@article{20546, abstract = {Rocky debris covers around 7.3 % of the global glacier area, influencing ice melt rates and the surface mass balance of glaciers, making the dynamics and hydrology of debris-covered glaciers distinct from those of clean-ice glaciers. Accurate representation of debris in models is challenging, as measurements of the physical properties and thickness of the supraglacial debris layer are scarce. Here, we compile a database of measured and reported bulk physical properties and layer thicknesses of supraglacial debris that we call the supraglacial Debris Database (DebDaB) and that is open to community submissions. The majority of the database (90 %) is compiled from 172 sources in the literature, and the remaining 10 % was previously unpublished. DebDaB contains 8741 data entries for supraglacial debris layer thickness, of which 1770 entries also include sub-debris ablation rates, 179 thermal conductivity of debris, 160 aerodynamic surface roughness length, 79 debris albedo, 59 debris emissivity, and 37 debris porosity. The data are distributed over 84 glaciers in 13 regions in the Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers. We show regional differences in the distribution of debris thickness measurements in DebDaB and fit simplified Østrem curves to 19 glaciers with sufficient debris thickness and ablation data. The data in DebDaB can be used for energy balance, melt, and surface mass balance studies by incorporating site-specific debris properties or for evaluation of remote sensing estimates of debris thickness and surface roughness. They can also help future field campaigns on debris-covered glaciers by identifying observation gaps. DebDaB's uneven spatial coverage points to sampling biases in community efforts to observe debris-covered glaciers, with some regions (e.g. central Europe and South Asia) well-sampled but others having gaps with prevalent debris (e.g. the Andes and Alaska). Debris thickness measurements are mostly concentrated at lower elevations, leaving higher-elevation debris-covered areas undersampled and suggesting that our knowledge of debris properties might not be representative of all elevations. The aims of DebDaB, as an openly available dataset, are to evolve over time, to be updated, and to add to community submissions as new data on supraglacial properties become available. The data described in this paper can be accessed from Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14224835 (Groeneveld et al., 2025).}, author = {Fontrodona-Bach, Adrià and Groeneveld, Lars and Miles, Evan and McCarthy, Michael and Shaw, Thomas and Melo Velasco, Juan Vicente and Pellicciotti, Francesca}, issn = {1866-3516}, journal = {Earth System Science Data}, number = {8}, pages = {4213--4234}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, title = {{DebDaB: A database of supraglacial debris thickness and physical properties}}, doi = {10.5194/essd-17-4213-2025}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, } @misc{20547, abstract = {DebdaB is a database of measured and reported physical properties and thickness of supraglacial debris that is openly available and open to community submissions. The majority of the database (90%) is compiled from 172 sources in the literature, and the remaining 10% has not been published before. DebDaB contains 8,286 data entries for supraglacial debris thickness, of which 1,852 entries also include sub-debris ablation rates, 167 data entries of thermal conductivity of debris, 157 of aerodynamic surface roughness length, 77 of debris albedo, 56 of debris emissivity and 37 of debris porosity. The data are distributed over 83 glaciers in 13 regions in the Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers. }, author = {Groeneveld, Lars and Fontrodona-Bach, Adrià and Miles, Evan and McCarthy, Michael and Melo Velasco, Juan Vicente and Shaw, Thomas and Pellicciotti, Francesca and Bauder, Andreas and Buri, Pascal and Kneib, Marin and Kumar, Amit and Mishra, Aditya and Petersen, lene and Renner, Roman and Schmid, Sandro}, publisher = {Zenodo}, title = {{DebDaB: A database of supraglacial debris thickness and physical properties}}, doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.14224835}, year = {2025}, } @phdthesis{20551, abstract = {The space of codimension-2 shapes, such as curves in 3D and surfaces in 4D, is an infinite-dimensional manifold. This thesis explores geometric structures and dynamics on this space, with emphasis on their implications for physics, particularly hydrodynamics. Our investigation ranges from theoretical studies of infinite-dimensional symplectic and prequantum geometry to numerical computation of the time evolution of shapes. The thesis presents