@article{1984,
  abstract     = {In animal and plant cells, mitotic chromatin locally generates microtubules that self-organize into a mitotic spindle, and its dimensions and bipolar symmetry are essential for accurate chromosome segregation. By immobilizing microscopic chromatin-coated beads on slide surfaces using a microprinting technique, we have examined the effect of chromatin on the dimensions and symmetry of spindles in Xenopus laevis cytoplasmic extracts. While circular spots with diameters around 14-18 μm trigger bipolar spindle formation, larger spots generate an incorrect number of poles. We also examined lines of chromatin with various dimensions. Their length determined the number of poles that formed, with a 6 × 18 μm rectangular patch generating normal spindle morphology. Around longer lines, multiple poles formed and the structures were disorganized. While lines thinner than 10 μm generated symmetric structures, thicker lines induced the formation of asymmetric structures where all microtubules are on the same side of the line. Our results show that chromatin defines spindle shape and orientation. For a video summary of this article, see the PaperFlick file available with the online Supplemental Data.},
  author       = {Dinarina, Ana and Pugieux, Céline and Corral, Maria M and Martin Loose and Spatz, Joachim P and Karsenti, Éric and Nédélec, François J},
  journal      = {Cell},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {502 -- 513},
  publisher    = {Cell Press},
  title        = {{Chromatin shapes the mitotic spindle}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.027},
  volume       = {138},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{2067,
  author       = {Beatriz Vicoso and Charlesworth, Brian},
  journal      = {Genetics},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1699 -- 1701},
  publisher    = {Genetics Society of America},
  title        = {{Recombination rates may affect the ratio of X to autosomal noncoding polymorphism in African populations of Drosophila melanogaster}},
  doi          = {10.1534/genetics.108.098004},
  volume       = {181},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{2068,
  abstract     = {In Drosophila, there is a consistent deficit of male-biased genes on the X chromosome. It has been suggested that male-biased genes may evolve from initially unbiased genes as a result of increased expression levels in males. If transcription rates are limited, a large increase in expression in the testis may be harder to achieve for single-copy X-linked genes than for autosomal genes, because they are already hypertranscribed due to dosage compensation. This hypothesis predicts that the larger the increase in expression required to make a male-biased gene, the lower the chance of this being achievable if it is located on the X chromosome. Consequently, highly expressed male-biased genes should be located on the X chromosome less often than lowly expressed male-biased genes. This pattern is observed in our analysis of publicly available data, where microarray data or EST data are used to detect male-biased genes in D. melanogaster and to measure their expression levels. This is consistent with the idea that limitations in transcription rates may prevent male-biased genes from accumulating on the X chromosome.},
  author       = {Beatriz Vicoso and Charlesworth, Brian},
  journal      = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {576 -- 583},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{The deficit of male-biased genes on the D. melanogaster X chromosome is expression-dependent: A consequence of dosage compensation?}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s00239-009-9235-4},
  volume       = {68},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{2069,
  abstract     = {Current models of X-linked and autosomal evolutionary rates often assume that the effective population size of the X chromosome (NeX) is equal to three-quarters of the autosomal population size (NeA). However, polymorphism studies of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans suggest that there are often significant deviations from this value. We have computed fixation rates of beneficial and deleterious mutations at X-linked and autosomal sites when this occurs. We find that NeX/NeA is a crucial parameter for the rates of evolution of X-linked sites compared to autosomal sites. Faster-X evolution due to the fixation of beneficial mutations can occur under a much wider range of levels of dominance when NeX/N eA > 3/4. We also examined various parameters that are known to influence the rates of evolution at X-linked and autosomal sites, such as different mutation rates in males and females and mutations that are sexually antagonistic, to determine which cases can lead to faster-X evolution. We show that, when the rate of nonsynonymous evolution is normalized by the rate of neutral evolution, a sex difference in mutation rate has no influence on the conditions for faster-X evolution.},
  author       = {Beatriz Vicoso and Charlesworth, Brian},
  journal      = {Evolution},
  number       = {9},
  pages        = {2413 -- 2426},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Effective population size and the faster-X effect: An extended model}},
  doi          = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00719.x},
  volume       = {63},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{2070,
