@article{13433,
  abstract     = {Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkane thiols on gold and other metals are versatile constructs with which to study interfacial phenomena and reactions at surfaces. Surface properties of SAMs - e.g., wettability, stability in diverse environments, propensity to interact with or to resist adsorption of macromolecules -- depend on and can be controlled flexibly by the properties of the functional (head) groups in the w position of the alkyl chain. SAMs provide a basis for many important scientific and technological applications, ranging from micropatterning methods, through sensing, to biological recognition. Despite their importance, the literature on SAMs and the synthesis of molecules that constitute them remains scattered and often conflicting. The purpose of this Review is (i) to summarize the applications and physical properties of SAMs and (ii) to systematize the strategies of synthesis of ω-functionalized alkane thiols. Generic retrosynthetic scheme is developed that allows efficient synthetic planning. Issues related to the selection of appropriate protecting groups and the ways of introduction of the thiol functionality are discussed in detail, and illustrated with examples of syntheses of several complex alkane thiols.},
  author       = {Witt, Dariusz and Klajn, Rafal and Barski, Piotr and Grzybowski, Bartosz},
  issn         = {1875-5348},
  journal      = {Current Organic Chemistry},
  keywords     = {Organic Chemistry},
  number       = {18},
  pages        = {1763--1797},
  publisher    = {Bentham Science},
  title        = {{Applications, properties and synthesis of w-functionalized n-alkanethiols and disulfides - the building blocks of self-assembled monolayers}},
  doi          = {10.2174/1385272043369421},
  volume       = {8},
  year         = {2005},
}

@inbook{1444,
  abstract     = {The paper surveys the mirror symmetry conjectures of Hausel-Thaddeus and Hausel-Rodriguez-Villegas concerning the equality of certain Hodge numbers of SL(n, ℂ) vs. PGL(n, ℂ) flat connections and character varieties for curves, respectively. Several new results and conjectures and their relations to works of Hitchin, Gothen, Garsia-Haiman and Earl-Kirwan are explained. These use the representation theory of finite groups of Lie-type via the arithmetic of character varieties and lead to an unexpected conjecture for a Hard Lefschetz theorem for their cohomology.},
  author       = {Tamas Hausel},
  booktitle    = {Geometric Methods in Algebra and Number Theory},
  pages        = {193 -- 217},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Mirror symmetry and Langlands duality in the non-Abelian Hodge theory of a curve}},
  doi          = {10.1007/0-8176-4417-2_9},
  volume       = {235},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{1447,
  abstract     = {Building on a recent paper [8], here we argue that the combinatorics of matroids are intimately related to the geometry and topology of toric hyperkähler varieties. We show that just like toric varieties occupy a central role in Stanley’s proof for the necessity of McMullen’s conjecture (or g-inequalities) about the classification of face vectors of simplicial polytopes, the topology of toric hyperkähler varieties leads to new restrictions on face vectors of matroid complexes. Namely in this paper we will give two proofs that the injectivity part of the Hard Lefschetz theorem survives for toric hyperkähler varieties. We explain how this implies the g-inequalities for rationally representable matroids. We show how the geometrical intuition in the first proof, coupled with results of Chari [3], leads to a proof of the g-inequalities for general matroid complexes, which is a recent result of Swartz [20]. The geometrical idea in the second proof will show that a pure O-sequence should satisfy the g-inequalities, thus showing that our result is in fact a consequence of a long-standing conjecture of Stanley.},
  author       = {Tamas Hausel},
  journal      = {Open Mathematics},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {26 -- 38},
  publisher    = {Central European Science Journals},
  title        = {{Quaternionic geometry of matroids}},
  doi          = {10.2478/BF02475653},
  volume       = {3},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{1463,
  abstract     = {We study an integration theory in circle equivariant cohomology in order to prove a theorem relating the cohomology ring of a hyperkähler quotient to the cohomology ring of the quotient by a maximal abelian subgroup, analogous to a theorem of Martin for symplectic quotients. We discuss applications of this theorem to quiver varieties, and compute as an example the ordinary and equivariant cohomology rings of a hyperpolygon space.},
  author       = {Tamas Hausel and Proudfoot, Nicholas J},
  journal      = {Topology},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {231 -- 248},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Abelianization for hyperkähler quotients}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.top.2004.04.002},
  volume       = {44},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{17810,
  abstract     = {Large future galaxy cluster surveys, combined with cosmic microwave background observations, can achieve a high sensitivity to the masses of cosmologically important neutrinos. We show that a weak lensing selected sample of ≳100 000 clusters could tighten the current upper bound on the sum of masses of neutrino species by an order of magnitude, to a level of 0.03 eV. Since this statistical sensitivity is below the best existing lower limit on the mass of at least one neutrino species, a future detection is likely, provided that systematic errors can be controlled to a similar level.},
