---
OA_place: publisher
_id: '20607'
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: SSU
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: M-Shop
acknowledgement: "I gratefully acknowledge the support of the ISTA Graduate School
  and the Scientific Service Units of\r\nISTA, whose resources made this work possible—especially
  the Imaging & Optics Facility, the Lab\r\nSupport Facility, and the Miba Machine
  Shop. I would like to thank two staff scientists in particular:\r\nRobert Hauschild
  (Imaging & Optics Facility) and Daniel Balazs (Lab Support Facility), for their\r\nassistance
  and advice. My PhD was partially funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)\r\n(10.55776/P37169
  and 10.55776/COE5)."
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Soumyadip
  full_name: Mondal, Soumyadip
  id: d25d21ef-dc8d-11ea-abe3-ec4576307f48
  last_name: Mondal
citation:
  ama: 'Mondal S. Oxygen and sulfur redox : Conversion kinetics and phase equilibria.
    2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607">10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607</a>'
  apa: 'Mondal, S. (2025). <i>Oxygen and sulfur redox : Conversion kinetics and phase
    equilibria</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607</a>'
  chicago: 'Mondal, Soumyadip. “Oxygen and Sulfur Redox : Conversion Kinetics and
    Phase Equilibria.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607</a>.'
  ieee: 'S. Mondal, “Oxygen and sulfur redox : Conversion kinetics and phase equilibria,”
    Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.'
  ista: 'Mondal S. 2025. Oxygen and sulfur redox : Conversion kinetics and phase equilibria.
    Institute of Science and Technology Austria.'
  mla: 'Mondal, Soumyadip. <i>Oxygen and Sulfur Redox : Conversion Kinetics and Phase
    Equilibria</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607">10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607</a>.'
  short: 'S. Mondal, Oxygen and Sulfur Redox : Conversion Kinetics and Phase Equilibria,
    Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.'
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-11-07T12:40:54Z
date_published: 2025-09-19T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-07T12:27:24Z
day: '19'
ddc:
- '541'
- '543'
- '542'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: StFr
doi: 10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607
file:
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file_date_updated: 2025-11-13T16:47:47Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '09'
oa_version: Published Version
page: '71'
project:
- _id: 8df062be-16d5-11f0-9cad-f559b6612c7e
  grant_number: P37169
  name: Singlet oxygen in non-aqueous oxygen redox chemistry
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-3-99078-071-8
  issn:
  - 2663-337X
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '12065'
    relation: part_of_dissertation
    status: public
  - id: '13044'
    relation: part_of_dissertation
    status: public
  - id: '20437'
    relation: part_of_dissertation
    status: deleted
  - id: '14687'
    relation: part_of_dissertation
    status: public
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Stefan Alexander
  full_name: Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
  id: A8CA28E6-CE23-11E9-AD2D-EC27E6697425
  last_name: Freunberger
  orcid: 0000-0003-2902-5319
title: 'Oxygen and sulfur redox : Conversion kinetics and phase equilibria'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: dissertation
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
year: '2025'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '17468'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Oxygen redox chemistry is central to life1 and many human-made technologies,
    such as in energy storage2,3,4. The large energy gain from oxygen redox reactions
    is often connected with the occurrence of harmful reactive oxygen species3,5,6.
    Key species are superoxide and the highly reactive singlet oxygen3,4,5,6,7, which
    may evolve from superoxide. However, the factors determining the formation of
    singlet oxygen, rather than the relatively unreactive triplet oxygen, are unknown.
    Here we report that the release of triplet or singlet oxygen is governed by individual
    Marcus normal and inverted region behaviour. We found that as the driving force
    for the reaction increases, the initially dominant evolution of triplet oxygen
    slows down, and singlet oxygen evolution becomes predominant with higher maximum
    kinetics. This behaviour also applies to the widely observed superoxide disproportionation,
    in which one superoxide is oxidized by another, in both non-aqueous and aqueous
    systems, with Lewis and Brønsted acidity controlling the driving forces. Singlet
    oxygen yields governed by these conditions are relevant, for example, in batteries
    or cellular organelles in which superoxide forms. Our findings suggest ways to
    understand and control spin states and kinetics in oxygen redox chemistry, with
    implications for fields, including life sciences, pure chemistry and energy storage.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: M-Shop
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: S.A.F. thanks the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA)
  for the support. The Scientific Service Units of ISTA supported this research through
  resources provided by the Imaging and Optics Facility, the Lab Support Facility,
  the Miba Machine Shop and Scientific Computing. This research was partly funded
  by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (10.55776/P37169 and 10.55776/COE5). For open
  access purposes, the author has applied for a CC BY public copyright licence to
  any author-accepted manuscript version arising from this submission. R.H. acknowledges
  funding through CZI grant DAF2020-225401 (10.37921/120055ratwvi) from the Chan Zuckerberg
  Initiative DAF, an advised fund of Silicon Valley Community Foundation (10.13039/100014989).
