@article{17691,
  abstract     = {Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) should be common in galactic nuclei as a result of frequent galaxy mergers. Recently, a large sample of sub-parsec SMBHB candidates was identified as bright periodically variable quasars in optical surveys. If the observed periodicity corresponds to the redshifted binary orbital period, the inferred orbital velocities are relativistic (v/c ≈ 0.1). The optical and ultraviolet (UV) luminosities are expected to arise from gas bound to the individual BHs, and would be modulated by the relativistic Doppler effect. The optical and UV light curves should vary in tandem with relative amplitudes which depend on the respective spectral slopes. We constructed a control sample of 42 quasars with aperiodic variability, to test whether this Doppler colour signature can be distinguished from intrinsic chromatic variability. We found that the Doppler signature can arise by chance in ∼20 per cent (∼37 per cent) of quasars in the nUV (fUV) band. These probabilities reflect the limited quality of the control sample and represent upper limits on how frequently quasars mimic the Doppler brightness+colour variations. We performed separate tests on the periodic quasar candidates, and found that for the majority, the Doppler boost hypothesis requires an unusually steep UV spectrum or an unexpectedly large BH mass and orbital velocity. We conclude that at most approximately one-third of these periodic candidates can harbor Doppler-modulated SMBHBs.},
  author       = {Charisi, Maria and Haiman, Zoltán and Schiminovich, David and D'Orazio, Daniel J},
  issn         = {0035-8711},
  journal      = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {4617--4628},
  publisher    = {Oxford University Press},
  title        = {{Testing the relativistic Doppler boost hypothesis for supermassive black hole binary candidates}},
  doi          = {10.1093/mnras/sty516},
  volume       = {476},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{17713,
  abstract     = {The non-zero mass of neutrinos suppresses the growth of cosmic structure on small scales. Since the level of suppression depends on the sum of the masses of the three active neutrino species, the evolution of large-scale structure is a promising tool to constrain the total mass of neutrinos and possibly shed light on the mass hierarchy. In this work, we investigate these effects via a large suite of N-body simulations that include massive neutrinos using an analytic linear-response approximation: the Cosmological Massive Neutrino Simulations (MassiveNuS). The simulations include the effects of radiation on the background expansion, as well as the clustering of neutrinos in response to the nonlinear dark matter evolution. We allow three cosmological parameters to vary: the neutrino mass sum M_nu in the range of 0-0.6 eV, the total matter density Omega_m, and the primordial power spectrum amplitude A_s. The rms density fluctuation in spheres of 8 comoving Mpc/h (sigma_8) is a derived parameter as a result. Our data products include N-body snapshots, halo catalogues, merger trees, ray- traced galaxy lensing convergence maps for four source redshift planes between z_s=1-2.5, and ray-traced cosmic microwave background lensing convergence maps. We describe the simulation procedures and code validation in this paper. The data are publicly available at http://columbialensing.org.},
  author       = {Liu, Jia and Bird, Simeon and Matilla, José Manuel Zorrilla and Hill, J. Colin and Haiman, Zoltán and Madhavacheril, Mathew S. and Petri, Andrea and Spergel, David N.},
  issn         = {1475-7516},
  journal      = {Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics},
  number       = {03},
  pages        = {049--049},
  publisher    = {IOP Publishing},
  title        = {{MassiveNuS: Cosmological massive neutrino simulations}},
  doi          = {10.1088/1475-7516/2018/03/049},
  volume       = {2018},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{178,
  abstract     = {We give an upper bound for the number of rational points of height at most B, lying on a surface defined by a quadratic form Q. The bound shows an explicit dependence on Q. It is optimal with respect to B, and is also optimal for typical forms Q.},
  author       = {Browning, Timothy D and Heath-Brown, Roger},
  issn         = {2397-3129},
  journal      = {Discrete Analysis},
  pages        = {1 -- 29},
  publisher    = {Alliance of Diamond Open Access Journals},
  title        = {{Counting rational points on quadric surfaces}},
  doi          = {10.19086/da.4375},
  volume       = {15},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{17927,
