[{"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"PreCl"},{"_id":"Bio"}],"acknowledgement":"We would like to thank Elizabeth Marin, Anna Kicheva, Igor Adameyko, and James Briscoe as\r\nwell as members of the Sweeney and Hippemeyer labs and SFB consortium for comments on\r\nthe manuscript. We are also grateful for the technical support of the Preclinical and Imaging and\r\nOptics Facilities support teams (ISTA). In addition, we thank our funding sources for providing\r\nthe resources to do these experiments: Horizon Europe ERC Starting Grant Number 101041551\r\n(M.S.; L.B.S.); Special Research Program (SFB) of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)\r\nNeuroStem Modulation Project numbers F7814-B (S.A.G.; M.S.; G.S.; and L.B.S.) and F7805\r\n(G.C. and S.H.). S.A.G is supported by a Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds PhD Fellowship, F.D.S.N.\r\nby an Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) GROW fellowship, and G.C. by an\r\nISTA Plus postdoctoral fellowship from the European Commission. S.H./L.B.S. and G.C. were\r\nadditionally supported by institutional funds from the ISTA and the University of Exeter,\r\nrespectively. ","citation":{"chicago":"Gobeil, Sophie A, Francisco Da Silveira Neto, Giulia Silvestrelli, Matthijs Geert Smits, Carmen Streicher, Giselle T Cheung, Simon Hippenmeyer, and Lora B. Sweeney. “Lineage Origin of Spinal Cord Cell Type Diversity.” <i>BioRxiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.12.705305\">https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.12.705305</a>.","short":"S.A. Gobeil, F. Da Silveira Neto, G. Silvestrelli, M.G. Smits, C. Streicher, G.T. Cheung, S. Hippenmeyer, L.B. Sweeney, BioRxiv (n.d.).","mla":"Gobeil, Sophie A., et al. “Lineage Origin of Spinal Cord Cell Type Diversity.” <i>BioRxiv</i>, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.12.705305\">10.64898/2026.02.12.705305</a>.","ista":"Gobeil SA, Da Silveira Neto F, Silvestrelli G, Smits MG, Streicher C, Cheung GT, Hippenmeyer S, Sweeney LB. Lineage origin of spinal cord cell type diversity. bioRxiv, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.12.705305\">10.64898/2026.02.12.705305</a>.","ama":"Gobeil SA, Da Silveira Neto F, Silvestrelli G, et al. Lineage origin of spinal cord cell type diversity. <i>bioRxiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.12.705305\">10.64898/2026.02.12.705305</a>","apa":"Gobeil, S. A., Da Silveira Neto, F., Silvestrelli, G., Smits, M. G., Streicher, C., Cheung, G. T., … Sweeney, L. B. (n.d.). Lineage origin of spinal cord cell type diversity. <i>bioRxiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.12.705305\">https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.12.705305</a>","ieee":"S. A. Gobeil <i>et al.</i>, “Lineage origin of spinal cord cell type diversity,” <i>bioRxiv</i>. ."},"year":"2026","day":"16","oa_version":"Preprint","status":"public","_id":"21291","OA_place":"repository","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)"},"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.12.705305","date_published":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","has_accepted_license":"1","OA_type":"green","ddc":["570"],"abstract":[{"text":"The complexity and specificity of movement in vertebrates is driven by a rich diversity of spinal motor and interneuron cell types. During development, eleven spinal cord progenitor domains generate an equivalent number of cardinal neuron types. How progenitor domains, individual progenitors, and post-mitotic diversity relate is still unknown. We performed high-resolution, single-progenitor cell lineage tracing in the embryonic mouse spinal cord using mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM). Our quantitative study of lineage progression revealed that spinal cord progenitors undergo highly variable numbers of proliferative, neurogenic, and gliogenic cell divisions. The nascent clonally-related neurons migrate radially over large distances, span the dorsoventral axis, and even cross the midline, demonstrating striking bilaterality. Molecular and morphometric analysis indicate high levels of progenitor multipotency, with an individual progenitor capable of producing several molecularly and morphologically distinct neuron types, as well as astrocytes. These findings redefine spinal cord development as a process in which lineage variability — rather than rigid progenitor identity — drives the generation of cellular diversity.