four main contributions. In the first part, we introduce implicit representations of codimension-2 shapes using a class of complex-valued functions, and prove that the space of these implicit representations forms a prequantum bundle over the codimension-2 shape space. This reveals a new geometric interpretation of the canonical symplectic structure on the codimension-2 shape space. In the second part, we use implicit representations to develop a simulation method for the dynamics of space curves. To handle chaotic systems such as vortex filaments in hydrodynamics, we exploit the infinite degrees of freedom, hidden in both the configuration and dynamics of implicit representations. In the third part, we introduce new symplectic structures on the space of space curves, which generalize the only previously known symplectic structure on this space, allowing for new Hamiltonian dynamics of space curves. In the fourth part, we apply a symplectic viewpoint to a differential geometric problem with practical applications. We derive a new area formula for spherical polygons via prequantization. }, author = {Ishida, Sadashige}, isbn = {978-3-99078-070-1}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {141}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Symplectic-prequantum structures and dynamics on the codimension-2 shape space}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-20551}, year = {2025}, } @phdthesis{20556, abstract = {Verifiable Delay Functions (VDFs) introduced by Boneh et al. (CRYPTO'18) are functions that require a prescribed number of sequential steps T to evaluate, yet their output can be verified in time much faster than T. Since their introduction, VDFs have gained a lot of attention due to their applications in blockchain protocols, randomness beacons, timestamping and deniability. This thesis explores the theory and applications of VDFs, focusing on enhancing their soundness, efficiency and practicality. The only practical VDFs known to date are based on repeated squaring in hidden order groups. Consider the function VDF(x,T)=x^(2^T). The iterated squaring assumption states that, for a random group element x, the result of VDF cannot be computed significantly faster than performing T sequential squarings if the group order is unknown. To make the result verifiable a prover can compute a proof of exponentiation (PoE) \pi. Given \pi, the output of VDF can be verified in time much less than T. We first present new constructions of statistically sound proofs of exponentiation, which are an important building block in the construction of SNARKs (Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge). Statistical soundness means that the proofs remain secure against computationally unbounded adversaries, in particular, it remains secure even when the group order is known. We thereby address limitations in previous PoE protocols which either required (non-standard) hardness assumptions or a lot of parallel repetitions. Our construction significantly reduces the proof size of statistically sound PoEs that allow for a structured exponent, which leads to better efficiency of SNARKs and other applications. Secondly, we introduce improved batching techniques for PoEs, which allow multiple proofs to be aggregated and verified with minimal overhead. These protocols optimize communication and computation complexity in large-scale blockchain environments and enable scalable remote benchmarking of parallel computation resources. We then construct VDFs with enhanced properties such as zero-knowledge and watermarkability. It was shown by Arun, Bonneau and Clark (ASIACRYPT'22) that these features enable new cryptographic primitives called short-lived proofs and signatures. The validity of such proofs and signatures expires after a predefined amount of time T, i.e., they are deniable after time T. Our constructions improve upon the constructions by Arun, Bonneau and Clark in several dimensions (faster forging times, arguably weaker assumptions). Finally, we apply PoEs in the realm of primality testing, providing cryptographically sound proofs of non-primality for large Proth numbers. This work gives a surprising application of VDFs in the area of computational number theory. Together, our contributions advance both the theoretical foundations and the real-world usability of VDFs in general and in particular of PoEs, making them more adaptable and secure for current and emerging cryptographic applications.