  abstract     = {Linear silanes are efficient molecular wires due to strong σ-conjugation in the transoid conformation; however, the structure–function relationship for the conformational dependence of the single-molecule conductance of silanes remains untested. Here we report the syntheses, electrical measurements, and theoretical characterization of four series of functionalized cyclic and bicyclic silanes including a cyclotetrasilane, a cyclopentasilane, a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptasilane, and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octasilane, which are all extended by linear silicon linkers of varying length. We find an unusual variation of the single-molecule conductance among the four series at each linker length. We determine the relative conductance of the (bi)cyclic silicon structures by using the common length dependence of the four series rather than comparing the conductance at a single length. In contrast with the cyclic π-conjugated molecules, the conductance of σ-conjugated (bi)cyclic silanes is dominated by a single path through the molecule and is controlled by the dihedral angles along this path. This strong sensitivity to molecular conformation dictates the single-molecule conductance of σ-conjugated silanes and allows for systematic control of the conductance through molecular design.},
  author       = {Li, Haixing and Garner, Marc H. and Shangguan, Zhichun and Chen, Yan and Zheng, Qianwen and Su, Timothy A. and Neupane, Madhav and Liu, Taifeng and Steigerwald, Michael L. and Ng, Fay and Nuckolls, Colin and Xiao, Shengxiong and Solomon, Gemma C. and Venkataraman, Latha},
  issn         = {1520-5126},
  journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
  number       = {44},
  pages        = {15080--15088},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Large variations in the single-molecule conductance of cyclic and bicyclic silanes}},
  doi          = {10.1021/jacs.8b10296},
  volume       = {140},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{17928,
  abstract     = {We study the single-molecule transport properties of small bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole oligomers (DPPn, n = 1–4) with lengths varying from 1 to 5 nm. At a low bias voltage, the conductance decays exponentially as a function of length indicative of nonresonant transport. However, at a high bias voltage, we observe a remarkably high conductance close to 10–2 G0 with currents reaching over 0.1 μA across all four oligomers. These unique transport properties, together with density functional theory-based transport calculations, suggest a mechanism of resonant transport across the highly delocalized DPP backbones in the high bias regime. This study thus demonstrates the unique properties of diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives in achieving highly efficient long-range charge transport in single-molecule devices.},
  author       = {Zang, Yaping and Ray, Suman and Fung, E-Dean and Borges, Anders and Garner, Marc H. and Steigerwald, Michael L. and Solomon, Gemma C. and Patil, Satish and Venkataraman, Latha},
  issn         = {1520-5126},
  journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
  number       = {41},
  pages        = {13167--13170},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Resonant transport in single diketopyrrolopyrrole junctions}},
  doi          = {10.1021/jacs.8b06964},
  volume       = {140},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{17929,
  abstract     = {Polymethine dyes are linear π-conjugated compounds with an odd number of carbons that display a much greater delocalization in comparison to polyenes that have an even number of carbon atoms in their main chain. Herein, we perform scanning tunneling microscope based break-junction measurements on a series of three cyanine dyes of increasing length. We demonstrate, at the single molecule level, that these short chain polymethine systems exhibit a substantially smaller decay in conductance with length (attenuation factor β = 0.04 Å–1) compared to traditional polyenes (β ≈ 0.2 Å–1). Furthermore, we show that by changing solvent we are able to shift the β value, demonstrating a remarkable negative β value, with conductance increasing with molecular length. First principle calculations provide support for the experimentally observed near-uniform length dependent conductance and further suggest that the variations in β with solvent are due to solvent-induced changes in the alignment of the frontier molecular orbitals relative to the Fermi energy of the leads. A simplified Hückel model suggests that the smaller decay in conductance correlates with the smaller degree of bond order alternation present in polymethine compounds compared to polyenes. These findings may enable the design of molecular wires without a length-dependent decay for efficient electron transport at the nanoscale.},
  author       = {Gunasekaran, Suman and Hernangómez-Pérez, Daniel and Davydenko, Iryna and Marder, Seth and Evers, Ferdinand and Venkataraman, Latha},
  issn         = {1530-6992},
  journal      = {Nano Letters},
  number       = {10},
  pages        = {6387--6391},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Near length-independent conductance in polymethine molecular wires}},
  doi          = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02743},
  volume       = {18},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{17930,
