[{"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Interfacing superconducting qubits with optical photons","year":"2026","page":"97","user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","oa_version":"Published Version","date_published":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","ddc":["530","537","539"],"acknowledgement":"The author of this work was supported by the European Research Council under grant no.\r\n101089099 (ERC CoG cQEO) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogram under grant no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN).\r\nThis work was also supported by the European Research Council under grant nos. 758053\r\n(ERC StG QUNNECT), 101248662 (ERC POC CoupledEOT), and the European Innovation\r\nCouncil no. 101187231 (PathfinderOpen CIELO). This research was funded in whole or in part\r\nby the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [10.55776/F71]. For open access purposes, the author\r\nhas applied a CC BY public copyright license to any author accepted manuscript version arising\r\nfrom this submission.\r\niii\r\nMy co-authors in the works mentioned later acknowledge generous support from the ISTFELLOW program, the NOMIS-ISTA fellowship, the Horizon Europe Program HORIZONCL4-2022-QUANTUM-01-SGA via Project No. 101113946 OpenSuperQPlus100 and a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria.\r\n","author":[{"orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7","last_name":"Werner","full_name":"Werner, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas"}],"month":"05","keyword":["Superconducting qubits","Quantum optics","Single photons and quantum effects","Nonlinear optics"],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]},"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","OA_place":"publisher","has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","corr_author":"1","day":"12","project":[{"name":"Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states","grant_number":"101089099","_id":"bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits"},{"name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"5b807754-ab3d-11f0-914f-ff8c34502cc9","grant_number":"101248662","name":"Integrated optical coupling for low loss electro-optic interconnects"},{"name":"Cavity-Integrated Electro-Optics: Measuring, Converting and Manipulating Microwaves with Light","grant_number":"101187231","_id":"91aaf765-16d5-11f0-9cad-a8e7e44cccb7"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105"},{"_id":"bdb7cfc1-d553-11ed-ba76-d2eaab167738","grant_number":"101080139","name":"Open Superconducting Quantum Computers (OpenSuperQPlus)"},{"_id":"9B861AAC-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","name":"NOMIS Fellowship Program"}],"doi":"10.15479/AT-ISTA-21863","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"JoFi"}],"file":[{"file_name":"2026_Werner_Thomas_Thesis.pdf","date_updated":"2026-05-15T15:53:57Z","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"a5b4d8dba83f96e955a3625c0eebee98","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":9330516,"date_created":"2026-05-15T15:53:57Z","creator":"twerner","relation":"main_file","file_id":"21879"},{"content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","file_name":"2026_Werner_Thomas_Thesis.zip","date_updated":"2026-05-15T15:54:06Z","access_level":"closed","checksum":"b41282beaacfb32472769b9e3b1758d8","file_id":"21880","relation":"source_file","file_size":9370704,"date_created":"2026-05-15T15:54:06Z","creator":"twerner"}],"degree_awarded":"PhD","supervisor":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M"}],"date_created":"2026-05-12T09:04:02Z","publication_status":"published","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"type":"dissertation","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"_id":"21863","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"19073","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"status":"public","id":"21870","relation":"part_of_dissertation"}]},"date_updated":"2026-05-20T13:35:43Z","citation":{"chicago":"Werner, Thomas. “Interfacing Superconducting Qubits with Optical Photons.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-21863\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-21863</a>.","short":"T. Werner, Interfacing Superconducting Qubits with Optical Photons, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026.","mla":"Werner, Thomas. <i>Interfacing Superconducting Qubits with Optical Photons</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-21863\">10.15479/AT-ISTA-21863</a>.","ieee":"T. Werner, “Interfacing superconducting qubits with optical photons,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2026.","apa":"Werner, T. (2026). <i>Interfacing superconducting qubits with optical photons</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-21863\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-21863</a>","ama":"Werner T. Interfacing superconducting qubits with optical photons. 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-21863\">10.15479/AT-ISTA-21863</a>","ista":"Werner T. 2026. Interfacing superconducting qubits with optical photons. Institute of Science and Technology Austria."},"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"SSU"}],"ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Atoms and photons, two things so different but yet so alike. The former, the building block of matter, something we learn about in school and imagine it as some tiny marbles encircled by other tinier marbles. The latter, an electromagnetic wave, a light particle or an excitation of the electromagnetic field. Quantum mechanics tells us about the properties of these two entities. And even if it sounds, looks and writes counter-intuitive, it has proven right for over a century now.\r\n\r\nIn this work, I elaborate on how we tested the laws of quantum mechanics and how we used them learn more about the tiny building blocks of nature and the fields they use to talk to each other. The atoms we use, are artificial. Superconducting qubits, small electrical circuits with quantized energy levels behave like electrons that transition between different orbitals in an atom. One of the qubits' advantages, is also a big disadvantage. We design the circuits' energy levels and fabricate them in a cleanroom. This allows for arbitrary spaced energy levels but in contrast to real atoms, prevents two superconducting qubits from being alike. Still, this qubit platform is one of the frontrunners for future quantum computing technology and testing fundamental physics due to their scalability.\r\n\r\nWe interface superconducting qubits, which operate in the GHz regime, with microwave photons. We use 3D aluminum cavities as mediators between qubits and photons. The cavities allow for non-destructive readout of the qubit state, they shield the qubits from noise at the qubit frequency and they give us an easy way to frequency-tune these joint systems.\r\n\r\nWe need to operate superconducting qubits and their cavities at millikelvin temperatures in dilution refrigerators. At higher temperatures, superconductivity suffers and even worse, the environment is filled with thermal noise photons. This poses a fundamental limitation on the scalability of superconducting qubit devices. Also connecting multiple devices in different fridges does not work over room temperature links because the microwave photons used for this purpose will be covered in noise and the quantum information they carry, will be unusable.\r\n\r\nInfrared photons do not suffer from this noise problem since there are close to zero thermal noise photons at their frequencies at room temperature. We cannot simply interface superconducting devices with optical photons due their frequency mismatch and the destructive effect of optical photons on superconductors. Therefore, we use microwave-to-optics transducers that allow to convert microwave photons into optical ones and vice-versa. The transducers that we use are macroscopic electro-optic transducers using the Pockels effect in a disk-shaped Lithium Niobate whispering gallery mode resonator. By using a strong optical pump, photons from the two frequency domains experience a beam-splitter interaction and get converted from one to the other.\r\n\r\nWe measure the generated optical photons using elaborate optical setups, optical heterodyning and single photon detectors to gain knowledge about the qubit state or the converted microwave photons. Bridging the microwave and the optical world allows us to take advantage of both of their strengths but it also requires deep knowledge about both of their working principles.\r\n\r\nIn this work, we describe two experiments that our group conducted to showcase the opportunities that arise from interfacing superconducting qubits with optical photons but also the pitfalls, one may encounter on the way.\r\n\r\nIn the first experiment, we managed to all-optically read out a superconducting qubit. We show that the assignment fidelity, the probability that a measurement of the qubit state matches the prepared state, is close to equal for all-optical, microwave-to-optics and conventional microwave readout. We show T1 and T2 measurements for all three readout types and give an analysis of the noise caused by the optics. Finally, we show that the infrared light does not affect the qubit performance in a negative way but that the heating it causes does. This is an important insight that we used in the next experiment.\r\n\r\nThe second experiment is the upconversion of itinerant single microwave photons to the optical domain. We show that we can generate single microwave photons from a qubit-cavity system. We upconvert these single photons, measure them with a single photon detector and reconstruct their shape. By conducting a single photon Rabi measurement, we show correlations between the microwave and the optical domain. And by thorough signal-to-noise measurements and noise analysis, we find that we can generate single infrared photons with high signal-to-noise ratio 5.1 and low transducer added noise (<0.012 quanta). We show that this measurement creates a path towards entanglement of a superconducting qubit and an optical photon and what parameters need to be improved to achieve it. Additionally, this experiment is a proof of principle for an on-demand infrared single photon source. More generally, it allows to link microwave quantum technology in general to the optical domain.","lang":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-05-15T15:54:06Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1},{"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/when-qubits-learn-the-language-of-fiberoptics/","description":"News on ISTA Website","relation":"press_release"}],"record":[{"id":"18953","relation":"earlier_version","status":"public"},{"status":"public","id":"21863","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ista":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. 2025. All-optical superconducting qubit readout. Nature Physics. 21, 9470.","ama":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical superconducting qubit readout. <i>Nature Physics</i>. 2025;21. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>","apa":"Arnold, G. M., Werner, T., Sahu, R., Kapoor, L., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2025). All-optical superconducting qubit readout. <i>Nature Physics</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>","ieee":"G. M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “All-optical superconducting qubit readout,” <i>Nature Physics</i>, vol. 21. Springer Nature, 2025.","mla":"Arnold, Georg M., et al. “All-Optical Superconducting Qubit Readout.” <i>Nature Physics</i>, vol. 21, 9470, Springer Nature, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>.","short":"G.M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, Nature Physics 21 (2025).","chicago":"Arnold, Georg M, Thomas Werner, Rishabh Sahu, Lucky Kapoor, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “All-Optical Superconducting Qubit Readout.” <i>Nature Physics</i>. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>."},"date_updated":"2026-05-20T13:35:42Z","_id":"19073","OA_type":"hybrid","scopus_import":"1","ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The rapid development of superconducting quantum hardware is expected to run into substantial restrictions on scalability because error correction in a cryogenic environment has stringent input–output requirements. Classical data centres rely on fibre-optic interconnects to remove similar networking bottlenecks. In the same spirit, ultracold electro-optic links have been proposed and used to generate qubit control signals, or to replace cryogenic readout electronics. So far, these approaches have suffered from either low efficiency, low bandwidth or additional noise. Here we realize radio-over-fibre qubit readout at millikelvin temperatures. We use one device to simultaneously perform upconversion and downconversion between microwave and optical frequencies and so do not require any active or passive cryogenic microwave equipment. We demonstrate all-optical single-shot readout in a circulator-free readout scheme. Importantly, we do not observe any direct radiation impact on the qubit state, despite the absence of shielding elements. This compatibility between superconducting circuits and telecom-wavelength light is not only a prerequisite to establish modular quantum networks, but it is also relevant for multiplexed readout of superconducting photon detectors and classical superconducting logic."}],"oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"original","day":"01","isi":1,"project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits"},{"name":"Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states","grant_number":"101089099","_id":"bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a"},{"name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"899354","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits"}],"publication_status":"published","date_created":"2025-02-23T23:01:57Z","type":"journal_article","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4","file":[{"date_updated":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","file_name":"2025_NaturePhysics_Arnold.pdf","checksum":"ab7469aca9e2e068eb78e5c5c1efaf7d","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","date_created":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","file_size":3396595,"creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","file_id":"19572"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1745-2481"],"issn":["1745-2473"]},"month":"03","intvolume":"        21","has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","corr_author":"1","publisher":"Springer Nature","publication":"Nature Physics","OA_place":"publisher","year":"2025","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","date_published":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"Published Version","pmid":1,"volume":21,"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","title":"All-optical superconducting qubit readout","acknowledgement":"We thank F. Hassani and M. Zemlicka for assistance with qubit design and high-power readout, respectively, and P. Winkel and I. Pop at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for providing the JPA. This work was supported by the European Research Council under grant nos. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT) and 101089099 (ERC CoG cQEO), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN). This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) DOI 10.55776/F71. L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW programme and G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. Open access funding provided by Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria).","author":[{"full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876"},{"id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7","orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","full_name":"Werner, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Werner"},{"full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162"},{"full_name":"Kapoor, Lucky","first_name":"Lucky","last_name":"Kapoor","id":"84b9700b-15b2-11ec-abd3-831089e67615","orcid":"0000-0001-8319-2148"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","last_name":"Qiu","first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M"}],"article_number":"9470","ddc":["530"],"external_id":{"isi":["001417760400001"],"pmid":["40093969"]}},{"file":[{"embargo_to":"open_access","file_id":"18946","relation":"source_file","creator":"cchlebak","file_size":18856130,"date_created":"2025-01-29T08:38:08Z","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","access_level":"closed","checksum":"71872702e8f46c275eaea44efc4d304f","file_name":"tex for upload.zip","date_updated":"2026-01-29T23:30:03Z"},{"content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2026-01-29T23:30:03Z","file_name":"ISTThesisGA2022_final.pdf","checksum":"dfaa06591970f4bff163705802fad56d","access_level":"open_access","file_id":"18947","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2025-01-29T08:38:34Z","file_size":17344760,"creator":"cchlebak","embargo":"2026-01-29"}],"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"},{"_id":"GradSch"}],"doi":"10.15479/at:ista:18871","type":"dissertation","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_sa.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","short":"CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)"},"date_created":"2025-01-24T10:28:39Z","supervisor":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M"}],"publication_status":"published","degree_awarded":"PhD","project":[{"name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"899354","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"day":"24","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-01-29T23:30:03Z","oa":1,"abstract":[{"text":"\"Can we do this with a new type of computer - a quantum computer?\". This famous\r\nquotation of the brilliant Richard Feynman within a conference talk on \"Simulating physics\r\nwith computers.” is often reverently praised as the origin of the field of quantum computing.\r\nThe idea was to use quantum mechanical systems itself to simulate \"Nature\", which is\r\ninherently quantum mechanical. Now, 43 years later, the theoretical framework of how such\r\na computer can operate has been developed. Two main important concepts for a potential\r\nquantum supremacy, superposition and entanglement, have been exploited to design quantum\r\nalgorithms to significantly speed up certain tasks. Yet, the specific hardware implementation\r\nis still far from being certain, in fact the race between the most promising platforms such as\r\nsuperconducting qubits, bosonic codes, cold atoms, trapped ions, optical computing as well\r\nas spin qubits has recently intensified. If one also includes the most mature applications of\r\nquantum communication technologies, secure quantum key distribution and quantum random\r\nnumber generators, as part of a quantum information technology ecosystem, we are confronted\r\nwith a plethora of different materials, concepts, and also operation frequencies. While\r\nsuperconducting qubits, bosonic codes and spin qubits work in the regime of approximately 5\r\nGHz and are controlled by electrical fields, trapped ions, cold atoms, and optical quantum\r\ncomputing operate with light in the infrared or visible range.\r\nConsequently, a quantum frequency converter or microwave-optic transducer is required\r\nto interface the different frequency domains or establish a long-range network connection\r\nwith suitable telecom fibers. In fact, the combination of different frequency regimes is also\r\nan essential part in our classical modern communication network, where computations are\r\nperformed in electrical circuits and the information exchange over longer distances happens\r\nvia optical fibers. However, the specific challenges specific to building a quantum computer,\r\nalso apply to the development of such a quantum frequency transducer: 1) As we deal with\r\nsingle excitations as the carrier of information, i.e. the smallest possible quantity, the signal\r\ncan easily be corrupted by other noise sources which needs to be avoided by all means. This\r\nis also the reason why microwave quantum computers operate at temperature environments\r\nclose to zero temperature (< 0.1 Kelvin) to avoid corruption by thermal noise. 2) The\r\nfrequency interface generally needs to preserve the phase of the signal as an essential part\r\nof the quantum state. And 3) Quantum signals cannot be copied which would be a typical\r\nstrategy to account for errors in classical computers. And finally, there is a challenge specific to\r\nmicrowave-optic transducers: While quantum computers are operating in one specific frequency\r\ndomain, microwave-optic transducers combine microwave and optical fields in one device.\r\nThis results in the particular challenge that high-energy optical radiation, which is usually\r\nwell-shielded from superconducting microwave quantum processors, are now an essential part\r\nof the device. The concomitant optical radiation in the operating transducer will inevitably\r\nhave a detrimental effect on the superconducting microwave components. Together with the\r\nrequirement of minimal background noise for quantum-limited operation as described above,\r\nv\r\nheating from the absorption of optical photons within the same device where single microwave\r\nexcitations are processed forms a formidable challenge.\r\nThis thesis aims to address this challenge by developing microwave-optic transducers where\r\nthe impact of optical absorption on superconducting circuits in general and superconducting\r\nqubits specifically can be mitigated. In our first approach, we developed a compact device\r\nwith optimized interaction strengths between the different frequency domains. This minimizes\r\nthe optical powers used for transducer operation and thus the optical absorption heating. This\r\nwork was - to the best of our knowledge - the first comprehensive noise study, in an integrated\r\nmicrowave-optic transducer. Unfortunately, we saw that the optical absorption heating added\r\nnoise way above a single excitation. Consequently, a potential quantum signal would have\r\nbeen buried in the noise, added by the transduction.\r\nBuilding on this insight, we utilized a three-dimensional microwave-optic transducer instead\r\nof an integrated device. The larger heat capacity of the macroscopic device with a size\r\nof a few millimeters can absorb a larger fraction of the optical heating before it increases\r\nthe temperature of the device. This allowed us to interface the transducer directly with a\r\nsuperconducting qubit to readout the qubit state in a novel all-optical manner. We showed\r\nthat the microwave-optic transducer can be operated in a regime in which optical fields don’t\r\nharm the sensitive qubit. This is an important prerequisite for the operation of microwave-optic\r\ntransducers in conjunction with microwave quantum processors and brings the integration and\r\nseamless orchestration of different frequency components in a quantum network a step closer.\r\n","lang":"eng"}],"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","ec_funded":1,"_id":"18871","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"SSU"},{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"citation":{"ista":"Arnold GM. 2025. Microwave-optic interconnects for superconducting circuits. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","apa":"Arnold, G. M. (2025). <i>Microwave-optic interconnects for superconducting circuits</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871</a>","ama":"Arnold GM. Microwave-optic interconnects for superconducting circuits. 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871\">10.15479/at:ista:18871</a>","mla":"Arnold, Georg M. <i>Microwave-Optic Interconnects for Superconducting Circuits</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871\">10.15479/at:ista:18871</a>.","ieee":"G. M. Arnold, “Microwave-optic interconnects for superconducting circuits,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.","chicago":"Arnold, Georg M. “Microwave-Optic Interconnects for Superconducting Circuits.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871</a>.","short":"G.M. Arnold, Microwave-Optic Interconnects for Superconducting Circuits, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025."},"date_updated":"2026-04-16T12:20:43Z","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"6609","relation":"part_of_dissertation","status":"public"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"8529"},{"status":"public","id":"18953","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"10924","status":"public"},{"relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"9114","status":"public"},{"id":"13200","relation":"part_of_dissertation","status":"public"}]},"ddc":["530"],"author":[{"first_name":"Georg M","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","last_name":"Arnold","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876"}],"acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council under grant agreement no. 758053\r\n(ERC StG QUNNECT) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research, innovation program\r\nunder grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN) and the Austrian Science Fund\r\n(FWF) through BeyondC (F7105). I want to acknowledge generous support from the Austrian\r\nAcademy of Sciences from a DOC [Doctoral program of the Austrian Academy of Sciences]\r\nfellowship (no. 25129).\r\n","title":"Microwave-optic interconnects for superconducting circuits","article_processing_charge":"No","date_published":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","page":"135","year":"2025","OA_place":"publisher","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","corr_author":"1","status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","month":"01","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]}},{"OA_place":"publisher","publication":"Physical Review Letters","publisher":"American Physical Society","corr_author":"1","arxiv":1,"status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","intvolume":"       134","month":"02","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1079-7114"],"issn":["0031-9007"]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2310.04200"],"pmid":["40021171"],"isi":["001454696700003"]},"ddc":["530"],"article_number":"063601","author":[{"id":"2C21D6E8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Redchenko","first_name":"Elena","full_name":"Redchenko, Elena"},{"last_name":"Zens","full_name":"Zens, M.","first_name":"M."},{"id":"2DCF8DE6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0009-0005-0878-3032","full_name":"Zemlicka, Martin","first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Zemlicka"},{"first_name":"Matilda","full_name":"Peruzzo, Matilda","last_name":"Peruzzo","id":"3F920B30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-3415-4628"},{"last_name":"Hassani","full_name":"Hassani, Farid","first_name":"Farid","orcid":"0000-0001-6937-5773","id":"2AED110C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"2E6D040E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-7641-8348","first_name":"Riya","full_name":"Sett, Riya","last_name":"Sett"},{"id":"e198fcc4-f6e0-11ea-865d-b6a256760ee8","last_name":"Zielinski","full_name":"Zielinski, Przemyslaw D","first_name":"Przemyslaw D"},{"first_name":"H. S.","full_name":"Dhar, H. S.","last_name":"Dhar"},{"full_name":"Krimer, D. O.","first_name":"D. O.","last_name":"Krimer"},{"full_name":"Rotter, S.","first_name":"S.","last_name":"Rotter"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M"}],"acknowledgement":"The authors thank G. Arnold and R. Sahu for the discussions, L. Drmic for software development, the MIBA workshop and the ISTA nanofabrication facility for technical support, and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland for providing us TWPAs for follow-up measurements. This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [Grant DOI: 10.55776/F71] through BeyondC (F7105) and IST Austria. E. S. R. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J. M. F. and M. Ž. acknowledge support from the European Research Council under Grant Agreement No. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT) and a NOMIS foundation research grant.","title":"Observation of collapse and revival in a superconducting atomic frequency comb","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","volume":134,"date_published":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"Published Version","pmid":1,"user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","year":"2025","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2025-03-04T10:40:50Z","oa":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Recent advancements in superconducting circuits have enabled the experimental study of collective behavior of precisely controlled intermediate-scale ensembles of qubits. In this work, we demonstrate an atomic frequency comb formed by individual artificial atoms strongly coupled to a single resonator mode. We observe periodic microwave pulses that originate from a single coherent excitation dynamically interacting with the multiqubit ensemble. We show that this revival dynamics emerges as a consequence of the constructive and periodic rephasing of the five superconducting qubits forming the vacuum Rabi split comb. In the future, similar devices could be used as a memory with in situ tunable storage time or as an on-chip periodic pulse generator with nonclassical photon statistics."}],"ec_funded":1,"scopus_import":"1","OA_type":"hybrid","issue":"6","_id":"19280","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"date_updated":"2026-07-08T22:30:34Z","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"apa":"Redchenko, E., Zens, M., Zemlicka, M., Peruzzo, M., Hassani, F., Sett, R., … Fink, J. M. (2025). Observation of collapse and revival in a superconducting atomic frequency comb. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.063601\">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.063601</a>","ama":"Redchenko E, Zens M, Zemlicka M, et al. Observation of collapse and revival in a superconducting atomic frequency comb. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. 2025;134(6). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.063601\">10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.063601</a>","ista":"Redchenko E, Zens M, Zemlicka M, Peruzzo M, Hassani F, Sett R, Zielinski PD, Dhar HS, Krimer DO, Rotter S, Fink JM. 2025. Observation of collapse and revival in a superconducting atomic frequency comb. Physical Review Letters. 134(6), 063601.","chicago":"Redchenko, Elena, M. Zens, Martin Zemlicka, Matilda Peruzzo, Farid Hassani, Riya Sett, Przemyslaw D Zielinski, et al. “Observation of Collapse and Revival in a Superconducting Atomic Frequency Comb.” <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. American Physical Society, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.063601\">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.063601</a>.","short":"E. Redchenko, M. Zens, M. Zemlicka, M. Peruzzo, F. Hassani, R. Sett, P.D. Zielinski, H.S. Dhar, D.O. Krimer, S. Rotter, J.M. Fink, Physical Review Letters 134 (2025).","mla":"Redchenko, Elena, et al. “Observation of Collapse and Revival in a Superconducting Atomic Frequency Comb.” <i>Physical Review Letters</i>, vol. 134, no. 6, 063601, American Physical Society, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.063601\">10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.063601</a>.","ieee":"E. Redchenko <i>et al.</i>, “Observation of collapse and revival in a superconducting atomic frequency comb,” <i>Physical Review Letters</i>, vol. 134, no. 6. American Physical Society, 2025."