  H.T.K.N. acknowledges funding by the European Commission Erasmus Mundus Joint Masters
  programme. We thank M. Sixt and M. Chinon for the discussions about O-redox in life
  and R. Jethwa for proofreading. Open access funding was provided by ISTA.
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Soumyadip
  full_name: Mondal, Soumyadip
  id: d25d21ef-dc8d-11ea-abe3-ec4576307f48
  last_name: Mondal
- first_name: Huyen T.K.
  full_name: Nguyen, Huyen T.K.
  last_name: Nguyen
- first_name: Robert
  full_name: Hauschild, Robert
  id: 4E01D6B4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Hauschild
  orcid: 0000-0001-9843-3522
- first_name: Stefan Alexander
  full_name: Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
  id: A8CA28E6-CE23-11E9-AD2D-EC27E6697425
  last_name: Freunberger
  orcid: 0000-0003-2902-5319
citation:
  ama: Mondal S, Nguyen HTK, Hauschild R, Freunberger SA. Marcus kinetics control
    singlet and triplet oxygen evolving from superoxide. <i>Nature</i>. 2025;646(8085):601–605.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09587-7">10.1038/s41586-025-09587-7</a>
  apa: Mondal, S., Nguyen, H. T. K., Hauschild, R., &#38; Freunberger, S. A. (2025).
    Marcus kinetics control singlet and triplet oxygen evolving from superoxide. <i>Nature</i>.
    Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09587-7">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09587-7</a>
  chicago: Mondal, Soumyadip, Huyen T.K. Nguyen, Robert Hauschild, and Stefan Alexander
    Freunberger. “Marcus Kinetics Control Singlet and Triplet Oxygen Evolving from
    Superoxide.” <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09587-7">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09587-7</a>.
  ieee: S. Mondal, H. T. K. Nguyen, R. Hauschild, and S. A. Freunberger, “Marcus kinetics
    control singlet and triplet oxygen evolving from superoxide,” <i>Nature</i>, vol.
    646, no. 8085. Springer Nature, pp. 601–605, 2025.
  ista: Mondal S, Nguyen HTK, Hauschild R, Freunberger SA. 2025. Marcus kinetics control
    singlet and triplet oxygen evolving from superoxide. Nature. 646(8085), 601–605.
  mla: Mondal, Soumyadip, et al. “Marcus Kinetics Control Singlet and Triplet Oxygen
    Evolving from Superoxide.” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 646, no. 8085, Springer Nature,
    2025, pp. 601–605, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09587-7">10.1038/s41586-025-09587-7</a>.
  short: S. Mondal, H.T.K. Nguyen, R. Hauschild, S.A. Freunberger, Nature 646 (2025)
    601–605.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2024-08-29T10:40:23Z
date_published: 2025-10-16T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-28T13:18:33Z
day: '16'
ddc:
- '540'
department:
- _id: StFr
- _id: Bio
doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09587-7
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001586378900001'
  pmid:
  - '41044415'
file:
- access_level: open_access
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  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-10-20T10:26:13Z
  date_updated: 2025-10-20T10:26:13Z
  file_id: '20500'
  file_name: 2025_Nature_Mondal.pdf
  file_size: 3809247
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-10-20T10:26:13Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       646'
isi: 1
issue: '8085'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 601–605
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 8df062be-16d5-11f0-9cad-f559b6612c7e
  grant_number: P37169
  name: Singlet oxygen in non-aqueous oxygen redox chemistry
- _id: c08e9ad1-5a5b-11eb-8a69-9d1cf3b07473
  grant_number: CZI01
  name: Tools for automation and feedback microscopy
publication: Nature
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1476-4687
  issn:
  - 0028-0836
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - description: News on ISTA website
    relation: press_release
    url: https://ista.ac.at/en/news/taming-the-bad-oxygen/
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Marcus kinetics control singlet and triplet oxygen evolving from superoxide
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
volume: 646
year: '2025'
...