution in the ocean and 10 km resolution in the atmosphere and land. Aside from this technical achievement, the simulations allowed us to gain new insights into the realism of ICON and IFS-FESOM. Beyond its time frame, nextGEMS builds the foundation of the Climate Change Adaptation Digital Twin developed in the Destination Earth initiative and paves the way for future European research on climate change.","lang":"eng"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Segura","full_name":"Segura, Hans","first_name":"Hans"},{"last_name":"Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia","full_name":"Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, Xabier","first_name":"Xabier"},{"last_name":"Weiss","full_name":"Weiss, Philipp","first_name":"Philipp"},{"last_name":"Müller","full_name":"Müller, Sebastian K.","first_name":"Sebastian K."},{"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Rackow","full_name":"Rackow, Thomas"},{"full_name":"Lee, Junhong","last_name":"Lee","first_name":"Junhong"},{"first_name":"Edgar","full_name":"Dolores-Tesillos, Edgar","last_name":"Dolores-Tesillos"},{"first_name":"Imme","full_name":"Benedict, Imme","last_name":"Benedict"},{"first_name":"Matthias","full_name":"Aengenheyster, Matthias","last_name":"Aengenheyster"},{"full_name":"Aguridan, Razvan","last_name":"Aguridan","first_name":"Razvan"},{"first_name":"Gabriele","last_name":"Arduini","full_name":"Arduini, Gabriele"},{"full_name":"Baker, Alexander J.","last_name":"Baker","first_name":"Alexander J."},{"first_name":"Jiawei","id":"bb9a7399-fefd-11ed-be3c-ae648fd1d160","last_name":"Bao","full_name":"Bao, Jiawei"},{"first_name":"Swantje","full_name":"Bastin, Swantje","last_name":"Bastin"},{"first_name":"Eulàlia","last_name":"Baulenas","full_name":"Baulenas, Eulàlia"},{"full_name":"Becker, Tobias","last_name":"Becker","first_name":"Tobias"},{"full_name":"Beyer, Sebastian","last_name":"Beyer","first_name":"Sebastian"},{"last_name":"Bockelmann","full_name":"Bockelmann, Hendryk","first_name":"Hendryk"},{"full_name":"Brüggemann, Nils","last_name":"Brüggemann","first_name":"Nils"},{"first_name":"Lukas","last_name":"Brunner","full_name":"Brunner, Lukas"},{"last_name":"Cheedela","full_name":"Cheedela, Suvarchal K.","first_name":"Suvarchal K."},{"last_name":"Das","full_name":"Das, Sushant","first_name":"Sushant"},{"last_name":"Denissen","full_name":"Denissen, Jasper","first_name":"Jasper"},{"first_name":"Ian","full_name":"Dragaud, Ian","last_name":"Dragaud"},{"full_name":"Dziekan, Piotr","last_name":"Dziekan","first_name":"Piotr"},{"first_name":"Madeleine","full_name":"Ekblom, Madeleine","last_name":"Ekblom"},{"full_name":"Engels, Jan Frederik","last_name":"Engels","first_name":"Jan Frederik"},{"first_name":"Monika","last_name":"Esch","full_name":"Esch, Monika"},{"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Forbes","full_name":"Forbes, Richard"},{"last_name":"Frauen","full_name":"Frauen, Claudia","first_name":"Claudia"},{"first_name":"Lilli","full_name":"Freischem, Lilli","last_name":"Freischem"},{"first_name":"Diego","full_name":"García-Maroto, Diego","last_name":"García-Maroto"},{"first_name":"Philipp","last_name":"Geier","full_name":"Geier, Philipp"},{"full_name":"Gierz, Paul","last_name":"Gierz","first_name":"Paul"},{"full_name":"González-Cervera, Álvaro","last_name":"González-Cervera","first_name":"Álvaro"},{"last_name":"Grayson","full_name":"Grayson, Katherine","first_name":"Katherine"},{"first_name":"Matthew","full_name":"Griffith, Matthew","last_name":"Griffith"},{"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Gutjahr","full_name":"Gutjahr, Oliver"},{"last_name":"Haak","full_name":"Haak, Helmuth","first_name":"Helmuth"},{"first_name":"Ioan","last_name":"Hadade","full_name":"Hadade, Ioan"},{"first_name":"Kerstin","full_name":"Haslehner, Kerstin","last_name":"Haslehner"},{"full_name":"ul Hasson, Shabeh","last_name":"ul Hasson","first_name":"Shabeh"},{"full_name":"Hegewald, Jan","last_name":"Hegewald","first_name":"Jan"},{"last_name":"Kluft","full_name":"Kluft, Lukas","first_name":"Lukas"},{"first_name":"Aleksei","full_name":"Koldunov, Aleksei","last_name":"Koldunov"},{"first_name":"Nikolay","last_name":"Koldunov","full_name":"Koldunov, Nikolay"},{"first_name":"Tobias","full_name":"Kölling, Tobias","last_name":"Kölling"},{"full_name":"Koseki, Shunya","last_name":"Koseki","first_name":"Shunya"},{"first_name":"Sergey","last_name":"Kosukhin","full_name":"Kosukhin, Sergey"},{"full_name":"Kousal, Josh","last_name":"Kousal","first_name":"Josh"},{"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Kuma","full_name":"Kuma, Peter"},{"full_name":"Kumar, Arjun U.","last_name":"Kumar","first_name":"Arjun U."