  author       = {Wang, Sheng and Haiman, Zoltán and Hu, Wayne and Khoury, Justin and May, Morgan},
  issn         = {1079-7114},
  journal      = {Physical Review Letters},
  publisher    = {American Physical Society},
  title        = {{Weighing neutrinos with galaxy cluster surveys}},
  doi          = {10.1103/physrevlett.95.011302},
  volume       = {95},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{17811,
  abstract     = {The z = 10 galaxy recently discovered by Pello and coworkers has a strong Lyα emission line that does not appear to have the expected asymmetry with more transmission on the red side. The blue wing of a Lyα line originating at high redshift should be strongly suppressed by resonant hydrogen absorption along the line of sight, an expectation borne out by the observed asymmetric shapes of the existing sample of Lyα-emitting sources at lower redshifts (3 < z < 6.7). The observed line is inconsistent with the galaxy being embedded in a fully neutral intergalactic medium (IGM) and having no receding peculiar velocity relative to the surrounding absorbing gas at the 95.0%-98.8% confidence level. Absorption on the blue side of the line of the Pello et al. source could be reduced if the IGM in the vicinity of the galaxy is highly ionized, but we show that this requires an unrealistically high ionizing emissivity. We suggest instead that the Lyα-emitting gas is receding relative to the surrounding gas with a velocity of ≳35 km s-1, which reduces the inconsistency confidence level to less than 76.0%-94.5%. We find that with this velocity shift, the observed strength and shape of the line is more consistent with the galaxy being surrounded by its own Strömgren sphere embedded in a fully neutral IGM. More generally, we predict that at any given redshift, the bright Lyα emitters with broader lines would exhibit stronger asymmetry than fainter ones. Bright galaxies with symmetric Lyα lines may be signposts for groups and clusters of galaxies, within which they can acquire random velocities comparable to or larger than their line widths.},
  author       = {Cen, Renyue and Haiman, Zoltán and Mesinger, Andrei},
  issn         = {1538-4357},
  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {89--94},
  publisher    = {American Astronomical Society},
  title        = {{Implications of the Lyα Emission Line from a Candidate z = 10 Galaxy}},
  doi          = {10.1086/425243},
  volume       = {621},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{1795,
  abstract     = {Background: Murine leukemia virus (MLV) vector particles can be pseudotyped with a truncated variant of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein (Env) and selectively target gene transfer to human cells expressing both CD4 and an appropriate co-receptor. Vector transduction mimics the HIV-1 entry process and is therefore a safe tool to study HIV-1 entry. Results: Using FLY cells, which express the MLV gag and pol genes, we generated stable producer cell lines that express the HIV-1 envelope gene and a retroviral vector genome encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The BH10 or 89.6 P HIV-1 Env was expressed from a bicistronic vector which allowed the rapid selection of stable cell lines. A codon-usage-optimized synthetic env gene permitted high, Rev-independent Env expression. Vectors generated by these producer cells displayed different sensitivity to entry inhibitors. Conclusion: These data illustrate that MLV/HIV-1 vectors are a valuable screening system for entry inhibitors or neutralizing antisera generated by vaccines.},
  author       = {Sandra Siegert and Thaler, Sonja and Wagner, Ralf and Schnierle, Barbara S},
  journal      = {AIDS Research and Therapy},
  number       = {1},
  publisher    = {BioMed Central},
  title        = {{Assessment of HIV-1 entry inhibitors by MLV/HIV-1 pseudotyped vectors}},
  doi          = {10.1186/1742-6405-2-7},
  volume       = {2},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{18317,
  abstract     = {We address the problem of recovering a scene recorded through a semireflecting medium (i.e. planar lens), with a virtual reflected image being superimposed on the image of the scene transmitted through the semirefelecting lens. Recent studies propose imaging through a linear polarizer at several orientations to estimate the reflected and the transmitted components in the scene. In this study we extend the sparse ICA (SPICA) technique and apply it to the problem of separating the image of the scene without having any a priori knowledge about its structure or statistics. Recent novel advances in the SPICA approach are discussed. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods.},
  author       = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael M. and Zibulevsky, Michael and Zeevi, Yehoshua Y.},
  issn         = {1098-1098},
  journal      = {International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {84--91},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  title        = {{Sparse ICA for blind separation of transmitted and reflected images}},
  doi          = {10.1002/ima.20042},
  volume       = {15},
  year         = {2005},
}

@inproceedings{18319,
  abstract     = {The problem of isometry-invariant representation and comparison of surfaces is of cardinal importance in pattern recognition applications dealing with deformable objects. Particularly, in three-dimensional face recognition treating facial expressions as isometries of the facial surface allows to perform robust recognition insensitive to expressions.
