---
APC_amount: 3948 EUR
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abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Prenatal immune challenges pose significant risks to human embryonic brain
and eye development. However, our knowledge about the safe usage of anti-inflammatory
drugs during pregnancy is still limited. While human induced pluripotent stem
cells (hIPSC)-derived brain organoid models have started to explore functional
consequences upon viral stimulation, these models commonly lack microglia, which
are susceptible to and promote inflammation. Furthermore, microglia are actively
involved in neuronal development. Here, we generate hIPSC-derived microglia precursor
cells and assemble them into retinal organoids. Once the outer plexiform layer
forms, these hIPSC-derived microglia (iMG) fully integrate into the retinal organoids.
Since the ganglion cell survival declines by this time in 3D-retinal organoids,
we adapted the model into 2D and identify that the improved ganglion cell number
significantly decreases only with iMG presence. In parallel, we applied the immunostimulant
POLY(I:C) to mimic a fetal viral infection. While POLY(I:C) exposure alters the
iMG phenotype, it does not hinder their interaction with ganglion cells. Furthermore,
iMG significantly enhance the supernatant’s inflammatory secretome and increase
retinal cell proliferation. Simultaneous exposure with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drug (NSAID) ibuprofen dampens POLY(I:C)-mediated changes of the iMG phenotype
and ameliorates cell proliferation. Remarkably, while POLY(I:C) disrupts neuronal
calcium dynamics independent of iMG, ibuprofen rescues this effect only if iMG
are present. Mechanistically, ibuprofen targets the enzymes cyclooxygenase 1 and
2 (COX1/PTGS1 and COX2/PTGS2) simultaneously, from which iMG mainly express COX1.
Selective COX1 blockage fails to restore the calcium peak amplitude upon POLY(I:C)
stimulation, suggesting ibuprofen’s beneficial effect depends on the presence
and interplay of COX1 and COX2. These findings underscore the importance of microglia
in the context of prenatal immune challenges and provide insight into the mechanisms
by which ibuprofen exerts its protective effects during embryonic development.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: Bio
acknowledgement: We thank the scientific service units at ISTA, specifically the Lab
Support Facility (LSF), the Molecular Biology Services/Virus Services Team, specifically
Flavia Gama Gomes Leite and Mark Andrew Smyth, for the virus production, and the
Imaging and Optics Facility (IOF). We thank all members of the Siegert group and
Marco Benevento for their constant feedback on the project and comments on the manuscript.
A special thanks to Rouven Schulz for input on statistical analysis and sharing
R-scripts, Gloria Colombo for the introduction to cell sorting, Negar Vehdani and
Florianne Schoot Uiterkamp for their support in cell culture. This research was
supported by the Gesellschaft für Forschungsförderung Niederösterreich (grant No.
Sc19-017 to V.H.).
article_number: '98'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Verena
full_name: Hübschmann, Verena
id: 32B7C918-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Hübschmann
- first_name: Medina
full_name: Korkut, Medina
id: 4B51CE74-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Korkut
orcid: 0000-0003-4309-2251
- first_name: Alessandro
full_name: Venturino, Alessandro
id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Venturino
orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Juan Pablo
full_name: Maya-Arteaga, Juan Pablo
id: c815d433-1f5d-11f0-a875-dad18b1e5924
last_name: Maya-Arteaga
- first_name: Sandra
full_name: Siegert, Sandra
id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Siegert
orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
citation:
ama: Schmied V, Korkut M, Venturino A, Maya-Arteaga JP, Siegert S. Microglia determine
an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen action in human retinal
organoids. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2025;22(1). doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x
apa: Schmied, V., Korkut, M., Venturino, A., Maya-Arteaga, J. P., & Siegert,
S. (2025). Microglia determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate
ibuprofen action in human retinal organoids. Journal of Neuroinflammation.
Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x
chicago: Schmied, Verena, Medina Korkut, Alessandro Venturino, Juan Pablo Maya-Arteaga,
and Sandra Siegert. “Microglia Determine an Immune-Challenged Environment and
Facilitate Ibuprofen Action in Human Retinal Organoids.” Journal of Neuroinflammation.
Springer Nature, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x.
ieee: V. Schmied, M. Korkut, A. Venturino, J. P. Maya-Arteaga, and S. Siegert, “Microglia
determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen action in
human retinal organoids,” Journal of Neuroinflammation, vol. 22, no. 1.
