---
_id: '7680'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Proteins and their complex dynamic interactions regulate cellular mechanisms
    from sensing and transducing extracellular signals, to mediating genetic responses,
    and sustaining or changing cell morphology. To manipulate these protein-protein
    interactions (PPIs) that govern the behavior and fate of cells, synthetically
    constructed, genetically encoded tools provide the means to precisely target proteins
    of interest (POIs), and control their subcellular localization and activity in
    vitro and in vivo. Ideal synthetic tools react to an orthogonal cue, i.e. a trigger
    that does not activate any other endogenous process, thereby allowing manipulation
    of the POI alone.\r\nIn optogenetics, naturally occurring photosensory domain
    from plants, algae and bacteria are re-purposed and genetically fused to POIs.
    Illumination with light of a specific wavelength triggers a conformational change
    that can mediate PPIs, such as dimerization or oligomerization. By using light
    as a trigger, these tools can be activated with high spatial and temporal precision,
    on subcellular and millisecond scales. Chemogenetic tools consist of protein domains
    that recognize and bind small molecules. By genetic fusion to POIs, these domains
    can mediate PPIs upon addition of their specific ligands, which are often synthetically
    designed to provide highly specific interactions and exhibit good bioavailability.\r\nMost
    optogenetic tools to mediate PPIs are based on well-studied photoreceptors responding
    to red, blue or near-UV light, leaving a striking gap in the green band of the
    visible light spectrum. Among both optogenetic and chemogenetic tools, there is
    an abundance of methods to induce PPIs, but tools to disrupt them require UV illumination,
    rely on covalent linkage and subsequent enzymatic cleavage or initially result
    in protein clustering of unknown stoichiometry.\r\nThis work describes how the
    recently structurally and photochemically characterized green-light responsive
    cobalamin-binding domains (CBDs) from bacterial transcription factors were re-purposed
    to function as a green-light responsive optogenetic tool. In contrast to previously
    engineered optogenetic tools, CBDs do not induce PPI, but rather confer a PPI
    already upon expression, which can be rapidly disrupted by illumination. This
    was employed to mimic inhibition of constitutive activity of a growth factor receptor,
    and successfully implement for cell signalling in mammalian cells and in vivo
    to rescue development in zebrafish. This work further describes the development
    and application of a chemically induced de-dimerizer (CDD) based on a recently
    identified and structurally described bacterial oxyreductase. CDD forms a dimer
    upon expression in absence of its cofactor, the flavin derivative F420. Safety
    and of domain expression and ligand exposure are demonstrated in vitro and in
    vivo in zebrafish. The system is further applied to inhibit cell signalling output
    from a chimeric receptor upon F420 treatment.\r\nCBDs and CDD expand the repertoire
    of synthetic tools by providing novel mechanisms of mediating PPIs, and by recognizing
    previously not utilized cues. In the future, they can readily be combined with
    existing synthetic tools to functionally manipulate PPIs in vitro and in vivo."
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Stephanie
  full_name: Kainrath, Stephanie
  id: 32CFBA64-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Kainrath
  orcid: 0000-0002-6709-2195
citation:
  ama: Kainrath S. Synthetic tools for optogenetic and chemogenetic inhibition of
    cellular signals. 2020. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7680">10.15479/AT:ISTA:7680</a>
  apa: Kainrath, S. (2020). <i>Synthetic tools for optogenetic and chemogenetic inhibition
    of cellular signals</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7680">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7680</a>
  chicago: Kainrath, Stephanie. “Synthetic Tools for Optogenetic and Chemogenetic
    Inhibition of Cellular Signals.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    2020. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7680">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7680</a>.
  ieee: S. Kainrath, “Synthetic tools for optogenetic and chemogenetic inhibition
    of cellular signals,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2020.
  ista: Kainrath S. 2020. Synthetic tools for optogenetic and chemogenetic inhibition
    of cellular signals. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Kainrath, Stephanie. <i>Synthetic Tools for Optogenetic and Chemogenetic Inhibition
    of Cellular Signals</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2020, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7680">10.15479/AT:ISTA:7680</a>.
