@inproceedings{10908, abstract = {We present ABC, a software tool for automatically computing symbolic upper bounds on the number of iterations of nested program loops. The system combines static analysis of programs with symbolic summation techniques to derive loop invariant relations between program variables. Iteration bounds are obtained from the inferred invariants, by replacing variables with bounds on their greatest values. We have successfully applied ABC to a large number of examples. The derived symbolic bounds express non-trivial polynomial relations over loop variables. We also report on results to automatically infer symbolic expressions over harmonic numbers as upper bounds on loop iteration counts.}, author = {Blanc, Régis and Henzinger, Thomas A and Hottelier, Thibaud and Kovács, Laura}, booktitle = {Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Reasoning}, editor = {Clarke, Edmund M and Voronkov, Andrei}, isbn = {9783642175107}, issn = {1611-3349}, location = {Dakar, Senegal}, pages = {103--118}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{ABC: Algebraic Bound Computation for loops}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-17511-4_7}, volume = {6355}, year = {2010}, } @inproceedings{10909, abstract = {We address the problem of localizing homology classes, namely, finding the cycle representing a given class with the most concise geometric measure. We focus on the volume measure, that is, the 1-norm of a cycle. Two main results are presented. First, we prove the problem is NP-hard to approximate within any constant factor. Second, we prove that for homology of dimension two or higher, the problem is NP-hard to approximate even when the Betti number is O(1). A side effect is the inapproximability of the problem of computing the nonbounding cycle with the smallest volume, and computing cycles representing a homology basis with the minimal total volume. We also discuss other geometric measures (diameter and radius) and show their disadvantages in homology localization. Our work is restricted to homology over the ℤ2 field.}, author = {Chen, Chao and Freedman, Daniel}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms}, location = {Austin, TX, United States}, pages = {1594--1604}, publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics}, title = {{Hardness results for homology localization}}, doi = {10.1137/1.9781611973075.129}, year = {2010}, } @inproceedings{1042, abstract = {Recent years have seen tremendous progress in the field of cold and ultracold molecules. A central goal in the field is currently the realization of stable rovibronic ground-state molecular samples in the regime of quantum degeneracy, e.g. in the form of molecular Bose-Einstein condensates, molecular degenerate Fermi gases, or, when an optical lattice is present, molecular Mott-insulator phases. However, molecular samples are not readily cooled to the extremely low temperatures at which quantum degeneracy occurs. In particular, laser cooling, the \'workhorse\' for the field of atomic quantum gases, is generally not applicable to molecular samples. Here we take an important step beyond previous work1 and provide details on the realization of an ultracold quantum gas of ground-state dimer molecules trapped in an optical lattice as recently reported in Ref. 2. We demonstrate full control over all internal and external quantum degrees of freedom for the ground-state molecules by deterministically preparing the molecules in a single quantum state, i.e. in a specific hyperfine sublevel of the rovibronic ground state, while the molecules are trapped in the motional ground state of the individual lattice wells. We circumvent the problem of cooling by associating weakly-bound molecules out of a zero-temperature atomic Mott-insulator state and by transferring these to the absolute ground state in a four-photon STIRAP process. Our preparation procedure directly leads to a long-lived, lattice-trapped molecular many-body state, which we expect to form the platform for many of the envisioned future experiments with molecular quantum gases, e.g. on precision molecular spectroscopy, quantum information science, and dipolar quantum systems.}, author = {Danzl, Johann G and Mark, Manfred and Haller, Elmar and Gustavsson, Mattias and Hart, Russell and Nägerl, Hanns}, pages = {256 -- 269}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing}, title = {{Production of a quantum gas of rovibronic ground-state molecules in an optical lattice}}, doi = {10.1142/9789814282345_0024}, year = {2010}, } @article{1044, abstract = {Control over all internal and external degrees of freedom of molecules at the level of single quantum states will enable a series of fundamental studies in physics and chemistry1,2. In particular, samples of ground-state molecules at ultralow temperatures and high number densities will facilitate new quantum-gas studies3 and future applications in quantum information science4. However, high phase-space densities for molecular samples are not readily attainable because efficient cooling