@inproceedings{18320, abstract = {Presented here is the problem of recovering a dynamic image superimposed on a static background. Such a problem is ill-posed and may arise e.g. in imaging through semireflective media, in separation of an illumination image from a reflectance image, in imaging with diffraction phenomena, etc. In this work we study regularization of this problem in spirit of Total Variation and general sparsifying transformations.}, author = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael M. and Zibulevsky, Michael}, booktitle = {6th International Conference on Independent Component Analysis and Signal Separation}, isbn = {9783540326304}, issn = {1611-3349}, location = {Charleston, SC, United States}, pages = {934--940}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{On separation of semitransparent dynamic images from static background}}, doi = {10.1007/11679363_116}, volume = {3889}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{18321, abstract = {Recent studies on three-dimensional face recognition proposed to model facial expressions as isometries of the facial surface. Based on this model, expression-invariant signatures of the face were constructed by means of approximate isometric embedding into flat spaces. Here, we apply a new method for measuring isometry-invariant similarity between faces by embedding one facial surface into another. We demonstrate that our approach has several significant advantages, one of which is the ability to handle partially missing data. Promising face recognition results are obtained in numerical experiments even when the facial surfaces are severely occluded.}, author = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael M. and Kimmel, Ron}, booktitle = {9th European Conference on Computer Vision}, isbn = {9783540338369}, issn = {1611-3349}, location = {Graz, Austria}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Robust expression-invariant face recognition from partially missing data}}, doi = {10.1007/11744078_31}, volume = {3953}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{18322, abstract = {A geometric framework for finding intrinsic correspondence between animated 3D faces is presented. We model facial expressions as isometries of the facial surface and find the correspondence between two faces as the minimum-distortion mapping. Generalized multidimensional scaling is used for this goal. We apply our approach to texture mapping onto 3D video, expression exaggeration and morphing between faces.}, author = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael M. and Kimmel, Ron}, booktitle = {4th International Conference on Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects}, isbn = {9783540360315}, issn = {1611-3349}, location = {Mallorca, Spain}, pages = {38--47}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Facetoface: An isometric model for facial animation}}, doi = {10.1007/11789239_5}, volume = {4069}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{18323, abstract = {We present a theoretical and computational framework for matching of two-dimensional articulated shapes. Assuming that articulations can be modeled as near-isometries, we show an axiomatic construction of an articulation-invariant distance between shapes, formulated as a generalized multidimensional scaling (GMDS) problem and solved efficiently. Some numerical results demonstrating the accuracy of our method are presented.}, author = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael M. and Bruckstein, Alfred M. and Kimmel, Ron}, booktitle = {4th International Conference on Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects}, isbn = {9783540360315}, issn = {1611-3349}, location = {Mallorca, Spain}, pages = {48--57}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Matching two-dimensional articulated shapes using generalized multidimensional scaling}}, doi = {10.1007/11789239_6}, volume = {4069}, year = {2006}, } @article{18370, abstract = {An efficient algorithm for isometry-invariant matching of surfaces is presented. The key idea is computing the minimum-distortion mapping between two surfaces. For this purpose, we introduce the generalized multidimensional scaling, a computationally efficient continuous optimization algorithm for finding the least distortion embedding of one surface into another. The generalized multidimensional scaling algorithm allows for both full and partial surface matching. As an example, it is applied to the problem of expression-invariant three-dimensional face recognition.}, author = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael M. and Kimmel, Ron}, issn = {1091-6490}, journal = {PNAS}, number = {5}, pages = {1168--1172}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, title = {{Generalized multidimensional scaling: A framework for isometry-invariant partial surface matching}}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.0508601103}, volume = {103}, year = {2006}, } @article{18408, abstract = {Addressed here is the problem of constructing and analyzing expression-invariant representations of human faces. We demonstrate and justify experimentally a simple geometric model that allows to describe facial expressions as isometric deformations of the facial surface. The main step in the construction of expression-invariant representation of a face involves embedding of the facial intrinsic geometric structure into some low-dimensional space. We study the influence of the embedding space geometry and dimensionality choice on the representation accuracy and argue that compared to its Euclidean counterpart, spherical embedding leads to notably smaller metric distortions. We experimentally support our claim showing that a smaller embedding error leads to better recognition.