Isometry-invariant representation of surfaces can be constructed by isometrically embedding them into some convenient space, and carrying out the comparison in that space. Presented here is a discussion on isometric embedding into S3, which appears to be superior over the previously used Euclidean space in sense of the representation accuracy.},
  author       = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael M. and Kimmel, Ron},
  booktitle    = {5th International Conference on Scale-Space Theories in Computer Vision},
  isbn         = {9783540255475},
  issn         = {1611-3349},
  location     = {Hofgeismar, Germany},
  pages        = {622--631},
  publisher    = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  title        = {{Isometric embedding of facial surfaces into S3}},
  doi          = {10.1007/11408031_53},
  volume       = {3459},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{18354,
  abstract     = {An expression-invariant 3D face recognition approach is presented. Our basic assumption is that facial expressions can be modelled as isometries of the facial surface. This allows to construct expression-invariant representations of faces using the bending-invariant canonical forms approach. The result is an efficient and accurate face recognition algorithm, robust to facial expressions, that can distinguish between identical twins (the first two authors). We demonstrate a prototype system based on the proposed algorithm and compare its performance to classical face recognition methods.

The numerical methods employed by our approach do not require the facial surface explicitly. The surface gradients field, or the surface metric, are sufficient for constructing the expression-invariant representation of any given face. It allows us to perform the 3D face recognition task while avoiding the surface reconstruction stage.},
  author       = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael M. and Kimmel, Ron},
  issn         = {1573-1405},
  journal      = {International Journal of Computer Vision},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {5--30},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Three-dimensional face recognition}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s11263-005-1085-y},
  volume       = {64},
  year         = {2005},
}

@inproceedings{18398,
  abstract     = {We pose the problem of tissue classification in MRI as a blind source separation (BSS) problem and solve it by means of sparse component analysis (SCA). Assuming that most MR images can be sparsely represented, we consider their optimal sparse representation. Sparse components define a physically-meaningful feature space for classification. We demonstrate our approach on simulated and real multi-contrast MRI data. The proposed framework is general in that it is applicable to other modalities of medical imaging as well, whenever the linear mixing model is applicable.},
  author       = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, M.M. and Zibulevsky, M. and Zeevi, Y.Y.},
  booktitle    = {IEEE International Conference on Image Processing},
  isbn         = {0780391349},
  location     = {Genova, Italy},
  pages        = {1279--1282},
  publisher    = {IEEE},
  title        = {{"Unmixing" tissues: Sparse component analysis in multi-contrast MRI}},
  doi          = {10.1109/icip.2005.1530297},
  volume       = {2},
  year         = {2005},
}

@inproceedings{18399,
  abstract     = {Recently, it was proven empirically that facial expressions can be modelled as isometries, that is, geodesic distances on the facial surface were shown to be significantly less sensitive to facial expressions compared to Euclidean ones. Based on this assumption, the 3DFACE face recognition system was built. The system efficiently computes expression invariant signatures based on isometry-invariant representation of the facial surface. One of the crucial steps in the recognition system was embedding of the face geometric structure into a Euclidean (flat) space. Here, we propose to replace the flat embedding by a spherical one to construct isometric invariant representations of the facial image. We refer to these new invariants as spherical canonical images. Compared to its Euclidean counterpart, spherical embedding leads to notably smaller metric distortion. We demonstrate experimentally that representations with lower embedding error lead to better recognition. In order to efficiently compute the invariants we introduce a dissimilarity measure between the spherical canonical images based on the spherical harmonic transform.},
  author       = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, M.M. and Kimmel, R.},
  booktitle    = {International Conference on Image Processing},
  isbn         = {0780391349},
  location     = {Genova, Italy},