techniques such as laser cooling are lacking. Here we produce an ultracold and dense sample of molecules in a single hyperfine level of the rovibronic ground state with each molecule individually trapped in the motional ground state of an optical lattice well. Starting from a zero-temperature atomic Mott-insulator state with optimized double-site occupancy6, weakly bound dimer molecules are efficiently associated on a Feshbach resonance7 and subsequently transferred to the rovibronic ground state by a stimulated four-photon process with >50% efficiency. The molecules are trapped in the lattice and have a lifetime of 8 s. Our results present a crucial step towards Bose-Einstein condensation of ground-state molecules and, when suitably generalized to polar heteronuclear molecules, the realization of dipolar quantum-gas phases in optical lattices8-10.}, author = {Danzl, Johann G and Mark, Manfred and Haller, Elmar and Gustavsson, Mattias and Hart, Russell and Aldegunde, Jesus and Hutson, Jeremy and Nägerl, Hanns}, journal = {Nature Physics}, number = {4}, pages = {265 -- 270}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{An ultracold high-density sample of rovibronic ground-state molecules in an optical lattice}}, doi = {10.1038/nphys1533}, volume = {6}, year = {2010}, } @article{1045, abstract = {We report on the observation of confinement-induced resonances in strongly interacting quantum-gas systems with tunable interactions for one- and two-dimensional geometry. Atom-atom scattering is substantially modified when the s-wave scattering length approaches the length scale associated with the tight transversal confinement, leading to characteristic loss and heating signatures. Upon introducing an anisotropy for the transversal confinement we observe a splitting of the confinement-induced resonance. With increasing anisotropy additional resonances appear. In the limit of a two-dimensional system we find that one resonance persists.}, author = {Haller, Elmar and Mark, Manfred and Hart, Russell and Danzl, Johann G and Reichsöllner, Lukas and Melezhik, Vladimir and Schmelcher, Peter and Nägerl, Hanns}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, number = {15}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Confinement-induced resonances in low-dimensional quantum systems}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.153203}, volume = {104}, year = {2010}, } @article{1046, abstract = {The phenomenon of matter-wave interference lies at the heart of quantum physics. It has been observed in various contexts in the limit of non-interacting particles as a single-particle effect. Here we observe and control matter-wave interference whose evolution is driven by interparticle interactions. In a multi-path matter-wave interferometer, the macroscopic manybody wave function of an interacting atomic Bose-Einstein condensate develops a regular interference pattern, allowing us to detect and directly visualize the effect of interaction-induced phase shifts. We demonstrate control over the phase evolution by inhibiting interaction-induced dephasing and by refocusing a dephased macroscopic matter wave in a spin-echo-type experiment. Our results show that interactions in a many-body system lead to a surprisingly coherent evolution, possibly enabling narrow-band and high-brightness matterwave interferometers based on atom lasers.}, author = {Gustavsson, Mattias and Haller, Elmar and Mark, Manfred and Danzl, Johann G and Hart, Russell and Daley, Andrew and Nägerl, Hanns}, journal = {New Journal of Physics}, publisher = {IOP Publishing Ltd.}, title = {{Interference of interacting matter waves}}, doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/12/6/065029}, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, } @article{1047, abstract = {Particles in a perfect lattice potential perform Bloch oscillations when subject to a constant force, leading to localization and preventing conductivity. For a weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate of Cs atoms, we observe giant center-of-mass oscillations in position space with a displacement across hundreds of lattice sites when we add a periodic modulation to the force near the Bloch frequency. We study the dependence of these "super" Bloch oscillations on lattice depth, modulation amplitude, and modulation frequency and show that they provide a means to induce linear transport in a dissipation-free lattice.