  abstract     = {In many eukaryotic organisms, gender is determined by a pair of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Degeneration of the non-recombining Y chromosome is a general facet of sex chromosome evolution. Selective pressure to restore expression levels of X-linked genes relative to autosomes accompanies Y-chromosome degeneration, thus driving the evolution of dosage compensation mechanisms. This review focuses on evolutionary aspects of dosage compensation, in light of recent advances in comparative and functional genomics that have substantially increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of dosage compensation and how it evolved. We review processes involved in sex chromosome evolution, and discuss the dynamic interaction between Y degeneration and the acquisition of dosage compensation. We compare mechanisms of dosage compensation and the origin of dosage compensation genes between different taxa and comment on sex chromosomes that apparently lack compensation mechanisms. Finally, we discuss how dosage compensation systems can also influence the evolution of well-established sex chromosomes.},
  author       = {Beatriz Vicoso and Bachtrog, Doris},
  journal      = {Chromosome Research},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {585 -- 602},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Progress and prospects toward our understanding of the evolution of dosage compensation}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s10577-009-9053-y},
  volume       = {17},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{1038,
  abstract     = {One possible way to produce ultra-cold, high-phase-space-density quantum gases of molecules in the rovibronic ground state is given by molecule association from quantum-degenerate atomic gases on a Feshbach resonance and subsequent coherent optical multi-photon transfer into the rovibronic ground state. In ultra-cold samples of Cs2 molecules, we observe two-photon dark resonances that connect the intermediate rovibrational level |v=73,J=2 with the rovibrational ground state |v=0,J=0 of the singlet X 1 ∑ g + ground-state potential. For precise dark resonance spectroscopy we exploit the fact that it is possible to efficiently populate the level |v=73,J=2 by two-photon transfer from the dissociation threshold with the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) technique. We find that at least one of the two-photon resonances is sufficiently strong to allow future implementation of coherent STIRAP transfer of a molecular quantum gas to the rovibrational ground state |v=0,J=0.},
  author       = {Mark, Manfred and Danzl, Johann G and Haller, Elmar and Gustavsson, Mattias and Bouloufa, Nadia and Dulieu, Olivier and Salami, Houssam and Bergeman, Thomas and Ritsch, Helmut and Hart, Russell and Nägerl, Hanns},
  journal      = {Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {219 -- 225},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Dark resonances for ground-state transfer of molecular quantum gases}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s00340-009-3407-1},
  volume       = {95},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{1040,
  abstract     = {Ultracold atomic physics offers myriad possibilities to study strongly correlated many-body systems in lower dimensions. Typically, only ground-state phases are accessible. Using a tunable quantum gas of bosonic cesium atoms, we realized and controlled in one-dimensional geometry a highly excited quantum phase that is stabilized in the presence of attractive interactions by maintaining and strengthening quantum correlations across a confinement-induced resonance. We diagnosed the crossover from repulsive to attractive interactions in terms of the stiffness and energy of the system. Our results open up the experimental study of metastable, excited, many-body phases with strong correlations and their dynamical properties.},
  author       = {Haller, Elmar and Gustavsson, Mattias and Mark, Manfred and Danzl, Johann G and Hart, Russell and Pupillo, Guido and Nägerl, Hanns},
  journal      = {Science},
  number       = {5945},
  pages        = {1224 -- 1227},
  publisher    = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  title        = {{Realization of an excited, strongly correlated quantum gas Phase}},
  doi          = {10.1126/science.1175850},
  volume       = {325},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{1041,
  abstract     = {We demonstrate efficient transfer of ultracold molecules into a deeply bound rovibrational level of the singlet ground state potential in the presence of an optical lattice. The overall molecule creation efficiency is 25%, and the transfer efficiency to the rovibrational level |v = 73, J = 2) is above 80%. We find that the molecules in |v = 73, J = 2) are trapped in the optical lattice, and that the lifetime in the lattice is limited by optical excitation by the lattice light. The molecule trapping time for a lattice depth of 15 atomic recoil energies is about 20 ms. We determine the trapping frequency by the lattice phase and amplitude modulation technique. It will now be possible to transfer the molecules to the rovibrational ground state |v = 0, J = 0) in the presence of the optical lattice.},
  author       = {Danzl, Johann G and Mark, Manfred and Haller, Elmar and Gustavsson, Mattias and Hart, Russell and Liem, Andreas and Zellmer, Holger and Nägerl, Hanns},