  short: S. Kainrath, Synthetic Tools for Optogenetic and Chemogenetic Inhibition
    of Cellular Signals, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2020.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2020-04-24T16:00:51Z
date_published: 2020-04-24T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-11-03T23:30:47Z
day: '24'
ddc:
- '570'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: CaGu
doi: 10.15479/AT:ISTA:7680
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publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
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status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Harald L
  full_name: Janovjak, Harald L
  id: 33BA6C30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Janovjak
  orcid: 0000-0002-8023-9315
title: Synthetic tools for optogenetic and chemogenetic inhibition of cellular signals
type: dissertation
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2020'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
_id: '7132'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "A major challenge in neuroscience research is to dissect the circuits that
    orchestrate behavior in health and disease. Proteins from a wide range of non-mammalian
    species, such as microbial opsins, have been successfully transplanted to specific
    neuronal targets to override their natural communication patterns. The goal of
    our work is to manipulate synaptic communication in a manner that closely incorporates
    the functional intricacies of synapses by preserving temporal encoding (i.e. the
    firing pattern of the presynaptic neuron) and connectivity (i.e. target specific
    synapses rather than specific neurons). Our strategy to achieve this goal builds
    on the use of non-mammalian transplants to create a synthetic synapse. The mode
    of modulation comes from pre-synaptic uptake of a synthetic neurotransmitter (SN)
    into synaptic vesicles by means of a genetically targeted transporter selective
    for the SN. Upon natural vesicular release, exposure of the SN to the synaptic
    cleft will modify the post-synaptic potential through an orthogonal ligand gated
    ion channel. To achieve this goal we have functionally characterized a mixed cationic
    methionine-gated ion channel from Arabidopsis thaliana, designed a method to functionally
    characterize a synthetic transporter in isolated synaptic vesicles without the
    need for transgenic animals, identified and extracted multiple prokaryotic uptake
    systems that are substrate specific for methionine (Met), and established a primary/cell
    line co-culture system that would allow future combinatorial testing of this orthogonal
    transmitter-transporter-channel trifecta.\r\nSynthetic synapses will provide a
    unique opportunity to manipulate synaptic communication while maintaining the
    electrophysiological integrity of the pre-synaptic cell. In this way, information
    may be preserved that was generated in upstream circuits and that could be essential
    for concerted function and information processing."
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Catherine
  full_name: Mckenzie, Catherine
  id: 3EEDE19A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Mckenzie
citation:
  ama: Mckenzie C. Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission. 2019. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132">10.15479/at:ista:7132</a>
  apa: Mckenzie, C. (2019). <i>Design and characterization of methods and biological
    components to realize synthetic neurotransmission</i>. Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132</a>
  chicago: Mckenzie, Catherine. “Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological
    Components to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission.” Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria, 2019. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132</a>.
  ieee: C. Mckenzie, “Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    2019.
  ista: Mckenzie C. 2019. Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Mckenzie, Catherine. <i>Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological
    Components to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission</i>. Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria, 2019, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132">10.15479/at:ista:7132</a>.
  short: C. Mckenzie, Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological Components
    to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission, Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    2019.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2019-11-27T09:07:14Z
date_published: 2019-06-27T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-27T22:30:52Z
day: '27'
ddc:
- '571'
- '573'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: HaJa
doi: 10.15479/at:ista:7132
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publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
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status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Harald L
  full_name: Janovjak, Harald L
  id: 33BA6C30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Janovjak
  orcid: 0000-0002-8023-9315
title: Design and characterization of methods and biological components to realize
  synthetic neurotransmission
type: dissertation
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
year: '2019'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
_id: '418'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "The aim of this thesis was the development of new strategies for optical
    and optogenetic control of proliferative and pro-survival signaling, and characterizing
    them from the molecular mechanism up to cellular effects. These new light-based
    methods have unique features, such as red light as an activator, or the avoidance
    of gene delivery, which enable to overcome current limitations, such as light
    delivery to target tissues and feasibility as therapeutic approach. A special
    focus was placed on implementing these new light-based approaches in pancreatic