Springer Nature, 2025.
ista: Schmied V, Korkut M, Venturino A, Maya-Arteaga JP, Siegert S. 2025. Microglia
determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen action in
human retinal organoids. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 22(1), 98.
mla: Schmied, Verena, et al. “Microglia Determine an Immune-Challenged Environment
and Facilitate Ibuprofen Action in Human Retinal Organoids.” Journal of Neuroinflammation,
vol. 22, no. 1, 98, Springer Nature, 2025, doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x.
short: V. Schmied, M. Korkut, A. Venturino, J.P. Maya-Arteaga, S. Siegert, Journal
of Neuroinflammation 22 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-04-20T22:01:28Z
date_published: 2025-04-03T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-08-12T08:45:16Z
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title: Microglia determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen
action in human retinal organoids
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
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abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Prenatal immune challenges pose significant risks to human embryonic brain
and eye development. However, we still lack knowledge about the safe usage of
anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy. Human induced pluripotent stem cell
(hIPSC)-derived brain organoid models provide a unique opportunity to investigate
neuronal development and have started to explore functional consequences upon
viral infection. However, brain organoids usually lack microglia, the brain-resident
immune cells. They are present in the early human embryonic brain and actively
participate in neuronal circuit development. At the same time, microglia are known
for their immune-sensing properties and will influence viral-mediated effects.
In my thesis, I was interested to study the multifunctional role of human microglia
during retinal development. \r\nIn chapter 1, I characterize the innate occurrence
of IBA1+-microglia-like cells within the retinal organoid differentiation (Bartalska
et al., 2022). Therefore, we differentiate hIPSC using an unguided retinal organoid
differentiation protocol and observe the presence of IBA1+-microglia-like cells
alongside retinal cups between week 3 and 4 in 2.5D culture. However, instead
of infiltrating the neuroectodermal sides, they enrich within non-pigmented, 3D-cystic
compartments that develop in low numbers parallel to 3D-retinal organoids. To
enrich for IBA1+-microglia precursors (preMG), we guided the differentiation with
a low-dosed BMP4 application, which prevents retinal cup development and enhances
microglia and 3D-cysts formation. We characterize the differentiated preMG for
their microglia-like identity and validated their functionality. In parallel,
mass spectrometry identifies the 3D-cysts to express mesenchymal and epithelial
markers. We confirm that comparable 3D-cysts are also the preferential environment
for IBA1+-microglia-like cells within the unguided retinal organoid differentiation.
\r\nIn chapter 2, I investigate how microglia influence retinal development and
whether they contribute to viral-mediated consequences (Schmied et al., 2025).
Here, we assemble preMG, which we have characterized in chapter 1, into 3D-retinal
organoids. Once the outer plexiform layer forms, microglia-like cells (iMG) populate
them and interact with retinal cell types. However, at this developmental stage,
the ganglion cell number decreases in 3D-retinal organoids. Thus, we adapted the
model into 2D which promotes their survival. Integrated iMG engulf ganglion cells
and control their cell number. In parallel, we apply the immunostimulant POLY(I:C)
to mimic a fetal viral infection. Although POLY(I:C) stimulation affects iMG phenotype,
it does not influence their interaction with ganglion cells. Furthermore, iMG
presence significantly contributes to the supernatant’s inflammatory secretome
and increases retinal cell proliferation. Simultaneous exposure to the non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen dampens POLY(I:C)-mediated consequences
of the iMG phenotype and ameliorates cell proliferation. Remarkably, while POLY(I:C)
disrupts neuronal calcium dynamics independent of iMG presence, ibuprofen rescues
this effect only in the presence of iMG. Mechanistically, ibuprofen blocks the
enzymes cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX1/ PTGS1 and COX2/ PTGS2) simultaneously, from
which iMG predominantly express COX1. Selective inhibition of COX1 does not restore
the calcium peak amplitude upon POLY(I:C) stimulation, indicating ibuprofen’s
effect depends on the presence and interplay of both, COX1 and COX2. \r\nIn summary,
we characterized the 3D-retinal organoid model for the occurrence of IBA1+-microglia
like cells. As the innately developing IBA1+-cells enrich in mesenchymal over
retinal structures, we optimized a protocol to differentiate IBA1+-microglia precursors.
By combining these two models we generate microglia-assembled retinal organoids.
Our results underscore the importance of microglia during neurodevelopment, in
the context of prenatal immune challenges and provide insight into the mechanisms
by which ibuprofen exerts its protective effects during embryonic development."
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Verena
full_name: Hübschmann, Verena
id: 32B7C918-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Hübschmann
citation:
ama: Schmied V. Human microglia impact neuronal development in retinal organoids.