  journal      = {New Journal of Physics},
  publisher    = {IOP Publishing Ltd.},
  title        = {{Deeply bound ultracold molecules in an optical lattice}},
  doi          = {10.1088/1367-2630/11/5/055036},
  volume       = {11},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{1043,
  abstract     = {One possibility for the creation of ultracold, high phase space density quantum gases of molecules in the rovibronic ground state relies on first associating weakly-bound molecules from quantum-degenerate atomic gases on a Feshbach resonance and then transferring the molecules via several steps of coherent two-photon stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) into the rovibronic ground state. Here, in ultracold samples of Cs2 Feshbach molecules produced out of ultracold samples of Cs atoms, we observe several optical transitions to deeply-bound rovibrational levels of the excited 0 u+ molecular potentials with high resolution. At least one of these transitions, although rather weak, allows efficient STIRAP transfer into the deeply-bound vibrational level v = 73> of the singlet X 1Σg+ ground state potential, as recently demonstrated (J. G. Danzl, E. Haller, M. Gustavsson, M. J. Mark, R. Hart, N. Bouloufa, O. Dulieu, H. Ritsch, and H.-C. Nägerl, Science, 2008, 321, 1062). From this level, the rovibrational ground state v = 0, J = 0> can be reached with one more transfer step. In total, our results show that coherent ground state transfer for Cs2 is possible using a maximum of two successive two-photon STIRAP processes or one single four-photon STIRAP process.},
  author       = {Danzl, Johann G and Mark, Manfred and Haller, Elmar and Gustavsson, Mattias and Bouloufa, Nadia and Dulieu, Olivier and Ritsch, Helmut and Hart, Russell and Nägerl, Hanns},
  journal      = {Faraday Discussions},
  pages        = {283 -- 295},
  publisher    = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
  title        = {{Precision molecular spectroscopy for ground state transfer of molecular quantum gases}},
  doi          = {10.1039/b820542f},
  volume       = {142},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{7751,
  abstract     = {This work demonstrates that environmental conditions experienced by individuals can shape their development and affect the stability of genetic associations. The implication of this observation is that the environmental response may influence the evolution of traits in the wild. Here, we examined how the genetic architecture of a suite of sexually dimorphic traits changed as a function of environmental conditions in an unmanaged population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries) on the island of Hirta, St. Kilda, northwest Scotland. We examined the stability of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental (residual) covariance in males during the first year of life between horn length, body weight, and parasite load in environments of different quality. We then examined the same covariance structures across environments within and between the adult sexes. We found significant genotype-by-environment interactions for lamb male body weight and parasite load, leading to a change in the genetic correlation among environments. Horn length was genetically correlated with body weight in males but not females and the genetic correlation among traits within and between the sexes was dependent upon the environmental conditions experienced during adulthood. Genetic correlations were smaller in more favorable environmental conditions, suggesting that in good environments, loci are expressed that have sex-specific effects. The reduction in genetic correlation between the sexes may allow independent evolutionary trajectories for each sex. This study demonstrates that the genetic architecture of traits is not stable under temporally varying environments and highlights the fact that evolutionary processes may depend largely upon ecological conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL heterogeneity has long been recognized as an important factor influencing the evolution of fitness-related traits in the wild (Roff 2002). The evolution of a trait depends upon the selection upon it, underlying genetic variation, and to a large degree the genetic relationships with other traits (Lynch and Walsh 1998). There is evidence that selection can vary considerably from year to year (Price et al. 1984; Robinson et al. 2008) and genetic variability in quantitative traits can change in response to environmental conditions (Hoffmann and Merilä 1999; Charmantier and Garant 2005). However, we know surprisingly little about the influence of environmental conditions on genetic correlations between traits in wild populations. Laboratory evidence suggests that the environment may influence genetic relationships between traits (Sgrò and Hoffmann 2004), but estimates obtained in a controlled or in an arbitrary range of conditions show a lack of concordance with those obtained in wild habitats (Conner et al. 2003). As a result, laboratory and environment-specific estimates of genetic correlations can make predictions for a trait's evolution, but these are valid only for the environment in which they were measured. Therefore, at present, it is difficult to generalize about the evolution of a trait that is expressed in populations that experience variable environmental conditions (Steppan et al. 2002).