}, author = {Hoffmann, Charlotte}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {116}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Theory and applications of verifiable delay functions}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-20556}, year = {2025}, } @phdthesis{20575, abstract = {This thesis deals with eigenvalue and eigenvector universality results for random matrix ensembles equipped with non-trivial spatial structure. We consider both mean-field models with a general variance profile (Wigner-type matrices) and correlation structure (correlated matrices) among the entries, as well as non-mean-field random band matrices with bandwidth W >> N^(1/2). To extract the universal properties of random matrix spectra and eigenvectors, we obtain concentration estimates for their resolvent, the local laws, which generalize the celebrated Wigner semicircle law for a broad class of random matrices to much finer spectral scales. The local laws hold for both a single resolvent as well as for products of multiple resolvents, known as resolvent chains, and express the remarkable approximately-deterministic behavior of these objects down to the microscopic scale. Our primary tool for establishing the local laws is the dynamical Zigzag strategy, which we develop in the setting of spatially-inhomogeneous random matrices. Our proof method systematically addresses the challenges arising from non-trivial spatial structures and is robust to all types of singularities in the spectrum, as we demonstrate in the correlated setting. Furthermore, we incorporate the analysis of the deterministic resolvent chain approximations into the dynamical framework of the Zigzag strategy, synthesizing a unified toolkit for establishing multi-resolvent local laws. Using these methods, we prove complete eigenvector delocalization, the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis, and Wigner-Dyson universality in the bulk for random band matrices down to the optimal bandwidth W >> N^(1/2). For mean-field ensembles, we establish universality of local eigenvalue statistics at the cups for random matrices with correlated entries, and the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis for Wigner-type matrices in the bulk of the spectrum. Finally, this thesis also contains other applications of the multi-resolvent local laws to spatially-inhomogeneous random matrices, obtained prior to the development of the Zigzag strategy. In particular, we provide a complete analysis of mesoscopic linear-eigenvalue statistics of Wigner-type matrices in all spectral regimes, including the novel cusps, and rigorously establish the prethermalization phenomenon for deformed Wigner matrices. The main body of this thesis consists of seven research papers (listed on page xi), each presented in a separate chapter with its own introduction and all relevant context, suitable to be read independently. We ask the reader’s indulgence for the repetitions in the historical overviews and other minor redundancies that remain among the chapters as a result. The overall Introduction, preceding the chapters, provides a condensed, informal summary of the main ideas and concepts at the core of these works. }, author = {Riabov, Volodymyr}, isbn = {978-3-99078-064-0}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {436}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Universality in random matrices with spatial structure}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-20575}, year = {2025}, } @unpublished{20576, abstract = {We prove that a very general class of $N\times N$ Hermitian random band matrices is in the delocalized phase when the band width $W$ exceeds the critical threshold, $W\gg \sqrt{N}$. In this regime, we show that, in the bulk spectrum, the eigenfunctions are fully delocalized, the eigenvalues follow the universal Wigner-Dyson statistics, and quantum unique ergodicity holds for general diagonal observables with an optimal convergence rate. Our results are valid for general variance profiles, arbitrary single entry distributions, in both real-symmetric and complex-Hermitian symmetry classes. In particular, our work substantially generalizes the recent breakthrough result of Yau and Yin [arXiv:2501.01718], obtained for a specific complex Hermitian Gaussian block band matrix. The main technical input is the optimal multi-resolvent local laws -- both in the averaged and fully isotropic form. We also generalize the $\sqrtη$-rule from [arXiv:2012.13215] to exploit the additional effect of traceless observables. Our analysis is based on the zigzag strategy, complemented with a new global-scale estimate derived using the static version of the master inequalities, while the zig-step and the a priori estimates on the deterministic approximations are proven dynamically.