},"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"19533"}]},"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","checksum":"633d6c5ddd9b805da22c5839d3d48df6","file_name":"2025_PhysReviewLetters_Redchenko.pdf","date_updated":"2025-03-04T10:40:50Z","relation":"main_file","file_id":"19291","creator":"dernst","file_size":2080408,"date_created":"2025-03-04T10:40:50Z"}],"doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.063601","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"type":"journal_article","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"date_created":"2025-03-02T23:01:52Z","publication_status":"published","project":[{"grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053"},{"_id":"26B354CA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Controllable Collective States of Superconducting Qubit Ensembles"}],"isi":1,"day":"14","article_type":"original"},{"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"SSU"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh. “Cavity Quantum Electrooptics.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>.","short":"R. Sahu, Cavity Quantum Electrooptics, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh. <i>Cavity Quantum Electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>.","ieee":"R. Sahu, “Cavity quantum electrooptics,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","apa":"Sahu, R. (2023). <i>Cavity quantum electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>","ama":"Sahu R. Cavity quantum electrooptics. 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>","ista":"Sahu R. 2023. Cavity quantum electrooptics. Institute of Science and Technology Austria."},"date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:43:26Z","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"new_edition","id":"13175"},{"relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"10924","status":"public"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"9114"}]},"_id":"12900","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"file_date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:37:40Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"About a 100 years ago, we discovered that our universe is inherently noisy, that is, measuring any physical quantity with a precision beyond a certain point is not possible because of an omnipresent inherent noise. We call this - the quantum noise. Certain physical processes allow this quantum noise to get correlated in conjugate physical variables. These quantum correlations can be used to go beyond the potential of our inherently noisy universe and obtain a quantum advantage over the classical applications. \r\n\r\nQuantum noise being inherent also means that, at the fundamental level, the physical quantities are not well defined and therefore, objects can stay in multiple states at the same time. For example, the position of a particle not being well defined means that the particle is in multiple positions at the same time. About 4 decades ago, we started exploring the possibility of using objects which can be in multiple states at the same time to increase the dimensionality in computation. Thus, the field of quantum computing was born. We discovered that using quantum entanglement, a property closely related to quantum correlations, can be used to speed up computation of certain problems, such as factorisation of large numbers, faster than any known classical algorithm. Thus began the pursuit to make quantum computers a reality. \r\n\r\nTill date, we have explored quantum control over many physical systems including photons, spins, atoms, ions and even simple circuits made up of superconducting material. However, there persists one ubiquitous theme. The more readily a system interacts with an external field or matter, the more easily we can control it. But this also means that such a system can easily interact with a noisy environment and quickly lose its coherence. Consequently, such systems like electron spins need to be protected from the environment to ensure the longevity of their coherence. Other systems like nuclear spins are naturally protected as they do not interact easily with the environment. But, due to the same reason, it is harder to interact with such systems. \r\n\r\nAfter decades of experimentation with various systems, we are convinced that no one type of quantum system would be the best for all the quantum applications. We would need hybrid systems which are all interconnected - much like the current internet where all sorts of devices can all talk to each other - but now for quantum devices. A quantum internet. \r\n\r\nOptical photons are the best contenders to carry information for the quantum internet. They can carry quantum information cheaply and without much loss - the same reasons which has made them the backbone of our current internet. Following this direction, many systems, like trapped ions, have already demonstrated successful quantum links over a large distances using optical photons. However, some of the most promising contenders for quantum computing which are based on microwave frequencies have been left behind. This is because high energy optical photons can adversely affect fragile low-energy microwave systems. \r\n\r\nIn this thesis, we present substantial progress on this missing quantum link between microwave and optics using electrooptical nonlinearities in lithium niobate. The nonlinearities are enhanced by using resonant cavities for all the involved modes leading to observation of strong direct coupling between optical and microwave frequencies. With this strong coupling we are not only able to achieve almost 100\\% internal conversion efficiency with low added noise, thus presenting a quantum-enabled transducer, but also we are able to observe novel effects such as cooling of a microwave mode using optics. The strong coupling regime also leads to direct observation of dynamical backaction effect between microwave and optical frequencies which are studied in detail here. Finally, we also report first observation of microwave-optics entanglement in form of two-mode squeezed vacuum squeezed 0.7dB below vacuum level. \r\nWith this new bridge between microwave and optics, the microwave-based quantum technologies can finally be a part of a quantum network which is based on optical photons - putting us one step closer to a future with quantum internet. "}],"ec_funded":1,"project":[{"grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105"}],"day":"05","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_sa.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","short":"CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)"},"type":"dissertation","date_created":"2023-05-05T11:08:50Z","supervisor":[{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink"}],"publication_status":"published","degree_awarded":"PhD","file":[{"creator":"rsahu","file_size":36767177,"date_created":"2023-05-09T08:45:14Z","embargo_to":"open_access","file_id":"12928","relation":"source_file","access_level":"closed","checksum":"8cbdab9c37ee55e591092a6f66b272c4","file_name":"thesis.zip","date_updated":"2023-06-06T22:30:03Z","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed"},{"content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"closed","checksum":"439659ead46618147309be39d9dd5a8c","file_name":"thesis_pdfa_final.pdf","date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:37:40Z","relation":"main_file","file_id":"12929","creator":"rsahu","file_size":17501990,"date_created":"2023-05-09T08:51:17Z"}],"doi":"10.15479/at:ista:12900","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"JoFi"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"],"isbn":["978-3-99078-030-5"]},"keyword":["quantum optics","electrooptics","quantum networks","quantum communication","transduction"],"month":"05","corr_author":"1","status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","OA_place":"publisher","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","date_published":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","page":"190","year":"2023","title":"Cavity quantum electrooptics","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"first_name":"Rishabh","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162"}],"ddc":["537","535","539"]},{"type":"journal_article","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2023-05-31T11:39:24Z","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"doi":"10.1126/science.adg3812","article_type":"original","isi":1,"day":"18","project":[{"grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"899354"},{"grant_number":"754411","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies","grant_number":"862644"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits"}],"scopus_import":"1","ec_funded":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Quantum entanglement is a key resource in currently developed quantum technologies. Sharing this fragile property between superconducting microwave circuits and optical or atomic systems would enable new functionalities, but this has been hindered by an energy scale mismatch of >104 and the resulting mutually imposed loss and noise. In this work, we created and verified entanglement between microwave and optical fields in a millikelvin environment. Using an optically pulsed superconducting electro-optical device, we show entanglement between propagating microwave and optical fields in the continuous variable domain. This achievement not only paves the way for entanglement between superconducting circuits and telecom wavelength light, but also has wide-ranging implications for hybrid quantum networks in the context of modularization, scaling, sensing, and cross-platform verification."}],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"13122"}],"link":[{"relation":"press_release","description":"News on ISTA Website","url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/wiring-up-quantum-circuits-with-light/"}]},"quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:39:33Z","citation":{"apa":"Sahu, R., Qiu, L., Hease, W. J., Arnold, G. M., Minoguchi, Y., Rabl, P., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Entangling microwaves with light. <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812</a>","ama":"Sahu R, Qiu L, Hease WJ, et al. Entangling microwaves with light. <i>Science</i>. 2023;380(6646):718-721. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">10.1126/science.adg3812</a>","ista":"Sahu R, Qiu L, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Minoguchi Y, Rabl P, Fink JM. 2023. Entangling microwaves with light. Science. 380(6646), 718–721.","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh, Liu Qiu, William J Hease, Georg M Arnold, Y. Minoguchi, P. Rabl, and Johannes M Fink. “Entangling Microwaves with Light.” <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812</a>.","short":"R. Sahu, L. Qiu, W.J. Hease, G.M. Arnold, Y. Minoguchi, P. Rabl, J.M. Fink, Science 380 (2023) 718–721.","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh, et al. “Entangling Microwaves with Light.” <i>Science</i>, vol. 380, no. 6646, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023, pp. 718–21, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">10.1126/science.adg3812</a>.","ieee":"R. Sahu <i>et al.</i>, “Entangling microwaves with light,” <i>Science</i>, vol. 380, no. 6646. American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 718–721, 2023."},"issue":"6646","_id":"13106","author":[{"last_name":"Sahu","first_name":"Rishabh","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","first_name":"Liu","last_name":"Qiu"},{"first_name":"William J","full_name":"Hease, William J","last_name":"Hease","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166"},{"first_name":"Georg M","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","last_name":"Arnold","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876"},{"full_name":"Minoguchi, Y.","first_name":"Y.","last_name":"Minoguchi"},{"last_name":"Rabl","full_name":"Rabl, P.","first_name":"P."},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink"}],"acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council (grant no. 758053, ERC StG QUNNECT) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 899354, FETopen SuperQuLAN). L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW program. W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant no. 754411). G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J.M.F. acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (grant no. F7105) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 862644, FETopen QUARTET).","external_id":{"isi":["000996515200004"],"arxiv":["2301.03315"],"pmid":["37200415"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2023","page":"718-721","pmid":1,"oa_version":"Preprint","date_published":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","volume":380,"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Entangling microwaves with light","status":"public","corr_author":"1","arxiv":1,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","publication":"Science","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0036-8075"],"eissn":["1095-9203"]},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2301.03315","open_access":"1"}],"keyword":["Multidisciplinary"],"month":"05","intvolume":"       380"},{"status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","OA_place":"publisher","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"],"isbn":["978-3-99078-030-5"]},"keyword":["quantum optics","electrooptics","quantum networks","quantum communication","transduction"],"month":"05","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sahu","first_name":"Rishabh","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh"}],"ddc":["537","535","539"],"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","page":"202","year":"2023","date_published":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"Published Version","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Cavity quantum electrooptics","ec_funded":1,"file_date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:35:15Z","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"text":"About a 100 years ago, we discovered that our universe is inherently noisy, that is, measuring any physical quantity with a precision beyond a certain point is not possible because of an omnipresent inherent noise. We call this - the quantum noise. Certain physical processes allow this quantum noise to get correlated in conjugate physical variables. These quantum correlations can be used to go beyond the potential of our inherently noisy universe and obtain a quantum advantage over the classical applications. \r\n\r\nQuantum noise being inherent also means that, at the fundamental level, the physical quantities are not well defined and therefore, objects can stay in multiple states at the same time. For example, the position of a particle not being well defined means that the particle is in multiple positions at the same time. About 4 decades ago, we started exploring the possibility of using objects which can be in multiple states at the same time to increase the dimensionality in computation. Thus, the field of quantum computing was born. We discovered that using quantum entanglement, a property closely related to quantum correlations, can be used to speed up computation of certain problems, such as factorisation of large numbers, faster than any known classical algorithm. Thus began the pursuit to make quantum computers a reality. \r\n\r\nTill date, we have explored quantum control over many physical systems including photons, spins, atoms, ions and even simple circuits made up of superconducting material. However, there persists one ubiquitous theme. The more readily a system interacts with an external field or matter, the more easily we can control it. But this also means that such a system can easily interact with a noisy environment and quickly lose