},{"full_name":"Li, Rumeng","last_name":"Li","first_name":"Rumeng"},{"first_name":"Nicolas","full_name":"Maury, Nicolas","last_name":"Maury"},{"first_name":"Maximilian","last_name":"Meindl","full_name":"Meindl, Maximilian"},{"first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Milinski","full_name":"Milinski, Sebastian"},{"first_name":"Kristian","full_name":"Mogensen, Kristian","last_name":"Mogensen"},{"first_name":"Bimochan","full_name":"Niraula, Bimochan","last_name":"Niraula"},{"last_name":"Nowak","full_name":"Nowak, Jakub","first_name":"Jakub"},{"last_name":"Praturi","full_name":"Praturi, Divya 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Alejandro"},{"first_name":"Mirco","full_name":"Valentini, Mirco","last_name":"Valentini"},{"full_name":"Veerman, Menno","last_name":"Veerman","first_name":"Menno"},{"first_name":"Aiko","full_name":"Voigt, Aiko","last_name":"Voigt"},{"full_name":"Warnau, Sarah","last_name":"Warnau","first_name":"Sarah"},{"first_name":"Fabian","full_name":"Wachsmann, Fabian","last_name":"Wachsmann"},{"first_name":"Marta","last_name":"Wacławczyk","full_name":"Wacławczyk, Marta"},{"first_name":"Nils","full_name":"Wedi, Nils","last_name":"Wedi"},{"full_name":"Wieners, Karl-Hermann","last_name":"Wieners","first_name":"Karl-Hermann"},{"first_name":"Jonathan","last_name":"Wille","full_name":"Wille, Jonathan"},{"last_name":"Winkler","full_name":"Winkler, Marius","first_name":"Marius"},{"first_name":"Yuting","last_name":"Wu","full_name":"Wu, Yuting"},{"first_name":"Florian","full_name":"Ziemen, Florian","last_name":"Ziemen"},{"first_name":"Janos","last_name":"Zimmermann","full_name":"Zimmermann, Janos"},{"last_name":"Bender","full_name":"Bender, Frida A.-M.","first_name":"Frida A.-M."},{"last_name":"Bojovic","full_name":"Bojovic, Dragana","first_name":"Dragana"},{"last_name":"Bony","full_name":"Bony, Sandrine","first_name":"Sandrine"},{"last_name":"Bordoni","full_name":"Bordoni, Simona","first_name":"Simona"},{"full_name":"Brehmer, Patrice","last_name":"Brehmer","first_name":"Patrice"},{"full_name":"Dengler, Marcus","last_name":"Dengler","first_name":"Marcus"},{"first_name":"Emanuel","last_name":"Dutra","full_name":"Dutra, Emanuel"},{"full_name":"Faye, Saliou","last_name":"Faye","first_name":"Saliou"},{"last_name":"Fischer","full_name":"Fischer, Erich","first_name":"Erich"},{"first_name":"Chiel","full_name":"van Heerwaarden, Chiel","last_name":"van Heerwaarden"},{"first_name":"Cathy","last_name":"Hohenegger","full_name":"Hohenegger, Cathy"},{"first_name":"Heikki","last_name":"Järvinen","full_name":"Järvinen, Heikki"},{"first_name":"Markus","last_name":"Jochum","full_name":"Jochum, Markus"},{"last_name":"Jung","full_name":"Jung, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas"},{"full_name":"Jungclaus, Johann H.","last_name":"Jungclaus","first_name":"Johann H."},{"full_name":"Keenlyside, Noel S.","last_name":"Keenlyside","first_name":"Noel S."},{"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Klocke","full_name":"Klocke, Daniel"},{"full_name":"Konow, Heike","last_name":"Konow","first_name":"Heike"},{"last_name":"Klose","full_name":"Klose, Martina","first_name":"Martina"},{"last_name":"Malinowski","full_name":"Malinowski, Szymon","first_name":"Szymon"},{"full_name":"Martius, Olivia","last_name":"Martius","first_name":"Olivia"},{"last_name":"Mauritsen","full_name":"Mauritsen, Thorsten","first_name":"Thorsten"},{"first_name":"Juan Pedro","last_name":"Mellado","full_name":"Mellado, Juan Pedro"},{"first_name":"Theresa","last_name":"Mieslinger","full_name":"Mieslinger, Theresa"},{"last_name":"Mohino","full_name":"Mohino, Elsa","first_name":"Elsa"},{"first_name":"Hanna","last_name":"Pawłowska","full_name":"Pawłowska, Hanna"},{"first_name":"Karsten","last_name":"Peters-von Gehlen","full_name":"Peters-von Gehlen, Karsten"},{"first_name":"Abdoulaye","last_name":"Sarré","full_name":"Sarré, Abdoulaye"},{"last_name":"Sobhani","full_name":"Sobhani, Pajam","first_name":"Pajam"},{"last_name":"Stier","full_name":"Stier, Philip","first_name":"Philip"},{"first_name":"Lauri","last_name":"Tuppi","full_name":"Tuppi, Lauri"},{"first_name":"Pier Luigi","full_name":"Vidale, Pier Luigi","last_name":"Vidale"},{"full_name":"Sandu, Irina","last_name":"Sandu","first_name":"Irina"},{"first_name":"Bjorn","full_name":"Stevens, Bjorn","last_name":"Stevens"}],"citation":{"apa":"Segura, H., Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, X., Weiss, P., Müller, S. K., Rackow, T., Lee, J., … Stevens, B. (2025). nextGEMS: Entering the era of kilometer-scale Earth system modeling. <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>. Copernicus Publications. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025\">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025</a>","mla":"Segura, Hans, et al. “NextGEMS: Entering the Era of Kilometer-Scale Earth System Modeling.” <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>, vol. 18, no. 20, Copernicus Publications, 2025, pp. 7735–61, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025\">10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025</a>.","chicago":"Segura, Hans, Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, Philipp Weiss, Sebastian K. Müller, Thomas Rackow, Junhong Lee, Edgar Dolores-Tesillos, et al. “NextGEMS: Entering the Era of Kilometer-Scale Earth System Modeling.” <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>. Copernicus Publications, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025\">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025</a>.","ieee":"H. Segura <i>et al.</i>, “nextGEMS: Entering the era of kilometer-scale Earth system modeling,” <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>, vol. 18, no. 20. Copernicus Publications, pp. 7735–7761, 2025.","short":"H. Segura, X. Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, P. Weiss, S.K. Müller, T. Rackow, J. Lee, E. Dolores-Tesillos, I. Benedict, M. Aengenheyster, R. Aguridan, G. Arduini, A.J. Baker, J. Bao, S. Bastin, E. Baulenas, T. Becker, S. Beyer, H. Bockelmann, N. Brüggemann, L. Brunner, S.K. Cheedela, S. Das, J. Denissen, I. Dragaud, P. Dziekan, M. Ekblom, J.F. Engels, M. Esch, R. Forbes, C. Frauen, L. Freischem, D. García-Maroto, P. Geier, P. Gierz, Á. González-Cervera, K. Grayson, M. Griffith, O. Gutjahr, H. Haak, I. Hadade, K. Haslehner, S. ul Hasson, J. Hegewald, L. Kluft, A. Koldunov, N. Koldunov, T. Kölling, S. Koseki, S. Kosukhin, J. Kousal, P. Kuma, A.U. Kumar, R. Li, N. Maury, M. Meindl, S. Milinski, K. Mogensen, B. Niraula, J. Nowak, D.S. Praturi, U. Proske, D. Putrasahan, R. Redler, D. Santuy, D. Sármány, R. Schnur, P. Scholz, D. Sidorenko, D. Spät, B. Sützl, D. Takasuka, A. Tompkins, A. Uribe, M. Valentini, M. Veerman, A. Voigt, S. Warnau, F. Wachsmann, M. Wacławczyk, N. Wedi, K.-H. Wieners, J. Wille, M. Winkler, Y. Wu, F. Ziemen, J. Zimmermann, F.A.-M. Bender, D. Bojovic, S. Bony, S. Bordoni, P. Brehmer, M. Dengler, E. Dutra, S. Faye, E. Fischer, C. van Heerwaarden, C. Hohenegger, H. Järvinen, M. Jochum, T. Jung, J.H. Jungclaus, N.S. Keenlyside, D. Klocke, H. Konow, M. Klose, S. Malinowski, O. Martius, T. Mauritsen, J.P. Mellado, T. Mieslinger, E. Mohino, H. Pawłowska, K. Peters-von Gehlen, A. Sarré, P. Sobhani, P. Stier, L. Tuppi, P.L. Vidale, I. Sandu, B. Stevens, Geoscientific Model Development 18 (2025) 7735–7761.","ama":"Segura H, Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia X, Weiss P, et al. nextGEMS: Entering the era of kilometer-scale Earth system modeling. <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>. 2025;18(20):7735-7761. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025\">10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025</a>","ista":"Segura H et al. 2025. nextGEMS: Entering the era of kilometer-scale Earth system modeling. Geoscientific Model Development. 18(20), 7735–7761."},"file_date_updated":"2025-11-25T12:02:30Z","DOAJ_listed":"1","publisher":"Copernicus Publications","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1991-9603"]},"oa":1},{"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","pmid":1,"corr_author":"1","abstract":[{"text":"The tropical climate variability is characterized by various oscillations across a range of timescales. Oscillations that imprint the tropical mean state are generally attributed to slow processes, such as the seasonal cycle or interannual variability. Here, we identify a pronounced tropics-wide intraseasonal oscillation (TWISO) in satellite observations and reanalyses. This oscillation, with a period of 30 to 60 d, is evident across multiple variables and involves interactions between convection, radiation, surface fluxes, and large-scale circulation. It is primarily manifested as convective perturbations in