}, author = {Erdös, László and Riabov, Volodymyr}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{The zigzag strategy for random band matrices}}, doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2506.06441}, year = {2025}, } @unpublished{20580, abstract = {This paper explores the geometry of the space of codimension-2 submanifolds. We implicitly represent these submanifolds by a class of complex-valued functions. This reveals a prequantum bundle structure over the space of submanifolds, equipped with the well-known Marsden-Weinstein symplectic structure. This bundle allows a new physical interpretation of the Marsden-Weinstein structure as the curvature of a connection form, which measures the average of volumes swept by the deformation of the S^1-family of hypersurfaces, defined as the phases of a complex function implicitly representing a submanifold.}, author = {Chern, Albert and Ishida, Sadashige}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Implicit representations of codimension-2 submanifolds and their prequantum structure}}, doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2507.11727}, year = {2025}, } @article{20585, abstract = {Motivated by applications in medical sciences, we study finite chromatic sets in Euclidean space from a topological perspective. Based on the persistent homology for images, kernels and cokernels, we design provably stable homological quantifiers that describe the geometric micro- and macro-structure of how the color classes mingle. These can be efficiently computed using chromatic variants of Delaunay and alpha complexes, and code that does these computations is provided.}, author = {Cultrera di Montesano, Sebastiano and Draganov, Ondrej and Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Saghafian, Morteza}, issn = {2639-8001}, journal = {Foundations of Data Science}, pages = {30--62}, publisher = {American Institute of Mathematical Sciences}, title = {{Chromatic alpha complexes}}, doi = {10.3934/fods.2025003}, volume = {8}, year = {2025}, } @article{20586, abstract = {We present the discovery of deep, irregular, periodic transits toward the white dwarf ZTF J1944+4557 using follow-up time-series photometry and spectroscopy from Palomar, Keck, McDonald, Perkins, and Lowell observatories. We find a predominant period of 4.9704 hr, consistent with an orbit near the Roche limit of the white dwarf, with individual dips over 30% deep and lasting between 15 and 40 minutes. Similar to the first known white dwarf with transiting debris, WD 1145+017, the transit events are well-defined with prominent out-of-transit phases where the white dwarf appears unobscured. Spectroscopy concurrent with transit photometry reveals that the average Ca K equivalent width remains constant in and out of transit. The broadening observed in several absorption features cannot be reproduced by synthetic photospheric models, suggesting the presence of circumstellar gas. Simultaneous g + r- and g + i-band light curves from the CHIMERA instrument reveal no color dependence to the transit depths, requiring transiting dust grains to have sizes s ≳ 0.2 μm. The transit morphologies appear to be constantly changing at a rate faster than the orbital period. Overall transit activity varies in the system, with transit features completely disappearing during the seven months between our 2023 and 2024 observing seasons and then reappearing in 2025 March, still repeating at 4.9704 hr. Our observations of the complete cessation and resumption of transit activity provide a novel laboratory for constraining the evolution of disrupted debris and processes like disk exhaustion and replenishment timescales at white dwarfs.}, author = {Guidry, Joseph A. and Vanderbosch, Zachary P. and Hermes, J. J. and Veras, Dimitri and Hollands, Mark A. and Bhattacharjee, Soumyadeep and Caiazzo, Ilaria and El-Badry, Kareem and Kao, Malia L. and Ould Rouis, Lou Baya and Rodriguez, Antonio C. and Van Roestel, Jan}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {2}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, title = {{Transiting planetary debris near the Roche limit of a white dwarf on a 4.97 hr orbit—and its vanishing}}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/adfecb}, volume = {992}, year = {2025}, } @inproceedings{20587, abstract = {The blocks in the Bitcoin blockchain "record" the amount of work W that went into creating them through proofs of work. When honest parties control a majority of the work, consensus is achieved by picking the chain with the highest recorded weight. Resources other than work have been considered to secure such longest-chain blockchains. In Chia, blocks record the amount of disk-space S (via a proof of space) and sequential computational steps V (through a VDF). In this paper, we ask what weight functions Γ(S,V,W) (that assign a weight to a block as a function of the recorded space, speed, and