  abstract     = {Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed using N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have recently emerged as thermally and chemically ultrastable alternatives to those formed from thiols. The rich chemistry and strong σ-donating ability of NHCs offer unique prospects for applications in nanoelectronics, sensing, and electrochemistry. Although stable in SAMs, free carbenes are notoriously reactive, making their electronic characterization challenging. Here we report the first investigation of electron transport across single NHC-bound molecules using the scanning tunneling microscope-based break junction (STM-BJ) technique. We develop a series of air-stable metal NHC complexes that can be electrochemically reduced in situ to form NHC–electrode contacts, enabling reliable single-molecule conductance measurements of NHCs under ambient conditions. Using this approach, we show that the conductance of an NHC depends on the identity of the single metal atom to which it is coordinated in the junction. Our observations are supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which also firmly establish the contributions of the NHC linker to the junction transport characteristics. Our work demonstrates a powerful method to probe electron transfer across NHC–electrode interfaces; more generally, it opens the door to the exploitation of surface-bound NHCs in constructing novel, functionalized electrodes and/or nanoelectronic devices.},
  author       = {Doud, Evan A. and Inkpen, Michael S. and Lovat, Giacomo and Montes, Enrique and Paley, Daniel W. and Steigerwald, Michael L. and Vázquez, Héctor and Venkataraman, Latha and Roy, Xavier},
  issn         = {1520-5126},
  journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
  number       = {28},
  pages        = {8944--8949},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{In situ formation of N-heterocyclic carbene-bound single-molecule junctions}},
  doi          = {10.1021/jacs.8b05184},
  volume       = {140},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{17931,
  abstract     = {The tunnelling of electrons through molecules (and through any nanoscale insulating and dielectric material1) shows exponential attenuation with increasing length2, a length dependence that is reflected in the ability of the electrons to carry an electrical current. It was recently demonstrated3,4,5 that coherent tunnelling through a molecular junction can also be suppressed by destructive quantum interference6, a mechanism that is not length-dependent. For the carbon-based molecules studied previously, cancelling all transmission channels would involve the suppression of contributions to the current from both the π-orbital and σ-orbital systems. Previous reports of destructive interference have demonstrated a decrease in transmission only through the π-channel. Here we report a saturated silicon-based molecule with a functionalized bicyclo[2.2.2]octasilane moiety that exhibits destructive quantum interference in its σ-system. Although molecular silicon typically forms conducting wires7, we use a combination of conductance measurements and ab initio calculations to show that destructive σ-interference, achieved here by locking the silicon–silicon bonds into eclipsed conformations within a bicyclic molecular framework, can yield extremely insulating molecules less than a nanometre in length. Our molecules also exhibit an unusually high thermopower (0.97 millivolts per kelvin), which is a further experimental signature of the suppression of all tunnelling paths by destructive interference: calculations indicate that the central bicyclo[2.2.2]octasilane unit is rendered less conductive than the empty space it occupies. The molecular design presented here provides a proof-of-concept for a quantum-interference-based approach to single-molecule insulators.},
  author       = {Garner, Marc H. and Li, Haixing and Chen, Yan and Su, Timothy A. and Shangguan, Zhichun and Paley, Daniel W. and Liu, Taifeng and Ng, Fay and Li, Hexing and Xiao, Shengxiong and Nuckolls, Colin and Venkataraman, Latha and Solomon, Gemma C.},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7710},
  pages        = {415--419},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Comprehensive suppression of single-molecule conductance using destructive σ-interference}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-018-0197-9},
  volume       = {558},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{17932,
  abstract     = {We compare the ultrafast charge transfer dynamics of molecules on epitaxial graphene and bilayer graphene grown on Ni(111) interfaces through first principles calculations and X-ray resonant photoemission spectroscopy. We use 4,4′-bipyridine as a prototypical molecule for these explorations as the energy level alignment of core-excited molecular orbitals allows ultrafast injection of electrons from a substrate to a molecule on a femtosecond timescale. We show that the ultrafast injection of electrons from the substrate to the molecule is ∼4 times slower on weakly coupled bilayer graphene than on epitaxial graphene. Through our experiments and calculations, we can attribute this to a difference in the density of states close to the Fermi level between graphene and bilayer graphene. We therefore show how graphene coupling with the substrate influences charge transfer dynamics between organic molecules and graphene interfaces.},
