[{"OA_type":"hybrid","ddc":["530"],"date_updated":"2026-05-15T15:54:30Z","publication_status":"published","month":"03","author":[{"last_name":"Arnold","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M"},{"last_name":"Werner","id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7","orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","first_name":"Thomas","full_name":"Werner, Thomas"},{"full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","first_name":"Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"84b9700b-15b2-11ec-abd3-831089e67615","last_name":"Kapoor","full_name":"Kapoor, Lucky","first_name":"Lucky","orcid":"0000-0001-8319-2148"},{"last_name":"Qiu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X"}],"_id":"19073","publication":"Nature Physics","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"original","title":"All-optical superconducting qubit readout","scopus_import":"1","file":[{"relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2025_NaturePhysics_Arnold.pdf","file_id":"19572","creator":"dernst","success":1,"date_created":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","date_updated":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","checksum":"ab7469aca9e2e068eb78e5c5c1efaf7d","file_size":3396595}],"status":"public","external_id":{"pmid":["40093969"],"isi":["001417760400001"]},"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"18953","relation":"earlier_version","status":"public"},{"status":"for_moderation","id":"21863","relation":"dissertation_contains"}],"link":[{"description":"News on ISTA Website","url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/when-qubits-learn-the-language-of-fiberoptics/","relation":"press_release"}]},"date_created":"2025-02-23T23:01:57Z","oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"text":"The rapid development of superconducting quantum hardware is expected to run into substantial restrictions on scalability because error correction in a cryogenic environment has stringent input–output requirements. Classical data centres rely on fibre-optic interconnects to remove similar networking bottlenecks. In the same spirit, ultracold electro-optic links have been proposed and used to generate qubit control signals, or to replace cryogenic readout electronics. So far, these approaches have suffered from either low efficiency, low bandwidth or additional noise. Here we realize radio-over-fibre qubit readout at millikelvin temperatures. We use one device to simultaneously perform upconversion and downconversion between microwave and optical frequencies and so do not require any active or passive cryogenic microwave equipment. We demonstrate all-optical single-shot readout in a circulator-free readout scheme. Importantly, we do not observe any direct radiation impact on the qubit state, despite the absence of shielding elements. This compatibility between superconducting circuits and telecom-wavelength light is not only a prerequisite to establish modular quantum networks, but it is also relevant for multiplexed readout of superconducting photon detectors and classical superconducting logic.","lang":"eng"}],"ec_funded":1,"volume":21,"isi":1,"project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"758053"},{"grant_number":"101089099","name":"Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states","_id":"bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a"},{"grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"},{"grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits"}],"year":"2025","day":"01","quality_controlled":"1","date_published":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","intvolume":"        21","OA_place":"publisher","citation":{"short":"G.M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, Nature Physics 21 (2025).","ama":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical superconducting qubit readout. <i>Nature Physics</i>. 2025;21. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>","chicago":"Arnold, Georg M, Thomas Werner, Rishabh Sahu, Lucky Kapoor, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “All-Optical Superconducting Qubit Readout.” <i>Nature Physics</i>. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>.","apa":"Arnold, G. M., Werner, T., Sahu, R., Kapoor, L., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2025). All-optical superconducting qubit readout. <i>Nature Physics</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>","ieee":"G. M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “All-optical superconducting qubit readout,” <i>Nature Physics</i>, vol. 21. Springer Nature, 2025.","ista":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. 2025. All-optical superconducting qubit readout. Nature Physics. 21, 9470.","mla":"Arnold, Georg M., et al. “All-Optical Superconducting Qubit Readout.” <i>Nature Physics</i>, vol. 21, 9470, Springer Nature, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4\">10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4</a>."},"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","publisher":"Springer Nature","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1745-2481"],"issn":["1745-2473"]},"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","has_accepted_license":"1","acknowledgement":"We thank F. Hassani and M. Zemlicka for assistance with qubit design and high-power readout, respectively, and P. Winkel and I. Pop at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for providing the JPA. This work was supported by the European Research Council under grant nos. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT) and 101089099 (ERC CoG cQEO), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN). This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) DOI 10.55776/F71. L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW programme and G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. Open access funding provided by Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria).","article_number":"9470","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"corr_author":"1","file_date_updated":"2025-04-16T08:09:43Z","type":"journal_article","pmid":1,"oa":1,"doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4"},{"ddc":["530"],"date_updated":"2026-04-16T12:20:43Z","publication_status":"published","month":"01","author":[{"last_name":"Arnold","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M"}],"_id":"18871","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"title":"Microwave-optic interconnects for superconducting circuits","file":[{"file_size":18856130,"checksum":"71872702e8f46c275eaea44efc4d304f","date_updated":"2026-01-29T23:30:03Z","date_created":"2025-01-29T08:38:08Z","embargo_to":"open_access","file_id":"18946","creator":"cchlebak","file_name":"tex for upload.zip","relation":"source_file","access_level":"closed","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed"},{"checksum":"dfaa06591970f4bff163705802fad56d","file_size":17344760,"date_created":"2025-01-29T08:38:34Z","date_updated":"2026-01-29T23:30:03Z","file_id":"18947","creator":"cchlebak","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","embargo":"2026-01-29","file_name":"ISTThesisGA2022_final.pdf"}],"status":"public","date_created":"2025-01-24T10:28:39Z","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"6609","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"8529","status":"public"},{"status":"public","id":"18953","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"status":"public","id":"10924","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"9114"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"13200"}]},"oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"text":"\"Can we do this with a new type of computer - a quantum computer?\". This famous\r\nquotation of the brilliant Richard Feynman within a conference talk on \"Simulating physics\r\nwith computers.” is often reverently praised as the origin of the field of quantum computing.\r\nThe idea was to use quantum mechanical systems itself to simulate \"Nature\", which is\r\ninherently quantum mechanical. Now, 43 years later, the theoretical framework of how such\r\na computer can operate has been developed. Two main important concepts for a potential\r\nquantum supremacy, superposition and entanglement, have been exploited to design quantum\r\nalgorithms to significantly speed up certain tasks. Yet, the specific hardware implementation\r\nis still far from being certain, in fact the race between the most promising platforms such as\r\nsuperconducting qubits, bosonic codes, cold atoms, trapped ions, optical computing as well\r\nas spin qubits has recently intensified. If one also includes the most mature applications of\r\nquantum communication technologies, secure quantum key distribution and quantum random\r\nnumber generators, as part of a quantum information technology ecosystem, we are confronted\r\nwith a plethora of different materials, concepts, and also operation frequencies. While\r\nsuperconducting qubits, bosonic codes and spin qubits work in the regime of approximately 5\r\nGHz and are controlled by electrical fields, trapped ions, cold atoms, and optical quantum\r\ncomputing operate with light in the infrared or visible range.\r\nConsequently, a quantum frequency converter or microwave-optic transducer is required\r\nto interface the different frequency domains or establish a long-range network connection\r\nwith suitable telecom fibers. In fact, the combination of different frequency regimes is also\r\nan essential part in our classical modern communication network, where computations are\r\nperformed in electrical circuits and the information exchange over longer distances happens\r\nvia optical fibers. However, the specific challenges specific to building a quantum computer,\r\nalso apply to the development of such a quantum frequency transducer: 1) As we deal with\r\nsingle excitations as the carrier of information, i.e. the smallest possible quantity, the signal\r\ncan easily be corrupted by other noise sources which needs to be avoided by all means. This\r\nis also the reason why microwave quantum computers operate at temperature environments\r\nclose to zero temperature (< 0.1 Kelvin) to avoid corruption by thermal noise. 2) The\r\nfrequency interface generally needs to preserve the phase of the signal as an essential part\r\nof the quantum state. And 3) Quantum signals cannot be copied which would be a typical\r\nstrategy to account for errors in classical computers. And finally, there is a challenge specific to\r\nmicrowave-optic transducers: While quantum computers are operating in one specific frequency\r\ndomain, microwave-optic transducers combine microwave and optical fields in one device.\r\nThis results in the particular challenge that high-energy optical radiation, which is usually\r\nwell-shielded from superconducting microwave quantum processors, are now an essential part\r\nof the device. The concomitant optical radiation in the operating transducer will inevitably\r\nhave a detrimental effect on the superconducting microwave components. Together with the\r\nrequirement of minimal background noise for quantum-limited operation as described above,\r\nv\r\nheating from the absorption of optical photons within the same device where single microwave\r\nexcitations are processed forms a formidable challenge.\r\nThis thesis aims to address this challenge by developing microwave-optic transducers where\r\nthe impact of optical absorption on superconducting circuits in general and superconducting\r\nqubits specifically can be mitigated. In our first approach, we developed a compact device\r\nwith optimized interaction strengths between the different frequency domains. This minimizes\r\nthe optical powers used for transducer operation and thus the optical absorption heating. This\r\nwork was - to the best of our knowledge - the first comprehensive noise study, in an integrated\r\nmicrowave-optic transducer. Unfortunately, we saw that the optical absorption heating added\r\nnoise way above a single excitation. Consequently, a potential quantum signal would have\r\nbeen buried in the noise, added by the transduction.\r\nBuilding on this insight, we utilized a three-dimensional microwave-optic transducer instead\r\nof an integrated device. The larger heat capacity of the macroscopic device with a size\r\nof a few millimeters can absorb a larger fraction of the optical heating before it increases\r\nthe temperature of the device. This allowed us to interface the transducer directly with a\r\nsuperconducting qubit to readout the qubit state in a novel all-optical manner. We showed\r\nthat the microwave-optic transducer can be operated in a regime in which optical fields don’t\r\nharm the sensitive qubit. This is an important prerequisite for the operation of microwave-optic\r\ntransducers in conjunction with microwave quantum processors and brings the integration and\r\nseamless orchestration of different frequency components in a quantum network a step closer.