work) are secure in the sense that whenever the weight of the resources controlled by honest parties is larger than the weight of adversarial parties, the blockchain is secure against private double-spending attacks. We completely classify such functions in an idealized "continuous" model: Γ(S,V,W) is secure against private double-spending attacks if and only if it is homogeneous of degree one in the "timed" resources V and W, i.e., αΓ(S,V,W) = Γ(S,α V, α W). This includes the Bitcoin rule Γ(S,V,W) = W and the Chia rule Γ(S,V,W) = S ⋅ V. In a more realistic model where blocks are created at discrete time-points, one additionally needs some mild assumptions on the dependency on S (basically, the weight should not grow too much if S is slightly increased, say linear as in Chia). Our classification is more general and allows various instantiations of the same resource. It provides a powerful tool for designing new longest-chain blockchains. E.g., consider combining different PoWs to counter centralization, say the Bitcoin PoW W₁ and a memory-hard PoW W₂. Previous work suggested to use W₁+W₂ as weight. Our results show that using e.g., √{W₁}⋅ √{W₂} or min{W₁,W₂} are also secure, and we argue that in practice these are much better choices.}, author = {Baig, Mirza Ahad and Günther, Christoph Ullrich and Pietrzak, Krzysztof Z}, booktitle = {7th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies}, isbn = {9783959774000}, issn = {1868-8969}, location = {Pittsburgh, PA, United States}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik}, title = {{Nakamoto consensus from multiple resources}}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2025.16}, volume = {354}, year = {2025}, } @article{20588, abstract = {In this second paper on our variability survey of central stars of planetary nebulae (CSPNe) using the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), we report 11 long-timescale variables with variability timescales ranging from months to years. We also present preliminary analyses based on spectroscopic and/or photometric follow-up observations for six of them. Among them is NGC 6833, which shows a 980 days periodic variability with strange characteristics: “triangle-shaped” brightening in r, i, and WISE bands but almost coincidental shallow dips in the g-band. The most plausible explanation is a wide binary with the photometric period being the orbital period. Long-period near-sinusoidal variability was detected in two other systems, NGC 6905 and Kn 26, with periods of 700 days and 230 days, respectively, making them additional wide-binary candidates. The latter also shows a short period at 1.18 hr. We then present CTSS 2 and K 3-5, which show brightening and significant reddening over the whole ZTF baseline. A stellar model fit to the optical spectrum of CTSS 2 reveals it to be one of the youngest post-AGB CSPNe known. Both show high-density emission-line cores. We propose these to be late-thermal-pulse candidates, currently evolving towards the AGB phase. We then present recent HST/COS ultraviolet spectroscopy of the known wide-binary candidate LoTr 1, showing that the hot star is a spectroscopic twin of the extremely hot white dwarf in UCAC2 46706450. Similar to this object, LoTr 1 also has a fast rotating wide subgiant companion. We suggest that the long photometric period of 11 yr is the binary orbital period. Finally, we briefly discuss the ZTF light curves of the remaining variables, namely Tan 2, K 3-20, WHTZ 3, Kn J1857+3931, and IPHAS J1927+0814. With these examples, we present the effectiveness of the von Neumann statistics and Pearson Skew-based metric space in searching for long-timescale variables.}, author = {Bhattacharjee, Soumyadeep and Reindl, Nicole and Bond, Howard E. and Werner, Klaus and Zeimann, Gregory R. and Jones, David and El-Badry, Kareem and Mackensen, Nina and Chornay, Nicholas and Kulkarni, S. R. and Caiazzo, Ilaria and Van Roestel, Jan and Rodriguez, Antonio C. and Prince, Thomas A. and Rusholme, Ben and Laher, Russ R. and Smith, Roger}, issn = {1538-3873}, journal = {Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific}, number = {10}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, title = {{Variability of central stars of planetary nebulae with the Zwicky Transient Facility. II. Long-timescale variables including wide binary and late thermal pulse candidates}}, doi = {10.1088/1538-3873/ae051e}, volume = {137}, year = {2025}, } @article{20589, abstract = {Context. This paper investigates the star formation histories (SFHs) of a sample of massive galaxies (M⋆ ≥ 1010 M⊙) in the redshift range 1 < z < 4.5. Methods. We analyzed spectro-photometric data, combining broadband photometry from HST and JWST with