its coherence. Consequently, such systems like electron spins need to be protected from the environment to ensure the longevity of their coherence. Other systems like nuclear spins are naturally protected as they do not interact easily with the environment. But, due to the same reason, it is harder to interact with such systems. \r\n\r\nAfter decades of experimentation with various systems, we are convinced that no one type of quantum system would be the best for all the quantum applications. We would need hybrid systems which are all interconnected - much like the current internet where all sorts of devices can all talk to each other - but now for quantum devices. A quantum internet. \r\n\r\nOptical photons are the best contenders to carry information for the quantum internet. They can carry quantum information cheaply and without much loss - the same reasons which has made them the backbone of our current internet. Following this direction, many systems, like trapped ions, have already demonstrated successful quantum links over a large distances using optical photons. However, some of the most promising contenders for quantum computing which are based on microwave frequencies have been left behind. This is because high energy optical photons can adversely affect fragile low-energy microwave systems. \r\n\r\nIn this thesis, we present substantial progress on this missing quantum link between microwave and optics using electrooptical nonlinearities in lithium niobate. The nonlinearities are enhanced by using resonant cavities for all the involved modes leading to observation of strong direct coupling between optical and microwave frequencies. With this strong coupling we are not only able to achieve almost 100\\% internal conversion efficiency with low added noise, thus presenting a quantum-enabled transducer, but also we are able to observe novel effects such as cooling of a microwave mode using optics. The strong coupling regime also leads to direct observation of dynamical backaction effect between microwave and optical frequencies which are studied in detail here. Finally, we also report first observation of microwave-optics entanglement in form of two-mode squeezed vacuum squeezed 0.7dB below vacuum level. \r\nWith this new bridge between microwave and optics, the microwave-based quantum technologies can finally be a part of a quantum network which is based on optical photons - putting us one step closer to a future with quantum internet. ","lang":"eng"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"old_edition","id":"12900"},{"id":"10924","relation":"part_of_dissertation","status":"public"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"9114"}]},"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"SSU"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:43:26Z","citation":{"mla":"Sahu, Rishabh. <i>Cavity Quantum Electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>.","ieee":"R. Sahu, “Cavity quantum electrooptics,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh. “Cavity Quantum Electrooptics.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>.","short":"R. Sahu, Cavity Quantum Electrooptics, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","ista":"Sahu R. 2023. Cavity quantum electrooptics. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","apa":"Sahu, R. (2023). <i>Cavity quantum electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>","ama":"Sahu R. Cavity quantum electrooptics. 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>"},"alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"_id":"13175","degree_awarded":"PhD","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_sa.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","short":"CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)"},"type":"dissertation","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2023-06-30T08:07:43Z","supervisor":[{"first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X"}],"file":[{"success":1,"access_level":"open_access","checksum":"7d03f1a5a5258ee43dfc3323dea4e08f","file_name":"thesis_pdfa.pdf","date_updated":"2023-06-30T08:17:25Z","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"cchlebak","file_size":18688376,"date_created":"2023-06-30T08:17:25Z","file_id":"13176","relation":"main_file"},{"file_name":"thesis.zip","date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:35:15Z","access_level":"closed","checksum":"c3b45317ae58e0527533f98c202d81b7","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","file_size":37847025,"date_created":"2023-07-06T11:35:15Z","creator":"cchlebak","file_id":"13196","relation":"source_file"}],"department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"JoFi"}],"doi":"10.15479/at:ista:13175","day":"05","project":[{"grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}]},{"scopus_import":"1","abstract":[{"text":"State-of-the-art transmon qubits rely on large capacitors, which systematically improve their coherence due to reduced surface-loss participation. However, this approach increases both the footprint and the parasitic cross-coupling and is ultimately limited by radiation losses—a potential roadblock for scaling up quantum processors to millions of qubits. In this work we present transmon qubits with sizes as low as 36 × 39 µm2 with  100-nm-wide vacuum-gap capacitors that are micromachined from commercial silicon-on-insulator wafers and shadow evaporated with aluminum. We achieve a vacuum participation ratio up to 99.6% in an in-plane design that is compatible with standard coplanar circuits. Qubit relaxationtime measurements for small gaps with high zero-point electric field variance of up to 22 V/m reveal a double exponential decay indicating comparably strong qubit interaction with long-lived two-level systems. The exceptionally high selectivity of up to 20 dB to the superconductor-vacuum interface allows us to precisely back out the sub-single-photon dielectric loss tangent of aluminum oxide previously exposed to ambient conditions. In terms of future scaling potential, we achieve a ratio of qubit quality factor to a footprint area equal to 20 µm−2, which is comparable with the highest T1 devices relying on larger geometries, a value that could improve substantially for lower surface-loss superconductors. ","lang":"eng"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"ec_funded":1,"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ista":"Zemlicka M, Redchenko E, Peruzzo M, Hassani F, Trioni A, Barzanjeh S, Fink JM. 2023. Compact vacuum-gap transmon qubits: Selective and sensitive probes for superconductor surface losses. Physical Review Applied. 20(4), 044054.","apa":"Zemlicka, M., Redchenko, E., Peruzzo, M., Hassani, F., Trioni, A., Barzanjeh, S., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Compact vacuum-gap transmon qubits: Selective and sensitive probes for superconductor surface losses. <i>Physical Review Applied</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.044054\">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.044054</a>","ama":"Zemlicka M, Redchenko E, Peruzzo M, et al. Compact vacuum-gap transmon qubits: Selective and sensitive probes for superconductor surface losses. <i>Physical Review Applied</i>. 2023;20(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.044054\">10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.044054</a>","mla":"Zemlicka, Martin, et al. “Compact Vacuum-Gap Transmon Qubits: Selective and Sensitive Probes for Superconductor Surface Losses.” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, vol. 20, no. 4, 044054, American Physical Society, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.044054\">10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.044054</a>.","ieee":"M. Zemlicka <i>et al.</i>, “Compact vacuum-gap transmon qubits: Selective and sensitive probes for superconductor surface losses,” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, vol. 20, no. 4. American Physical Society, 2023.","chicago":"Zemlicka, Martin, Elena Redchenko, Matilda Peruzzo, Farid Hassani, Andrea Trioni, Shabir Barzanjeh, and Johannes M Fink. “Compact Vacuum-Gap Transmon Qubits: Selective and Sensitive Probes for Superconductor Surface Losses.” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>. American Physical Society, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.044054\">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.044054</a>.","short":"M. Zemlicka, E. Redchenko, M. Peruzzo, F. Hassani, A. Trioni, S. Barzanjeh, J.M. Fink, Physical Review Applied 20 (2023)."},"date_updated":"2026-06-03T07:16:02Z","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"14520","relation":"research_data"}]},"_id":"14517","issue":"4","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2023-11-12T23:00:55Z","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"doi":"10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.044054","article_type":"original","project":[{"grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"eb9b30ac-77a9-11ec-83b8-871f581d53d2","name":"Protected states of quantum matter"},{"name":"Microwave-to-Optical Quantum Link: Quantum Teleportation and Quantum Illumination with cavity Optomechanics","grant_number":"707438","_id":"258047B6-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"grant_number":"101080139","name":"Open Superconducting Quantum Computers (OpenSuperQPlus)","_id":"bdb7cfc1-d553-11ed-ba76-d2eaab167738"},{"grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"isi":1,"day":"20","corr_author":"1","arxiv":1,"status":"public","publication":"Physical Review Applied","publisher":"American Physical Society","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.14104","open_access":"1"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2331-7019"]},"intvolume":"        20","month":"10","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F7105), the European Research Council under Grant Agreement No. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT) and a NOMIS foundation research grant. M.Z. was the recipient of a SAIA scholarship, E.R. of\r\na DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and M.P. of a Pöttinger scholarship at IST Austria. S.B. acknowledges support from Marie Skłodowska Curie Program No. 707438 (MSC-IF SUPEREOM). J.M.F. acknowledges support from the Horizon Europe Program HORIZON-CL4-2022-QUANTUM-01-SGA via Project No. 101113946 OpenSuperQPlus100 and the ISTA Nanofabrication Facility.","author":[{"id":"2DCF8DE6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0009-0005-0878-3032","first_name":"Martin","full_name":"Zemlicka, Martin","last_name":"Zemlicka"},{"last_name":"Redchenko","first_name":"Elena","full_name":"Redchenko, Elena","id":"2C21D6E8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Peruzzo, Matilda","first_name":"Matilda","last_name":"Peruzzo","id":"3F920B30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-3415-4628"},{"last_name":"Hassani","full_name":"Hassani, Farid","first_name":"Farid","orcid":"0000-0001-6937-5773","id":"2AED110C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"42F71B44-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Trioni","first_name":"Andrea","full_name":"Trioni, Andrea"},{"id":"2D25E1F6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-0415-1423","full_name":"Barzanjeh, Shabir","first_name":"Shabir","last_name":"Barzanjeh"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M"}],"article_number":"044054","external_id":{"isi":["001095315600001"],"arxiv":["2206.14104"]},"oa_version":"Preprint","date_published":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","volume":20,"year":"2023","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","title":"Compact vacuum-gap transmon qubits: Selective and sensitive probes for superconductor surface losses","article_processing_charge":"No"},{"OA_place":"publisher","publication":"Nature Communications","publisher":"Nature Research","arxiv":1,"corr_author":"1","status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","intvolume":"        14","month":"06","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"external_id":{"isi":["001018100800002"],"arxiv":["2210.12443"],"pmid":["37355691"]},"ddc":["000"],"article_number":"3784","author":[{"first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","last_name":"Qiu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267"},{"last_name":"Sahu","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Hease","first_name":"William J","full_name":"Hease, William J"},{"last_name":"Arnold","first_name":"Georg M","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Fink","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN), and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F7105). L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW programme. W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411. G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria.","title":"Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action","article_processing_charge":"Yes","volume":14,"pmid":1,"date_published":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2023","file_date_updated":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Recent quantum technologies have established precise quantum control of various microscopic systems using electromagnetic waves. Interfaces based on cryogenic cavity electro-optic systems are particularly promising, due to the direct interaction between microwave and optical fields in the quantum regime. Quantum optical control of superconducting microwave circuits has been precluded so far due to the weak electro-optical coupling as well as quasi-particles induced by the pump laser. Here we report the coherent control of a superconducting microwave cavity using laser pulses in a multimode electro-optical device at millikelvin temperature with near-unity cooperativity. Both the stationary and instantaneous responses of the microwave and optical modes comply with the coherent electro-optical interaction, and reveal only minuscule amount of excess back-action with an unanticipated time delay. Our demonstration enables wide ranges of applications beyond quantum transductions, from squeezing and quantum non-demolition measurements of microwave fields, to entanglement generation and hybrid quantum networks."}],"ec_funded":1,"scopus_import":"1","OA_type":"gold","_id":"13200","DOAJ_listed":"1","citation":{"chicago":"Qiu, Liu, Rishabh Sahu, William J Hease, Georg M Arnold, and Johannes M Fink. “Coherent Optical Control of a Superconducting Microwave Cavity via Electro-Optical Dynamical Back-Action.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Nature Research, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>.","short":"L. Qiu, R. Sahu, W.J. Hease, G.M. Arnold, J.M. Fink, Nature Communications 14 (2023).","mla":"Qiu, Liu, et al. “Coherent Optical Control of a Superconducting Microwave Cavity via Electro-Optical Dynamical Back-Action.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14, 3784, Nature Research, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>.","ieee":"L. Qiu, R. Sahu, W. J. Hease, G. M. Arnold, and J. M. Fink, “Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14. Nature Research, 2023.","apa":"Qiu, L., Sahu, R., Hease, W. J., Arnold, G. M., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Nature Research. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>","ama":"Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Fink JM. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2023;14. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>","ista":"Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Fink JM. 2023. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. Nature Communications. 14, 3784."