\r\n","lang":"eng"}],"ec_funded":1,"page":"135","project":[{"grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","grant_number":"899354"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"},{"_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","grant_number":"F07105"}],"year":"2025","day":"24","date_published":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","OA_place":"publisher","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"},{"_id":"GradSch"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"citation":{"ama":"Arnold GM. Microwave-optic interconnects for superconducting circuits. 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871\">10.15479/at:ista:18871</a>","short":"G.M. Arnold, Microwave-Optic Interconnects for Superconducting Circuits, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.","mla":"Arnold, Georg M. <i>Microwave-Optic Interconnects for Superconducting Circuits</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871\">10.15479/at:ista:18871</a>.","apa":"Arnold, G. M. (2025). <i>Microwave-optic interconnects for superconducting circuits</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871</a>","chicago":"Arnold, Georg M. “Microwave-Optic Interconnects for Superconducting Circuits.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:18871</a>.","ieee":"G. M. Arnold, “Microwave-optic interconnects for superconducting circuits,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.","ista":"Arnold GM. 2025. Microwave-optic interconnects for superconducting circuits. Institute of Science and Technology Austria."},"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","degree_awarded":"PhD","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","supervisor":[{"first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council under grant agreement no. 758053\r\n(ERC StG QUNNECT) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research, innovation program\r\nunder grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN) and the Austrian Science Fund\r\n(FWF) through BeyondC (F7105). I want to acknowledge generous support from the Austrian\r\nAcademy of Sciences from a DOC [Doctoral program of the Austrian Academy of Sciences]\r\nfellowship (no. 25129).\r\n","tmp":{"short":"CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_sa.png"},"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"SSU"},{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"corr_author":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-01-29T23:30:03Z","type":"dissertation","oa":1,"doi":"10.15479/at:ista:18871"},{"date_published":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","intvolume":"       380","arxiv":1,"day":"18","quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0036-8075"],"eissn":["1095-9203"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","issue":"6646","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","citation":{"short":"R. Sahu, L. Qiu, W.J. Hease, G.M. Arnold, Y. Minoguchi, P. Rabl, J.M. Fink, Science 380 (2023) 718–721.","ama":"Sahu R, Qiu L, Hease WJ, et al. Entangling microwaves with light. <i>Science</i>. 2023;380(6646):718-721. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">10.1126/science.adg3812</a>","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh, Liu Qiu, William J Hease, Georg M Arnold, Y. Minoguchi, P. Rabl, and Johannes M Fink. “Entangling Microwaves with Light.” <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812</a>.","apa":"Sahu, R., Qiu, L., Hease, W. J., Arnold, G. M., Minoguchi, Y., Rabl, P., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Entangling microwaves with light. <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812</a>","ieee":"R. Sahu <i>et al.</i>, “Entangling microwaves with light,” <i>Science</i>, vol. 380, no. 6646. American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 718–721, 2023.","ista":"Sahu R, Qiu L, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Minoguchi Y, Rabl P, Fink JM. 2023. Entangling microwaves with light. Science. 380(6646), 718–721.","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh, et al. “Entangling Microwaves with Light.” <i>Science</i>, vol. 380, no. 6646, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023, pp. 718–21, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg3812\">10.1126/science.adg3812</a>."},"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"corr_author":"1","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council (grant no. 758053, ERC StG QUNNECT) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 899354, FETopen SuperQuLAN). L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW program. W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant no. 754411). G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J.M.F. acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (grant no. F7105) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 862644, FETopen QUARTET).","keyword":["Multidisciplinary"],"oa":1,"doi":"10.1126/science.adg3812","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2301.03315"}],"type":"journal_article","pmid":1,"month":"05","author":[{"last_name":"Sahu","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","first_name":"Rishabh","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh"},{"last_name":"Qiu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu"},{"full_name":"Hease, William J","first_name":"William J","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Hease"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Arnold","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","first_name":"Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876"},{"full_name":"Minoguchi, Y.","first_name":"Y.","last_name":"Minoguchi"},{"full_name":"Rabl, P.","first_name":"P.","last_name":"Rabl"},{"full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-04-15T06:39:33Z","article_type":"original","status":"public","scopus_import":"1","title":"Entangling microwaves with light","_id":"13106","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Science","oa_version":"Preprint","external_id":{"isi":["000996515200004"],"arxiv":["2301.03315"],"pmid":["37200415"]},"related_material":{"link":[{"description":"News on ISTA