  author       = {Ravikumar, Abhilash and Kladnik, Gregor and Müller, Moritz and Cossaro, Albano and Bavdek, Gregor and Patera, Laerte L. and Sánchez-Portal, Daniel and Venkataraman, Latha and Morgante, Alberto and Brivio, Gian Paolo and Cvetko, Dean and Fratesi, Guido},
  issn         = {2040-3372},
  journal      = {Nanoscale},
  number       = {17},
  pages        = {8014--8022},
  publisher    = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
  title        = {{Tuning ultrafast electron injection dynamics at organic-graphene/metal interfaces}},
  doi          = {10.1039/c7nr08737c},
  volume       = {10},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{17933,
  abstract     = {Break-junction measurements are typically aimed at characterizing electronic properties of single molecules bound between two metal electrodes. Although these measurements have provided structure–function relationships for such devices, there is little work that studies the impact of molecule-molecule interactions on junction characteristics. Here, we use a scanning tunneling microscope based break-junction technique to study pi-stacked dimer junctions formed with two amine-terminated conjugated molecules. We show that the conductance, force and flicker noise of such dimers differ dramatically when compared with the corresponding monomer junctions and discuss the implications of these results on intra- and inter-molecular charge transport.},
  author       = {Magyarkuti, András and Adak, Olgun and Halbritter, Andras and Venkataraman, Latha},
  issn         = {2040-3372},
  journal      = {Nanoscale},
  number       = {7},
  pages        = {3362--3368},
  publisher    = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
  title        = {{Electronic and mechanical characteristics of stacked dimer molecular junctions}},
  doi          = {10.1039/c7nr08354h},
  volume       = {10},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{17934,
  abstract     = {We measure the conductance of unmodified peptides at the single-molecule level using the scanning tunneling microscope-based break-junction method, utilizing the N-terminal amine group and the C-terminal carboxyl group as gold metal-binding linkers. Our conductance measurements of oligoglycine and oligoalanine backbones do not rely on peptide side-chain linkers. We compare our results with alkanes terminated asymmetrically with an amine group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other to show that peptide bonds decrease the conductance of an otherwise saturated carbon chain. Using a newly developed first-principles approach, we attribute the decrease in conductance to charge localization at the peptide bond, which reduces the energy of the frontier orbitals relative to the Fermi energy and the electronic coupling to the leads, lowering the tunneling probability. Crucially, this manifests as an increase in conductance decay of peptide backbones with increasing length when compared with alkanes.},
  author       = {Brisendine, Joseph M. and Refaely-Abramson, Sivan and Liu, Zhen-Fei and Cui, Jing and Ng, Fay and Neaton, Jeffrey B. and Koder, Ronald L. and Venkataraman, Latha},
  issn         = {1948-7185},
  journal      = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {763--767},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Probing charge transport through peptide bonds}},
  doi          = {10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00176},
  volume       = {9},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{18,
  abstract     = {An N-superconcentrator is a directed, acyclic graph with N input nodes and N output nodes such that every subset of the inputs and every subset of the outputs of same cardinality can be connected by node-disjoint paths. It is known that linear-size and bounded-degree superconcentrators exist. We prove the existence of such superconcentrators with asymptotic density 25.3 (where the density is the number of edges divided by N). The previously best known densities were 28 [12] and 27.4136 [17].},
  author       = {Kolmogorov, Vladimir and Rolinek, Michal},
  issn         = {0381-7032},
  journal      = {Ars Combinatoria},
  number       = {10},
  pages        = {269 -- 304},
  publisher    = {Charles Babbage Research Centre},
  title        = {{Superconcentrators of density 25.3}},
  volume       = {141},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{180,
  abstract     = {In this paper we define and study the classical Uniform Electron Gas (UEG), a system of infinitely many electrons whose density is constant everywhere in space. The UEG is defined differently from Jellium, which has a positive constant background but no constraint on the density. We prove that the UEG arises in Density Functional Theory in the limit of a slowly varying density, minimizing the indirect Coulomb energy. We also construct the quantum UEG and compare it to the classical UEG at low density.},