},"quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2026-07-08T22:30:29Z","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"18871","status":"public"}]},"file":[{"relation":"main_file","file_id":"13206","file_size":1349134,"date_created":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","creator":"alisjak","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2023_NatureComms_Qiu.pdf","date_updated":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","checksum":"ec7ccd2c08f90d59cab302fd0d7776a4"}],"doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"APC_amount":"6228 EUR","type":"journal_article","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"publication_status":"published","date_created":"2023-07-09T22:01:11Z","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053"},{"grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits"},{"_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"754411","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships"},{"name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme","grant_number":"291734","_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FP7"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"3AC91DDA-15DF-11EA-824D-93A3E7B544D1","call_identifier":"FWF","name":"FWF Open Access Fund"}],"day":"24","isi":1,"article_type":"original"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit","year":"2023","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa_version":"Preprint","date_published":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","external_id":{"arxiv":["2310.16817"]},"acknowledgement":"We thank F. Hassani and M. Zemlicka for assistance\r\nwith qubit design and high power readout respectively,\r\nand P. Winkel and I. Pop at KIT for providing the JPA.\r\nThis work was supported by the European Research\r\nCouncil under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG\r\nQUNNECT) and no. 101089099 (ERC CoG cQEO), the\r\nEuropean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogram under grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen\r\nSuperQuLAN) and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)\r\nthrough BeyondC (grant no. F7105). L.Q. acknowledges\r\ngenerous support from the ISTFELLOW programme\r\nand G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the\r\nAustrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria.","author":[{"last_name":"Arnold","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","first_name":"Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7","last_name":"Werner","full_name":"Werner, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas"},{"last_name":"Sahu","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Lucky","full_name":"Kapoor, Lucky","last_name":"Kapoor","id":"84b9700b-15b2-11ec-abd3-831089e67615","orcid":"0000-0001-8319-2148"},{"first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","last_name":"Qiu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink"}],"month":"10","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.16817","open_access":"1"}],"publication":"arXiv","OA_place":"repository","status":"public","corr_author":"1","arxiv":1,"day":"25","project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053"},{"_id":"bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a","grant_number":"101089099","name":"Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states"},{"_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"doi":"10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817","publication_status":"draft","date_created":"2025-01-29T11:11:34Z","type":"preprint","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"_id":"18953","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"19073","relation":"later_version","status":"public"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"18871","status":"public"}]},"date_updated":"2026-07-08T22:30:29Z","citation":{"ieee":"G. M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","mla":"Arnold, Georg M., et al. “All-Optical Single-Shot Readout of a Superconducting Qubit.” <i>ArXiv</i>, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>.","short":"G.M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, ArXiv (n.d.).","chicago":"Arnold, Georg M, Thomas Werner, Rishabh Sahu, Lucky Kapoor, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “All-Optical Single-Shot Readout of a Superconducting Qubit.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>.","ista":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. arXiv, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>.","ama":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>","apa":"Arnold, G. M., Werner, T., Sahu, R., Kapoor, L., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (n.d.). All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>"},"ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"text":"The rapid development of superconducting quantum hardware is expected to run into significant I/O restrictions due to the need for large-scale error correction in a cryogenic environment. Classical data centers rely on fiber-optic interconnects to remove similar networking bottlenecks and to allow for reconfigurable, software-defined infrastructures. In the same spirit, ultra-cold electro-optic links have been proposed and used to generate qubit control signals, or to replace cryogenic readout electronics. So far, the latter suffered from either low efficiency, low bandwidth and the need for additional microwave drives, or breaking of Cooper pairs and qubit states. In this work we realize electro-optic microwave photonics at millikelvin temperatures to implement a radio-over-fiber qubit readout that does not require any active or passive cryogenic microwave equipment. We demonstrate all-optical single-shot-readout by means of the Jaynes-Cummings nonlinearity in a circulator-free readout scheme. Importantly, we do not observe any direct radiation impact on the qubit state as verified with high-fidelity quantum-non-demolition measurements despite the absence of shielding elements. This compatibility between superconducting circuits and telecom wavelength light is not only a prerequisite to establish modular quantum networks, it is also relevant for multiplexed readout of superconducting photon detectors and classical superconducting logic. Moreover, this experiment showcases the potential of electro-optic radiometry in harsh environments - an electronics-free sensing principle that extends into the THz regime with applications in radio astronomy, planetary missions and earth observation.","lang":"eng"}],"oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","corr_author":"1","arxiv":1,"publisher":"Springer Nature","publication":"Nature Communications","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"month":"05","intvolume":"        14","acknowledgement":"The authors thank W.D. Oliver for discussions, L. Drmic and P. Zielinski for software development, and the MIBA workshop and the IST nanofabrication facility for technical support. This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F7105) and IST Austria. E.R. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J.M.F. and M.Z. acknowledge support from the European Research Council under grant agreement No 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT) and a NOMIS foundation research grant. The work of A.N.P. and A.V.P. has been supported by the Russian Science Foundation under the grant No 20-12-00194.","author":[{"id":"2C21D6E8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Redchenko","full_name":"Redchenko, Elena","first_name":"Elena"},{"full_name":"Poshakinskiy, Alexander V.","first_name":"Alexander V.","last_name":"Poshakinskiy"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-7641-8348","id":"2E6D040E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sett","full_name":"Sett, Riya","first_name":"Riya"},{"last_name":"Zemlicka","first_name":"Martin","full_name":"Zemlicka, Martin","orcid":"0009-0005-0878-3032","id":"2DCF8DE6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Poddubny, Alexander N.","first_name":"Alexander N.","last_name":"Poddubny"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink"}],"ddc":["530"],"article_number":"2998","external_id":{"isi":["001001099700002"],"pmid":["37225689"],"arxiv":["2205.03293"]},"year":"2023","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa_version":"Published Version","date_published":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","pmid":1,"volume":14,"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Tunable directional photon scattering from a pair of superconducting qubits","scopus_import":"1","ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The ability to control the direction of scattered light is crucial to provide flexibility and scalability for a wide range of on-chip applications, such as integrated photonics, quantum information processing, and nonlinear optics. Tunable directionality can be achieved by applying external magnetic fields that modify optical selection rules, by using nonlinear effects, or interactions with vibrations. However, these approaches are less suitable to control microwave photon propagation inside integrated superconducting quantum devices. Here, we demonstrate on-demand tunable directional scattering based on two periodically modulated transmon qubits coupled to a transmission line at a fixed distance. By changing the relative phase between the modulation tones, we realize unidirectional forward or backward photon scattering. Such an in-situ switchable mirror represents a versatile tool for intra- and inter-chip microwave photonic processors. In the future, a lattice of qubits can be used to realize topological circuits that exhibit strong nonreciprocity or chirality."}],"file_date_updated":"2023-06-06T07:31:20Z","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"13124"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"19533","status":"public"}]},"citation":{"short":"E. Redchenko, A.V. Poshakinskiy, R. Sett, M. Zemlicka, A.N. Poddubny, J.M. Fink, Nature Communications 14 (2023).","chicago":"Redchenko, Elena, Alexander V. Poshakinskiy, Riya Sett, Martin Zemlicka, Alexander N. Poddubny, and Johannes M Fink. “Tunable Directional Photon Scattering from a Pair of Superconducting Qubits.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38761-6\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38761-6</a>.","ieee":"E. Redchenko, A. V. Poshakinskiy, R. Sett, M. Zemlicka, A. N. Poddubny, and J. M. Fink, “Tunable directional photon scattering from a pair of superconducting qubits,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14. Springer Nature, 2023.","mla":"Redchenko, Elena, et al. “Tunable Directional Photon Scattering from a Pair of Superconducting Qubits.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14, 2998, Springer Nature, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38761-6\">10.1038/s41467-023-38761-6</a>.","ama":"Redchenko E, Poshakinskiy AV, Sett R, Zemlicka M, Poddubny AN, Fink JM. Tunable directional photon scattering from a pair of superconducting qubits. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2023;14. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38761-6\">10.1038/s41467-023-38761-6</a>","apa":"Redchenko, E., Poshakinskiy, A. V., Sett, R., Zemlicka, M., Poddubny, A. N., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Tunable directional photon scattering from a pair of superconducting qubits. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38761-6\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38761-6</a>","ista":"Redchenko E, Poshakinskiy AV, Sett R, Zemlicka M, Poddubny AN, Fink JM. 2023. Tunable directional photon scattering from a pair of superconducting qubits. Nature Communications. 14, 2998."},"date_updated":"2026-07-08T22:30:34Z","quality_controlled":"1","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"_id":"13117","date_created":"2023-06-04T22:01:02Z","publication_status":"published","type":"journal_article","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38761-6","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"file":[{"creator":"dernst","date_created":"2023-06-06T07:31:20Z","file_size":1654389,"relation":"main_file","file_id":"13123","checksum":"a857df40f0882859c48a1ff1e2001ec2","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2023-06-06T07:31:20Z","file_name":"2023_NaturePhysics_Redchenko.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"article_type":"original","day":"24","isi":1,"project":[{"name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"name":"Controllable Collective States of Superconducting Qubit Ensembles","_id":"26B354CA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"eb9b30ac-77a9-11ec-83b8-871f581d53d2","name":"Protected states of quantum matter"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105"}]},{"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"],"isbn":["978-3-99078-024-4"]},"month":"09","has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","corr_author":"1","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","OA_place":"publisher","year":"2022","page":"168","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","date_published":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"Published Version","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Controllable states of superconducting Qubit ensembles","author":[{"id":"2C21D6E8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Redchenko","first_name":"Elena","full_name":"Redchenko, Elena"}],"ddc":["530"],"date_updated":"2026-04-07T14:22:39Z","citation":{"ieee":"E. Redchenko, “Controllable states of superconducting Qubit ensembles,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022.","mla":"Redchenko, Elena. <i>Controllable States of Superconducting Qubit Ensembles</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12132\">10.15479/at:ista:12132</a>.","short":"E. Redchenko, Controllable States of Superconducting Qubit Ensembles, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022.","chicago":"Redchenko, Elena. “Controllable States of Superconducting Qubit Ensembles.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12132\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12132</a>.","ista":"Redchenko E. 2022. Controllable states of superconducting Qubit ensembles. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","ama":"Redchenko E. Controllable states of superconducting Qubit ensembles. 2022. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12132\">10.15479/at:ista:12132</a>","apa":"Redchenko, E. (2022). <i>Controllable states of superconducting Qubit ensembles</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12132\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12132</a>"},"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"}],"alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"_id":"12366","ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Recent substantial advances in the feld of superconducting circuits have shown its\r\npotential as a leading platform for future quantum computing. In contrast to classical\r\ncomputers based on bits that are represented by a single binary value, 0 or 1, quantum\r\nbits (or qubits) can be in a superposition of both. Thus, quantum computers can store\r\nand handle more information at the same time and a quantum advantage has already\r\nbeen demonstrated for two types of computational tasks. Rapid progress in academic\r\nand industry labs accelerates the development of superconducting processors which may\r\nsoon fnd applications in complex computations, chemical simulations, cryptography, and\r\noptimization. Now that these machines are scaled up to tackle such problems the questions\r\nof qubit interconnects and networks becomes very relevant. How to route signals on-chip\r\nbetween diferent processor components? What is the most efcient way to entangle\r\nqubits? And how to then send and process entangled signals between distant cryostats\r\nhosting superconducting processors?