}, author = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael M. and Kimmel, Ron}, issn = {1057-7149}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Image Processing}, number = {1}, pages = {188--197}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}, title = {{Expression-invariant representations of faces}}, doi = {10.1109/tip.2006.884940}, volume = {16}, year = {2006}, } @article{18429, abstract = {We present an efficient computational framework for isometry‐invariant comparison of smooth surfaces. We formulate the Gromov–Hausdorff distance as a multidimensional scaling–like continuous optimization problem. In order to construct an efficient optimization scheme, we develop a numerical tool for interpolating geodesic distances on a sampled surface from precomputed geodesic distances between the samples. For isometry‐invariant comparison of surfaces in the case of partially missing data, we present the partial embedding distance, which is computed using a similar scheme. The main idea is finding a minimum‐distortion mapping from one surface to another, while considering only relevant geodesic distances. We discuss numerical implementation issues and present experimental results that demonstrate its accuracy and efficiency.}, author = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael M. and Kimmel, Ron}, issn = {1095-7197}, journal = {SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing}, number = {5}, pages = {1812--1836}, publisher = {Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics}, title = {{Efficient computation of isometry-invariant distances between surfaces}}, doi = {10.1137/050639296}, volume = {28}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{18730, abstract = {We present a robust method to derive the duty cycle of QSO activity based on the empirical QSO luminosity function and on the present-day linear relation between the masses of supermassive black holes and those of their spheroidal host stellar systems. It is found that the duty cycle is substantially less than unity, with characteristic values in the range 3-6 x 10-3. Finally, we tested the expectation that the QSO luminosity evolution and the star formation history should be roughly parallel, as a consequence of the above-mentioned relation between BH and galaxy masses.}, author = {Ciotti, Luca and Haiman, Zoltán and Ostriker, Jeremiah P.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop}, isbn = {9783540002055}, issn = {1611-6143}, location = {Venice, Italy}, pages = {106--108}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{What does the local black hole mass distribution tell us about the evolution of the quasar luminosity function?}}, doi = {10.1007/10899892_25}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{18731, abstract = {The first galaxies formed at high redshifts, and were likely substantially less massive than typical galaxies in the local universe. We argue that (1) the reionization of a clumpy intergalactic medium by redshift z=6, (2) its enrichment by metals by z=3 without disturbing the Lyman alpha forest, and (3) the presence of supermassive black holes powering the recently discovered bright quasars at z=6, strongly suggest that a population of low-mass galaxies exists beyond redshifts z>6. Although the first stars could have been born in dark matter halos with virial temperatures as low as Tvir=200K, collapsing as early as z=25, the first galaxies likely appeared in significant numbers only in halos with Tvir>10,000K that collapsed later (z=15). The gas in these more massive halos initially contracts isothermally to high densities by atomic Lyman alpha cooling. H2 molecules can then form efficiently via non-equilibrium gas-phase chemistry, allowing the gas to cool further to T=100K, and fragment on stellar mass scales. These halos can harbor the first generation of ``mini-galaxies'' that reionized the universe. The continuum and line emission from these sources, as well as their Lyman alpha cooling radiation, can be detected in the future by NGST and other instruments.