low-resolution grism spectroscopy from JWST/NIRISS, obtained as part of the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey program. SFHs were derived through spectral energy distribution fitting using two independent codes, BAGPIPES and synthesizer, under various SFH assumptions. This approach enables a comprehensive assessment of the biases introduced by different modeling choices. Results. The inclusion of NIRISS spectroscopy, even with its low resolution, significantly improves constraints on key physical parameters, such as the mass-weighted stellar age (tM) and formation redshift (zform), by narrowing their posterior distributions. The massive galaxies in our sample exhibit rapid stellar mass assembly, forming 50% of their mass between 3 ≤ z ≤ 9. The highest inferred formation redshifts are compatible with elevated star formation efficiencies (ϵ) at early epochs. Nonparametric SFHs generally imply an earlier and slower mass assembly compared to parametric forms, highlighting the sensitivity of inferred formation timescales to the chosen SFH model–particularly for galaxies at z < 2. We find that quiescent galaxies are, on average, older (tM ∼ 1.1 Gyr) and assembled more rapidly at earlier times than their star-forming counterparts. These findings support the “downsizing” scenario, in which more massive and passive systems form earlier and more efficiently.}, author = {Annunziatella, M. and P’Erez-Gonz’Alez, P. G. and Álvarez-Márquez, J. and Costantin, L. and Iani, Edoardo and Labiano, Unknown and Rinaldi, P. and Boogaard, L. and Meyer, R. A. and Östlin, G. and Colina, L. and Melinder, J. and Jermann, I. and Gillman, S. and Langeroodi, D. and Hjorth, J. and Alonso-Herrero, A. and Eckart, A. and Walter, F. and Van Der Werf, P. P. and Bik, A. and Peißker, F. and Caputi, K. I. and García-Marín, M. and Wright, G. and Greve, T. R.}, issn = {1432-0746}, journal = {Astronomy & Astrophysics}, publisher = {EDP Sciences}, title = {{MIDIS: Unveiling the star formation history in massive galaxies at 1 < z < 4.5 with spectro-photometric analysis}}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/202453298}, volume = {702}, year = {2025}, } @article{20590, abstract = {Moist convection is a fundamental process occurring in the Earth's atmosphere. It plays a central role in the weather and climate of the Tropics, where, to first order, the heating of the atmosphere by convection is in balance with the cooling of the atmosphere by the emission of radiation to outer space. In this study, we use a cloud-resolving model in radiative–convective equilibrium with an imposed constant rate of radiative cooling and study the response of moist convection to varying this rate of radiative cooling. In particular, we study two types of simulation: varying air temperature (VAT) simulations, where the air temperature is allowed to adjust to the imposed radiative cooling, and constant air temperature (CAT) simulations, where the surface temperature is tuned to ensure that the atmospheric temperature profile in the domain is constant. We recover the previously known result that, in response to increasing radiative cooling, the area of convection expands rapidly, while the intensity of convection does not change. We find that this response is explained by the increased boundary-layer variability in simulations with greater radiative cooling, which compensates for the decreasing temperature by adding a larger initial velocity close to the cloud base. We also propose a fundamental scaling of the non-dimensional cumulus mass flux in moist convection, which is robust across models of different complexity. We aim to bridge the gap between highly idealised prototypes of moist convection, such as the “Rainy–Bénard convection” introduced by Vallis et al., and comprehensive cloud-resolving models.}, author = {Agasthya, Lokahith N and Muller, Caroline J}, issn = {1477-870X}, journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{Moist convection and radiative cooling: Dynamical response and scaling}}, doi = {10.1002/qj.70044}, year = {2025}, } @article{20591, abstract = {In this paper we derive estimates for the Hessian of the logarithm (log-Hessian) for solutions to the heat equation. For initial data in the form of log-Lipschitz perturbation of strongly log-concave measures, the log-Hessian admits an explicit, uniform (in space) lower bound. This yields a new estimate for the Lipschitz constant of a transport map pushing forward the standard Gaussian to a measure in this class. On the other hand, we show that assuming only fast decay of the tails of the initial datum does not suffice to guarantee uniform log-Hessian upper bounds.