@inproceedings{2339, author = {Robert Seiringer}, editor = {Weder, Richardo and Exner, Pavel and Grébert, Benoit}, pages = {281 -- 286}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing}, title = {{Symmetry breaking in a model of a rotating Bose gas}}, doi = {10.1090/conm/307}, volume = {307}, year = {2002}, } @article{2349, abstract = {The Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of the ground state of bosonic atoms in a trap was discussed. The BEC was proved for bosons with two-body repulsive interaction potentials in the dilute limit, starting from the basic Schrodinger equation. The BEC was 100% into the state which minimized the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional. The analysis also included rigorous proof of BEC in a physically realistic, continuum model.}, author = {Lieb, Élliott H and Robert Seiringer}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, number = {17}, pages = {1704091 -- 1704094}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Proof of Bose-Einstein condensation for dilute trapped gases}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.170409}, volume = {88}, year = {2002}, } @article{2350, abstract = {Using the Pauli-Fierz model of non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics, we calculate the binding energy of an electron in the field of a nucleus of charge Z and in presence of the quantized radiation field. We consider the case of small coupling constant α, but fixed Zα and ultraviolet cut-off Λ. We prove that after renormalizing the mass the binding energy has, to leading order in α, a finite limit as Λ goes to infinity; i.e., the cut-off can be removed. The expression for the ground state energy shift thus obtained agrees with Bethe's formula for small values of Zα, but shows a different behavior for bigger values.}, author = {Hainzl, Christian and Seiringer, Robert}, issn = {1095-0761}, journal = {Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics}, number = {5}, pages = {847 -- 871}, publisher = {International Press}, title = {{Mass renormalization and energy level shift in non-relativistic QED}}, doi = {10.4310/ATMP.2002.v6.n5.a3}, volume = {6}, year = {2002}, } @article{2351, abstract = {We study the Gross-Pitaevskii functional for a rotating two-dimensional Bose gas in a trap. We prove that there is a breaking of the rotational symmetry in the ground state; more precisely, for any value of the angular velocity and for large enough values of the interaction strength, the ground state of the functional is not an eigenfunction of the angular momentum. This has interesting consequences on the Bose gas with spin; in particular, the ground state energy depends non-trivially on the number of spin components, and the different components do not have the same wave function. For the special case of a harmonic trap potential, we give explicit upper and lower bounds on the critical coupling constant for symmetry breaking.}, author = {Robert Seiringer}, journal = {Communications in Mathematical Physics}, number = {3}, pages = {491 -- 509}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Gross-Pitaevskii theory of the rotating Bose gas}}, doi = {10.1007/s00220-002-0695-2}, volume = {229}, year = {2002}, } @article{2352, abstract = {We present a generalization of the Fefferman-de la Llave decomposition of the Coulomb potential to quite arbitrary radial functions V on ℝn going to zero at infinity. This generalized decomposition can be used to extend previous results on N-body quantum systems with Coulomb interaction to a more general class of interactions. As an example of such an application, we derive the high density asymptotics of the ground state energy of jellium with Yukawa interaction in the thermodynamic limit, using a correlation estimate by Graf and Solovej.}, author = {Hainzl, Christian and Robert Seiringer}, journal = {Letters in Mathematical Physics}, number = {1}, pages = {75 -- 84}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{General decomposition of radial functions on ℝn and applications to N-body quantum systems}}, doi = {10.1023/A:1020204818938}, volume = {61}, year = {2002}, } @article{2353, abstract = {A commonly used theoretical definition of superfluidity in the ground state of a Bose gas is based on the response of the system to an imposed velocity field or, equivalently, to twisted boundary conditions in a box. We are able to carry out this program in the case of a dilute interacting Bose gas in a trap, and we prove that a gas with repulsive interactions is 100% superfluid in the dilute limit in which the Gross-Pitaevskii equation is exact. This is the first example in an experimentally realistic continuum model in which superfluidity is rigorously verified.}, author = {Lieb, Élliott and Seiringer, Robert and Yngvason, Jakob}, issn = {0163-1829}, journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics}, number = {13}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Superfluidity in dilute trapped Bose gases}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.66.134529}, volume = {66}, year = {2002}, } @article{2420, abstract = {A corner cut in dimension d is a finite subset of N0d that can be separated from its complement in N0d by an affine hyperplane disjoint from N0d. Corner cuts were first investigated by Onn and Sturmfels [Adv. Appl. Math. 23 (1999) 29-48], their original motivation stemmed from computational commutative algebra. Let us write (Nd0k)cut for the set of corner cuts of cardinality k; in the computational geometer's terminology, these are the k-sets of N0d. Among other things, Onn and Sturmfels give an upper bound of O(k2d(d-1)/(d+1)) for the size of (Nd0k)cut when the dimension is fixed. In two dimensions, it is known (see [Corteel et al., Adv. Appl. Math. 23 (1) (1999) 49-53]) that #(Nd0k)cut = Θ(k log k). We will see that in general, for any fixed dimension d, the order of magnitude of #(Nd0k)cut is between kd-1 log k and (k log k)d-1. (It has been communicated to me that the same bounds have been found independently by G. Rémond.) In fact, the elements of (Nd0k)cut correspond to the vertices of a certain polytope, and what our proof shows is that the above upper bound holds for the total number of flags of that polytope.