}, author = {Haiman, Zoltán}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München Workshop}, isbn = {9783540002055}, issn = {1611-6143}, location = {Venice, Italy}, pages = {316--323}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{The assembly of the first galaxies}}, doi = {10.1007/10899892_77}, year = {2006}, } @article{2066, abstract = {Although the X chromosome is usually similar to the autosomes in size and cytogenetic appearance, theoretical models predict that its hemizygosity in males may cause unusual patterns of evolution. The sequencing of several genomes has indeed revealed differences between the X chromosome and the autosomes in the rates of gene divergence, patterns of gene expression and rates of gene movement between chromosomes. A better understanding of these patterns should provide valuable information on the evolution of genes located on the X chromosome. It could also suggest solutions to more general problems in molecular evolution, such as detecting selection and estimating mutational effects on fitness}, author = {Beatriz Vicoso and Charlesworth, Brian}, journal = {Nature Reviews Genetics}, number = {8}, pages = {645 -- 653}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Evolution on the X chromosome: Unusual patterns and processes}}, doi = {10.1038/nrg1914}, volume = {7}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{2077, abstract = {We present an adaptive animation method for electrical discharges. Electrical discharges can be simulated using the dielectric breakdown model. Regular discretization of the governing Laplace equation leads to huge equation systems, and the computational cost of solving the equations quickly becomes prohibitive at high resolutions, especially for simulations in 3D. In contrast, our method discretizes the Laplace equation on an adaptive octree, reducing the size of the problem significantly, and making simulations of high resolution 3D datasets and even 3D animations feasible. In order to enhance realism for lightning animations, we propose a particle simulation that animates the residual positive charge. Thus, interaction of electrical discharges with their surroundings can be simulated.}, author = {Bernd Bickel and Wicke, Martin and Gross, Markus}, publisher = {IOS Press}, title = {{Adaptive simulation of electrical discharges}}, year = {2006}, } @article{1961, abstract = {Respiratory complex I plays a central role in cellular energy production in bacteria and mitochondria. Its dysfunction is implicated in many human neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in aging. The crystal structure of the hydrophilic domain (peripheral arm) of complex I from Thermus thermophilus has been solved at 3.3 angstrom resolution. This subcomplex consists of eight subunits and contains all the redox centers of the enzyme, including nine iron-sulfur clusters. The primary electron acceptor, flavin-mononucleotide, is within electron transfer distance of cluster N3, leading to the main redox pathway, and of the distal cluster Nia, a possible antioxidant. The structure reveals new aspects of the mechanism and evolution of the enzyme. The terminal cluster N2 is coordinated, uniquely, by two consecutive cysteines. The novel subunit Nqo15 has a similar fold to the mitochondrial iron chaperone frataxin, and it may be involved in iron-sulfur cluster regeneration in the complex. }, author = {Leonid Sazanov and Hinchliffe, Philip }, journal = {Science}, number = {5766}, pages = {1430 -- 1436}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Structure of the hydrophilic domain of respiratory complex I from Thermus thermophilus}}, doi = {10.1126/science.1123809}, volume = {311}, year = {2006}, } @article{1966, abstract = {The hydrophilic domain (peripheral arm) of the proton-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) from the thermophilic organism Thermus thermophilus HB8 has been purified and characterized. The subcomplex is stable in sodium dodecyl sulfate up to 80 °C. Of nine iron-sulfur clusters, four to five (one or two binuclear and three tetranuclear) could be detected by EPR in the NADH-reduced enzyme. The preparation consists of eight different polypeptides. Seven of them have been positively identified by peptide mass mapping and N-terminal sequencing as known hydrophilic subunits of T. thermophilus complex I. The eighth polypeptide copurified with the subcomplex at all stages, is strongly associated with the other subunits, and is present in crystals of the subcomplex, used for X-ray data collection. Therefore, it has been identified as a novel complex I subunit and named Nqo15. It is encoded in a locus separate from the nqo operon, containing the 14 other known complex I genes. ORFs encoding Nqo15 homologues are present in the genomes of the closest relatives of T. thermophilus. Our data show that, contrary to previous assumptions, bacterial complex I can contain proteins in addition to a "core" complement of 14 subunits.}, author = {Hinchliffe, Philip and Carroll, Joe D and Leonid Sazanov}, journal = {Biochemistry}, number = {14}, pages = {4413 -- 4420}, publisher = {ACS}, title = {{Identification of a novel subunit of respiratory complex I from Thermus thermophilus}}, doi = {10.1021/bi0600998}, volume = {45}, year = {2006}, } @article{11117, abstract = {Over the last years it has become evident that the nuclear envelope (NE) is more than a passive membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The NE not only controls the trafficking of macromolecules between the nucleoplasm and the cytosol, but also provides anchoring sites for chromosomes and cytoskeleton to the nuclear periphery. Targeting of chromatin to the NE might actually be part of gene expression regulation in eukaryotes. Mutations in certain NE proteins are associated with a diversity of human diseases, including muscular dystrophy, neuropathy, lipodistrophy, torsion dystonia and the premature aging condition progeria. Despite the importance of the NE for cell division and differentiation, relatively little is known about its biogenesis and its role in human diseases. It is our goal to provide a comprehensive view of the NE and to discuss possible implications of NE-associated changes for gene expression, chromatin organization and signal transduction.