the tropical Indo-Pacific warm pool accompanied by oscillations in the large-scale tropical overturning circulation. Here, we examine the relationship between TWISO, the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), and the instability of radiative-convective equilibrium. Certain phases of TWISO coincide with specific phases of the MJO, suggesting a potential connection between the two. However, although the MJO can amplify the oscillation amplitude of TWISO, it is not essential for TWISO to occur. Finally, due to its broad manifestation across the tropics, TWISO potentially exerts widespread influence on tropical weather and climate at regional scales.","lang":"eng"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Jiawei","id":"bb9a7399-fefd-11ed-be3c-ae648fd1d160","last_name":"Bao","full_name":"Bao, Jiawei"},{"first_name":"Sandrine","full_name":"Bony, Sandrine","last_name":"Bony"},{"first_name":"Daisuke","full_name":"Takasuka, Daisuke","last_name":"Takasuka"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-5836-5350","id":"f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b","first_name":"Caroline J","full_name":"Muller, Caroline J","last_name":"Muller"}],"citation":{"apa":"Bao, J., Bony, S., Takasuka, D., &#38; Muller, C. J. (2025). Tropics-wide intraseasonal oscillations. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2511549122\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2511549122</a>","mla":"Bao, Jiawei, et al. “Tropics-Wide Intraseasonal Oscillations.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, vol. 122, no. 48, e2511549122, National Academy of Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2511549122\">10.1073/pnas.2511549122</a>.","chicago":"Bao, Jiawei, Sandrine Bony, Daisuke Takasuka, and Caroline J Muller. “Tropics-Wide Intraseasonal Oscillations.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2511549122\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2511549122</a>.","ieee":"J. Bao, S. Bony, D. Takasuka, and C. J. Muller, “Tropics-wide intraseasonal oscillations,” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, vol. 122, no. 48. National Academy of Sciences, 2025.","short":"J. Bao, S. Bony, D. Takasuka, C.J. Muller, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 (2025).","ama":"Bao J, Bony S, Takasuka D, Muller CJ. Tropics-wide intraseasonal oscillations. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. 2025;122(48). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2511549122\">10.1073/pnas.2511549122</a>","ista":"Bao J, Bony S, Takasuka D, Muller CJ. 2025. Tropics-wide intraseasonal oscillations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 122(48), e2511549122."},"file_date_updated":"2025-12-15T09:17:33Z","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"press_release","description":"News on ISTA website","url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/hidden-in-plain-sight/"}]},"project":[{"name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program","_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101034413"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"805041","_id":"629205d8-2b32-11ec-9570-e1356ff73576","name":"Organization of CLoUdS, and implications of Tropical  cyclones and for the Energetics of the tropics, in current and waRming climate"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1091-6490"],"issn":["0027-8424"]},"oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       122","article_type":"original","APC_amount":"5651,35 EUR","type":"journal_article","OA_type":"hybrid","ddc":["550"],"issue":"48","day":"02","publication":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","month":"12","title":"Tropics-wide intraseasonal oscillations","date_published":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","date_created":"2025-12-15T09:17:33Z","relation":"main_file","success":1,"file_id":"20822","checksum":"093a8685170e4a1de9176f68ee449493","file_name":"2025_PNAS_Bao.pdf","date_updated":"2025-12-15T09:17:33Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":30890293}],"acknowledgement":"J.B. acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (grant agreement No. 101034413). S.B. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Project Mesoscale organization of tropical convection, grant agreement No 101098063). D.T. acknowledges funding from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (Project JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, grant No. JP24K22893). C.M. gratefully acknowledges funding from the ERC under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Project organisation of CLoUdS, and implications for Tropical cyclones and for the Energetics of the tropics, in current and in a waRming climate, grant agreement No. 805041). We thank Martin Singh, Steven Sherwood, Bjorn Stevens, and Lokahith Agasthya for helpful discussions. JSPS Core-to-Core Program, “International Core-to-Core Project on Global Storm Resolving Analysis” (Grant Number: JPJSCCA20220001)","year":"2025","status":"public","OA_place":"publisher","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"department":[{"_id":"CaMu"}],"article_number":"e2511549122","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2511549122","_id":"20795","article_processing_charge":"Yes (in subscription journal)","ec_funded":1,"date_updated":"2026-05-20T08:11:56Z","scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","has_accepted_license":"1","PlanS_conform":"1","date_created":"2025-12-11T10:41:13Z","volume":122,"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2511549122","external_id":{"pmid":["41284872"]}},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","isi":1,"has_accepted_license":"1","date_created":"2024-03-03T23:00:50Z","das_tickbox":"1","volume":10,"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj6801","external_id":{"pmid":["38394192"],"isi":["001300045100007"]},"dataavailabilitystatement":"All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. The ICONA/O simulations were done with the ICON branch nextgems_cycle1_dpp0066 as commit 62dbfc. The source code is available here (https://doi.org/10.17617/3.1XTSR6). The ICON model is available to individuals under licenses (https://mpimet.mpg.de/en/science/modeling-with-icon/code-availability). IMERG was provided by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s IMERG and PPS teams, which develop and compute IMERG as a contribution to the GPM mission, and archived at the NASA GES DISC (https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/GPM_3IMERGHH_V06/summary). The data and scripts for reproducing the plots are available on MPG publication repository (https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000C-7F2B-7).","status":"public","OA_place":"publisher","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"department":[{"_id":"CaMu"}],"article_number":"eadj6801","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adj6801","_id":"15047","ec_funded":1,"article_processing_charge":"Yes","date_updated":"2026-10-01T08:36:23Z","scopus_import":"1","intvolume":"        10","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","OA_type":"gold","ddc":["550"],"issue":"8","day":"23","publication":"Science Advances","title":"Intensification of daily tropical precipitation extremes from more organized convection","month":"02","date_published":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","acknowledgement":"This work is supported by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG). We greatly appreciate computational resources from Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) and the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC). ICONA/O simulations are funded through the NextGEMS project by the EU’s Horizon 2020 programme (grant agreement no. 101003470). ICONA simulations are funded through the MONSOON-2.0 project (grant agreement no. 01LP1927A) which is supported from German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). J.B. acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (grant agreement no. 101034413). B.S. acknowledges funding from the EU’s Horizon 2020 programme (grant agreement no. 101003470). C.M. gratefully acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Project CLUSTER, grant agreement no. 805041).","file":[{"file_name":"2024_ScienceAdv_Bao.pdf","checksum":"d4ec4f05a6d14745057e14d1b8bf45ae","file_id":"15051","date_updated":"2024-03-04T07:34:00Z","file_size":800926,"content_type":"application/pdf","date_created":"2024-03-04T07:34:00Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","success":1}],"year":"2024","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","pmid":1,"researchdata_availability":"yes (supplementary data)","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Tropical precipitation extremes and their changes with surface warming are investigated using global storm resolving