    β-cells, as β-cells are the key players in diabetes and especially their loss
    in number negatively affects disease progression. Currently no treatment options
    are available to compensate the lack of functional β-cells in diabetic patients.\r\nIn
    a first approach, red-light-activated growth factor receptors, in particular receptor
    tyrosine kinases were engineered and characterized. Receptor activation with light
    allows spatio-temporal control compared to ligand-based activation, and especially
    red light exhibits deeper tissue penetration than other wavelengths of the visible
    spectrum. Red-light-activated receptor tyrosine kinases robustly activated major
    growth factor related signaling pathways with a high temporal resolution. Moreover,
    the remote activation of the proliferative MAPK/Erk pathway by red-light-activated
    receptor tyrosine kinases in a pancreatic β-cell line was also achieved, through
    one centimeter thick mouse tissue. Although red-light-activated receptor tyrosine
    kinases are particularly attractive for applications in animal models due to the
    deep tissue penetration of red light, a drawback, especially with regard to translation
    into humans, is the requirement of gene therapy.\r\nIn a second approach an endogenous
    light-sensitive mechanism was identified and its potential to promote proliferative
    and pro-survival signals was explored, towards light-based tissue regeneration
    without the need for gene transfer. Blue-green light illumination was found to
    be sufficient for the activation of proliferation and survival promoting signaling
    pathways in primary pancreatic murine and human islets. Blue-green light also
    led to an increase in proliferation of primary islet cells, an effect which was
    shown to be mostly β-cell specific in human islets. Moreover, it was demonstrated
    that this approach of pancreatic β-cell expansion did not have any negative effect
    on the β-cell function, in particular on their insulin secretion capacity. In
    contrast, a trend for enhanced insulin secretion under high glucose conditions
    after illumination was detected. In order to unravel the detailed characteristics
    of this endogenous light-sensitive mechanism, the precise light requirements were
    determined. In addition, the expression of light sensing proteins, OPN3 and rhodopsin,
    was detected. The observed effects were found to be independent of handling effects
    such as temperature differences and cytochrome c oxidase dependent ATP increase,
    but they were found to be enhanced through the knockout of OPN3. The exact mechanism
    of how islets cells sense light and the identity of the photoreceptor remains
    unknown.\r\nSummarized two new light-based systems with unique features were established
    that enable the activation of proliferative and pro-survival signaling pathways.
    While red-light-activated receptor tyrosine kinases open a new avenue for optogenetics
    research, by allowing non-invasive control of signaling in vivo, the identified
    endogenous light-sensitive mechanism has the potential to be the basis of a gene
    therapy-free therapeutical approach for light-based β-cell expansion."
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Eva
  full_name: Gschaider-Reichhart, Eva
  id: 3FEE232A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Gschaider-Reichhart
  orcid: 0000-0002-7218-7738
citation:
  ama: Gschaider-Reichhart E. Optical and optogenetic control of proliferation and
    survival . 2018. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_913">10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_913</a>
  apa: Gschaider-Reichhart, E. (2018). <i>Optical and optogenetic control of proliferation
    and survival </i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_913">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_913</a>
  chicago: Gschaider-Reichhart, Eva. “Optical and Optogenetic Control of Proliferation
    and Survival .” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2018. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_913">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_913</a>.
  ieee: E. Gschaider-Reichhart, “Optical and optogenetic control of proliferation
    and survival ,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2018.
  ista: Gschaider-Reichhart E. 2018. Optical and optogenetic control of proliferation
    and survival . Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Gschaider-Reichhart, Eva. <i>Optical and Optogenetic Control of Proliferation
    and Survival </i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2018, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_913">10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_913</a>.
  short: E. Gschaider-Reichhart, Optical and Optogenetic Control of Proliferation
    and Survival , Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2018.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:46:22Z
date_published: 2018-01-08T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-08T14:11:54Z
day: '08'
ddc:
- '571'
- '570'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: HaJa
doi: 10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_913
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month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: '107'
publication_identifier:
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publication_status: published
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publist_id: '7405'
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status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Harald L
  full_name: Janovjak, Harald L
  id: 33BA6C30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Janovjak
  orcid: 0000-0002-8023-9315
title: 'Optical and optogenetic control of proliferation and survival '
tmp:
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  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
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  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: dissertation
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
year: '2018'
...