}, author = {D’Angelo, M. A. and HETZER, Martin W}, issn = {1420-9071}, journal = {Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences}, keywords = {Cell Biology, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine}, number = {3}, pages = {316--332}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{The role of the nuclear envelope in cellular organization}}, doi = {10.1007/s00018-005-5361-3}, volume = {63}, year = {2006}, } @article{11118, abstract = {Nuclear pore complexes are multiprotein channels that span the double lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope. How new pores are inserted into the intact nuclear envelope of proliferating and differentiating eukaryotic cells is unknown. We found that the Nup107-160 complex was incorporated into assembly sites in the nuclear envelope from both the nucleoplasmic and the cytoplasmic sides. Nuclear pore insertion required the generation of Ran guanosine triphosphate in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Newly formed nuclear pore complexes did not contain structural components of preexisting pores, suggesting that they can form de novo.}, author = {D'Angelo, Maximiliano A. and Anderson, Daniel J. and Richard, Erin and HETZER, Martin W}, issn = {0036-8075}, journal = {Science}, keywords = {Multidisciplinary}, number = {5772}, pages = {440--443}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Nuclear pores form de novo from both sides of the nuclear envelope}}, doi = {10.1126/science.1124196}, volume = {312}, year = {2006}, } @inbook{11119, author = {Harris, J. Robin and Almouzni, Geneviève and Kirschner, Doris and Dimitrova, Daniela and Nickerson, Jeffrey A. and Underwood, Jean and Wagner, Stefan and Korbei, Barbara and Foisner, Roland and Walther, Tobias C. and HETZER, Martin W and Peters, Reiner and Walev, Ivan and de Kroon, Anton I. P. M. and Staffhorst, Rutger W. H. M. and de Kruijff, Ben and Burger, Koert N. J. and Netto, Luis Eduardo Soares and Bertrand, Eric and Alimonti, Judie B. and Greenberg, Arnold H. and Xiao, Jinnan and Pradhan, Anuradha and Liu, Yuechueng and Paiement, Jacques and Young, Robin and Goñi, Félix M. and Villar, Ana-Victoria and Contreras, F.-Xabier and Alonso, Alicia and Peter, Brian J. and Mills, Ian G. and Higgins, Matthew K. and Brown, William J. and Chambers, K. and Doody, A. and Cheng, C. Yan and Mruk, Dolores D. and Yang, Chunhong and Kirchhoff, Helmut and Haase, Winfried and Boggasch, Stephanie and Paulsen, Harald and Benesova, Julie and Liffers, Sven-T. and Rögner, Matthias and Gao, Ya-sheng and Sztul, Elizabeth and Thiemann, Meinolf and Fahimi, H. Dariush and Gniadecki, Robert and Gajkowska, Barbara and Bane, Susan L. and Hess, John F. and Voss, John C. and Fitzgerald, Paul G. and Hisanaga, Shin-ichi and Sasaki, Takahiro and Uéda, Kenji and Town, Terrence and Tan, Jun and Milton, Nathaniel G. N. and Chi, Richard and Keller, Thomas C. S. and Kriajevska, Marina and Bronstein, Igor and Lukanidin, Eugene and Holmes, David F. and Kadler, Karl E.}, booktitle = {Cell Biology Protocols}, editor = {Harris, Robin and Graham, John and Rickwood, David}, isbn = {9780470847589 }, pages = {201--378}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{In Vitro Techniques}}, doi = {10.1002/0470033487.ch6}, year = {2006}, } @article{1033, abstract = {Systems of three interacting particles are notorious for their complex physical behaviour. A landmark theoretical result in few-body quantum physics is Efimov\'s prediction1,2 of a universal set of bound trimer states appearing for three identical bosons with a resonant two-body interaction. Counterintuitively, these states even exist in the absence of a corresponding two-body bound state. Since the formulation of Efimov\'s problem in the context of nuclear physics 35 years ago, it has attracted great interest in many areas of physics3-8. However, the observation of Efimov quantum states has remained an elusive goal3,5. Here we report the observation of an Efimov resonance in an ultracold gas of caesium atoms. The resonance occurs in the range of large negative two-body scattering lengths, arising from the coupling of three free atoms to an Efimov trimer. Experimentally, we observe its signature as a giant three-body recombination loss9,10 when the strength of the two-body interaction is varied. We also detect a minimum 9,11,12 in the recombination loss for positive scattering lengths, indicating destructive interference of decay pathways. Our results confirm central theoretical predictions of Efimov physics and represent a starting point with which to explore the universal properties of resonantly interacting few-body systems7. While Feshbach resonances13,14 have provided the key to control quantum-mechanical interactions on the two-body level, Efimov resonances connect ultracold matter15 to the world of few-body quantum phenomena.