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_updated":"2026-04-14T08:16:55Z","project":[{"grant_number":"101041551","name":"Development and Evolution of Tetrapod Motor Circuits","_id":"ebb66355-77a9-11ec-83b8-b8ac210a4dae"},{"grant_number":"F7814","name":"Stem Cell Modulation in Neural Development and Regeneration/ P14-Swim-to-limb transition: cell type to connection diversity","_id":"8da85f50-16d5-11f0-9cad-eab8b0ff6c9e"},{"_id":"059F6AB4-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E","name":"Stem Cell Modulation in Neural Development and Regeneration/ P05-Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Stem Cell Lineage Progression","grant_number":"F7805"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2026-02-17T11:36:20Z","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","month":"02","publication_status":"submitted","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"SiHi"},{"_id":"LoSw"}],"type":"preprint","doi":"10.64898/2026.02.12.705305","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.12.705305","open_access":"1"}],"title":"Lineage origin of spinal cord cell type diversity","oa":1,"author":[{"first_name":"Sophie A","full_name":"Gobeil, Sophie A","id":"2f3e9efb-eb24-11ec-86b2-88efb11d59fa","last_name":"Gobeil"},{"first_name":"Francisco","id":"8cfb7412-10a7-11f1-add1-82b44e6418f2","last_name":"Da Silveira Neto","full_name":"Da Silveira Neto, Francisco"},{"full_name":"Silvestrelli, Giulia","id":"12632ae8-799e-11ef-94a2-e5a3b5ef49e9","last_name":"Silvestrelli","first_name":"Giulia"},{"first_name":"Matthijs Geert","id":"7a231d52-e216-11ee-a0bb-8acd55f8f1f0","last_name":"Smits","full_name":"Smits, Matthijs Geert"},{"id":"36BCB99C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Streicher","full_name":"Streicher, Carmen","first_name":"Carmen"},{"first_name":"Giselle T","orcid":"0000-0001-8457-2572","id":"471195F6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Cheung","full_name":"Cheung, Giselle T"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-2279-1061","first_name":"Simon","full_name":"Hippenmeyer, Simon","id":"37B36620-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Hippenmeyer"},{"last_name":"Sweeney","id":"56BE8254-C4F0-11E9-8E45-0B23E6697425","full_name":"Sweeney, Lora Beatrice Jaeger","orcid":"0000-0001-9242-5601","first_name":"Lora Beatrice Jaeger"}],"publication":"bioRxiv","corr_author":"1"},{"author":[{"last_name":"Vijatovic","id":"cf391e77-ec3c-11ea-a124-d69323410b58","full_name":"Vijatovic, David","orcid":"0000-0002-5494-0941","first_name":"David"},{"last_name":"Sweeney","id":"56BE8254-C4F0-11E9-8E45-0B23E6697425","full_name":"Sweeney, Lora Beatrice Jaeger","orcid":"0000-0001-9242-5601","first_name":"Lora Beatrice Jaeger"}],"publication":"Xenopus","scopus_import":"1","corr_author":"1","type":"book_chapter","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_9","open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_9","oa":1,"title":"Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) for tracking neural development and connectivity in Xenopus","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1940-6029"]},"pmid":1,"month":"09","publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"volume":3049,"department":[{"_id":"LoSw"}],"series_title":"MIMB","page":"219-229","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"grant_number":"101041551","name":"Development and Evolution of Tetrapod Motor Circuits","_id":"ebb66355-77a9-11ec-83b8-b8ac210a4dae"},{"grant_number":"FTI21-D-046","name":"Development of V1 interneuron diversity during swim-to-walk transition of Xenopus metamorphosis","_id":"bd73af52-d553-11ed-ba76-912049f0ac7a"},{"name":"Stem Cell Modulation in Neural Development and Regeneration/ P14-Swim-to-limb transition: cell type to connection diversity","_id":"8da85f50-16d5-11f0-9cad-eab8b0ff6c9e","grant_number":"F7814"},{"grant_number":"COE16","_id":"cf428362-b037-11f1-b015-8277a8a2f63d","name":"Neuronal circuits in health and disease (Sweeney)"},{"_id":"34a02c70-11ca-11ed-8bc3-fbfd2c86c88f","name":"Development of Viral Vectors for Amphibian Gene Delivery and Manipulation","grant_number":"3(GG016346-01)"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes (in subscription journal)","supplementarymaterial":"no","date_created":"2026-09-13T22:01:56Z","abstract":[{"text":"Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) provide a versatile tool for labeling neurons in the Xenopus central nervous system across developmental