Website","url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/wiring-up-quantum-circuits-with-light/","relation":"press_release"}],"record":[{"status":"public","id":"13122","relation":"research_data"}]},"date_created":"2023-05-31T11:39:24Z","year":"2023","volume":380,"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"758053"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","grant_number":"899354"},{"_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","grant_number":"754411"},{"_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"862644"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits"}],"isi":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Quantum entanglement is a key resource in currently developed quantum technologies. Sharing this fragile property between superconducting microwave circuits and optical or atomic systems would enable new functionalities, but this has been hindered by an energy scale mismatch of >104 and the resulting mutually imposed loss and noise. In this work, we created and verified entanglement between microwave and optical fields in a millikelvin environment. Using an optically pulsed superconducting electro-optical device, we show entanglement between propagating microwave and optical fields in the continuous variable domain. This achievement not only paves the way for entanglement between superconducting circuits and telecom wavelength light, but also has wide-ranging implications for hybrid quantum networks in the context of modularization, scaling, sensing, and cross-platform verification."}],"ec_funded":1,"page":"718-721"},{"volume":14,"isi":1,"project":[{"name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"758053"},{"_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"899354"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","grant_number":"F07105"},{"grant_number":"754411","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships"},{"grant_number":"291734","_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme","call_identifier":"FP7"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"FWF Open Access Fund","call_identifier":"FWF","_id":"3AC91DDA-15DF-11EA-824D-93A3E7B544D1"}],"year":"2023","abstract":[{"text":"Recent quantum technologies have established precise quantum control of various microscopic systems using electromagnetic waves. Interfaces based on cryogenic cavity electro-optic systems are particularly promising, due to the direct interaction between microwave and optical fields in the quantum regime. Quantum optical control of superconducting microwave circuits has been precluded so far due to the weak electro-optical coupling as well as quasi-particles induced by the pump laser. Here we report the coherent control of a superconducting microwave cavity using laser pulses in a multimode electro-optical device at millikelvin temperature with near-unity cooperativity. Both the stationary and instantaneous responses of the microwave and optical modes comply with the coherent electro-optical interaction, and reveal only minuscule amount of excess back-action with an unanticipated time delay. Our demonstration enables wide ranges of applications beyond quantum transductions, from squeezing and quantum non-demolition measurements of microwave fields, to entanglement generation and hybrid quantum networks.","lang":"eng"}],"ec_funded":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"18871"}]},"external_id":{"isi":["001018100800002"],"arxiv":["2210.12443"],"pmid":["37355691"]},"date_created":"2023-07-09T22:01:11Z","title":"Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action","status":"public","file":[{"file_id":"13206","creator":"alisjak","file_name":"2023_NatureComms_Qiu.pdf","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":1349134,"checksum":"ec7ccd2c08f90d59cab302fd0d7776a4","date_updated":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","date_created":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","success":1}],"scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","publication":"Nature Communications","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"13200","month":"06","author":[{"last_name":"Qiu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","first_name":"Liu","full_name":"Qiu, Liu"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","first_name":"Rishabh","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","first_name":"William J","full_name":"Hease, William J","last_name":"Hease","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Arnold","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","first_name":"Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876"},{"full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"date_updated":"2026-05-15T22:31:21Z","APC_amount":"6228 EUR","publication_status":"published","OA_type":"gold","ddc":["000"],"doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3","oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","pmid":1,"type":"journal_article","corr_author":"1","article_number":"3784","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"has_accepted_license":"1","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN), and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F7105). L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW programme. W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411. G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria.","article_processing_charge":"Yes","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","citation":{"ista":"Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Fink JM. 2023. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. Nature Communications. 14, 3784.","chicago":"Qiu, Liu, Rishabh Sahu, William J Hease, Georg M Arnold, and Johannes M Fink. “Coherent Optical Control of a Superconducting Microwave Cavity via Electro-Optical Dynamical Back-Action.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Nature Research, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>.","apa":"Qiu, L., Sahu, R., Hease, W. J., Arnold, G. M., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Nature Research. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>","ieee":"L. Qiu, R. Sahu, W. J. Hease, G. M. Arnold, and J. M. Fink, “Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14. Nature Research, 2023.","mla":"Qiu, Liu, et al. “Coherent Optical Control of a Superconducting Microwave Cavity via Electro-Optical Dynamical Back-Action.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14, 3784, Nature Research, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>.","short":"L. Qiu, R. Sahu, W.J. Hease, G.M. Arnold, J.M. Fink, Nature Communications 14 (2023).","ama":"Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Fink JM. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2023;14. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>"},"publisher":"Nature Research","OA_place":"publisher","intvolume":"        14","date_published":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","quality_controlled":"1","DOAJ_listed":"1","day":"24","arxiv":1},{"corr_author":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"acknowledgement":"We thank F. Hassani and M. Zemlicka for assistance\r\nwith qubit design and high power readout respectively,\r\nand P. Winkel and I. Pop at KIT for providing the JPA.\r\nThis work was supported by the European Research\r\nCouncil under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG\r\nQUNNECT) and no. 101089099 (ERC CoG cQEO), the\r\nEuropean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogram under grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen\r\nSuperQuLAN) and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)\r\nthrough BeyondC (grant no. F7105). L.Q. acknowledges\r\ngenerous support from the ISTFELLOW programme\r\nand G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the\r\nAustrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria.","doi":"10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817","oa":1,"type":"preprint","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.16817","open_access":"1"}],"OA_place":"repository","date_published":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","arxiv":1,"day":"25","article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","citation":{"chicago":"Arnold, Georg M, Thomas Werner, Rishabh Sahu, Lucky Kapoor, Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “All-Optical Single-Shot Readout of a Superconducting Qubit.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>.","ieee":"G. M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, and J. M. Fink, “All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","apa":"Arnold, G. M., Werner, T., Sahu, R., Kapoor, L., Qiu, L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (n.d.). All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>","ista":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. arXiv, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>.","mla":"Arnold, Georg M., et al. “All-Optical Single-Shot Readout of a Superconducting Qubit.” <i>ArXiv</i>, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>.","short":"G.M. Arnold, T. Werner, R. Sahu, L. Kapoor, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink, ArXiv (n.d.).","ama":"Arnold GM, Werner T, Sahu R, Kapoor L, Qiu L, Fink JM. All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817\">10.48550/ARXIV.2310.16817</a>"},"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"oa_version":"Preprint","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"19073","relation":"later_version"},{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"18871"}]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2310.16817"]},"date_created":"2025-01-29T11:11:34Z","year":"2023","project":[{"grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a","name":"Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states","grant_number":"101089099"},{"grant_number":"899354","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"},{"grant_number":"F07105","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"text":"The rapid development of superconducting quantum hardware is expected to run into significant I/O restrictions due to the need for large-scale error correction in a cryogenic environment. Classical data centers rely on fiber-optic interconnects to remove similar networking bottlenecks and to allow for reconfigurable, software-defined infrastructures. In the same spirit, ultra-cold electro-optic links have been proposed and used to generate qubit control signals, or to replace cryogenic readout electronics. So far, the latter suffered from either low efficiency, low bandwidth and the need for additional microwave drives, or breaking of Cooper pairs and qubit states. In this work we realize electro-optic microwave photonics at millikelvin temperatures to implement a radio-over-fiber qubit readout that does not require any active or passive cryogenic microwave equipment. We demonstrate all-optical single-shot-readout by means of the Jaynes-Cummings nonlinearity in a circulator-free readout scheme. Importantly, we do not observe any direct radiation impact on the qubit state as verified with high-fidelity quantum-non-demolition measurements despite the absence of shielding elements. This compatibility between superconducting circuits and telecom wavelength light is not only a prerequisite to establish modular quantum networks, it is also relevant for multiplexed readout of superconducting photon detectors and classical superconducting logic. Moreover, this experiment showcases the potential of electro-optic radiometry in harsh environments - an electronics-free sensing principle that extends into the THz regime with applications in radio astronomy, planetary missions and earth observation.","lang":"eng"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Werner, Thomas","orcid":"0009-0001-2346-5236","first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Werner","id":"1fcd8497-dba3-11ea-a45e-c6fbd715f7c7"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","first_name":"Rishabh","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Kapoor, Lucky","orcid":"0000-0001-8319-2148","first_name":"Lucky","last_name":"Kapoor","id":"84b9700b-15b2-11ec-abd3-831089e67615"},{"full_name":"Qiu, Liu","first_name":"Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac","last_name":"Qiu"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M"}],"month":"10","publication_status":"draft","date_updated":"2026-05-15T22:31:21Z","status":"public","title":"All-optical single-shot readout of a superconducting qubit","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"arXiv","_id":"18953"},{"quality_controlled":"1","day":"08","intvolume":"        11","date_published":"2020-09-08T00:00:00Z","citation":{"mla":"Arnold, Georg M., et al. “Converting Microwave and Telecom Photons with a Silicon Photonic Nanomechanical Interface.