  pages        = {756--759},
  publisher    = {IEEE},
  title        = {{Expression-invariant face recognition via spherical embedding}},
  doi          = {10.1109/icip.2005.1530502},
  volume       = {3},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{18407,
  abstract     = {The relative Newton algorithm, previously proposed for quasi-maximum likelihood blind source separation and blind deconvolution of one-dimensional signals is generalized for blind deconvolution of images. Smooth approximation of the absolute value is used as the nonlinear term for sparse sources. In addition, we propose a method of sparsification, which allows blind deconvolution of arbitrary sources, and show how to find optimal sparsifying transformations by supervised learning.},
  author       = {Bronstein, M.M. and Bronstein, Alexander and Zibulevsky, M. and Zeevi, Y.Y.},
  issn         = {1057-7149},
  journal      = {IEEE Transactions on Image Processing},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {726--736},
  publisher    = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers},
  title        = {{Blind deconvolution of images using optimal sparse representations}},
  doi          = {10.1109/tip.2005.847322},
  volume       = {14},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{18417,
  abstract     = {We propose a relative optimization framework for quasi-maximum likelihood (QML) blind deconvolution and the relative Newton method as its particular instance. Special Hessian structure allows fast Newton system construction and solution, resulting in a fast-convergent algorithm with iteration complexity comparable to that of gradient methods. We also propose the use of rational infinite impulse response (IIR) restoration kernels, which constitute a richer family of filters than the traditionally used finite impulse response (FIR) kernels. We discuss different choices of nonlinear functions that are suitable for deconvolution of super- and sub-Gaussian sources and formulate the conditions under which the QML estimation is stable. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methods.},
  author       = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, M.M. and Zibulevsky, M.},
  issn         = {1053-587X},
  journal      = {IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {2018--2026},
  publisher    = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)},
  title        = {{Relative optimization for blind deconvolution}},
  doi          = {10.1109/tsp.2005.847822},
  volume       = {53},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{18418,
  abstract     = {In this correspondence, we consider the problem of multi-input multi output (MIMO) quasi maximum likelihood (QML) blind deconvolution. We examine two classes of estimators, which are commonly believed to be suitable for super and sub-Gaussian sources. We state the consistency conditions and demonstrate a source distribution, for which the studied estimators are unsuitable, in the sense that they are inconsistent.},
  author       = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, M.M. and Zibulevsky, M.},
  issn         = {1941-0476},
  journal      = {IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing},
  number       = {7},
  pages        = {2576--2579},
  publisher    = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)},
  title        = {{Quasi maximum likelihood MIMO blind deconvolution: Super- and sub-Gaussianity versus consistency}},
  doi          = {10.1109/tsp.2005.849221},
  volume       = {53},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{18727,
  abstract     = {Gravitational lensing can amplify the apparent brightness of distant sources. Images that are highly magnified are often part of multiply imaged systems, but we consider the possibility of having large magnifications without additional detectable images. In rare but nonnegligible situations, lensing can produce a single highly magnified image; this phenomenon is mainly associated with massive cluster-scale halos (≳1013.5 M☉). Alternatively, lensing can produce multiply imaged systems in which the extra images are either unresolved or too faint to be detectable. This phenomenon is dominated by galaxies and lower mass halos (≲1012 M☉) and is very sensitive to the inner density profile of the halos. Although we study the general problem, we customize our calculations to four quasars at redshift z ≈ 6 in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), for which Richards et al. (2004) have ruled out the presence of extra images down to an image splitting of Δθ = 0farcs3 and a flux ratio of f = 0.01. We predict that 9%-29% of all z ≈ 6 quasars that are magnified by a factor of μ > 10 would lack detectable extra images, with 5%-10% being true singly imaged systems. The maximum of 29% is reached only in the unlikely event that all low-mass (≲1010 M☉) halos have highly concentrated (isothermal) profiles. In more realistic models in which dwarf halos have flatter (Navarro-Frenk-White) inner profiles, the maximum probability is ~10%. We conclude that the probability that all four SDSS quasars are magnified by a factor of 10 is ≲10-4. The only escape from this conclusion is if there are many (>10) multiply imaged z ≈ 6 quasars in the SDSS database that have not yet been identified, which seems unlikely. In other words, lensing cannot explain the brightnesses of the z ≈ 6 quasars, and models that invoke lensing to avoid having billion-solar-mass black holes in the young universe are not viable.},