  author       = {Lewi, Mathieu and Lieb, Élliott and Seiringer, Robert},
  issn         = {2270-518X},
  journal      = {Journal de l'Ecole Polytechnique - Mathematiques},
  pages        = {79 -- 116},
  publisher    = {Ecole Polytechnique},
  title        = {{Statistical mechanics of the uniform electron gas}},
  doi          = {10.5802/jep.64},
  volume       = {5},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{181,
  abstract     = {We consider large random matrices X with centered, independent entries but possibly di erent variances. We compute the normalized trace of f(X)g(X∗) for f, g functions analytic on the spectrum of X. We use these results to compute the long time asymptotics for systems of coupled di erential equations with random coe cients. We show that when the coupling is critical, the norm squared of the solution decays like t−1/2.},
  author       = {Erdös, László and Krüger, Torben H and Renfrew, David T},
  journal      = {SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {3271 -- 3290},
  publisher    = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics },
  title        = {{Power law decay for systems of randomly coupled differential equations}},
  doi          = {10.1137/17M1143125},
  volume       = {50},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{18197,
  abstract     = {Controlling matter to simultaneously support coupled properties is of fundamental and technological importance1 (for example, in multiferroics2,3,4,5 or high-temperature superconductors6,7,8,9). However, determining the microscopic mechanisms responsible for the simultaneous presence of different orders is difficult, making it hard to predict material phenomenology10,11 or modify properties12,13,14,15,16. Here, using a quantum gas to engineer an adjustable interaction at the microscopic level, we demonstrate scenarios of competition, coexistence and mutual enhancement of two orders. For the enhancement scenario, the presence of one order lowers the critical point of the other. Our system is realized by a Bose–Einstein condensate that can undergo self-organization phase transitions in two optical resonators17, resulting in two distinct crystalline density orders. We characterize the coupling between these orders by measuring the composite order parameter and the elementary excitations and explain our results with a mean-field free-energy model derived from a microscopic Hamiltonian. Our system is ideally suited to explore quantum tricritical points18 and can be extended to study the interplay of spin and density orders19 as a function of temperature20.},
  author       = {Morales, Andrea and Zupancic, Philip and Leonard, Julian and Esslinger, Tilman and Donner, Tobias},
  issn         = {1476-4660},
  journal      = {Nature Materials},
  number       = {8},
  pages        = {686--690},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Coupling two order parameters in a quantum gas}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41563-018-0118-1},
  volume       = {17},
  year         = {2018},
}

@inproceedings{182,
  abstract     = {We describe a new algorithm for the parametric identification problem for signal temporal logic (STL), stated as follows. Given a densetime real-valued signal w and a parameterized temporal logic formula φ, compute the subset of the parameter space that renders the formula satisfied by the signal. Unlike previous solutions, which were based on search in the parameter space or quantifier elimination, our procedure works recursively on φ and computes the evolution over time of the set of valid parameter assignments. This procedure is similar to that of monitoring or computing the robustness of φ relative to w. Our implementation and experiments demonstrate that this approach can work well in practice.},
  author       = {Bakhirkin, Alexey and Ferrere, Thomas and Maler, Oded},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Hybrid Systems},
  isbn         = {978-1-4503-5642-8 },
  location     = {Porto, Portugal},
  pages        = {177 -- 186},
  publisher    = {ACM},
  title        = {{Efficient parametric identification for STL}},
  doi          = {10.1145/3178126.3178132},
  year         = {2018},
}

@inproceedings{18270,
  abstract     = {The availability of affordable and portable depth sensors has made scanning objects and people simpler than ever. However, dealing with occlusions and missing parts is still a significant challenge. The problem of reconstructing a (possibly non-rigidly moving) 3D object from a single or multiple partial scans has received increasing attention in recent years. In this work, we propose a novel learning-based method for the completion of partial shapes. Unlike the majority of existing approaches, our method focuses on objects that can undergo non-rigid deformations. The core of our method is a variational autoencoder with graph convolutional operations that learns a latent space for complete realistic shapes. At inference, we optimize to find the representation in this latent space that best fits the generated shape to the known partial input. The completed shape exhibits a realistic appearance on the unknown part. We show promising results towards the completion of synthetic and real scans of human body and face meshes exhibiting different styles of articulation and partiality.},