stages. AAV-mediated transgene expression is long-lasting and stable, enabling robust labeling of neuronal populations without genomic integration and without the need to generate transgenic lines. The choice of AAV capsid and promoter can restrict expression to a population of interest, and depending on the route and timing of delivery, AAVs can selectively target either progenitor-derived neuronal cohorts or mature neuronal populations. Here, we have outlined two labeling strategies. First, intraventricular injections in tadpoles transduce neural progenitor cells lining the ventricular system, resulting in cohort-based labeling of neurons as they differentiate during development. Second, direct intraparenchymal injections in post-metamorphic frogs enable spatially restricted labeling and anterograde or retrograde tracing of connectivity within defined brain regions. Together, these approaches provide selective access to developing and mature neural circuits in X. laevis, supporting applications ranging from anatomical tracing to functional imaging and manipulation of neural circuits.","lang":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-09-17T08:00:45Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","alternative_title":["Methods in Molecular Biology"],"date_updated":"2026-09-17T08:03:32Z","OA_place":"publisher","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)"},"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_9","has_accepted_license":"1","OA_type":"hybrid","date_published":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","ddc":["570"],"publisher":"Springer","citation":{"mla":"Vijatovic, David, and Lora B. Sweeney. “Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) for Tracking Neural Development and Connectivity in Xenopus.” <i>Xenopus</i>, edited by Caroline W. Beck, vol. 3049, Springer, 2026, pp. 219–29, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_9\">10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_9</a>.","short":"D. Vijatovic, L.B. Sweeney, in:, C.W. Beck (Ed.), Xenopus, Springer, 2026, pp. 219–229.","chicago":"Vijatovic, David, and Lora B. Sweeney. “Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) for Tracking Neural Development and Connectivity in Xenopus.” In <i>Xenopus</i>, edited by Caroline W. Beck, 3049:219–29. MIMB. Springer, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_9\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_9</a>.","ieee":"D. Vijatovic and L. B. Sweeney, “Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) for tracking neural development and connectivity in Xenopus,” in <i>Xenopus</i>, vol. 3049, C. W. Beck, Ed. Springer, 2026, pp. 219–229.","apa":"Vijatovic, D., &#38; Sweeney, L. B. (2026). Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) for tracking neural development and connectivity in Xenopus. In C. W. Beck (Ed.), <i>Xenopus</i> (Vol. 3049, pp. 219–229). Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_9\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_9</a>","ama":"Vijatovic D, Sweeney LB. Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) for tracking neural development and connectivity in Xenopus. In: Beck CW, ed. <i>Xenopus</i>. Vol 3049. MIMB. Springer; 2026:219-229. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_9\">10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_9</a>","ista":"Vijatovic D, Sweeney LB. 2026.Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) for tracking neural development and connectivity in Xenopus. In: Xenopus. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 3049, 219–229."},"year":"2026","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by a Horizon Europe ERC Starting Grant Number 101041551 (L.B.S. and D.V.), FTI Strategy Lower Austria Dissertation Grant Number FT121-D-046 (D.V.), NSF IOS Grant Number 2110086 (L.B.S. and D.V.), Special Research Program (SFB) of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) F7814-B (L.B.S.), and Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE16 (L.B.S. and D.V.).","das_tickbox":"0","day":"02","editor":[{"first_name":"Caroline W.","last_name":"Beck","full_name":"Beck, Caroline W."