simulations and high-resolution observations. The simulations demonstrate that the mesoscale organization of convection, a process that cannot be physically represented by conventional global climate models, is important for the variations of tropical daily accumulated precipitation extremes. In both the simulations and observations, daily precipitation extremes increase in a more organized state, in association with larger, but less frequent, storms. Repeating the simulations for a warmer climate results in a robust increase in monthly-mean daily precipitation extremes. Higher precipitation percentiles have a greater sensitivity to convective organization, which is predicted to increase with warming. Without changes in organization, the strongest daily precipitation extremes over the tropical oceans increase at a rate close to Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) scaling. Thus, in a future warmer state with increased organization, the strongest daily precipitation extremes over oceans increase at a faster rate than CC scaling."}],"author":[{"first_name":"Jiawei","id":"bb9a7399-fefd-11ed-be3c-ae648fd1d160","full_name":"Bao, Jiawei","last_name":"Bao"},{"first_name":"Bjorn","full_name":"Stevens, Bjorn","last_name":"Stevens"},{"last_name":"Kluft","full_name":"Kluft, Lukas","first_name":"Lukas"},{"full_name":"Muller, Caroline J","last_name":"Muller","first_name":"Caroline J","orcid":"0000-0001-5836-5350","id":"f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b"}],"file_date_updated":"2024-03-04T07:34:00Z","supplementarymaterial":"yes","DOAJ_listed":"1","citation":{"apa":"Bao, J., Stevens, B., Kluft, L., &#38; Muller, C. J. (2024). Intensification of daily tropical precipitation extremes from more organized convection. <i>Science Advances</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj6801\">https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj6801</a>","mla":"Bao, Jiawei, et al. “Intensification of Daily Tropical Precipitation Extremes from More Organized Convection.” <i>Science Advances</i>, vol. 10, no. 8, eadj6801, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj6801\">10.1126/sciadv.adj6801</a>.","ieee":"J. Bao, B. Stevens, L. Kluft, and C. J. Muller, “Intensification of daily tropical precipitation extremes from more organized convection,” <i>Science Advances</i>, vol. 10, no. 8. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2024.","chicago":"Bao, Jiawei, Bjorn Stevens, Lukas Kluft, and Caroline J Muller. “Intensification of Daily Tropical Precipitation Extremes from More Organized Convection.” <i>Science Advances</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj6801\">https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj6801</a>.","ama":"Bao J, Stevens B, Kluft L, Muller CJ. Intensification of daily tropical precipitation extremes from more organized convection. <i>Science Advances</i>. 2024;10(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj6801\">10.1126/sciadv.adj6801</a>","short":"J. Bao, B. Stevens, L. Kluft, C.J. Muller, Science Advances 10 (2024).","ista":"Bao J, Stevens B, Kluft L, Muller CJ. 2024. Intensification of daily tropical precipitation extremes from more organized convection. Science Advances. 10(8), eadj6801."},"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/cloud-clustering-causes-more-extreme-rain/","description":"News on ISTA Website","relation":"press_release"}]},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2375-2548"]},"project":[{"name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program","grant_number":"101034413","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c"},{"_id":"629205d8-2b32-11ec-9570-e1356ff73576","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"805041","name":"Organization of CLoUdS, and implications of Tropical  cyclones and for the Energetics of the tropics, in current and waRming climate"}],"oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published"},{"publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1991-959X"],"eissn":["1991-9603"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Hauke","last_name":"Schmidt","full_name":"Schmidt, Hauke"},{"first_name":"Sebastian","full_name":"Rast, Sebastian","last_name":"Rast"},{"last_name":"Bao","full_name":"Bao, Jiawei","first_name":"Jiawei","id":"bb9a7399-fefd-11ed-be3c-ae648fd1d160"},{"first_name":"Amrit","last_name":"Cassim","full_name":"Cassim, Amrit"},{"last_name":"Fang","full_name":"Fang, Shih Wei","first_name":"Shih Wei"},{"last_name":"Jimenez-De La Cuesta","full_name":"Jimenez-De La Cuesta, Diego","first_name":"Diego"},{"first_name":"Paul","full_name":"Keil, Paul","last_name":"Keil"},{"first_name":"Lukas","full_name":"Kluft, Lukas","last_name":"Kluft"},{"first_name":"Clarissa","last_name":"Kroll","full_name":"Kroll, Clarissa"},{"first_name":"Theresa","last_name":"Lang","full_name":"Lang, Theresa"},{"first_name":"Ulrike","full_name":"Niemeier, Ulrike","last_name":"Niemeier"},{"first_name":"Andrea","full_name":"Schneidereit, Andrea","last_name":"Schneidereit"},{"full_name":"Williams, Andrew I.L.","last_name":"Williams","first_name":"Andrew I.L."