  author       = {Keeton, Charles R. and Kuhlen, Michael and Haiman, Zoltán},
  issn         = {1538-4357},
  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {559--573},
  publisher    = {American Astronomical Society},
  title        = {{Gravitational lensing magnification without multiple imaging}},
  doi          = {10.1086/427722},
  volume       = {621},
  year         = {2005},
}

@inproceedings{18728,
  abstract     = {We discuss currently available observational constraints on the reionization history of the intergalactic medium (IGM), and the extent to which accreting black holes (BHs) can help explain these observations. We show new evidence, based on the combined statistics of Lyman α and β absorption in quasar spectra, that the IGM contains a significant amount of neutral hydrogen, and is experiencing rapid ionization at redshift z~ 6. However, we argue that quasar BHs, even faint ones that are below the detection thresholds of existing optical surveys, are unlikely to drive the evolution of the neutral fraction around this epoch, because they would over–produce the present–day soft X–ray background. On the other hand, the seeds of the z~ 6 quasar BHs likely appeared at much earlier epochs (z~ 20), and produced hard ionizing radiation by accretion. These early BHs are promising candidates to account for the high redshift (z~ 15) ionization implied by the recent cosmic microwave anisotropy data from WMAP. Using a model for the growth of BHs by accretion and mergers in a hierarchical cosmology, we suggest that the early growth of quasars must include a super-Eddington growth phase, and that, although not yet optically identified, the FIRST radio survey may have already detected several thousand >108M⊙ BHs at z>6.},
  author       = {Haiman, Zoltán and Dijkstra, M. and Mesinger, A.},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference},
  isbn         = {9783540252757},
  issn         = {1611-6143},
  location     = {Garching, Germany},
  pages        = {30--41},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{The growth of the earliest supermassive black holes and their contribution to reionization}},
  doi          = {10.1007/11403913_3},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{18738,
  abstract     = {Gravitational lensing can amplify the apparent brightness of distant sources. Images that are highly magnified are often part of multiply imaged systems, but we consider the possibility of having large magnifications without additional detectable images. In rare but nonnegligible situations, lensing can produce a single highly magnified image; this phenomenon is mainly associated with massive cluster-scale halos (≳1013.5 M☉). Alternatively, lensing can produce multiply imaged systems in which the extra images are either unresolved or too faint to be detectable. This phenomenon is dominated by galaxies and lower mass halos (≲1012 M☉) and is very sensitive to the inner density profile of the halos. Although we study the general problem, we customize our calculations to four quasars at redshift z ≈ 6 in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), for which Richards et al. (2004) have ruled out the presence of extra images down to an image splitting of Δθ = 0farcs3 and a flux ratio of f = 0.01. We predict that 9%-29% of all z ≈ 6 quasars that are magnified by a factor of μ > 10 would lack detectable extra images, with 5%-10% being true singly imaged systems. The maximum of 29% is reached only in the unlikely event that all low-mass (≲1010 M☉) halos have highly concentrated (isothermal) profiles. In more realistic models in which dwarf halos have flatter (Navarro-Frenk-White) inner profiles, the maximum probability is ~10%. We conclude that the probability that all four SDSS quasars are magnified by a factor of 10 is ≲10-4. The only escape from this conclusion is if there are many (>10) multiply imaged z ≈ 6 quasars in the SDSS database that have not yet been identified, which seems unlikely. In other words, lensing cannot explain the brightnesses of the z ≈ 6 quasars, and models that invoke lensing to avoid having billion-solar-mass black holes in the young universe are not viable.},