}, author = {Kraemer, Tobias and Mark, Michael and Waldburger, Philipp and Danzl, Johann G and Chin, Cheng and Engeser, Bastian and Lange, Adam and Pilch, Karl and Jaakkola, Antti and Nägerl, Hanns and Grimm, Rudolf}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7082}, pages = {315 -- 318}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Evidence for Efimov quantum states in an ultracold gas of caesium atoms}}, doi = {10.1038/nature04626}, volume = {440}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{1034, abstract = {Three interacting particles form a system which is well known for its complex physical behavior. A landmark theoretical result in few-body quantum physics is Efimov\'s prediction of a universal set of weakly bound trimer states appearing for three identical bosons with a resonant two-body interaction [1, 2]. Surprisingly, these states even exist in the absence of a corresponding two-body bound state and their precise nature is largely independent of the particular type of the two-body interaction potential. Efimov\'s scenario has attracted great interest in many areas of physics; an experimental test however has not been achieved. We report the observation of an Efimov resonance in an ultracold thermal gas of cesium atoms [3]. The resonance occurs in the range of large negative two-body scattering lengths and arises from the coupling of three free atoms to an Efimov trimer. We observe its signature as a giant three-body recombination loss when the strength of the two-body interaction is varied near a Feshbach resonance. This resonance develops into a continuum resonance at non-zero collision energies, and we observe a shift of the resonance position as a function of temperature. We also report on a minimum in the recombination loss for positive scattering lengths, indicating destructive interference of decay pathways. Our results confirm central theoretical predictions of Efimov physics and represent a starting point from which to explore the universal properties of resonantly interacting few-body systems.}, author = {Nägerl, Hanns and Kraemer, Tobias and Mark, Michael and Waldburger, Philipp and Danzl, Johann G and Engeser, Bastian and Lange, Adam and Pilch, Karl and Jaakkola, Antti and Chin, Cheng and Grimm, Rudolf}, pages = {269 -- 277}, publisher = {AIP}, title = {{Experimental evidence for Efimov quantum states}}, doi = {10.1063/1.2400657}, volume = {869}, year = {2006}, } @inproceedings{2088, abstract = {We have measured 3D face geometry, skin reflectance, and subsurface scattering using custom-built devices for 149 subjects of varying age, gender, and race. We developed a novel skin reflectance model whose parameters can be estimated from measurements. The model decomposes the large amount of measured skin data into a spatially-varying analytic BRDF, a diffuse albedo map, and diffuse subsurface scattering. Our model is intuitive, physically plausible, and - since we do not use the original measured data - easy to edit as well. High-quality renderings come close to reproducing real photographs. The analysis of the model parameters for our sample population reveals variations according to subject age, gender, skin type, and external factors (e.g., sweat, cold, or makeup). Using our statistics, a user can edit the overall appearance of a face (e.g., changing skin type and age) or change small-scale features using texture synthesis (e.g., adding moles and freckles). We are making the collected statistics publicly available to the research community for applications in face synthesis and analysis. }, author = {Weyrich, Tim and Matusik, Wojciech and Pfister, Hanspeter and Bernd Bickel and Donner, Craig and Tu, Chien and McAndless, Janet M and Lee, Jinho and Ngan, Addy and Jensen, Henrik W and Groß, Markus S}, pages = {1013 -- 1024}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Analysis of human faces using a measurement-based skin reflectance model}}, doi = {10.1145/1179352.1141987}, year = {2006}, } @article{2089, abstract = {We have measured 3D face geometry, skin reflectance, and subsurface scattering using custom-built devices for 149 subjects of varying age, gender, and race. We developed a novel skin reflectance model whose parameters can be estimated from measurements. The model decomposes the large amount of measured skin data into a spatially-varying analytic BRDF, a diffuse albedo map, and diffuse subsurface scattering. Our model is intuitive, physically plausible, and - since we do not use the original measured data - easy to edit as well. High-quality renderings come close to reproducing real photographs. The analysis of the model parameters for our sample population reveals variations according to subject age, gender, skin type, and external factors (e.g., sweat, cold, or makeup). Using our statistics, a user can edit the overall appearance of a face (e.g., changing skin type and age) or change small-scale features using texture synthesis (e.g., adding moles and freckles). We are making the collected statistics publicly available to the research community for applications in face synthesis and analysis.}, author = {Weyrich, Tim and Matusik, Wojciech and Pfister, Hanspeter and Bernd Bickel and Donner, Craig and Tu, Chien and McAndless, Janet M and Lee, Jinho and Ngan, Addy and Jensen, Henrik W and Groß, Markus S}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics}, number = {3}, pages = {1013 -- 1024}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Analysis of human faces using a measurement-based skin reflectance model}}, doi = {10.1145/1141911.1141987}, volume = {25}, year = {2006}, }