}, author = {Haller, Elmar and Hart, Russell and Mark, Manfred and Danzl, Johann G and Reichsöllner, Lukas and Nägerl, Hanns}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, number = {20}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Inducing transport in a dissipation-free lattice with super bloch oscillations}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.200403}, volume = {104}, year = {2010}, } @article{1049, abstract = {Quantum many-body systems can have phase transitions even at zero temperature; fluctuations arising from Heisenbergĝ€™s uncertainty principle, as opposed to thermal effects, drive the system from one phase to another. Typically, during the transition the relative strength of two competing terms in the systemĝ€™s Hamiltonian changes across a finite critical value. A well-known example is the Mottĝ€" Hubbard quantum phase transition from a superfluid to an insulating phase, which has been observed for weakly interacting bosonic atomic gases. However, for strongly interacting quantum systems confined to lower-dimensional geometry, a novel type of quantum phase transition may be induced and driven by an arbitrarily weak perturbation to the Hamiltonian. Here we observe such an effectĝ€"the sineĝ€"Gordon quantum phase transition from a superfluid Luttinger liquid to a Mott insulatorĝ€ "in a one-dimensional quantum gas of bosonic caesium atoms with tunable interactions. For sufficiently strong interactions, the transition is induced by adding an arbitrarily weak optical lattice commensurate with the atomic granularity, which leads to immediate pinning of the atoms. We map out the phase diagram and find that our measurements in the strongly interacting regime agree well with a quantum field description based on the exactly solvable sineĝ€"Gordon model. We trace the phase boundary all the way to the weakly interacting regime, where we find good agreement with the predictions of the one-dimensional Boseĝ€"Hubbard model. Our results open up the experimental study of quantum phase transitions, criticality and transport phenomena beyond Hubbard-type models in the context of ultracold gases.}, author = {Haller, Elmar and Hart, Russell and Mark, Manfred and Danzl, Johann G and Reichsöllner, Lukas and Gustavsson, Mattias and Dalmonte, Marcello and Pupillo, Guido and Nägerl, Hanns}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7306}, pages = {597 -- 600}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Pinning quantum phase transition for a Luttinger liquid of strongly interacting bosons}}, doi = {10.1038/nature09259}, volume = {466}, year = {2010}, } @article{2095, abstract = {This paper describes a passive stereo system for capturing the 3D geometry of a face in a single-shot under standard light sources. The system is low-cost and easy to deploy. Results are submillimeter accurate and commensurate with those from state-ofthe-art systems based on active lighting, and the models meet the quality requirements of a demanding domain like the movie industry. Recovered models are shown for captures from both high-end cameras in a studio setting and from a consumer binocular-stereo camera, demonstrating scalability across a spectrum of camera deployments, and showing the potential for 3D face modeling to move beyond the professional arena and into the emerging consumer market in stereoscopic photography. Our primary technical contribution is a modification of standard stereo refinement methods to capture pore-scale geometry, using a qualitative approach that produces visually realistic results. The second technical contribution is a calibration method suited to face capture systems. The systemic contribution includes multiple demonstrations of system robustness and quality. These include capture in a studio setup, capture off a consumer binocular-stereo camera, scanning of faces of varying gender and ethnicity and age, capture of highly-transient facial expression, and scanning a physical mask to provide ground-truth validation.}, author = {Beeler, Thabo and Bernd Bickel and Beardsley, Paul A and Sumner, Bob and Groß, Markus S}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics}, number = {4}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{High-quality single-shot capture of facial geometry}}, doi = {10.1145/1778765.1778777}, volume = {29}, year = {2010}, } @article{2096, abstract = {Point-based graphics has gained much attention as an alternative to polygon-based approaches because of its simplicity and flexibility. However, current point-based techniques do not provide a sufficient rendering quality for translucent materials such as human skin. In this paper, we propose a point-based framework with subsurface scattering of light, which is important to create the soft and semi-translucent appearance of human skin. To accurately simulate subsurface scattering in multilayered materials, we present splat-based diffusion to apply a linear combination of several Gaussian basis functions to each splat in object space. Compared to existing point-based approaches, our method offers a significantly improved visual quality in rendering human faces and provides a similar visual quality to polygon-based rendering using the texture space diffusion technique. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in rendering scanned faces realistically.