},{"first_name":"Bjorn","last_name":"Stevens","full_name":"Stevens, Bjorn"}],"citation":{"apa":"Schmidt, H., Rast, S., Bao, J., Cassim, A., Fang, S. W., Jimenez-De La Cuesta, D., … Stevens, B. (2024). Effects of vertical grid spacing on the climate simulated in the ICON-Sapphire global storm-resolving model. <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>. European Geosciences Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024\">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024</a>","mla":"Schmidt, Hauke, et al. “Effects of Vertical Grid Spacing on the Climate Simulated in the ICON-Sapphire Global Storm-Resolving Model.” <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>, vol. 17, no. 4, European Geosciences Union, 2024, pp. 1563–84, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024\">10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024</a>.","ieee":"H. Schmidt <i>et al.</i>, “Effects of vertical grid spacing on the climate simulated in the ICON-Sapphire global storm-resolving model,” <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>, vol. 17, no. 4. European Geosciences Union, pp. 1563–1584, 2024.","chicago":"Schmidt, Hauke, Sebastian Rast, Jiawei Bao, Amrit Cassim, Shih Wei Fang, Diego Jimenez-De La Cuesta, Paul Keil, et al. “Effects of Vertical Grid Spacing on the Climate Simulated in the ICON-Sapphire Global Storm-Resolving Model.” <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>. European Geosciences Union, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024\">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024</a>.","ama":"Schmidt H, Rast S, Bao J, et al. Effects of vertical grid spacing on the climate simulated in the ICON-Sapphire global storm-resolving model. <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>. 2024;17(4):1563-1584. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024\">10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024</a>","short":"H. Schmidt, S. Rast, J. Bao, A. Cassim, S.W. Fang, D. Jimenez-De La Cuesta, P. Keil, L. Kluft, C. Kroll, T. Lang, U. Niemeier, A. Schneidereit, A.I.L. Williams, B. Stevens, Geoscientific Model Development 17 (2024) 1563–1584.","ista":"Schmidt H, Rast S, Bao J, Cassim A, Fang SW, Jimenez-De La Cuesta D, Keil P, Kluft L, Kroll C, Lang T, Niemeier U, Schneidereit A, Williams AIL, Stevens B. 2024. Effects of vertical grid spacing on the climate simulated in the ICON-Sapphire global storm-resolving model. Geoscientific Model Development. 17(4), 1563–1584."},"supplementarymaterial":"no","file_date_updated":"2024-03-13T08:59:21Z","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"23015","status":"public"}]},"abstract":[{"text":"Global storm-resolving models (GSRMs) use strongly refined horizontal grids compared with the climate models typically used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) but employ comparable vertical grid spacings. Here, we study how changes in the vertical grid spacing and adjustments to the integration time step affect the basic climate quantities simulated by the ICON-Sapphire atmospheric GSRM. Simulations are performed over a 45 d period for five different vertical grids with between 55 and 540 vertical layers and maximum tropospheric vertical grid spacings of between 800 and 50 m, respectively. The effects of changes in the vertical grid spacing are compared with the effects of reducing the horizontal grid spacing from 5 to 2.5 km. For most of the quantities considered, halving the vertical grid spacing has a smaller effect than halving the horizontal grid spacing, but it is not negligible. Each halving of the vertical grid spacing, along with the necessary reductions in time step length, increases cloud liquid water by about 7 %, compared with an approximate 16 % decrease for halving the horizontal