2025. doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074
apa: Schmied, V. (2025). Human microglia impact neuronal development in retinal
organoids. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074
chicago: Schmied, Verena. “Human Microglia Impact Neuronal Development in Retinal
Organoids.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074.
ieee: V. Schmied, “Human microglia impact neuronal development in retinal organoids,”
Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.
ista: Schmied V. 2025. Human microglia impact neuronal development in retinal organoids.
Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
mla: Schmied, Verena. Human Microglia Impact Neuronal Development in Retinal
Organoids. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025, doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074.
short: V. Schmied, Human Microglia Impact Neuronal Development in Retinal Organoids,
Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-07-24T12:37:22Z
date_published: 2025-07-24T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-08-12T08:45:16Z
day: '24'
ddc:
- '570'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: SaSi
doi: 10.15479/AT-ISTA-20074
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grant_number: SC19-017
name: How human microglia shape developing neurons during health and inflammation
publication_identifier:
isbn:
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issn:
- 2663-337X
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publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
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full_name: Siegert, Sandra
id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Siegert
orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
title: Human microglia impact neuronal development in retinal organoids
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: dissertation
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '12117'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "To understand how potential gene manipulations affect in vitro microglia,
we provide a set of short protocols to evaluate microglia identity and function.
We detail steps for immunostaining to determine microglia identity. We describe
three functional assays for microglia: phagocytosis, calcium response following
ATP stimulation, and cytokine expression upon inflammatory stimuli. We apply these
protocols to human induced-pluripotent-stem-cell (hiPSC)-derived microglia, but
they can be also applied to other in vitro microglial models including primary
mouse microglia.\r\nFor complete details on the use and execution of this protocol,
please refer to Bartalska et al. (2022).1"
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
acknowledgement: This project has received funding from the European Research Council
(ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant
No. 715571 to S.S.) and from the Gesellschaft für Forschungsförderung Niederösterreich
(grant No. Sc19-017 to V.H.). We thank Rouven Schulz and Alessandro Venturino for
their insights into functional assays and data analysis, Verena Seiboth for insights
into necessary institutional permission, and ISTA imaging & optics facility (IOF)
especially Bernhard Hochreiter for their support.
article_number: '101866'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: letter_note
author:
- first_name: Verena
full_name: Hübschmann, Verena
id: 32B7C918-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Hübschmann
- first_name: Medina
full_name: Korkut, Medina
id: 4B51CE74-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Korkut
orcid: 0000-0003-4309-2251
- first_name: Sandra
full_name: Siegert, Sandra
id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Siegert
orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
citation:
ama: Hübschmann V, Korkut M, Siegert S. Assessing human iPSC-derived microglia identity
and function by immunostaining, phagocytosis, calcium activity, and inflammation
assay. STAR Protocols. 2022;3(4). doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866
apa: Hübschmann, V., Korkut, M., & Siegert, S. (2022). Assessing human iPSC-derived
microglia identity and function by immunostaining, phagocytosis, calcium activity,
and inflammation assay. STAR Protocols. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866
chicago: Hübschmann, Verena, Medina Korkut, and Sandra Siegert. “Assessing Human
IPSC-Derived Microglia Identity and Function by Immunostaining, Phagocytosis,
Calcium Activity, and Inflammation Assay.” STAR Protocols. Elsevier, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866.
ieee: V. Hübschmann, M. Korkut, and S. Siegert, “Assessing human iPSC-derived microglia
identity and function by immunostaining, phagocytosis, calcium activity, and inflammation
assay,” STAR Protocols, vol. 3, no. 4. Elsevier, 2022.
ista: Hübschmann V, Korkut M, Siegert S. 2022. Assessing human iPSC-derived microglia
identity and function by immunostaining, phagocytosis, calcium activity, and inflammation
assay. STAR Protocols. 3(4), 101866.
mla: Hübschmann, Verena, et al. “Assessing Human IPSC-Derived Microglia Identity
and Function by Immunostaining, Phagocytosis, Calcium Activity, and Inflammation
Assay.” STAR Protocols, vol. 3, no. 4, 101866, Elsevier, 2022, doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866.
short: V. Hübschmann, M. Korkut, S. Siegert, STAR Protocols 3 (2022).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2023-01-12T11:56:38Z
date_published: 2022-12-16T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-06-11T13:58:47Z
day: '16'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SaSi
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
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- '36595902'
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intvolume: ' 3'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- General Immunology and Microbiology
- General Biochemistry
- Genetics and Molecular Biology
- General Neuroscience
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
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- _id: 25D4A630-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: H2020
grant_number: '715571'
name: Microglia action towards neuronal circuit formation and function in health
and disease
- _id: 9B99D380-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A
grant_number: SC19-017
name: How human microglia shape developing neurons during health and inflammation
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publication_identifier:
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publisher: Elsevier
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scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Assessing human iPSC-derived microglia identity and function by immunostaining,
phagocytosis, calcium activity, and inflammation assay
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by_nc_nd.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
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short: CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)
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volume: 3
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '11478'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Cerebral organoids differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells
(hiPSC) provide a unique opportunity to investigate brain development. However,
organoids usually lack microglia, brain-resident immune cells, which are present
in the early embryonic brain and participate in neuronal circuit development.