}],"oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"22926","researchdata_availability":"no","status":"public","intvolume":"      3049","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","checksum":"ea5af1374dd6820830773e0e96535ac0","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2026-09-17T08:00:45Z","creator":"dernst","success":1,"file_id":"22939","file_name":"2026_MIMB_Vijatovic2.pdf","date_created":"2026-09-17T08:00:45Z","file_size":852042}],"external_id":{"pmid":["42681226"]}},{"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"Development and Evolution of Tetrapod Motor Circuits","_id":"ebb66355-77a9-11ec-83b8-b8ac210a4dae","grant_number":"101041551"},{"_id":"8da85f50-16d5-11f0-9cad-eab8b0ff6c9e","name":"Stem Cell Modulation in Neural Development and Regeneration/ P14-Swim-to-limb transition: cell type to connection diversity","grant_number":"F7814"},{"grant_number":"COE16","name":"Neuronal circuits in health and disease (Sweeney)","_id":"cf428362-b037-11f1-b015-8277a8a2f63d"},{"name":"Development of V1 interneuron diversity during swim-to-walk transition of Xenopus metamorphosis","_id":"bd73af52-d553-11ed-ba76-912049f0ac7a","grant_number":"FTI21-D-046"},{"_id":"907b765e-16d5-11f0-9cad-fef108a945b1","name":"A Tale of Two Circuits: Rostrocaudal spinal cord patterning during the swim-to-limb transition of Xenopus metamorphosis","grant_number":"27229"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","supplementarymaterial":"no","date_created":"2026-09-13T22:01:55Z","month":"09","publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"LoSw"},{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"IAS"}],"volume":3049,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"series_title":"MIMB","page":"245-259","type":"book_chapter","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_11","oa":1,"title":"Fluorescent in situ mRNA hybridization (FISH) using Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) in Xenopus cryosections","pmid":1,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1940-6029"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Vijatovic","id":"cf391e77-ec3c-11ea-a124-d69323410b58","full_name":"Vijatovic, David","orcid":"0000-0002-5494-0941","first_name":"David"},{"first_name":"Stavros","full_name":"Papadopoulos, Stavros","id":"40606b92-f128-11eb-9611-bf66a98cfa5c","last_name":"Papadopoulos"},{"full_name":"Dalla Vecchia, Marco","id":"02a7a869-ff06-11ed-a87f-86649d6077e5","last_name":"Dalla Vecchia","first_name":"Marco"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-9242-5601","first_name":"Lora Beatrice Jaeger","full_name":"Sweeney, Lora Beatrice Jaeger","last_name":"Sweeney","id":"56BE8254-C4F0-11E9-8E45-0B23E6697425"}],"publication":"Xenopus","scopus_import":"1","corr_author":"1","intvolume":"      3049","file":[{"creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2026-09-17T07:28:53Z","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"e7a075a9ee1b91d5824f8f2b9b1f3c9b","date_created":"2026-09-17T07:28:53Z","file_size":1004024,"file_name":"2026_MIMB_Vijatovic.pdf","file_id":"22938","success":1}],"external_id":{"pmid":["42681228"]},"publisher":"Springer","year":"2026","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by a Horizon Europe ERC Starting Grant\r\nNumber 101041551 (L.B.S., D.V., S.P.), Special Research Program\r\n(SFB) of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) F7814-B (L.B.S., S.P.),\r\nAustrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE16 (L.B.S.), FTI\r\nStrategy Lower Austria Dissertation Grant Number FT121-D-046\r\n(D.V.), and Austrian Academy of Sciences DOC Fellowship 27229\r\n(S.P.). We also thank the Imaging & Optics and Scientific Computing Facilities at ISTA for their support in developing the quantification pipeline.","citation":{"apa":"Vijatovic, D., Papadopoulos, S., Dalla Vecchia, M., &#38; Sweeney, L. B. (2026). Fluorescent in situ mRNA hybridization (FISH) using Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) in Xenopus cryosections. In C. W. Beck (Ed.), <i>Xenopus</i> (Vol. 3049, pp. 245–259). Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_11\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_11</a>","ieee":"D. Vijatovic, S. Papadopoulos, M. Dalla Vecchia, and L. B. Sweeney, “Fluorescent in situ mRNA hybridization (FISH) using Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) in Xenopus cryosections,” in <i>Xenopus</i>, vol. 3049, C. W. Beck, Ed. Springer, 2026, pp. 245–259.","ista":"Vijatovic D, Papadopoulos S, Dalla Vecchia M, Sweeney LB. 2026.Fluorescent in situ mRNA hybridization (FISH) using Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) in Xenopus cryosections. In: Xenopus. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 3049, 245–259.","ama":"Vijatovic D, Papadopoulos S, Dalla Vecchia M, Sweeney LB. Fluorescent in situ mRNA hybridization (FISH) using Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) in Xenopus cryosections. In: Beck CW, ed. <i>Xenopus</i>. Vol 3049. MIMB. Springer; 2026:245-259. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_11\">10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_11</a>","mla":"Vijatovic, David, et al. “Fluorescent in Situ MRNA Hybridization (FISH) Using Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) in Xenopus Cryosections.” <i>Xenopus</i>, edited by Caroline W. Beck, vol. 3049, Springer, 2026, pp. 245–59, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_11\">10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_11</a>.","short":"D. Vijatovic, S. Papadopoulos, M. Dalla Vecchia, L.B. Sweeney, in:, C.W. Beck (Ed.), Xenopus, Springer, 2026, pp. 245–259.","chicago":"Vijatovic, David, Stavros Papadopoulos, Marco Dalla Vecchia, and Lora B. Sweeney. “Fluorescent in Situ MRNA Hybridization (FISH) Using Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) in Xenopus Cryosections.” In <i>Xenopus</i>, edited by Caroline W. Beck, 3049:245–59. MIMB. Springer, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_11\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_11</a>."},"das_tickbox":"0","day":"02","oa_version":"Published Version","editor":[{"first_name":"Caroline W.","last_name":"Beck","full_name":"Beck, Caroline W."}],"researchdata_availability":"no","_id":"22925","status":"public","OA_place":"publisher","keyword":["mRNA FISH","Hybridization chain reaction","In situ hybridization","Fluorescence microscopy"],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)"},"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-5360-9_11","OA_type":"hybrid","date_published":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","has_accepted_license":"1","ddc":["570"],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) enables highly sensitive and multiplexed detection of mRNA with subcellular spatial resolution. It employs fluorophore-tagged DNA hairpins that self-assemble on target-bound probe pairs, amplifying the signal without enzymatic reactions. Here, we describe a protocol for performing HCR fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on Xenopus tissue sections. We also outline a semi-automated image analysis pipeline that enables per-cell quantification of probe expression and co-localization. This method provides a robust and quantitative approach for visualizing gene expression patterns in situ."}],"file_date_updated":"2026-09-17T07:28:53Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","alternative_title":["Methods in Molecular Biology"],"date_updated":"2026-09-17T07:31:16Z"},{"date_published":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","has_accepted_license":"1","PlanS_conform":"1","OA_type":"gold","ddc":["570"],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227","article_type":"original","DOAJ_listed":"1","OA_place":"publisher","date_updated":"2026-10-20T09:04:23Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","file_date_updated":"2026-05-04T12:20:10Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"As vertebrates transitioned from water to land, locomotion shifted from undulatory swimming to limb-based movement. How spinal circuits and their cell types evolved to support this transition remains unclear. We leverage frog metamorphosis, which recapitulates this transition within a single organism, to define how spinal circuits generate aquatic versus terrestrial motor patterns. At swim stages, spinal architecture is uniform, with a transcriptionally and anatomically homogeneous motor and interneurons. As limbs develop and their movement complexifies, spinal circuits expand in neuron number and subtype diversity. This expansion is most pronounced for V1 inhibitory neurons, which increase ∼70-fold and diversify into transcriptionally distinct subtypes. Disrupting transcription factors defining emerging motor and V1 populations reveals molecular segregation between swim and limb circuits, highlighting the role of subtype diversity in motor coordination. A multifold increase in inhibitory neuron diversity thus underlies the tail-to-limb locomotor transition, providing a framework for spinal circuit adaptation during vertebrate evolution."