\r\nIn this thesis, we are looking for solutions to these problems by studying the collective\r\nbehavior of superconducting qubit ensembles. We frst demonstrate on-demand tunable\r\ndirectional scattering of microwave photons from a pair of qubits in a waveguide. Such a\r\ndevice can route microwave photons on-chip with a high diode efciency. Then we focus\r\non studying ultra-strong coupling regimes between light (microwave photons) and matter\r\n(superconducting qubits), a regime that could be promising for extremely fast multi-qubit\r\nentanglement generation. Finally, we show coherent pulse storage and periodic revivals\r\nin a fve qubit ensemble strongly coupled to a resonator. Such a reconfgurable storage\r\ndevice could be used as part of a quantum repeater that is needed for longer-distance\r\nquantum communication.\r\nThe achieved high degree of control over multi-qubit ensembles highlights not only the\r\nbeautiful physics of circuit quantum electrodynamics, it also represents the frst step\r\ntoward new quantum simulation and communication methods, and certain techniques\r\nmay also fnd applications in future superconducting quantum computing hardware.\r\n","lang":"eng"}],"oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2023-01-26T23:30:44Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"26","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"2564DBCA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"665385","name":"International IST Doctoral Program"},{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits"},{"name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies","grant_number":"862644","_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"degree_awarded":"PhD","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2023-01-25T09:17:02Z","supervisor":[{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink"}],"type":"dissertation","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"JoFi"}],"doi":"10.15479/at:ista:12132","file":[{"relation":"main_file","file_id":"12367","file_size":56076868,"date_created":"2023-01-25T09:41:49Z","embargo":"2022-12-28","creator":"cchlebak","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"Final_Thesis_ES_Redchenko.pdf","date_updated":"2023-01-26T23:30:44Z","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"39eabb1e006b41335f17f3b29af09648"}]},{"publication_status":"published","date_created":"2022-03-27T22:01:45Z","type":"journal_article","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2","file":[{"file_id":"10929","relation":"main_file","creator":"dernst","file_size":1167492,"date_created":"2022-03-28T08:02:12Z","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","checksum":"7c5176db7b8e2ed18a4e0c5aca70a72c","file_name":"2022_NatureCommunications_Sahu.pdf","date_updated":"2022-03-28T08:02:12Z"}],"article_type":"original","project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053"},{"name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"899354","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"754411","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships"},{"_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"862644","name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105"}],"isi":1,"day":"11","scopus_import":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Solid-state microwave systems offer strong interactions for fast quantum logic and sensing but photons at telecom wavelength are the ideal choice for high-density low-loss quantum interconnects. A general-purpose interface that can make use of single photon effects requires < 1 input noise quanta, which has remained elusive due to either low efficiency or pump induced heating. Here we demonstrate coherent electro-optic modulation on nanosecond-timescales with only 0.16+0.02−0.01 microwave input noise photons with a total bidirectional transduction efficiency of 8.7% (or up to 15% with 0.41+0.02−0.02), as required for near-term heralded quantum network protocols. The use of short and high-power optical pump pulses also enables near-unity cooperativity of the electro-optic interaction leading to an internal pure conversion efficiency of up to 99.5%. Together with the low mode occupancy this provides evidence for electro-optic laser cooling and vacuum amplification as predicted a decade ago."}],"file_date_updated":"2022-03-28T08:02:12Z","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ec_funded":1,"date_updated":"2026-07-08T22:30:29Z","citation":{"mla":"Sahu, Rishabh, et al. “Quantum-Enabled Operation of a Microwave-Optical Interface.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 13, 1276, Springer Nature, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>.","ieee":"R. Sahu, W. J. Hease, A. R. Rueda Sanchez, G. M. Arnold, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 13. Springer Nature, 2022.","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh, William J Hease, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Georg M Arnold, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “Quantum-Enabled Operation of a Microwave-Optical Interface.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>.","short":"R. Sahu, W.J. Hease, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, G.M. Arnold, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, Nature Communications 13 (2022).","ista":"Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. 2022. Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface. Nature Communications. 13, 1276.","apa":"Sahu, R., Hease, W. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Arnold, G. M., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2022). Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>","ama":"Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2022;13. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2\">10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>"},"quality_controlled":"1","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"13175","status":"public"},{"status":"public","id":"12900","relation":"dissertation_contains"},{"status":"public","id":"18871","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"_id":"10924","acknowledgement":"The authors thank S. Wald and F. Diorico for their help with optical filtering, O. Hosten\r\nand M. Aspelmeyer for equipment, H.G.L. Schwefel for materials and discussions, L.\r\nDrmic and P. Zielinski for software support, and the MIBA workshop at IST Austria for\r\nmachining the microwave cavity. This work was supported by the European Research\r\nCouncil under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT) and the European\r\nUnion’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no.\r\n899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN). W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship\r\nwith funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogram under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411. G.A. is the\r\nrecipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J.M.F.\r\nacknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F7105)\r\nand the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under grant\r\nagreement no. 862644 (FETopen QUARTET).","author":[{"id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu"},{"full_name":"Hease, William J","first_name":"William J","last_name":"Hease","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166"},{"id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860","first_name":"Alfredo R","full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R","last_name":"Rueda Sanchez"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","last_name":"Qiu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","first_name":"Liu"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink"}],"ddc":["530"],"article_number":"1276","external_id":{"isi":["000767892300013"],"pmid":["35277488"],"arxiv":["2107.08303"]},"date_published":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":13,"pmid":1,"year":"2022","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","title":"Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface","article_processing_charge":"No","arxiv":1,"corr_author":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","publication":"Nature Communications","publisher":"Springer Nature","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"intvolume":"        13","month":"03"},{"ec_funded":1,"oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:05Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Quantum illumination uses entangled signal-idler photon pairs to boost the detection efficiency of low-reflectivity objects in environments with bright thermal noise. Its advantage is particularly evident at low signal powers, a promising feature for applications such as noninvasive biomedical scanning or low-power short-range radar. Here, we experimentally investigate the concept of quantum illumination at microwave frequencies. We generate entangled fields to illuminate a room-temperature object at a distance of 1 m in a free-space detection setup. We implement a digital phase-conjugate receiver based on linear quadrature measurements that outperforms a symmetric classical noise radar in the same conditions, despite the entanglement-breaking signal path. Starting from experimental data, we also simulate the case of perfect idler photon number detection, which results in a quantum advantage compared with the relative classical benchmark. Our results highlight the opportunities and challenges in the way toward a first room-temperature application of microwave quantum circuits."}],"scopus_import":"1","_id":"7910","issue":"19","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/scientists-demonstrate-quantum-radar-prototype/","relation":"press_release","description":"News on IST Homepage"}],"record":[{"status":"public","id":"9001","relation":"later_version"}]},"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ista":"Barzanjeh S, Pirandola S, Vitali D, Fink JM. 2020. Microwave quantum illumination using a digital receiver. Science Advances. 6(19), eabb0451.","ama":"Barzanjeh S, Pirandola S, Vitali D, Fink JM. Microwave quantum illumination using a digital receiver. <i>Science Advances</i>. 2020;6(19). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0451\">10.1126/sciadv.abb0451</a>","apa":"Barzanjeh, S., Pirandola, S., Vitali, D., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2020). Microwave quantum illumination using a digital receiver. <i>Science Advances</i>. AAAS. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0451\">https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0451</a>","ieee":"S. Barzanjeh, S. Pirandola, D. Vitali, and J. M. Fink, “Microwave quantum illumination using a digital receiver,” <i>Science Advances</i>, vol. 6, no. 19. AAAS, 2020.","mla":"Barzanjeh, Shabir, et al. “Microwave Quantum Illumination Using a Digital Receiver.” <i>Science Advances</i>, vol. 6, no. 19, eabb0451, AAAS, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0451\">10.1126/sciadv.abb0451</a>.","short":"S. Barzanjeh, S. Pirandola, D. Vitali, J.M. Fink, Science Advances 6 (2020).","chicago":"Barzanjeh, Shabir, S. Pirandola, D Vitali, and Johannes M Fink. “Microwave Quantum Illumination Using a Digital Receiver.” <i>Science Advances</i>. AAAS, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0451\">https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0451</a>."},"date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:42:37Z","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"16fa61cc1951b444ee74c07188cda9da","file_name":"2020_ScienceAdvances_Barzanjeh.pdf","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:05Z","file_id":"7913","relation":"main_file","creator":"dernst","file_size":795822,"date_created":"2020-06-02T09:18:36Z"}],"doi":"10.1126/sciadv.abb0451","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"type":"journal_article","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"publication_status":"published","date_created":"2020-05-31T22:00:49Z","isi":1,"day":"06","project":[{"name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"grant_number":"862644","name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E"},{"name":"Microwave-to-Optical Quantum Link: Quantum Teleportation and Quantum Illumination with cavity Optomechanics","grant_number":"707438","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"258047B6-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"257EB838-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Hybrid Optomechanical Technologies","grant_number":"732894"},{"grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"article_type":"original","publisher":"AAAS","publication":"Science Advances","status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","arxiv":1,"month":"05","intvolume":"         6","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2375-2548"]},"external_id":{"isi":["000531171100045"],"arxiv":["1908.03058"],"pmid":["32548249"]},"article_number":"eabb0451","ddc":["530"],"author":[{"id":"2D25E1F6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-0415-1423","full_name":"Barzanjeh, Shabir","first_name":"Shabir","last_name":"Barzanjeh"},{"last_name":"Pirandola","full_name":"Pirandola, S.","first_name":"S."},{"last_name":"Vitali","first_name":"D","full_name":"Vitali, D"},{"full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Microwave quantum illumination using a digital receiver","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2020","oa_version":"Published Version","pmid":1,"date_published":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","volume":6},{"issue":"3","_id":"8038","date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:42:07Z","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ista":"Fink JM, Kalaee M, Norte R, Pitanti A, Painter O. 2020. Efficient microwave frequency conversion mediated by a photonics compatible silicon nitride nanobeam oscillator. Quantum Science and Technology. 5(3), 034011.","ama":"Fink JM, Kalaee M, Norte R, Pitanti A, Painter O. Efficient microwave frequency conversion mediated by a photonics compatible silicon nitride nanobeam oscillator. <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. 2020;5(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce\">10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce</a>","apa":"Fink, J. M., Kalaee, M., Norte, R., Pitanti, A., &#38; Painter, O. (2020). Efficient microwave frequency conversion mediated by a photonics compatible silicon nitride nanobeam oscillator. <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce\">https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce</a>","ieee":"J. M. Fink, M. Kalaee, R. Norte, A. Pitanti, and O. Painter, “Efficient microwave frequency conversion mediated by a photonics compatible silicon nitride nanobeam oscillator,” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>, vol. 5, no. 3. IOP Publishing, 2020.","mla":"Fink, Johannes M., et al. “Efficient Microwave Frequency Conversion Mediated by a Photonics Compatible Silicon Nitride Nanobeam Oscillator.” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>, vol. 5, no. 3, 034011, IOP Publishing, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce\">10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce</a>.","short":"J.M. Fink, M. Kalaee, R. Norte, A. Pitanti, O. Painter, Quantum Science and Technology 5 (2020).","chicago":"Fink, Johannes M, M. Kalaee, R. Norte, A. Pitanti, and O. Painter. “Efficient Microwave Frequency Conversion Mediated by a Photonics Compatible Silicon Nitride Nanobeam Oscillator.” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. IOP Publishing, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce\">https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce</a>."