}, author = {Kim, Hyeonjoong and Bernd Bickel and Groß, Markus S and Choi, Soomi}, journal = {Science in China, Series F: Information Sciences}, number = {5}, pages = {911 -- 919}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Subsurface scattering using splat-based diffusion in point-based rendering}}, doi = {10.1007/s11432-010-0068-y}, volume = {53}, year = {2010}, } @article{2097, abstract = {This paper introduces a data-driven process for designing and fabricating materials with desired deformation behavior. Our process starts with measuring deformation properties of base materials. For each base material we acquire a set of example deformations, and we represent the material as a non-linear stress-strain relationship in a finite-element model. We have validated our material measurement process by comparing simulations of arbitrary stacks of base materials with measured deformations of fabricated material stacks. After material measurement, our process continues with designing stacked layers of base materials. We introduce an optimization process that finds the best combination of stacked layers that meets a user's criteria specified by example deformations. Our algorithm employs a number of strategies to prune poor solutions from the combinatorial search space. We demonstrate the complete process by designing and fabricating objects with complex heterogeneous materials using modern multi-material 3D printers.}, author = {Bernd Bickel and Bac̈her, Moritz and Otaduy, Miguel A and Lee, Hyunho R and Pfister, Hanspeter and Groß, Markus S and Matusik, Wojciech}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics}, number = {4}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Design and fabrication of materials with desired deformation behavior}}, doi = {10.1145/1778765.1778800}, volume = {29}, year = {2010}, } @article{2124, abstract = {We develop a theory of Malliavin calculus for Banach space-valued random variables. Using radonifying operators instead of symmetric tensor products we extend the Wiener-Itô isometry to Banach spaces. In the white noise case we obtain two sided Lp-estimates for multiple stochastic integrals in arbitrary Banach spaces. It is shown that the Malliavin derivative is bounded on vector-valued Wiener-Itô chaoses. Our main tools are decoupling inequalities for vector-valued random variables. In the opposite direction we use Meyer's inequalities to give a new proof of a decoupling result for Gaussian chaoses in UMD Banach spaces.}, author = {Jan Maas}, journal = {Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications}, number = {2}, pages = {383 -- 398}, publisher = {Academic Press}, title = {{Malliavin calculus and decoupling inequalities in Banach spaces}}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmaa.2009.08.041}, volume = {363}, year = {2010}, } @article{2194, abstract = {We develop an analytic model of vector correlations in rotationally inelastic atom-diatom collisions and test it against the much examined Ar-NO (X2Π) system. Based on the Fraunhofer scattering of matter waves, the model furnishes complex scattering amplitudes needed to evaluate the polarization moments characterizing the quantum stereodynamics. The analytic polarization moments are found to be in an excellent agreement with experimental results and with close-coupling calculations available at thermal energies. The model reveals that the stereodynamics is governed by diffraction from the repulsive core of the Ar-NO potential, which can be characterized by a single Legendre moment.}, author = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Friedrich, Břetislav}, journal = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics}, number = {5}, pages = {1038 -- 1041}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, title = {{An analytic model of the stereodynamics of rotationally inelastic molecular collisions}}, doi = {10.1039/B920899B }, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, } @article{2195, abstract = {Following upon our recent work on vector correlations in the Ar-NO collisions [Lemeshko and Friedrich, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 1038 (2010)], we compare model results with close-coupling calculations for a range of channels and collision energies for the He-NO system. The striking agreement between the model and exact polarization moments indicates that the stereodynamics of rotationally inelastic atom-molecule collisions at thermal energies is governed by diffraction of matter waves from a two-dimensional repulsive core of the atom-molecule potential. Furthermore, the model polarization moments characterizing the He-NO, He- O2, He-OH, and He-CaH stereodynamics are found to coalesce into a single, distinctive pattern, which can serve as a "fingerprint" to identify diffraction-driven stereodynamics in future work. }, author = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Jambrina, Pablo G and De Miranda, Marcelo P and Friedrich, Břetislav}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics}, number = {16}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, title = {{Communications: When diffraction rules the stereodynamics of rotationally inelastic collisions}}, doi = {10.1063/1.3386530}, volume = {132}, year = {2010}, } @article{2196, abstract = {We evaluate the shifts imparted to vibrational and rotational levels of a linear molecule by a nonresonant laser field at intensities of up to 10 12 