}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"issue":"4","external_id":{"pmid":["41964955 "]},"intvolume":"        45","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","checksum":"0d26cdb5b8d8dec3a911d8261a65cdef","relation":"main_file","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2026-05-04T12:20:10Z","success":1,"file_id":"21795","file_size":14925958,"date_created":"2026-05-04T12:20:10Z","file_name":"2026_CellReports_Vijatovic.pdf"}],"status":"public","_id":"21746","oa_version":"Published Version","day":"28","publisher":"Cell Press","acknowledgement":"We would like to thank the members of the Sweeney Lab, Mario de Bono, Michael Forsthofer, Katharina Lust, and Meital Oren, for comments on the manuscript. We are also grateful to Tom Jessell and Chris Kintner for their scientific insight and mentorship during the conception of this project. It would also have not been possible without the technical support of the Aquatics and Imaging and Optics Facility support teams (ISTA). We thank Martin Estermann for preparing the initial draft of the graphical abstract and Niki Barolini for the final version. In addition, we thank our funding sources for providing the resources to do these experiments: GFF NÖ FTI Strategy Lower Austria dissertation grant FT121-D-046 (to D.V.), Horizon Europe ERC starting grant 101041551 (to Y.I., L.B.S., F.A.T., and D.V.), Special Research Program (SFB) of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project F7814-B (to L.B.S.), Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE16 (to Y.I. and L.B.S.), NINDS 5R35NS116858 (to J.S.D.), CZI grant DAF2020-225401 (DOI) 10.37921/120055ratwvi (to R.H.), NIH grant R01NS123116 (to J.B.B.), American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC) (to J.B.B.), German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) IFI grant 57515251-91853472 (to Z.H.), and Project A.L.S. (to S.B.-M.).","citation":{"ieee":"D. Vijatovic <i>et al.</i>, “Multifold increase in spinal inhibitory cell types with emergence of limb movement,” <i>Cell Reports</i>, vol. 45, no. 4. Cell Press, 2026.","apa":"Vijatovic, D., Toma, F. A., Ignatyev, Y., Harrington, Z. P., Sommer, C. M., Hauschild, R., … Sweeney, L. B. (2026). Multifold increase in spinal inhibitory cell types with emergence of limb movement. <i>Cell Reports</i>. Cell Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227</a>","ista":"Vijatovic D, Toma FA, Ignatyev Y, Harrington ZP, Sommer CM, Hauschild R, Smits MG, Dalla Vecchia M, Trevisan AJ, Chapman P, Julseth M, Brenner-Morton S, Gabitto MI, Dasen JS, Bikoff JB, Sweeney LB. 2026. Multifold increase in spinal inhibitory cell types with emergence of limb movement. Cell Reports. 45(4), 117227.","ama":"Vijatovic D, Toma FA, Ignatyev Y, et al. Multifold increase in spinal inhibitory cell types with emergence of limb movement. <i>Cell Reports</i>. 2026;45(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227\">10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227</a>","mla":"Vijatovic, David, et al. “Multifold Increase in Spinal Inhibitory Cell Types with Emergence of Limb Movement.” <i>Cell Reports</i>, vol. 45, no. 4, 117227, Cell Press, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227\">10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227</a>.","short":"D. Vijatovic, F.A. Toma, Y. Ignatyev, Z.P. Harrington, C.M. Sommer, R. Hauschild, M.G. Smits, M. Dalla Vecchia, A.J. Trevisan, P. Chapman, M. Julseth, S. Brenner-Morton, M.I. Gabitto, J.S. Dasen, J.B. Bikoff, L.B. Sweeney, Cell Reports 45 (2026).","chicago":"Vijatovic, David, Florina Alexandra  Toma, Y Ignatyev, Zoe P Harrington, Christoph M Sommer, Robert Hauschild, Matthijs Geert Smits, et al. “Multifold Increase in Spinal Inhibitory Cell Types with Emergence of Limb Movement.” <i>Cell Reports</i>. Cell Press, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227</a>."},"year":"2026","oa":1,"title":"Multifold increase in spinal inhibitory cell types with emergence of limb movement","pmid":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2639-1856"],"eissn":["2211-1247"]},"type":"journal_article","doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227","article_number":"117227","corr_author":"1","scopus_import":"1","publication":"Cell Reports","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-5494-0941","first_name":"David","id":"cf391e77-ec3c-11ea-a124-d69323410b58","last_name":"Vijatovic","full_name":"Vijatovic, David"},{"full_name":"Toma, Florina Alexandra ","id":"2f73f876-f128-11eb-9611-b96b5a30cb0e","last_name":"Toma","first_name":"Florina Alexandra "},{"first_name":"Y","last_name":"Ignatyev","full_name":"Ignatyev, Y"},{"id":"a8144562-32c9-11ee-b5ce-d9800628bda2","last_name":"Harrington","full_name":"Harrington, Zoe P","first_name":"Zoe 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Susan"},{"last_name":"Gabitto","full_name":"Gabitto, Mariano I.","first_name":"Mariano I."