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 11, 4460, Springer Nature, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z\">10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z</a>.","chicago":"Arnold, Georg M, Matthias Wulf, Shabir Barzanjeh, Elena Redchenko, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, William J Hease, Farid Hassani, and Johannes M Fink. “Converting Microwave and Telecom Photons with a Silicon Photonic Nanomechanical Interface.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z</a>.","apa":"Arnold, G. M., Wulf, M., Barzanjeh, S., Redchenko, E., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Hease, W. J., … Fink, J. M. (2020). Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z</a>","ieee":"G. M. Arnold <i>et al.</i>, “Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 11. Springer Nature, 2020.","ista":"Arnold GM, Wulf M, Barzanjeh S, Redchenko E, Rueda Sanchez AR, Hease WJ, Hassani F, Fink JM. 2020. Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface. Nature Communications. 11, 4460.","ama":"Arnold GM, Wulf M, Barzanjeh S, et al. Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2020;11. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z\">10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z</a>","short":"G.M. Arnold, M. Wulf, S. Barzanjeh, E. Redchenko, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, W.J. Hease, F. Hassani, J.M. Fink, Nature Communications 11 (2020)."},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2041-1723"]},"article_number":"4460","keyword":["General Biochemistry","Genetics and Molecular Biology","General Physics and Astronomy","General Chemistry"],"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"has_accepted_license":"1","acknowledgement":"We thank Yuan Chen for performing supplementary FEM simulations and Andrew Higginbotham, Ralf Riedinger, Sungkun Hong, and Lorenzo Magrini for valuable discussions. This work was supported by IST Austria, the IST nanofabrication facility (NFF), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 732894 (FET Proactive HOT) and the European Research Council under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT). G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411. J.M.F. acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F71), a NOMIS foundation research grant, and the EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 862644 (FET Open QUARTET).","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"corr_author":"1","file_date_updated":"2020-09-18T13:02:37Z","type":"journal_article","pmid":1,"doi":"10.1038/s41467-020-18269-z","oa":1,"date_updated":"2026-05-15T22:31:21Z","publication_status":"published","ddc":["530"],"month":"09","author":[{"full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Matthias","orcid":"0000-0001-6613-1378","full_name":"Wulf, Matthias","id":"45598606-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Wulf"},{"full_name":"Barzanjeh, Shabir","orcid":"0000-0003-0415-1423","first_name":"Shabir","last_name":"Barzanjeh","id":"2D25E1F6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"2C21D6E8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Redchenko","full_name":"Redchenko, Elena","first_name":"Elena"},{"id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Rueda Sanchez","first_name":"Alfredo R","orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860","full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","first_name":"William J","full_name":"Hease, William J","last_name":"Hease","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6937-5773","first_name":"Farid","full_name":"Hassani, Farid","last_name":"Hassani","id":"2AED110C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink"}],"publication":"Nature Communications","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"8529","title":"Converting microwave and telecom photons with a silicon photonic nanomechanical interface","status":"public","file":[{"file_id":"8530","creator":"dernst","file_name":"2020_NatureComm_Arnold.pdf","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":1002818,"checksum":"88f92544889eb18bb38e25629a422a86","date_updated":"2020-09-18T13:02:37Z","date_created":"2020-09-18T13:02:37Z","success":1}],"scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"13056","status":"public"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"18871","status":"public"}],"link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18912-9","relation":"erratum"},{"description":"News on IST Homepage","url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/how-to-transport-microwave-quantum-information-via-optical-fiber/","relation":"press_release"}]},"external_id":{"isi":["000577280200001"],"pmid":["32901014"]},"date_created":"2020-09-18T10:56:20Z","oa_version":"Published Version","ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Practical quantum networks require low-loss and noise-resilient optical interconnects as well as non-Gaussian resources for entanglement distillation and distributed quantum computation. The latter could be provided by superconducting circuits but existing solutions to interface the microwave and optical domains lack either scalability or efficiency, and in most cases the conversion noise is not known. In this work we utilize the unique opportunities of silicon photonics, cavity optomechanics and superconducting circuits to demonstrate a fully integrated, coherent transducer interfacing the microwave X and the telecom S bands with a total (internal) bidirectional transduction efficiency of 1.2% (135%) at millikelvin temperatures. The coupling relies solely on the radiation pressure interaction mediated by the femtometer-scale motion of two silicon nanobeams reaching a <jats:italic>V</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>π</jats:italic></jats:sub> as low as 16 μV for sub-nanowatt pump powers. Without the associated optomechanical gain, we achieve a total (internal) pure conversion efficiency of up to 0.019% (1.6%), relevant for future noise-free operation on this qubit-compatible platform."