  author       = {Keeton, Charles R. and Kuhlen, Michael and Haiman, Zoltán},
  issn         = {1538-4357},
  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {559--573},
  publisher    = {American Astronomical Society},
  title        = {{Gravitational lensing magnification without multiple imaging}},
  doi          = {10.1086/427722},
  volume       = {621},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{12657,
  abstract     = {An enhanced temperature-index glacier melt model, incorporating incoming shortwave radiation and albedo, is presented. The model is an attempt to combine the high temporal resolution and accuracy of physically based melt models with the lower data requirements and computational simplicity of empirical melt models, represented by the ‘degree-day’ method and its variants. The model is run with both measured and modelled radiation data, to test its applicability to glaciers with differing data availability. Five automatic weather stations were established on Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, between May and September 2001. Reference surface melt rates were calculated using a physically based energy-balance melt model. The performance of the enhanced temperature-index model was tested at each of the four validation stations by comparing predicted hourly melt rates with reference melt rates. Predictions made with three other temperature-index models were evaluated in the same way for comparison. The enhanced temperature-index model offers significant improvements over the other temperature-index models, and accounts for 90–95% of the variation in the reference melt rate. The improvement is lower, but still significant, when the model is forced by modelled shortwave radiation data, thus offering a better alternative to existing models that require only temperature data input.},
  author       = {Pellicciotti, Francesca and Brock, Ben and Strasser, Ulrich and Burlando, Paolo and Funk, Martin and Corripio, Javier},
  issn         = {1727-5652},
  journal      = {Journal of Glaciology},
  number       = {175},
  pages        = {573--587},
  publisher    = {Cambridge University Press},
  title        = {{An enhanced temperature-index glacier melt model including the shortwave radiation balance: Development and testing for Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland}},
  doi          = {10.3189/172756505781829124},
  volume       = {51},
  year         = {2005},
}

@article{1298,
  abstract     = {Genetically encoded fluorescent probes of neural activity represent new promising tools for systems neuroscience. Here, we present a comparative in vivo analysis of 10 different genetically encoded calcium indicators, as well as the pH-sensitive synapto-pHluorin. We analyzed their fluorescence changes in presynaptic boutons of the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction. Robust neural activity did not result in any or noteworthy fluorescence changes when Flash-Pericam, Camgaroo-1, and Camgaroo-2 were expressed. However, calculated on the raw data, fractional fluorescence changes up to 18% were reported by synapto-pHluorin, Yellow Cameleon 2.0, 2.3, and 3.3, Inverse-Pericam, GCaMP1.3, GCaMP1.6, and the troponin C-based calcium sensor TN-L15. The response characteristics of all of these indicators differed considerably from each other, with GCaMP1.6 reporting high rates of neural activity with the largest and fastest fluorescence changes. However, GCaMP1.6 suffered from photobleaching, whereas the fluorescence signals of the double-chromophore indicators were in general smaller but more photostable and reproducible, with TN-L15 showing the fastest rise of the signals at lower activity rates. We show for GCaMP1.3 and YC3.3 that an expanded range of neural activity evoked fairly linear fluorescence changes and a corresponding linear increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The expression level of the indicator biased the signal kinetics and SNR, whereas the signal amplitude was independent. The presented data will be useful for in vivo experiments with respect to the selection of an appropriate indicator, as well as for the correct interpretation of the optical signals.},
  author       = {Reiff, Dierk F and Ihring, Alexandra and Guerrero, Giovanna and Isacoff, Ehud Y and Maximilian Jösch and Nakai, Junichi and Borst, Alexander},
  journal      = {Journal of Neuroscience},
  number       = {19},
  pages        = {4766 -- 4778},
  publisher    = {Society for Neuroscience},
  title        = {{In vivo performance of genetically encoded indicators of neural activity in flies}},
  doi          = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4900-04.2005},
  volume       = {25},
  year         = {2005},
}