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OA_place: publisher
_id: '6266'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'A major challenge in neuroscience research is to dissect the circuits that
    orchestrate behavior in health and disease. Proteins from a wide range of non-mammalian
    species, such as microbial opsins, have been successfully transplanted to specific
    neuronal targets to override their natural communication patterns. The goal of
    our work is to manipulate synaptic communication in a manner that closely incorporates
    the functional intricacies of synapses by preserving temporal encoding (i.e. the
    firing pattern of the presynaptic neuron) and connectivity (i.e. target specific
    synapses rather than specific neurons). Our strategy to achieve this goal builds
    on the use of non-mammalian transplants to create a synthetic synapse. The mode
    of modulation comes from pre-synaptic uptake of a synthetic neurotransmitter (SN)
    into synaptic vesicles by means of a genetically targeted transporter selective
    for the SN. Upon natural vesicular release, exposure of the SN to the synaptic
    cleft will modify the post-synaptic potential through an orthogonal ligand gated
    ion channel. To achieve this goal we have functionally characterized a mixed cationic
    methionine-gated ion channel from Arabidopsis thaliana, designed a method to functionally
    characterize a synthetic transporter in isolated synaptic vesicles without the
    need for transgenic animals, identified and extracted multiple prokaryotic uptake
    systems that are substrate specific for methionine (Met), and established a primary/cell
    line co-culture system that would allow future combinatorial testing of this orthogonal
    transmitter-transporter-channel trifecta. Synthetic synapses will provide a unique
    opportunity to manipulate synaptic communication while maintaining the electrophysiological
    integrity of the pre-synaptic cell. In this way, information may be preserved
    that was generated in upstream circuits and that could be essential for concerted
    function and information processing. '
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Catherine
  full_name: Mckenzie, Catherine
  id: 3EEDE19A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Mckenzie
citation:
  ama: Mckenzie C. Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission . 2018. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055">10.15479/at:ista:th_1055</a>
  apa: Mckenzie, C. (2018). <i>Design and characterization of methods and biological
    components to realize synthetic neurotransmission </i>. Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055</a>
  chicago: Mckenzie, Catherine. “Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological
    Components to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission .” Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria, 2018. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055</a>.
  ieee: C. Mckenzie, “Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission ,” Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria, 2018.
  ista: Mckenzie C. 2018. Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission . Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Mckenzie, Catherine. <i>Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological
    Components to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission </i>. Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria, 2018, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055">10.15479/at:ista:th_1055</a>.
  short: C. Mckenzie, Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological Components
    to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission , Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    2018.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2019-04-09T14:13:39Z
date_published: 2018-10-31T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-08T14:14:05Z
day: '31'
ddc:
- '571'
- '573'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: HaJa
doi: 10.15479/at:ista:th_1055
file:
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status: public
supervisor:
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  full_name: Janovjak, Harald L
  id: 33BA6C30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Janovjak
  orcid: 0000-0002-8023-9315
title: 'Design and characterization of methods and biological components to realize
  synthetic neurotransmission '
type: dissertation
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
year: '2018'
...
---
OA_place: publisher
_id: '1124'
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Maurizio
  full_name: Morri, Maurizio
  id: 4863116E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Morri
citation:
  ama: Morri M. Optical functionalization of human class A orphan G-protein coupled
    receptors. 2016.
  apa: Morri, M. (2016). <i>Optical functionalization of human class A orphan G-protein
    coupled receptors</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  chicago: Morri, Maurizio. “Optical Functionalization of Human Class A Orphan G-Protein
    Coupled Receptors.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2016.
  ieee: M. Morri, “Optical functionalization of human class A orphan G-protein coupled
    receptors,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2016.
  ista: Morri M. 2016. Optical functionalization of human class A orphan G-protein
    coupled receptors. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Morri, Maurizio. <i>Optical Functionalization of Human Class A Orphan G-Protein
    Coupled Receptors</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2016.
  short: M. Morri, Optical Functionalization of Human Class A Orphan G-Protein Coupled
    Receptors, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2016.
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:50:17Z
date_published: 2016-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-04-08T14:26:54Z
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degree_awarded: PhD
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publication_identifier:
  issn:
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publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
publist_id: '6236'
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supervisor:
- first_name: Harald L
  full_name: Janovjak, Harald L
  id: 33BA6C30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Janovjak
  orcid: 0000-0002-8023-9315
title: Optical functionalization of human class A orphan G-protein coupled receptors
type: dissertation
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
year: '2016'
...