The influence of changing environmental conditions on the G matrix (the matrix of additive genetic variance and covariances corresponding to a set of traits) has been the focus of theoretical quantitative genetic studies (e.g., Jones et al. 2003). There is evidence of genotype-by-environment interaction for many traits expressed in wild populations (Charmantier and Garant 2005) and thus we may also expect that associations between traits may depend upon the environmental conditions encountered by an individual. Genetic correlations among traits may arise from pleiotropy, where a given locus affects more than one trait (Cheverud 1988; Lynch and Walsh 1998), which may limit the potential for those traits to evolve independently. There has recently been much interest in assessing genetic correlations between the sexes (Rice and Chippindale 2001; Foerster et al. 2007; Poissant et al. 2008), but all of these predictions have also been made in average environmental conditions. For sexually dimorphic traits, expectations of between-sex genetic correlations are unclear (Lande 1980; Badyaev 2002). We might expect that the genetic determination of a trait and the patterns of genetic covariance between traits may differ both within and between the sexes, producing the differences in trait growth that are commonly observed (Lande 1980; Badyaev 2002; Roff 2002), but so far evidence suggests that genetic expression in both sexes is influenced by the same developmental pathway (Roff 2002; Jensen et al. 2003; Parker and Garant 2005). However, to our knowledge, no study has yet determined whether genetic correlations, both within and between the sexes, vary across gradients of the environmental conditions encountered by individuals in the wild (Garant et al. 2008).
This study aims to assess the stability of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental (residual) associations between traits, within and between the sexes, across a range of environmental conditions experienced by a wild population. We focus on the traits of horn length, body weight, and parasite load in a feral population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries) from the island of Hirta, St. Kilda, United Kingdom. Weather conditions, population density, and consequently resource availability fluctuate from year to year, providing substantial differences between individuals in the environments they experience and thus their survival rates (Clutton-Brock and Pemberton 2004). These varying conditions, combined with a large pedigree and extensive repeated morphological measures, provide an excellent opportunity to assess the potential effects of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture of traits. Previous studies on this population have shown additive genetic variance for many morphological traits (Milner et al. 2000; Coltman et al. 2001; Wilson et al. 2005), genetic correlations between traits (Coltman et al. 2001), and genotype-by-environment interactions for birth weight (Wilson et al. 2006). Here we apply a random regression animal model approach to assess the extent to which quantitative genetic parameters of a range of morphological traits measured during life vary as a function of environmental conditions. We then extend this methodology to the multivariate case, testing whether the phenotypic covariance structure, and the underlying G matrix, depends on the environmental conditions experienced. Since the traits considered here are known to be sexually dimorphic and there are differences in trait growth and survival across ages, we look at sex-specific traits in lambs and then across all ages.},
  author       = {Robinson, Matthew Richard and Wilson, Alastair J. and Pilkington, Jill G. and Clutton-Brock, Tim H. and Pemberton, Josephine M. and Kruuk, Loeske E. B.},
  issn         = {0016-6731},
  journal      = {Genetics},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1639--1648},
  publisher    = {Genetics Society of America},
  title        = {{The impact of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture in a wild population of soay sheep}},
  doi          = {10.1534/genetics.108.086801},
  volume       = {181},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8026,
  abstract     = {Recent theoretical work has provided a basic understanding of signal propagation in networks of spiking neurons, but mechanisms for gating and controlling these signals have not been investigated previously. Here we introduce an idea for the gating of multiple signals in cortical networks that combines principles of signal propagation with aspects of balanced networks. Specifically, we studied networks in which incoming excitatory signals are normally cancelled by locally evoked inhibition, leaving the targeted layer unresponsive. Transmission can be gated 'on' by modulating excitatory and inhibitory gains to upset this detailed balance. We illustrate gating through detailed balance in large networks of integrate-and-fire neurons. We show successful gating of multiple signals and study failure modes that produce effects reminiscent of clinically observed pathologies. Provided that the individual signals are detectable, detailed balance has a large capacity for gating multiple signals.},
  author       = {Vogels, Tim P and Abbott, L F},
  issn         = {1097-6256},
  journal      = {Nature Neuroscience},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {483--491},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Gating multiple signals through detailed balance of excitation and inhibition in spiking networks}},
  doi          = {10.1038/nn.2276},
  volume       = {12},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8474,