}],"volume":11,"isi":1,"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Hybrid Optomechanical Technologies","_id":"257EB838-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"732894"},{"grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"grant_number":"754411","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Quantum readout techniques and technologies","_id":"237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","grant_number":"862644"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"}],"year":"2020"},{"ddc":["530"],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-05-15T22:31:21Z","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","first_name":"William J","full_name":"Hease, William J","last_name":"Hease","id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Rueda Sanchez","id":"3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6249-5860","first_name":"Alfredo R","full_name":"Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R"},{"first_name":"Rishabh","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sahu"},{"full_name":"Wulf, Matthias","first_name":"Matthias","orcid":"0000-0001-6613-1378","id":"45598606-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Wulf"},{"full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M","last_name":"Arnold","id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Schwefel","full_name":"Schwefel, Harald G.L.","first_name":"Harald G.L."},{"first_name":"Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fink"}],"month":"11","_id":"9114","publication":"PRX Quantum","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"original","status":"public","file":[{"relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2020_PRXQuantum_Hease.pdf","file_id":"9115","creator":"dernst","success":1,"date_created":"2021-02-12T11:16:16Z","date_updated":"2021-02-12T11:16:16Z","checksum":"b70b12ded6d7660d4c9037eb09bfed0c","file_size":2146924}],"scopus_import":"1","title":"Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"press_release","url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/how-to-transport-microwave-quantum-information-via-optical-fiber/","description":"News on IST Homepage"}],"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"13071"},{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"13175"},{"id":"12900","relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public"},{"status":"public","id":"18871","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"external_id":{"isi":["000674680100001"]},"date_created":"2021-02-12T10:41:28Z","oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"text":"Microwave photonics lends the advantages of fiber optics to electronic sensing and communication systems. In contrast to nonlinear optics, electro-optic devices so far require classical modulation fields whose variance is dominated by electronic or thermal noise rather than quantum fluctuations. Here we demonstrate bidirectional single-sideband conversion of X band microwave to C band telecom light with a microwave mode occupancy as low as 0.025 ± 0.005 and an added output noise of less than or equal to 0.074 photons. This is facilitated by radiative cooling and a triply resonant ultra-low-loss transducer operating at millikelvin temperatures. The high bandwidth of 10.7 MHz and total (internal) photon conversion\r\nefficiency of 0.03% (0.67%) combined with the extremely slow heating rate of 1.1 added output noise photons per second for the highest available pump power of 1.48 mW puts near-unity efficiency pulsed quantum transduction within reach. Together with the non-Gaussian resources of superconducting qubits this might provide the practical foundation to extend the range and scope of current quantum networks in analogy to electrical repeaters in classical fiber optic communication.","lang":"eng"}],"ec_funded":1,"year":"2020","project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053"},{"_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"754411"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","grant_number":"899354"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"grant_number":"F07105","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f","name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits"}],"isi":1,"volume":1,"day":"23","quality_controlled":"1","date_published":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","intvolume":"         1","issue":"2","publisher":"American Physical Society","citation":{"mla":"Hease, William J., et al. “Bidirectional Electro-Optic Wavelength Conversion in the Quantum Ground State.” <i>PRX Quantum</i>, vol. 1, no. 2, 020315, American Physical Society, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>.","apa":"Hease, W. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Sahu, R., Wulf, M., Arnold, G. M., Schwefel, H. G. L., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2020). Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state. <i>PRX Quantum</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>","ieee":"W. J. Hease <i>et al.</i>, “Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state,” <i>PRX Quantum</i>, vol. 1, no. 2. American Physical Society, 2020.","chicago":"Hease, William J, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Rishabh Sahu, Matthias Wulf, Georg M Arnold, Harald G.L. Schwefel, and Johannes M Fink. “Bidirectional Electro-Optic Wavelength Conversion in the Quantum Ground State.” <i>PRX Quantum</i>. American Physical Society, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>.","ista":"Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Sahu R, Wulf M, Arnold GM, Schwefel HGL, Fink JM. 2020. Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state. PRX Quantum. 1(2), 020315.","ama":"Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Sahu R, et al. Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state. <i>PRX Quantum</i>. 2020;1(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315\">10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315</a>","short":"W.J. Hease, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, R. Sahu, M. Wulf, G.M. Arnold, H.G.L. Schwefel, J.M. Fink, PRX Quantum 1 (2020)."},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2691-3399"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","acknowledgement":"The authors acknowledge the support of T. Menner, A. Arslani, and T. Asenov from the Miba machine shop for machining the microwave cavity, and thank S. Barzanjeh, F. Sedlmeir, and C. Marquardt for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by IST Austria and the European Research Council under Grant No. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT). W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant No. 754411.\r\nG.