  author       = {Litany, Or and Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael and Makadia, Ameesh},
  booktitle    = {2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
  isbn         = {9781538664216},
  issn         = {2575-7075},
  location     = {Salt Lake City, UT, United States},
  publisher    = {IEEE},
  title        = {{Deformable shape completion with graph convolutional autoencoders}},
  doi          = {10.1109/cvpr.2018.00202},
  year         = {2018},
}

@article{18271,
  abstract     = {We propose a fully convolutional neural-network architecture for image denoising which is simple yet powerful. Its structure allows to exploit the gradual nature of the denoising process, in which the shallow layers handle local noise statistics, while deeper layers recover edges and enhance textures. Our method advances the state of the art when trained for different noise levels and distributions (both Gaussian and Poisson). In addition, we show that making the denoiser class-aware by exploiting semantic class information boosts the performance, enhances the textures, and reduces the artifacts.},
  author       = {Remez, Tal and Litany, Or and Giryes, Raja and Bronstein, Alexander},
  issn         = {1941-0042},
  journal      = {IEEE Transactions on Image Processing},
  number       = {11},
  pages        = {5707--5722},
  publisher    = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers},
  title        = {{Class-aware fully convolutional Gaussian and Poisson denoising}},
  doi          = {10.1109/tip.2018.2859044},
  volume       = {27},
  year         = {2018},
}

@inproceedings{18272,
  abstract     = {Accelerating iterative algorithms for solving inverse problems using neural networks have become a very popular strategy in the recent years. In this work, we propose a theoretical analysis that may provide an explanation for its success. Our theory relies on the usage of inexact projections with the projected gradient descent (PGD) method. It is demonstrated in various problems including image super-resolution.},
  author       = {Giryes, Raja and Eldar, Yonina C. and Bronstein, Alexander and Sapiro, Guillermo},
  booktitle    = {2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
  issn         = {2379-190X},
  location     = {Calgary, AB, Canada},
  publisher    = {IEEE},
  title        = {{The learned inexact project gradient descent algorithm}},
  doi          = {10.1109/icassp.2018.8462136},
  year         = {2018},
}

@inproceedings{18273,
  abstract     = {Deep neural networks (DNNs) are used by different applications that are executed on a range of computer architectures, from IoT devices to supercomputers. The footprint of these networks is huge as well as their computational and communication needs. In order to ease the pressure on resources, research indicates that in many cases a low precision representation (1-2 bit per parameter) of weights and other parameters can achieve similar accuracy while requiring less resources. Using quantized values enables the use of FPGAs to run NNs, since FPGAs are well fitted to these primitives; e.g., FPGAs provide efficient support for bitwise operations and can work with arbitrary-precision representation of numbers. This paper presents a new streaming architecture for running QNNs on FPGAs. The proposed architecture scales out better than alternatives, allowing us to take advantage of systems with multiple FPGAs. We also included support for skip connections, that are used in state-of-the art NNs, and shown that our architecture allows to add those connections almost for free. All this allowed us to implement an 18-layer ResNet for 224×224 images classification, achieving 57.5% top-1 accuracy. In addition, we implemented a full-sized quantized AlexNet. In contrast to previous works, we use 2-bit activations instead of 1-bit ones, which improves AlexNet's top-1 accuracy from 41.8% to 51.03% for the ImageNet classification. Both AlexNet and ResNet can handle 1000-class real-time classification on an FPGA. Our implementation of ResNet-18 consumes 5× less power and is 4× slower for ImageNet, when compared to the same NN on the latest Nvidia GPUs. Smaller NNs, that fit a single FPGA, are running faster then on GPUs on small (32×32) inputs, while consuming up to 20× less energy and power.},
  author       = {Baskin, Chaim and Liss, Natan and Zheltonozhskii, Evgenii and Bronstein, Alexander and Mendelson, Avi},
  booktitle    = {2018 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops (IPDPSW)},
  location     = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
  publisher    = {IEEE},
  title        = {{Streaming architecture for large-scale quantized neural networks on an FPGA-based dataflow platform}},
  doi          = {10.1109/ipdpsw.2018.00032},
  year         = {2018},
}