  abstract     = {Hydrogen bonds are ubiquitous interactions in proteins, and are important for their folding and functionality. Scalar coupling constants across hydrogen bonds in the protein backbone, some as small as 0.5 Hz, can be directly measured in the solid state by NMR spectroscopy (see figure). The nuclei on both sides of the hydrogen bond can be identified and the size of the coupling constant can be measured accurately.},
  author       = {Schanda, Paul and Huber, Matthias and Verel, René and Ernst, Matthias and Meier, Beat H.},
  issn         = {1433-7851},
  journal      = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  keywords     = {General Chemistry, Catalysis},
  number       = {49},
  pages        = {9322--9325},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  title        = {{Direct detection of 3hJN' hydrogen-bond scalar couplings in proteins by solid-state NMR spectroscopy}},
  doi          = {10.1002/anie.200904411},
  volume       = {48},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8475,
  author       = {Schanda, Paul},
  issn         = {0079-6565},
  journal      = {Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {238--265},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Fast-pulsing longitudinal relaxation optimized techniques: Enriching the toolbox of fast biomolecular NMR spectroscopy}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.pnmrs.2009.05.002},
  volume       = {55},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8476,
  abstract     = {Atomic-resolution information on the structure and dynamics of nucleic acids is essential for a better understanding of the mechanistic basis of many cellular processes. NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying the structure and dynamics of nucleic acids; however, solution NMR studies are currently limited to relatively small nucleic acids at high concentrations. Thus, technological and methodological improvements that increase the experimental sensitivity and spectral resolution of NMR spectroscopy are required for studies of larger nucleic acids or protein−nucleic acid complexes. Here we introduce a series of imino-proton-detected NMR experiments that yield an over 2-fold increase in sensitivity compared to conventional pulse schemes. These methods can be applied to the detection of base pair interactions, RNA−ligand titration experiments, measurement of residual dipolar 15N−1H couplings, and direct measurements of conformational transitions. These NMR experiments employ longitudinal spin relaxation enhancement techniques that have proven useful in protein NMR spectroscopy. The performance of these new experiments is demonstrated for a 10 kDa TAR-TAR*GA RNA kissing complex and a 26 kDa tRNA.},
  author       = {Farjon, Jonathan and Boisbouvier, Jérôme and Schanda, Paul and Pardi, Arthur and Simorre, Jean-Pierre and Brutscher, Bernhard},
  issn         = {0002-7863},
  journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
  number       = {24},
  pages        = {8571--8577},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Longitudinal-relaxation-enhanced NMR experiments for the study of nucleic acids in solution}},
  doi          = {10.1021/ja901633y},
  volume       = {131},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8477,
  abstract     = {An optimized NMR experiment that combines the advantages of methyl-TROSY and SOFAST-HMQC has been developed. It allows the recording of high quality methyl 1H−13C correlation spectra of protein assemblies of several hundreds of kDa in a few seconds. The SOFAST-methyl-TROSY-based experiment offers completely new opportunities for the study of structural and dynamic changes occurring in molecular nanomachines while they perform their biological function in vitro.},
  author       = {Amero, Carlos and Schanda, Paul and Durá, M. Asunción and Ayala, Isabel and Marion, Dominique and Franzetti, Bruno and Brutscher, Bernhard and Boisbouvier, Jérôme},
  issn         = {0002-7863},
  journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
  number       = {10},
  pages        = {3448--3449},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Fast two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of high molecular weight protein assemblies}},
  doi          = {10.1021/ja809880p},
  volume       = {131},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8478,
  abstract     = {Allosteric regulation is an effective mechanism of control in biological processes. In allosteric proteins a signal originating at one site in the molecule is communicated through the protein structure to trigger a specific response at a remote site. Using NMR relaxation dispersion techniques we directly observe the dynamic process through which the KIX domain of CREB binding protein communicates allosteric information between binding sites. KIX mediates cooperativity between pairs of transcription factors through binding to two distinct interaction surfaces in an allosteric manner. We show that binding the activation domain of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) transcription factor to KIX induces a redistribution of the relative populations of KIX conformations toward a high-energy state in which the allosterically activated second binding site is already preformed, consistent with the Monod−Wyman−Changeux (WMC) model of allostery. The structural rearrangement process that links the two conformers and by which allosteric information is communicated occurs with a time constant of 3 ms at 27 °C. Our dynamic NMR data reveal that an evolutionarily conserved network of hydrophobic amino acids constitutes the pathway through which information is transmitted.},
  author       = {Brüschweiler, Sven and Schanda, Paul and Kloiber, Karin and Brutscher, Bernhard and Kontaxis, Georg and Konrat, Robert and Tollinger, Martin},
  issn         = {0002-7863},
  journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
  number       = {8},
  pages        = {3063--3068},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Direct observation of the dynamic process underlying allosteric signal transmission}},