Here, we find IBA1+ microglia-like cells alongside retinal cups between week 3
and 4 in 2.5D culture with an unguided retinal organoid differentiation protocol.
Microglia do not infiltrate the neuroectoderm and instead enrich within non-pigmented,
3D-cystic compartments that develop in parallel to the 3D-retinal organoids. When
we guide the retinal organoid differentiation with low-dosed BMP4, we prevent
cup development and enhance microglia and 3D-cysts formation. Mass spectrometry
identifies these 3D-cysts to express mesenchymal and epithelial markers. We confirmed
this microglia-preferred environment also within the unguided protocol, providing
insight into microglial behavior and migration and offer a model to study how
they enter and distribute within the human brain.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: LifeSc
acknowledgement: We thank the scientific service units at ISTA, specifically the lab
support facility and imaging & optics facility for their support; Nicolas Armel
for performing the Mass Spectrometry. We thank Alexandra Lang and Tanja Peilnsteiner
for their help in human brain tissue collection, Rouven Schulz for his insights
into the functional assays We thank all members of the Siegert group for constant
feedback on the project and Margaret Maes, Rouven Schulz, and Marco Benevento for
feedback on the manuscript. This project has received funding from the European
Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
program (grant No. 715571 to S.S.) and from the Gesellschaft für Forschungsförderung
Niederösterreich (grant No. Sc19-017 to V.H.).
article_number: '104580'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Katarina
full_name: Bartalska, Katarina
id: 4D883232-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Bartalska
- first_name: Verena
full_name: Hübschmann, Verena
id: 32B7C918-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Hübschmann
- first_name: Medina
full_name: Korkut, Medina
id: 4B51CE74-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Korkut
orcid: 0000-0003-4309-2251
- first_name: Ryan J
full_name: Cubero, Ryan J
id: 850B2E12-9CD4-11E9-837F-E719E6697425
last_name: Cubero
orcid: 0000-0003-0002-1867
- first_name: Alessandro
full_name: Venturino, Alessandro
id: 41CB84B2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Venturino
orcid: 0000-0003-2356-9403
- first_name: Karl
full_name: Rössler, Karl
last_name: Rössler
- first_name: Thomas
full_name: Czech, Thomas
last_name: Czech
- first_name: Sandra
full_name: Siegert, Sandra
id: 36ACD32E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Siegert
orcid: 0000-0001-8635-0877
citation:
ama: Bartalska K, Hübschmann V, Korkut M, et al. A systematic characterization of
microglia-like cell occurrence during retinal organoid differentiation. iScience.
2022;25(7). doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580
apa: Bartalska, K., Hübschmann, V., Korkut, M., Cubero, R. J., Venturino, A., Rössler,
K., … Siegert, S. (2022). A systematic characterization of microglia-like cell
occurrence during retinal organoid differentiation. IScience. Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580
chicago: Bartalska, Katarina, Verena Hübschmann, Medina Korkut, Ryan J Cubero, Alessandro
Venturino, Karl Rössler, Thomas Czech, and Sandra Siegert. “A Systematic Characterization
of Microglia-like Cell Occurrence during Retinal Organoid Differentiation.” IScience.
Elsevier, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580.
ieee: K. Bartalska et al., “A systematic characterization of microglia-like
cell occurrence during retinal organoid differentiation,” iScience, vol.
25, no. 7. Elsevier, 2022.
ista: Bartalska K, Hübschmann V, Korkut M, Cubero RJ, Venturino A, Rössler K, Czech
T, Siegert S. 2022. A systematic characterization of microglia-like cell occurrence
during retinal organoid differentiation. iScience. 25(7), 104580.
mla: Bartalska, Katarina, et al. “A Systematic Characterization of Microglia-like
Cell Occurrence during Retinal Organoid Differentiation.” IScience, vol.
25, no. 7, 104580, Elsevier, 2022, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580.
short: K. Bartalska, V. Hübschmann, M. Korkut, R.J. Cubero, A. Venturino, K. Rössler,
T. Czech, S. Siegert, IScience 25 (2022).
corr_author: '1'
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