W/cm2. Both types of shift are found to be either positive or negative, depending on the initial rotational state acted upon by the field. An adiabatic field-molecule interaction imparts a rotational energy shift which is negative and exceeds the concomitant positive vibrational shift by a few orders of magnitude. The rovibrational states are thus pushed downward in such a field. A nonresonant pulsed laser field that interacts nonadiabatically with the molecule is found to impart rotational and vibrational shifts of the same order of magnitude. The nonadiabatic energy transfer occurs most readily at a pulse duration which amounts to about a tenth of the molecule's rotational period and vanishes when the sudden regime is attained for shorter pulses. We applied our treatment to the much-studied 87Rb2 molecule in the last bound vibrational levels of its lowest singlet and triplet electronic states. Our calculations indicate that 15 and 1.5 ns laser pulses of an intensity in excess of 5 × 109 W/cm2 are capable of dissociating the molecule due to the vibrational shift. Lesser shifts can be used to fine-tune the rovibrational levels and thereby affect collisional resonances by the nonresonant light. The energy shifts due to laser intensities of 109 W/cm2 may be discernible spectroscopically, with a 10 MHz resolution.}, author = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Friedrich, Břetislav}, journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry A}, number = {36}, pages = {9848 -- 9854}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Fine-tuning molecular energy levels by nonresonant laser pulses}}, doi = {10.1021/jp1032299}, volume = {114}, year = {2010}, } @article{2197, abstract = {We present an analytic model of the refractive index for matter waves propagating through atomic or molecular gases. The model, which combines the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) treatment of the long-range attraction with the Fraunhofer model treatment of the short-range repulsion, furnishes a refractive index in compelling agreement with recent experiments of Jacquey [Phys. Rev. Lett.PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.98.240405 98, 240405 (2007)] on Li atom matter waves passing through dilute noble gases. We show that the diffractive contribution, which arises from scattering by a two-dimensional "hard core" of the potential, is essential for obtaining a correct imaginary part of the refractive index.}, author = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Friedrich, Břetislav}, journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Multiple scattering of matter waves: An analytic model of the refractive index for atomic and molecular gases}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.82.022711}, volume = {82}, year = {2010}, } @inbook{2309, abstract = {The importance of chloride ions in cell physiology has not been fully recognized until recently, in spite of the fact that chloride (Cl-), together with bicarbonate, is the most abundant free anion in animal cells, and performs or determines fundamental biological functions in all tissues. For many years it was thought that Cl- was distributed in thermodynamic equilibrium across the plasma membrane of most cells. Research carried out during the last couple of decades has led to a dramatic change in this simplistic view. We now know that most animal cells, neurons included, exhibit a non-equilibrium distribution of Cl- across their plasma membranes. Over the last 10 to 15 years, with the growth of molecular biology and the advent of new optical methods, an enormous amount of exciting new information has become available on the molecular structure and function of Cl- channels and carriers. In nerve cells, Cl- channels and carriers play key functional roles in GABA- and glycine-mediated synaptic inhibition, neuronal growth and development, extracellular potassium scavenging, sensory-transduction, neurotransmitter uptake and cell volume control. Disruption of Cl- homeostasis in neurons underlies pathological conditions such as epilepsy, deafness, imbalance, brain edema and ischemia, pain and neurogenic inflammation. This book is about how chloride ions are regulated and how they cross the plasma membrane of neurons. It spans from molecular structure and function of carriers and channels involved in Cl- transport to their role in various diseases. * The first comprehensive book on the structure, molecular biology, cell physiology, and role in diseases of chloride transporters / channels in the nervous system in almost 20 years * Chloride is the most abundant free anion in animal cells. THis book summarizes and integrates for the first time the important research of the past two decades that has shown that Cl- channels and carriers play key functional roles in GABA- and glycine-mediated synaptic inhibition, neuronal growth and development, extracellular potassium scavenging, sensory-transduction, neurotransmitter uptake and cell volume control. * The first book that systematically discusses the result of disruption of Cl- homeostasis in neurons which underlies pathological conditions such as epilepsy, deafness, imbalance, brain edema and ischemia, pain and neurogenic inflammation. * Spanning topics from molecular structure and function of carriers and channels involved in Cl- transport to their role in various diseases. * Involves all of the leading researchers in the field. * INcludes an extensive introductory section that covers basic thermodynamic and kinetics aspects of Cl- transport, as well as current methods for studying Cl- regulation, spanning from fluorescent dyes in single cells to knock-out models to make the book available for a growing population of graduate students and postdocs entering the field.