},{"first_name":"Jeremy S.","last_name":"Dasen","full_name":"Dasen, Jeremy S."},{"full_name":"Bikoff, Jay B.","last_name":"Bikoff","first_name":"Jay B."},{"full_name":"Sweeney, Lora Beatrice Jaeger","last_name":"Sweeney","id":"56BE8254-C4F0-11E9-8E45-0B23E6697425","orcid":"0000-0001-9242-5601","first_name":"Lora Beatrice Jaeger"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","date_created":"2026-04-19T22:07:43Z","project":[{"grant_number":"101041551","_id":"ebb66355-77a9-11ec-83b8-b8ac210a4dae","name":"Development and Evolution of Tetrapod Motor Circuits"},{"name":"Stem Cell Modulation in Neural Development and Regeneration/ P14-Swim-to-limb transition: cell type to connection diversity","_id":"8da85f50-16d5-11f0-9cad-eab8b0ff6c9e","grant_number":"F7814"},{"grant_number":"CZI01","_id":"c08e9ad1-5a5b-11eb-8a69-9d1cf3b07473","name":"Tools for automation and feedback 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L."},{"last_name":"Ivanian","id":"eaf2b366-cfd1-11ee-bbdf-c8790f800a05","full_name":"Ivanian, Georgiy","first_name":"Georgiy","orcid":"0009-0002-3999-3735"},{"last_name":"Woych","full_name":"Woych, Jamie","first_name":"Jamie"},{"full_name":"Arnold, Rebecca C","last_name":"Arnold","id":"d6cce458-14c9-11ed-a755-c1c8fc6fde6f","first_name":"Rebecca C"},{"last_name":"Ortega Gurrola","full_name":"Ortega Gurrola, Alonso","first_name":"Alonso"},{"last_name":"Shvartsman","full_name":"Shvartsman, Arik","first_name":"Arik"},{"full_name":"Barbieri, Francesca","id":"a9492887-8972-11ed-ae7b-bfae10998254","last_name":"Barbieri","first_name":"Francesca"},{"first_name":"Florina-Alexandra","full_name":"Toma, Florina-Alexandra","last_name":"Toma","id":"85dd99f2-15b2-11ec-abd3-d1ae4d57f3b5"},{"first_name":"Gary J.","full_name":"Gorbsky, Gary J.","last_name":"Gorbsky"},{"first_name":"Marko E.","full_name":"Horb, Marko E.","last_name":"Horb"},{"full_name":"Cline, Hollis T.","last_name":"Cline","first_name":"Hollis T."},{"full_name":"Shay, Timothy F.","last_name":"Shay","first_name":"Timothy F."},{"last_name":"Kelley","full_name":"Kelley, Darcy B.","first_name":"Darcy B."},{"last_name":"Yamaguchi","full_name":"Yamaguchi, Ayako","first_name":"Ayako"},{"full_name":"Shein-Idelson, Mark","last_name":"Shein-Idelson","first_name":"Mark"},{"full_name":"Tosches, Maria Antonietta","last_name":"Tosches","first_name":"Maria Antonietta"},{"full_name":"Sweeney, Lora Beatrice Jaeger","id":"56BE8254-C4F0-11E9-8E45-0B23E6697425","last_name":"Sweeney","orcid":"0000-0001-9242-5601","first_name":"Lora Beatrice Jaeger"}],"publication":"Developmental Cell","dataavailabilitystatement":"FAMD RStudio code and raw data used for analysis of post-metamorphic P. waltl injection outcomes are available via Dryad repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.mpg4f4r89. Any additional information required to reanalyze the data reported in this paper is available from the lead contact upon request.","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"PreCl"},{"_id":"Bio"}],"intvolume":"        60","file":[{"file_name":"2025_DevelopmentalCell_Jaeger.pdf","file_size":11936258,"date_created":"2025-06-04T05:43:27Z","success":1,"file_id":"19790","date_updated":"2025-06-04T05:43:27Z","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","checksum":"a83a4cb58f5941096d3ad91ca0172594","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file"}],"issue":"5","external_id":{"isi":["001444798600001"],"pmid":["39603234"]},"oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"15016","researchdata_availability":"yes","status":"public","publisher":"Cell Press","year":"2025","citation":{"short":"E.C.B. Jaeger, D. Vijatovic, A. Deryckere, N. Zorin, A.L. Nguyen, G. Ivanian, J. Woych, R.C. Arnold, A. Ortega Gurrola, A. Shvartsman, F. Barbieri, F.