grid spacing. The effect is due to both the vertical grid refinement and the time step reduction. There is no tendency toward convergence in the range of grid spacings tested here. The cloud ice amount also increases with a refinement in the vertical grid, but it is hardly affected by the time step length and does show a tendency to converge. While the effect on shortwave radiation is globally dominated by the altered reflection due to the change in the cloud liquid water content, the effect on longwave radiation is more difficult to interpret because changes in the cloud ice concentration and cloud fraction are anticorrelated in some regions. The simulations show that using a maximum tropospheric vertical grid spacing larger than 400 m would increase the truncation error strongly. Computing time investments in a further vertical grid refinement can affect the truncation errors of GSRMs similarly to comparable investments in horizontal refinement, because halving the vertical grid spacing is generally cheaper than halving the horizontal grid spacing. However, convergence of boundary layer cloud properties cannot be expected, even for the smallest maximum tropospheric grid spacing of 50 m used in this study.","lang":"eng"}],"researchdata_availability":"yes","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","year":"2024","date_published":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","acknowledgement":"The authors wish to thank Ann Kristin Naumann and three anonymous reviewers for very helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. We are grateful to René Redler and Karl-Hermann Wieners for useful recommendations regarding running the simulations. We thank Luis Kornblueh for providing an external vertical grid generator and resolving the memory requirements for the very fine vertical grids. We acknowledge Hauke Schulz for providing the radiosonde data. The simulations were run at the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), and we thank the DKRZ staff for their support.\r\nHauke Schmidt and Diego Jimenez-de la Cuesta received financial support from the SOCTOC project within the framework of the ROMIC program, funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (grant no. 01LG1903A).\r\nThe article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by the Max Planck Society.","file":[{"relation":"main_file","success":1,"date_created":"2024-03-13T08:59:21Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","file_size":13364601,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2024_GeoscientificModelDev_Schmidt.pdf","checksum":"270d2340402729b0532f7072ea914cae","file_id":"15111","date_updated":"2024-03-13T08:59:21Z"}],"title":"Effects of vertical grid spacing on the climate simulated in the ICON-Sapphire global storm-resolving model","month":"02","day":"22","publication":"Geoscientific Model Development","issue":"4","ddc":["550"],"intvolume":"        17","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","page":"1563-1584","date_updated":"2026-10-01T08:55:28Z","scopus_import":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","_id":"15097","doi":"10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024","department":[{"_id":"CaMu"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"dataavailabilitystatement":"Simulations were run with the ICON branch nextgems_cycle1_zstar_avr of the icon-aes repository as commit 2d18086d538ca6b80785f21b7a14808fbf50546c. This source code and run scripts are available from https://doi.org/10.17617/3.Z10MPA (Schmidt, 2023). The ICON model is available to licensed individuals (https://code.mpimet.mpg.de/projects/iconpublic/wiki/How to obtain the model code, last access: 10 July 2023). By downloading the ICON source code, the user accepts the license agreement. Scripts employed to produce the figures can be found at https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000D-605D-F (last access: 15 December 2023). Radiosonde data are available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7051674 (Schulz et al., 2022). CERES data are available from https://doi.org/10.5067/TERRA-AQUA-NOAA20/CERES/EBAF_L3B004.2 (NASA/LARC/SD/ASDC, 2023).","status":"public","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024","external_id":{"isi":["001190535000001"]},"volume":17,"das_tickbox":"1","date_created":"2024-03-10T23:00:53Z","isi":1,"has_accepted_license":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version"}]