  doi          = {10.1021/ja809947w},
  volume       = {131},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8479,
  abstract     = {Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy is a well-established technique for the characterization of structure and fast-time-scale dynamics of highly populated ground states of biological macromolecules. The investigation of short-lived excited states that are important for molecular folding, misfolding and function, however, remains a challenge for modern biomolecular NMR techniques. Off-equilibrium real-time kinetic NMR methods allow direct observation of conformational or chemical changes by following peak positions and intensities in a series of spectra recorded during a kinetic event. Because standard multidimensional NMR methods required to yield sufficient atom-resolution are intrinsically time-consuming, many interesting phenomena are excluded from real-time NMR analysis. Recently, spatially encoded ultrafast 2D NMR techniques have been proposed that allow one to acquire a 2D NMR experiment within a single transient. In addition, when combined with the SOFAST technique, such ultrafast experiments can be repeated at high rates. One of the problems detected for such ultrafast protein NMR experiments is related to the heteronuclear decoupling during detection with interferences between the pulses and the oscillatory magnetic field gradients arising in this scheme. Here we present a method for improved ultrafast data acquisition yielding higher signal to noise and sharper lines in single-scan 2D NMR spectra. In combination with a fast-mixing device, the recording of 1H–15N correlation spectra with repetition rates of up to a few Hertz becomes feasible, enabling real-time studies of protein kinetics occurring on time scales down to a few seconds.},
  author       = {Gal, Maayan and Kern, Thomas and Schanda, Paul and Frydman, Lucio and Brutscher, Bernhard},
  issn         = {0925-2738},
  journal      = {Journal of Biomolecular NMR},
  keywords     = {Spectroscopy, Biochemistry},
  pages        = {1--10},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{An improved ultrafast 2D NMR experiment: Towards atom-resolved real-time studies of protein kinetics at multi-Hz rates}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s10858-008-9284-9},
  volume       = {43},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8508,
  abstract     = {We study generic unfoldings of homoclinic tangencies of two-dimensional area-preserving diffeomorphisms (conservative New house phenomena) and show that they give rise to invariant hyperbolic sets of arbitrarily large Hausdorff dimension. As applications, we discuss the size of the stochastic layer of a standard map and the Hausdorff dimension of invariant hyperbolic sets for certain restricted three-body problems. We avoid involved technical details and only concentrate on the ideas of the proof of the presented results.},
  author       = {Gorodetski, Anton and Kaloshin, Vadim},
  issn         = {0081-5438},
  journal      = {Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics},
  keywords     = {Mathematics (miscellaneous)},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {76--90},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Conservative homoclinic bifurcations and some applications}},
  doi          = {10.1134/s0081543809040063},
  volume       = {267},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{88,
  abstract     = {We have developed a tunable source of Mie scale microdroplet aerosols that can be used for the generation of energetic ions. To demonstrate this potential, a terawatt Ti: Al2 O3 laser focused to 2×10 19 W/cm2 was used to irradiate heavy water (D2 O) aerosols composed of micron-scale droplets. Energetic deuterium ions, which were generated in the laser-droplet interaction, produced deuterium-deuterium fusion with approximately 2×10^3 fusion neutrons measured per joule of incident laser energy. },
  author       = {Higginbotham, Andrew P and Semonin, Octavi and Bruce, S and Chan, C and Maindi, M and Donnelly, Tom and Maurer, M and Bang, Woosuk and Churina, I.V and Osterholz, Jens and Kim, I and Bernstein, Aaron and Ditmire, Todd},
  journal      = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
  number       = {6},
  publisher    = {American Institute of Physics},
  title        = {{Generation of Mie size microdroplet aerosols with applications in laser-driven fusion experiments}},
  doi          = {10.1063/1.3155302},
  volume       = {80},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{908,
  abstract     = {Although some data link archaeal and eukaryotic translation, the overall mechanism of protein synthesis in archaea remains largely obscure. Both archaeal (aRF1) and eukaryotic (eRF1) single release factors recognize all three stop codons. The archaeal genus Methanosarcinaceae contains two aRF1 homologs, and also uses the UAG stop to encode the 22nd amino acid, pyrrolysine. Here we provide an analysis of the last stage of archaeal translation in pyrrolysine-utilizing species. We demonstrated that only one of two Methanosarcina barkeri aRF1 homologs possesses activity and recognizes all three stop codons. The second aRF1 homolog may have another unknown function. The mechanism of pyrrolysine incorporation in the Methanosarcinaceae is discussed.},
  author       = {Alkalaeva, Elena Z and Eliseev, Boris D and Ambrogelly, Alexandre and Vlasov, Peter K and Fyodor Kondrashov and Gundllapalli, Sarath B and Frolova, Ludmila Y and Söll, Dieter G and Kisselev, Lev L},
  journal      = {FEBS Letters},
  number       = {21},
  pages        = {3455 -- 3460},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Translation termination in pyrrolysine-utilizing archaea}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.febslet.2009.09.044},
  volume       = {583},
  year         = {2009},
}