-A. Toma, G.J. Gorbsky, M.E. Horb, H.T. Cline, T.F. Shay, D.B. Kelley, A. Yamaguchi, M. Shein-Idelson, M.A. Tosches, L.B. Sweeney, Developmental Cell 60 (2025) 794–812.e6.","mla":"Jaeger, Eliza C. B., et al. “Adeno-Associated Viral Tools to Trace Neural Development and Connectivity across Amphibians.” <i>Developmental Cell</i>, vol. 60, no. 5, Cell Press, 2025, p. 794–812.e6, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2024.10.025\">10.1016/j.devcel.2024.10.025</a>.","chicago":"Jaeger, Eliza C.B., David Vijatovic, Astrid Deryckere, Nikol Zorin, Akemi L. Nguyen, Georgiy Ivanian, Jamie Woych, et al. “Adeno-Associated Viral Tools to Trace Neural Development and Connectivity across Amphibians.” <i>Developmental Cell</i>. Cell Press, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2024.10.025\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2024.10.025</a>.","apa":"Jaeger, E. C. B., Vijatovic, D., Deryckere, A., Zorin, N., Nguyen, A. L., Ivanian, G., … Sweeney, L. B. (2025). Adeno-associated viral tools to trace neural development and connectivity across amphibians. <i>Developmental Cell</i>. Cell Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2024.10.025\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2024.10.025</a>","ieee":"E. C. B. Jaeger <i>et al.</i>, “Adeno-associated viral tools to trace neural development and connectivity across amphibians,” <i>Developmental Cell</i>, vol. 60, no. 5. Cell Press, p. 794–812.e6, 2025.","ama":"Jaeger ECB, Vijatovic D, Deryckere A, et al. Adeno-associated viral tools to trace neural development and connectivity across amphibians. <i>Developmental Cell</i>. 2025;60(5):794-812.e6. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2024.10.025\">10.1016/j.devcel.2024.10.025</a>","ista":"Jaeger ECB, Vijatovic D, Deryckere A, Zorin N, Nguyen AL, Ivanian G, Woych J, Arnold RC, Ortega Gurrola A, Shvartsman A, Barbieri F, Toma F-A, Gorbsky GJ, Horb ME, Cline HT, Shay TF, Kelley DB, Yamaguchi A, Shein-Idelson M, Tosches MA, Sweeney LB. 2025. Adeno-associated viral tools to trace neural development and connectivity across amphibians. Developmental Cell. 60(5), 794–812.e6."},"acknowledgement":"We thank members of the Sweeney, Tosches, Shein-Idelson, Yamaguchi, Kelley, and Cline Labs for their contributions to this project, discussion, and support. We additionally thank the Beckman Institute CLOVER Center and Viviana Gradinaru (Caltech), Kimberly Ritola (UNC NeuroTools), and Flavia Gomez-Leite (ISTA Viral Core) for AAV production and consultation; Andras Simon and Alberto Joven (Karolinska Institute) for feedback; Elizabeth Bagnato-Cohen (Columbia) for project coordination; our animal care and imaging facilities; the amphibian stock centers (NXR, EXRC, and XenopusExpress); and our funding sources: NSF IOS 2110086 (D.B.K., L.B.S., M.A.T., A.Y., and H.T.C.); US-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) 2020702 (M.S.-I.); FTI Strategy Lower Austria Dissertation FT121-D-046 (D.V.); Horizon Europe ERC Starting Grant 101041551 and Special Research Programme (SFB) of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project F7814-B (L.B.S.); NIH grant R35GM146973, Rita Allen Foundation Award GA_032522_FE, and CZI Ben Barres Early Career Acceleration Award 2023-331758 (M.A.T.); EMBO Long-Term Fellowship ALTF 874-2021 (A.D.); and NSF GRFP DGE 2036197 (E.C.B.J.).","isi":1,"day":"10","das_tickbox":"1","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"article_type":"original","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2024.10.025","has_accepted_license":"1","date_published":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","OA_type":"hybrid","ddc":["570"],"OA_place":"publisher","date_updated":"2026-10-20T08:56:33Z","file_date_updated":"2025-06-04T05:43:27Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Amphibians, by virtue of their phylogenetic position, provide invaluable insights on nervous system evolution, development, and remodeling. The genetic toolkit for amphibians, however, remains limited. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) are a powerful alternative to transgenesis for labeling and manipulating neurons. Although successful in mammals, AAVs have never been shown to transduce amphibian cells efficiently. We screened AAVs in three amphibian species—the frogs Xenopus laevis and Pelophylax bedriagae and the salamander Pleurodeles waltl—and identified at least two AAV serotypes per species that transduce neurons. In developing amphibians, AAVs labeled groups of neurons generated at the same time during development. In the mature brain, AAVrg retrogradely traced long-range projections. Our study introduces AAVs as a tool for amphibian research, establishes a generalizable workflow for AAV screening in new species, and expands opportunities for cross-species comparisons of nervous system development, function, and evolution."}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}]