}, author = {Brigati, Giovanni and Pedrotti, Francesco}, issn = {1083-589X}, journal = {Electronic Communications in Probability}, publisher = {Institute of Mathematical Statistics}, title = {{Heat flow, log-concavity, and Lipschitz transport maps}}, doi = {10.1214/25-ECP717}, volume = {30}, year = {2025}, } @inproceedings{20592, abstract = {Filtering-based probabilistic numerical solvers for ordinary differential equations (ODEs), also known as ODE filters, have been established as efficient methods for quantifying numerical uncertainty in the solution of ODEs. In practical applications, however, the underlying dynamical system often contains uncertain parameters, requiring the propagation of this model uncertainty to the ODE solution. In this paper, we demonstrate that ODE filters, despite their probabilistic nature, do not automatically solve this uncertainty propagation problem. To address this limitation, we present a novel approach that combines ODE filters with numerical quadrature to properly marginalize over uncertain parameters, while accounting for both parameter uncertainty and numerical solver uncertainty. Experiments across multiple dynamical systems demonstrate that the resulting uncertainty estimates closely match reference solutions. Notably, we show how the numerical uncertainty from the ODE solver can help prevent overconfidence in the propagated uncertainty estimates, especially when using larger step sizes. Our results illustrate that probabilistic numerical methods can effectively quantify both numerical and parametric uncertainty in dynamical systems. }, author = {Yao, Dingling and Tronarp, Filip and Bosch, Nathanael}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Probabilistic Numerics}, issn = {2640-3498}, location = {Sophia Antipolis, France}, publisher = {ML Research Press}, title = {{Propagating model uncertainty through filtering-based probabilistic numerical ODE solvers}}, volume = {271}, year = {2025}, } @article{20593, abstract = {“Quasi-solid-state” conversion mechanisms using sparingly solvating electrolytes (SPSEs) bridge the gap between traditional solid–liquid–solid and solid-state sulfur conversion in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Although these terms are commonly used, their precise distinctions and impacts on key performance metrics, such as rate capability, energy density, and capacity fading, remain poorly understood. In this work, we employ operando small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering alongside cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) to compare Li–S batteries in sparingly solvating and solvating ether-based electrolytes. We find that, unlike solvating electrolytes, SPSEs lead to an extended presence of lithium sulfide during cycling, coexisting with sulfur at a 50% state of charge and beyond. In the charged state, solid sulfur is present in its amorphous form inside the carbon black nanopores. These findings indicate that the limited solubility confines polysulfides in regions near the carbon surface, where these polysulfides enable conversion between the coexisting solid discharge and charge product.}, author = {Dutta, Pronoy and Von Mentlen, Jean Marc and Mondal, Soumyadip and Kostoglou, Nikolaos and Wilts, Bodo D. and Freunberger, Stefan Alexander and Zickler, Gregor A. and Prehal, Christian}, issn = {2380-8195}, journal = {ACS Energy Letters}, pages = {5722--5732}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Bridging solution and solid-state mechanism: Confined quasi-solid-state conversion in Li–S batteries}}, doi = {10.1021/acsenergylett.5c02093}, volume = {10}, year = {2025}, } @article{20594, abstract = {(Scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) has significantly advanced materials science but faces challenges in correlating precise atomic structure information with the functional properties of devices due to its time-intensive nature. To address this, an analytical workflow is introduced for the holistic characterization, modelling, and simulation of device heterostructures. This workflow automates the experimental (S)TEM data analysis, providing an in-depth characterization of crystallographic information, 3D orientation, elemental composition, and strain distribution. It reduces a process that typically takes days for a trained human into an automatic routine solved in minutes. Utilizing a physics-guided artificial intelligence model, it generates representative descriptions of materials and samples. The workflow culminates in creating digital twins of systems limited with at least one axis of translational invariance –3D finite element and atomic models of millions of atoms–enabling simulations that provide crucial insights into device behavior in practical applications. Demonstrated with SiGe planar heterostructures for scalable spin qubits, the workflow links digital twins to theoretical properties, revealing how atomic structure impacts materials and functional properties such as spatially-resolved phononic or electronic characteristics, or (inverse) spin orbit lengths. The versatility of the workflow is demonstrated through its application to a wide array of materials systems, device configurations, and sample morphologies.