},"ec_funded":1,"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:08Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Microelectromechanical systems and integrated photonics provide the basis for many reliable and compact circuit elements in modern communication systems. Electro-opto-mechanical devices are currently one of the leading approaches to realize ultra-sensitive, low-loss transducers for an emerging quantum information technology. Here we present an on-chip microwave frequency converter based on a planar aluminum on silicon nitride platform that is compatible with slot-mode coupled photonic crystal cavities. We show efficient frequency conversion between two propagating microwave modes mediated by the radiation pressure interaction with a metalized dielectric nanobeam oscillator. We achieve bidirectional coherent conversion with a total device efficiency of up to ~60%, a dynamic range of 2 × 10^9 photons/s and an instantaneous bandwidth of up to 1.7 kHz. A high fidelity quantum state transfer would be possible if the drive dependent output noise of currently ~14 photons s^−1 Hz^−1 is further reduced. Such a silicon nitride based transducer is in situ reconfigurable and could be used for on-chip classical and quantum signal routing and filtering, both for microwave and hybrid microwave-optical applications.","lang":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","isi":1,"day":"25","project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits"},{"grant_number":"732894","name":"Hybrid Optomechanical Technologies","_id":"257EB838-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"2622978C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Hybrid Semiconductor - Superconductor Quantum Devices"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105"}],"article_type":"original","file":[{"relation":"main_file","file_id":"8072","file_size":2600967,"date_created":"2020-06-30T10:29:10Z","creator":"cziletti","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2020_QuantumSciTechnol_Fink.pdf","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:08Z","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"8f25f05053f511f892ae8fa93f341e61"}],"doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ab8dce","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"type":"journal_article","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"publication_status":"published","date_created":"2020-06-29T07:59:35Z","month":"05","intvolume":"         5","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2058-9565"]},"publisher":"IOP Publishing","publication":"Quantum Science and Technology","status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","title":"Efficient microwave frequency conversion mediated by a photonics compatible silicon nitride nanobeam oscillator","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2020","volume":5,"date_published":"2020-05-25T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"Published Version","external_id":{"isi":["000539300800001"]},"ddc":["530"],"article_number":"034011","author":[{"first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X"},{"full_name":"Kalaee, M.","first_name":"M.","last_name":"Kalaee"},{"last_name":"Norte","full_name":"Norte, R.","first_name":"R."},{"first_name":"A.","full_name":"Pitanti, A.","last_name":"Pitanti"},{"last_name":"Painter","full_name":"Painter, O.","first_name":"O."}]},{"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Surpassing the resistance quantum with a geometric superinductor","year":"2020","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa_version":"Published Version","date_published":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","volume":14,"article_number":"044055","ddc":["530"],"external_id":{"isi":["000582797300003"],"arxiv":["2007.01644"]},"acknowledgement":"The authors acknowledge the support from I. Prieto and the IST Nanofabrication Facility. This work was supported by IST Austria and a NOMIS foundation research grant and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F71). MP is the recipient of a P¨ottinger scholarship at IST Austria. JMF acknowledges support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under grant agreement No 732894 (FET Proactive HOT), 862644 (FET Open QUARTET), and the European Research Council under grant agreement\r\nnumber 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT). ","author":[{"last_name":"Peruzzo","first_name":"Matilda","full_name":"Peruzzo, Matilda","orcid":"0000-0002-3415-4628","id":"3F920B30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"42F71B44-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Trioni","full_name":"Trioni, Andrea","first_name":"Andrea"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6937-5773","id":"2AED110C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Hassani","full_name":"Hassani, Farid","first_name":"Farid"},{"last_name":"Zemlicka","first_name":"Martin","full_name":"Zemlicka, Martin","orcid":"0009-0005-0878-3032","id":"2DCF8DE6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink"}],"month":"10","intvolume":"        14","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2331-7019"]},"publisher":"American Physical Society","publication":"Physical Review Applied","has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","arxiv":1,"day":"29","isi":1,"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"257EB838-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Hybrid Optomechanical Technologies","grant_number":"732894"},{"name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies","grant_number":"862644","_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"article_type":"original","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"doi":"10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.044055","file":[{"date_created":"2021-03-29T11:43:20Z","file_size":2607823,"creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","file_id":"9300","date_updated":"2021-03-29T11:43:20Z","file_name":"2020_PhysReviewApplied_Peruzzo.pdf","checksum":"2a634abe75251ae7628cd54c8a4ce2e8","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"publication_status":"published","date_created":"2020-11-15T23:01:17Z","type":"journal_article","_id":"8755","issue":"4","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"13070","status":"public"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"9920","status":"public"},{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"17133"},{"status":"public","id":"20371","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"date_updated":"2026-06-03T07:16:02Z","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"apa":"Peruzzo, M., Trioni, A., Hassani, F., Zemlicka, M., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2020). Surpassing the resistance quantum with a geometric superinductor. <i>Physical Review Applied</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.044055\">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.044055</a>","ama":"Peruzzo M, Trioni A, Hassani F, Zemlicka M, Fink JM. Surpassing the resistance quantum with a geometric superinductor. <i>Physical Review Applied</i>. 2020;14(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.044055\">10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.044055</a>","ista":"Peruzzo M, Trioni A, Hassani F, Zemlicka M, Fink JM. 2020. Surpassing the resistance quantum with a geometric superinductor. Physical Review Applied. 14(4), 044055.","chicago":"Peruzzo, Matilda, Andrea Trioni, Farid Hassani, Martin Zemlicka, and Johannes M Fink. “Surpassing the Resistance Quantum with a Geometric Superinductor.” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>. American Physical Society, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.044055\">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.044055</a>.","short":"M. Peruzzo, A. Trioni, F. Hassani, M. Zemlicka, J.M. Fink, Physical Review Applied 14 (2020).","mla":"Peruzzo, Matilda, et al. “Surpassing the Resistance Quantum with a Geometric Superinductor.” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, vol. 14, no. 4, 044055, American Physical Society, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.044055\">10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.044055</a>.","ieee":"M. Peruzzo, A. Trioni, F. Hassani, M. Zemlicka, and J. M. Fink, “Surpassing the resistance quantum with a geometric superinductor,” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, vol. 14, no. 4. American Physical Society, 2020."},"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"text":"The superconducting circuit community has recently discovered the promising potential of superinductors. These circuit elements have a characteristic impedance exceeding the resistance quantum RQ ≈ 6.45 kΩ which leads to a suppression of ground state charge fluctuations. Applications include the realization of hardware protected qubits for fault tolerant quantum computing, improved coupling to small dipole moment objects and defining a new quantum metrology standard for the ampere. In this work we refute the widespread notion that superinductors can only be implemented based on kinetic inductance, i.e. using disordered superconductors or Josephson junction arrays. We present modeling, fabrication and characterization of 104 planar aluminum coil resonators with a characteristic impedance up to 30.9 kΩ at 5.6 GHz and a capacitance down to ≤ 1 fF, with lowloss and a power handling reaching 108 intra-cavity photons. Geometric superinductors are free of uncontrolled tunneling events and offer high reproducibility, linearity and the ability to couple magnetically - properties that significantly broaden the scope of future quantum circuits. ","lang":"eng"}],"oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2021-03-29T11:43:20Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Microwave quantum illumination with a digital phase-conjugated receiver","year":"2020","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","date_published":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","volume":2020,"oa_version":"Preprint","article_number":"9266397","external_id":{"arxiv":["1908.03058"],"isi":["000612224900089"]},"acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), the European Research Council under grant agreement number 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT) and the EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 862644 (FET Open QUARTET). S.B. acknowledges support from the Marie Skłodowska Curie\r\nfellowship number 707438 (MSC-IF SUPEREOM), DV acknowledge support from EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 732894 (FET Proactive HOT) and the Project QuaSeRT funded by the QuantERA ERANET Cofund in Quantum Technologies, and J.M.F from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F71), a NOMIS foundation research grant, and the EU’s Horizon 2020 research and\r\ninnovation programme under grant agreement number 732894 (FET Proactive\r\nHOT).","conference":{"location":"Florence, Italy","name":"RadarConf: National Conference on Radar","start_date":"2020-09-21","end_date":"2020-09-25"},"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0003-0415-1423","id":"2D25E1F6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barzanjeh","full_name":"Barzanjeh, Shabir","first_name":"Shabir"},{"first_name":"Stefano","full_name":"Pirandola, Stefano","last_name":"Pirandola"},{"last_name":"Vitali","first_name":"David","full_name":"Vitali, David"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink"}],"month":"09","intvolume":"      2020","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.03058","open_access":"1"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1097-5659"],"isbn":["9781728189420"]},"publisher":"IEEE","publication":"IEEE National Radar Conference - Proceedings","status":"public","arxiv":1,"isi":1,"day":"21","project":[{"name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"862644","name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies"},{"grant_number":"707438","name":"Microwave-to-Optical Quantum Link: Quantum Teleportation and Quantum Illumination with cavity Optomechanics","_id":"258047B6-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"name":"Hybrid Optomechanical Technologies","grant_number":"732894","_id":"257EB838-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"doi":"10.1109/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266397","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"date_created":"2021-01-10T23:01:17Z","publication_status":"published","type":"conference","issue":"9","_id":"9001","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"7910","relation":"earlier_version","status":"public"}]},"quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:42:36Z","citation":{"short":"S. Barzanjeh, S. Pirandola, D. Vitali, J.M. Fink, in:, IEEE National Radar Conference - Proceedings, IEEE, 2020.","chicago":"Barzanjeh, Shabir, Stefano Pirandola, David Vitali, and Johannes M Fink. “Microwave Quantum Illumination with a Digital Phase-Conjugated Receiver.” In <i>IEEE National Radar Conference - Proceedings</i>, Vol. 2020. IEEE, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266397\">https://doi.org/10.1109/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266397</a>.","ieee":"S. Barzanjeh, S. Pirandola, D. Vitali, and J. M. Fink, “Microwave quantum illumination with a digital phase-conjugated receiver,” in <i>IEEE National Radar Conference - Proceedings</i>, Florence, Italy, 2020, vol. 2020, no. 9.","mla":"Barzanjeh, Shabir, et al. “Microwave Quantum Illumination with a Digital Phase-Conjugated Receiver.” <i>IEEE National Radar Conference - Proceedings</i>, vol. 2020, no. 9, 9266397, IEEE, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266397\">10.1109/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266397</a>.","ama":"Barzanjeh S, Pirandola S, Vitali D, Fink JM. Microwave quantum illumination with a digital phase-conjugated receiver. In: <i>IEEE National Radar Conference - Proceedings</i>. Vol 2020. IEEE; 2020. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266397\">10.1109/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266397</a>","apa":"Barzanjeh, S., Pirandola, S., Vitali, D., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2020). Microwave quantum illumination with a digital phase-conjugated receiver. In <i>IEEE National Radar Conference - Proceedings</i> (Vol. 2020). Florence, Italy: IEEE. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266397\">https://doi.org/10.1109/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266397</a>","ista":"Barzanjeh S, Pirandola S, Vitali D, Fink JM. 2020. Microwave quantum illumination with a digital phase-conjugated receiver. IEEE National Radar Conference - Proceedings. RadarConf: National Conference on Radar vol. 2020, 9266397."