}, author = {Stauber, Tobias and Gaia Novarino and Jentsch, Thomas J}, booktitle = {Physiology and Pathology of chloride transporters and channels in the nervous system}, pages = {209 -- 231}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{The CLC family of chloride channels and transporters}}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-374373-2.00012-1}, year = {2010}, } @article{231, abstract = {Let X be a projective cubic hypersurface of dimension 11 or more, which is defined over ℚ. We show that X(ℚ) is non-empty provided that the cubic form defining X can be written as the sum of two forms that share no common variables.}, author = {Timothy Browning and Colliot-Thélène, Jean-Louis}, journal = {Compositio Mathematica}, number = {4}, pages = {853 -- 885}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{Rational points on cubic hypersurfaces that split off a form. With an appendix by J-L Colliot-Thélène}}, doi = {10.1112/S0010437X0900459X}, volume = {146}, year = {2010}, } @article{2310, abstract = {Loss of the endosomal anion transport protein ClC-5 impairs renal endocytosis and underlies human Dent's disease. ClC-5 is thought to promote endocytosis by facilitating endosomal acidification through the neutralization of proton pump currents. However, ClC-5 is a 2 chloride (Cl-)/proton (H+) exchanger rather than a Cl- channel. We generated mice that carry the uncoupling E211A (unc) mutation that converts CLC-5 into a pure CL- conductor. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent acidification of renal endosomes was reduced in mice in which ClC-5 was knocked out, but normal in Clcn5unc mice. However, their proximal tubular endocytosis was also impaired. Thus, endosomal chloride concentration, which is raised by CLC-5 in exchange for protons accumulated by the H+-ATPase, may play a role in endocytosis.}, author = {Gaia Novarino and Weinert, Stefanie and Rickheit, Gesa and Jentsch, Thomas J}, journal = {Science}, number = {5984}, pages = {1398 -- 1401}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Endosomal chloride-proton exchange rather than chloride conductance is crucial for renal endocytosis}}, doi = {10.1126/science.1188070}, volume = {328}, year = {2010}, } @article{2311, abstract = {Inactivation of the mainly endosomal 2Cl-/H+- exchanger ClC-5 severely impairs endocytosis in renal proximal tubules and underlies the human kidney stone disorder Dent's disease. In heterologous expression systems, interaction of the E3 ubiquitin ligasesWWP2and Nedd4-2 with a "PY-motif" in the cytoplasmic C terminus of ClC-5 stimulates its internalization from the plasma membrane and may influence receptor-mediated endocytosis. We asked whether this interaction is relevant in vivo and generated mice in which the PY-motif was destroyed by a point mutation. Unlike ClC-5 knock-out mice, these knock-in mice displayed neither low molecular weight proteinuria nor hyperphosphaturia, and both receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis were normal. The abundances and localizations of the endocytic receptor megalin and of the Na+-coupled phosphate transporter NaPi-2a (Npt2) were not changed, either. To explore whether the discrepancy in results from heterologous expression studies might be due to heteromerization of ClC-5 with ClC-3 or ClC-4 in vivo, we studied knock-in mice additionally deleted for those related transporters. Disruption of neither ClC-3 nor ClC-4 led to proteinuria or impaired proximal tubular endocytosis by itself, nor in combination with the PY-mutant of ClC-5. Endocytosis of cells lacking ClC-5 was not impaired further when ClC-3 or ClC-4 was additionally deleted. We conclude that ClC-5 is unique among CLC proteins in being crucial for proximal tubular endocytosis and that PY-motif-dependent ubiquitylation of ClC-5 is dispensable for this role.}, author = {Rickheit, Gesa and Wartosch, Lena and Schaffer, Sven and Stobrawa, Sandra M and Gaia Novarino and Weinert, Stefanie and Jentsch, Thomas J}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}, number = {23}, pages = {17595 -- 17603}, publisher = {American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, title = {{Role of ClC-5 in renal endocytosis is unique among ClC exchangers and does not require PY-motif-dependent ubiquitylation}}, doi = {10.1074/jbc.M110.115600}, volume = {285}, year = {2010}, }