}, author = {Botifoll, Marc and Pinto-Huguet, Ivan and Rotunno, Enzo and Galvani, Thomas and Coll, Catalina and Kavkani, Payam Habibzadeh and Spadaro, Maria Chiara and Niquet, Yann Michel and Eriksen, Martin Børstad and Martí-Sánchez, Sara and Katsaros, Georgios and Scappucci, Giordano and Krogstrup, Peter and Isella, Giovanni and Cabot, Andreu and Merino, Gonzalo and Ordejón, Pablo and Roche, Stephan and Grillo, Vincenzo and Arbiol, Jordi}, issn = {1521-4095}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{Artificial intelligence-assisted workflow for transmission electron microscopy: From data analysis automation to materials knowledge unveiling}}, doi = {10.1002/adma.202506785}, year = {2025}, } @article{20603, abstract = {We study the growth of sumsets A+B⊂S⊂G, where S does not contain an arithmetic progression of length 2k+1, and where G is a commutative group, in which every nonzero element has an order of at least 2k+1. More specifically, we show the following: if A,B⊂G are sets such that A+B does not contain an arithmetic progression of length 2k+1, then |A+B|≥|A|2k−13k−2|B|k3k−2. As an application we derive upper bounds on the cardinality of the summands in sumsets A+B+C contained in the set of t-th powers, where t≥2 is an integer. In particular, we show that min(|A|,|B|,|C|)≪(logN)4/5 for t=2, and min(|A|,|B|,|C|)≪t(logN)1/2 for t≥3.}, author = {Elsholtz, Christian and Ruzsa, Imre Z. and Wurzinger, Lena}, issn = {1730-6264}, journal = {Acta Arithmetica}, pages = {289--303}, publisher = {Institute of Mathematics}, title = {{Sumset growth in progression-free sets}}, doi = {10.4064/aa250115-14-7}, volume = {220}, year = {2025}, } @article{20604, abstract = {Entry into and exit from cellular quiescence require dynamic adjustments in nutrient acquisition, yet the mechanisms by which quiescent cells downregulate amino acid (AA) transport remain poorly understood. Here we show that cells entering quiescence selectively target plasma membrane-resident amino acid transporters for endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. This process matches amino acid uptake with reduced translational demand and promotes survival during extended periods of quiescence. Mechanistically, we identify the α-arrestin TXNIP as a key regulator of this metabolic adaptation, since it mediates the endocytosis of the SLC7A5-SLC3A2 (LAT1-4F2hc) AA transporter complex in response to reduced AKT signaling. To promote transporter ubiquitination, TXNIP interacts with NEDD4L and other HECT-type ubiquitin ligases. Loss of TXNIP disrupts this regulation, resulting in dysregulated amino acid uptake, sustained mTORC1 signaling, and ultimately cell death under prolonged quiescence. The characterization of a novel TXNIP loss-of-function variant in a patient with a severe metabolic disease further supports its role in nutrient homeostasis and human health. Together, these findings highlight TXNIP’s central role in controlling nutrient acquisition and metabolic plasticity with implications for quiescence biology and diseases.}, author = {Kahlhofer, Jennifer and Marchet, Nikolas and Zubak, Kristian and Seifert, Brigitta and Hotze, Madlen and Egger-Hörschinger, Anna-Sophia and Kucej, Lucija and Manzl, Claudia and Weyer, Yannick and Weys, Sabine and Offterdinger, Martin and Herzog, Sebastian and Reiterer, Veronika and Volani, Chiara and Kwiatkowski, Marcel and Wortmann, Saskia B and Nemati, Siamak and Mayr, Johannes A and Zschocke, Johannes and Radlinger, Bernhard and Thedieck, Kathrin and Kremser, Leopold and Sarg, Bettina and Huber, Lukas A and Farhan, Hesso and de Araujo, Mariana E G and Kaser, Susanne and Scholl-Bürgi, Sabine and Karall, Daniela and Teis, David}, issn = {1460-2075}, journal = {The EMBO Journal}, pages = {7119--7153}, publisher = {Embo Press}, title = {{TXNIP mediates LAT1/SLC7A5 endocytosis to limit amino acid uptake in cells entering quiescence}}, doi = {10.1038/s44318-025-00608-9}, volume = {44}, year = {2025}, } @phdthesis{20607, author = {Mondal, Soumyadip}, isbn = {978-3-99078-071-8}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {71}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Oxygen and sulfur redox : Conversion kinetics and phase equilibria}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607}, year = {2025}, }