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria. J.M.F. acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F71) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant No. 899354 (FET Open SuperQuLAN). H.G.L.S. acknowledges support from the Aotearoa/New Zealand’s MBIE Endeavour Smart Ideas Grant No UOOX1805.","has_accepted_license":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"article_number":"020315","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"corr_author":"1","type":"journal_article","file_date_updated":"2021-02-12T11:16:16Z","oa":1,"doi":"10.1103/prxquantum.1.020315"},{"date_published":"2019-06-27T00:00:00Z","intvolume":"       570","day":"27","arxiv":1,"quality_controlled":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","citation":{"short":"S. Barzanjeh, E. Redchenko, M. Peruzzo, M. Wulf, D. Lewis, G.M. Arnold, J.M. Fink, Nature 570 (2019) 480–483.","ama":"Barzanjeh S, Redchenko E, Peruzzo M, et al. Stationary entangled radiation from micromechanical motion. <i>Nature</i>. 2019;570:480-483. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1320-2\">10.1038/s41586-019-1320-2</a>","apa":"Barzanjeh, S., Redchenko, E., Peruzzo, M., Wulf, M., Lewis, D., Arnold, G. M., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2019). Stationary entangled radiation from micromechanical motion. <i>Nature</i>. Nature Publishing Group. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1320-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1320-2</a>","chicago":"Barzanjeh, Shabir, Elena Redchenko, Matilda Peruzzo, Matthias Wulf, Dylan Lewis, Georg M Arnold, and Johannes M Fink. “Stationary Entangled Radiation from Micromechanical Motion.” <i>Nature</i>. Nature Publishing Group, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1320-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1320-2</a>.","ieee":"S. Barzanjeh <i>et al.</i>, “Stationary entangled radiation from micromechanical motion,” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 570. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 480–483, 2019.","ista":"Barzanjeh S, Redchenko E, Peruzzo M, Wulf M, Lewis D, Arnold GM, Fink JM. 2019. Stationary entangled radiation from micromechanical motion. Nature. 570, 480–483.","mla":"Barzanjeh, Shabir, et al. “Stationary Entangled Radiation from Micromechanical Motion.” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 570, Nature Publishing Group, 2019, pp. 480–83, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1320-2\">10.1038/s41586-019-1320-2</a>."},"department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}],"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"oa":1,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-019-1320-2","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.05865"}],"type":"journal_article","author":[{"last_name":"Barzanjeh","id":"2D25E1F6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-0415-1423","first_name":"Shabir","full_name":"Barzanjeh, Shabir"},{"id":"2C21D6E8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Redchenko","full_name":"Redchenko, Elena","first_name":"Elena"},{"full_name":"Peruzzo, Matilda","orcid":"0000-0002-3415-4628","first_name":"Matilda","last_name":"Peruzzo","id":"3F920B30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Wulf","id":"45598606-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6613-1378","first_name":"Matthias","full_name":"Wulf, Matthias"},{"first_name":"Dylan","full_name":"Lewis, Dylan","last_name":"Lewis"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Arnold","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","first_name":"Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876"},{"last_name":"Fink","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M"}],"month":"06","date_updated":"2026-05-15T22:31:21Z","publication_status":"published","title":"Stationary entangled radiation from micromechanical motion","status":"public","scopus_import":"1","_id":"6609","publication":"Nature","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Preprint","date_created":"2019-07-07T21:59:20Z","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"18871"}]},"external_id":{"isi":["000472860000042"],"arxiv":["1809.05865"]},"isi":1,"project":[{"grant_number":"732894","_id":"257EB838-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Hybrid Optomechanical Technologies"},{"name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"758053"},{"grant_number":"707438","name":"Microwave-to-Optical Quantum Link: Quantum Teleportation and Quantum Illumination with cavity Optomechanics","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"258047B6-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies","_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"volume":570,"year":"2019","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Mechanical systems facilitate the development of a hybrid quantum technology comprising electrical, optical, atomic and acoustic degrees of freedom1, and entanglement is essential to realize quantum-enabled devices. Continuous-variable entangled fields—known as Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) states—are spatially separated two-mode squeezed states that can be used for quantum teleportation and quantum communication2. In the optical domain, EPR states are typically generated using nondegenerate optical amplifiers3, and at microwave frequencies Josephson circuits can serve as a nonlinear medium4,5,6. An outstanding goal is to deterministically generate and distribute entangled states with a mechanical oscillator, which requires a carefully arranged balance between excitation, cooling and dissipation in an ultralow noise environment. Here we observe stationary emission of path-entangled microwave radiation from a parametrically driven 30-micrometre-long silicon nanostring oscillator, squeezing the joint field operators of two thermal modes by 3.40 decibels below the vacuum level. The motion of this micromechanical system correlates up to 50 photons per second per hertz, giving rise to a quantum discord that is robust with respect to microwave noise7. Such generalized quantum correlations of separable states are important for quantum-enhanced detection8 and provide direct evidence of the non-classical nature of the mechanical oscillator without directly measuring its state9. This noninvasive measurement scheme allows to infer information about otherwise inaccessible objects, with potential implications for sensing, open-system dynamics and fundamental tests of quantum gravity. In the future, similar on-chip devices could be used to entangle subsystems on very different energy scales, such as microwave and optical photons."}],"ec_funded":1,"page":"480-483"}]