},"ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Quantum illumination is a sensing technique that employs entangled signal-idler beams to improve the detection efficiency of low-reflectivity objects in environments with large thermal noise. The advantage over classical strategies is evident at low signal brightness, a feature which could make the protocol an ideal prototype for non-invasive scanning or low-power short-range radar. Here we experimentally investigate the concept of quantum illumination at microwave frequencies, by generating entangled fields using a Josephson parametric converter which are then amplified to illuminate a room-temperature object at a distance of 1 meter. Starting from experimental data, we simulate the case of perfect idler photon number detection, which results in a quantum advantage compared to the relative classical benchmark. Our results highlight the opportunities and challenges on the way towards a first room-temperature application of microwave quantum circuits.","lang":"eng"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"scopus_import":"1"},{"month":"09","keyword":["General Biochemistry","Genetics and Molecular Biology","General Physics and Astronomy","General Chemistry"],"intvolume":"        11","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2041-1723"]},"publisher":"Springer Nature","publication":"Nature Communications","has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","corr_author":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface","year":"2020","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_published":"2020-09-08T00:00:00Z","volume":11,"pmid":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","ddc":["530"],"article_number":"4460","external_id":{"pmid":["32901014"],"isi":["000577280200001"]},"acknowledgement":"We thank Yuan Chen for performing supplementary FEM simulations and Andrew Higginbotham, Ralf Riedinger, Sungkun Hong, and Lorenzo Magrini for valuable discussions. This work was supported by IST Austria, the IST nanofabrication facility (NFF), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 732894 (FET Proactive HOT) and the European Research Council under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT). G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411. J.M.F. acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F71), a NOMIS foundation research grant, and the EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 862644 (FET Open QUARTET).","author":[{"last_name":"Arnold","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","first_name":"Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"45598606-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6613-1378","first_name":"Matthias","full_name":"Wulf, Matthias","last_name":"Wulf"},{"id":"2D25E1F6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-0415-1423","full_name":"Barzanjeh, Shabir","first_name":"Shabir","last_name":"Barzanjeh"},{"id":"2C21D6E8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Redchenko","full_name":"Redchenko, Elena","first_name":"Elena"},{"last_name":"Rueda Sanchez","full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R","first_name":"Alfredo R","orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860","id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Hease, William J","first_name":"William J","last_name":"Hease","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166"},{"last_name":"Hassani","full_name":"Hassani, Farid","first_name":"Farid","orcid":"0000-0001-6937-5773","id":"2AED110C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M"}],"_id":"8529","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"13056","status":"public"},{"status":"public","id":"18871","relation":"dissertation_contains"}],"link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18912-9","relation":"erratum"},{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/how-to-transport-microwave-quantum-information-via-optical-fiber/","relation":"press_release","description":"News on IST Homepage"}]},"date_updated":"2026-07-08T22:30:29Z","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"mla":"Arnold, Georg M., et al. “Converting Microwave and Telecom Photons with a Silicon Photonic Nanomechanical Interface.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 11, 4460, Springer Nature, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z\">10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z</a>.","ieee":"G. M. Arnold <i>et al.</i>, “Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 11. Springer Nature, 2020.","chicago":"Arnold, Georg M, Matthias Wulf, Shabir Barzanjeh, Elena Redchenko, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, William J Hease, Farid Hassani, and Johannes M Fink. “Converting Microwave and Telecom Photons with a Silicon Photonic Nanomechanical Interface.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z</a>.","short":"G.M. Arnold, M. Wulf, S. Barzanjeh, E. Redchenko, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, W.J. Hease, F. Hassani, J.M. Fink, Nature Communications 11 (2020).","ista":"Arnold GM, Wulf M, Barzanjeh S, Redchenko E, Rueda Sanchez AR, Hease WJ, Hassani F, Fink JM. 2020. Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface. Nature Communications. 11, 4460.","apa":"Arnold, G. M., Wulf, M., Barzanjeh, S., Redchenko, E., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Hease, W. J., … Fink, J. M. (2020). Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z</a>","ama":"Arnold GM, Wulf M, Barzanjeh S, et al. Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2020;11. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z\">10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z</a>"},"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Practical quantum networks require low-loss and noise-resilient optical interconnects as well as non-Gaussian resources for entanglement distillation and distributed quantum computation. The latter could be provided by superconducting circuits but existing solutions to interface the microwave and optical domains lack either scalability or efficiency, and in most cases the conversion noise is not known. In this work we utilize the unique opportunities of silicon photonics, cavity optomechanics and superconducting circuits to demonstrate a fully integrated, coherent transducer interfacing the microwave X and the telecom S bands with a total (internal) bidirectional transduction efficiency of 1.2% (135%) at millikelvin temperatures. The coupling relies solely on the radiation pressure interaction mediated by the femtometer-scale motion of two silicon nanobeams reaching a <jats:italic>V</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>π</jats:italic></jats:sub> as low as 16 μV for sub-nanowatt pump powers. Without the associated optomechanical gain, we achieve a total (internal) pure conversion efficiency of up to 0.019% (1.6%), relevant for future noise-free operation on this qubit-compatible platform."}],"file_date_updated":"2020-09-18T13:02:37Z","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","day":"08","isi":1,"project":[{"_id":"257EB838-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"732894","name":"Hybrid Optomechanical Technologies"},{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits"},{"grant_number":"754411","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies","grant_number":"862644"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"}],"article_type":"original","doi":"10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2020_NatureComm_Arnold.pdf","date_updated":"2020-09-18T13:02:37Z","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"checksum":"88f92544889eb18bb38e25629a422a86","file_id":"8530","relation":"main_file","file_size":1002818,"date_created":"2020-09-18T13:02:37Z","creator":"dernst"}],"publication_status":"published","date_created":"2020-09-18T10:56:20Z","type":"journal_article","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"}},{"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2020","date_published":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","volume":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","external_id":{"isi":["000674680100001"]},"article_number":"020315","ddc":["530"],"author":[{"id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","first_name":"William J","full_name":"Hease, William J","last_name":"Hease"},{"full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R","first_name":"Alfredo R","last_name":"Rueda Sanchez","id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860"},{"last_name":"Sahu","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","first_name":"Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6613-1378","id":"45598606-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Wulf","full_name":"Wulf, Matthias","first_name":"Matthias"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","last_name":"Arnold"},{"last_name":"Schwefel","full_name":"Schwefel, Harald G.L.","first_name":"Harald G.L."},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M"}],"acknowledgement":"The authors acknowledge the support of T. Menner, A. Arslani, and T. Asenov from the Miba machine shop for machining the microwave cavity, and thank S. Barzanjeh, F. Sedlmeir, and C. Marquardt for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by IST Austria and the European Research Council under Grant No. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT). W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant No. 754411.\r\nG.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J.M.F. acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F71) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant No. 899354 (FET Open SuperQuLAN). H.G.L.S. acknowledges support from the Aotearoa/New Zealand’s MBIE Endeavour Smart Ideas Grant No UOOX1805.","month":"11","intvolume":"         1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2691-3399"]},"publisher":"American Physical Society","publication":"PRX Quantum","status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","day":"23","isi":1,"project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"754411","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships"},{"name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"899354","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"article_type":"original","file":[{"date_created":"2021-02-12T11:16:16Z","file_size":2146924,"creator":"dernst","file_id":"9115","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2021-02-12T11:16:16Z","file_name":"2020_PRXQuantum_Hease.pdf","checksum":"b70b12ded6d7660d4c9037eb09bfed0c","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"doi":"10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"type":"journal_article","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"publication_status":"published","date_created":"2021-02-12T10:41:28Z","issue":"2","_id":"9114","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"press_release","description":"News on IST Homepage","url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/how-to-transport-microwave-quantum-information-via-optical-fiber/"}],"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"13071","status":"public"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"13175","status":"public"},{"id":"12900","relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public"},{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"18871"}]},"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"date_updated":"2026-07-08T22:30:29Z","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"short":"W.J. Hease, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, R. Sahu, M. Wulf, G.M. Arnold, H.G.L. Schwefel, J.M. Fink, PRX Quantum 1 (2020).","chicago":"Hease, William J, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Rishabh Sahu, Matthias Wulf, Georg M Arnold, Harald G.L. Schwefel, and Johannes M Fink. “Bidirectional Electro-Optic Wavelength Conversion in the Quantum Ground State.” <i>PRX Quantum</i>. American Physical Society, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>.","ieee":"W. J. Hease <i>et al.</i>, “Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state,” <i>PRX Quantum</i>, vol. 1, no. 2. American Physical Society, 2020.","mla":"Hease, William J., et al. “Bidirectional Electro-Optic Wavelength Conversion in the Quantum Ground State.” <i>PRX Quantum</i>, vol. 1, no. 2, 020315, American Physical Society, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>.","ama":"Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Sahu R, et al. Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state. <i>PRX Quantum</i>. 2020;1(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>","apa":"Hease, W. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Sahu, R., Wulf, M., Arnold, G. M., Schwefel, H. G. L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2020). Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state. <i>PRX Quantum</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>","ista":"Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Sahu R, Wulf M, Arnold GM, Schwefel HGL, Fink JM. 2020. Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state. PRX Quantum. 1(2), 020315."},"ec_funded":1,"oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2021-02-12T11:16:16Z","abstract":[{"text":"Microwave photonics lends the advantages of fiber optics to electronic sensing and communication systems. In contrast to nonlinear optics, electro-optic devices so far require classical modulation fields whose variance is dominated by electronic or thermal noise rather than quantum fluctuations. Here we demonstrate bidirectional single-sideband conversion of X band microwave to C band telecom light with a microwave mode occupancy as low as 0.025 ± 0.005 and an added output noise of less than or equal to 0.074 photons. This is facilitated by radiative cooling and a triply resonant ultra-low-loss transducer operating at millikelvin temperatures. The high bandwidth of 10.7 MHz and total (internal) photon conversion\r\nefficiency of 0.03% (0.67%) combined with the extremely slow heating rate of 1.1 added output noise photons per second for the highest available pump power of 1.48 mW puts near-unity efficiency pulsed quantum transduction within reach. Together with the non-Gaussian resources of superconducting qubits this might provide the practical foundation to extend the range and scope of current quantum networks in analogy to electrical repeaters in classical fiber optic communication.","lang":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1"},{"ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We propose an efficient microwave-photonic modulator as a resource for stationary entangled microwave-optical fields and develop the theory for deterministic entanglement generation and quantum state transfer in multi-resonant electro-optic systems. The device is based on a single crystal whispering gallery mode resonator integrated into a 3D-microwave cavity. The specific design relies on a new combination of thin-film technology and conventional machining that is optimized for the lowest dissipation rates in the microwave, optical, and mechanical domains. We extract important device properties from finite-element simulations and predict continuous variable entanglement generation rates on the order of a Mebit/s for optical pump powers of only a few tens of microwatts. We compare the quantum state transfer fidelities of coherent, squeezed, and non-Gaussian cat states for both teleportation and direct conversion protocols under realistic conditions. Combining the unique capabilities of circuit quantum electrodynamics with the resilience of fiber optic communication could facilitate long-distance solid-state qubit networks, new methods for quantum signal synthesis, quantum key distribution, and quantum enhanced detection, as well as more power-efficient classical sensing and modulation."}],"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:50Z","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","_id":"7156","citation":{"mla":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R., et al. “Electro-Optic Entanglement Source for Microwave to Telecom Quantum State Transfer.” <i>Npj Quantum Information</i>, vol. 5, 108, Springer Nature, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-019-0220-5\">10.1038/s41534-019-0220-5</a>.","ieee":"A. R. Rueda Sanchez, W. J. Hease, S. Barzanjeh, and J. M. Fink, “Electro-optic entanglement source for microwave to telecom quantum state transfer,” <i>npj Quantum Information</i>, vol. 5. Springer Nature, 2019.","chicago":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R, William J Hease, Shabir Barzanjeh, and Johannes M Fink. “Electro-Optic Entanglement Source for Microwave to Telecom Quantum State Transfer.” <i>Npj Quantum Information</i>. Springer Nature, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-019-0220-5\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-019-0220-5</a>.","short":"A.R. Rueda Sanchez, W.J. Hease, S. Barzanjeh, J.M. Fink, Npj Quantum Information 5 (2019).","ista":"Rueda Sanchez AR, Hease WJ, Barzanjeh S, Fink JM. 2019. Electro-optic entanglement source for microwave to telecom quantum state transfer. npj Quantum Information. 5, 108.","apa":"Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Hease, W. J., Barzanjeh, S., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2019). Electro-optic entanglement source for microwave to telecom quantum state transfer. <i>Npj Quantum Information</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-019-0220-5\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-019-0220-5</a>","ama":"Rueda Sanchez AR, Hease WJ, Barzanjeh S, Fink JM. 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