}, author = {Wagner, Uli}, issn = {0196-8858}, journal = {Advances in Applied Mathematics}, number = {2}, pages = {152 -- 161}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{On the number of corner cuts}}, doi = {10.1016/S0196-8858(02)00014-3}, volume = {29}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{2421, abstract = {Intersection graphs of disks and of line segments, respectively, have been well studied, because of both, practical applications and theoretically interesting properties of these graphs. Despite partial results, the complexity status of the Clique problem for these two graph classes is still open. Here, we consider the Clique problem for intersection graphs of ellipses which in a sense, interpolate between disc and ellipses, and show that it is APX-hard in that case. Moreover, this holds even if for all ellipses, the ratio of the larger over the smaller radius is some prescribed number. To our knowledge, this is the first hardness result for the Clique problem in intersection graphs of objects with finite description complexity. We also describe a simple approximation algorithm for the case of ellipses for which the ratio of radii is bounded.}, author = {Ambühl, Christoph and Wagner, Uli}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation}, isbn = {9783540001423}, location = {Vancouver, Canada}, pages = {489 -- 500}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{On the Clique problem in intersection graphs of ellipses}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-36136-7_43}, volume = {2518}, year = {2002}, } @article{2613, abstract = {In this investigation, we report identification and characterization of a 95 kDa postsynaptic density protein (PSD-95)/discs-large/ ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing protein termed tamalin, also recently named GRP1-associated scaffold protein (GRASP), that interacts with group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). The yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro pull-down assays indicated that the PDZ domain-containing, amino-terminal half of tamalin directly binds to the class I PDZ-binding motif of group 1 mGluRs. The C-terminal half of tamalin also bound to cytohesins, the members of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) specific for the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family of small GTP-binding proteins. Tamalin mRNA is expressed predominantly in the telencephalic region and highly overlaps with the expression of group 1 mGluR mRNAs. Both tamalin and cytohesin-2 were enriched and codistributed with mGluR1a in postsynaptic membrane fractions. Importantly, recombinant and native mGluR1a/tamalin/cytohesin-2 complexes were coimmunoprecipitated from transfected COS-7 cells and rat brain tissue, respectively. Transfection of tamalin and mutant tamalin lacking a cytohesin-binding domain caused an increase and decrease in cell-surface expression of mGluR1a in COS-7 cells, respectively. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated expression of tamalin and dominant-negative tamalin facilitated and reduced the neuritic distribution of endogenous mGluR5 in cultured hippocampal neurons, respectively. The results indicate that tamalin plays a key role in the association of group 1 mGluRs with the ARF-specific GEF proteins and contributes to intracellular trafficking and the macromolecular organization of group 1 mGluRs at synapses.}, author = {Kitano, Jun and Kimura, Kouji and Yamazaki, Yoshimitsu and Soda, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nakajima, Yoshiaki and Nakanishi, Shigetada}, issn = {0270-6474}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {4}, pages = {1280 -- 1289}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, title = {{Tamalin, a PDZ domain-containing protein, links a protein complex formation of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor cytohesins}}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-04-01280.2002}, volume = {22}, year = {2002}, } @article{2614, abstract = {Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) from group III reduce glutamate release. Because these receptors reduce cAMP levels, we explored whether this signaling pathway contributes to release inhibition caused by mGluRs with low affinity for L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4). In biochemical experiments with the population of cerebrocortical nerve terminals we find that L-AP4 (1 mM) inhibited the Ca2+dependent-evoked release of glutamate by 25%. This inhibitory effect was largely prevented by the pertussis toxin but was insensitive to inhibitors of protein kinase C bisindolylmaleimide and protein kinase A H-89. Furthermore, this inhibition was associated with reduction in N-type Ca2+ channel activity in the absence of any detectable change in cAMP levels. In the presence of forskolin, however, L-AP4 decreased the levels of cAMP. The activation of this additional signaling pathway was very efficient in counteracting the facilitation of glutamate release induced either by forskolin or the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol. Imaging experiments to measure Ca2+ dynamics in single nerve terminals showed that L-AP4 strongly reduced the Ca2+ response in 28% of the nerve terminals. Moreover, immunochemical experiments showed that 25-35% of the nerve terminals that were immunopositive to synaptophysin were also immunoreactive to the low affinity L-AP4-sensitive mGluR7. Then, mGluR7 mediates the inhibition of glutamate release caused by 1 mM L-AP4, primarily by a strong inhibition of Ca2+ channels, although high cAMP uncovers the receptor ability to decrease cAMP.}, author = {Millán, Carmelo and Luján, Rafael and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Sánchez Prieto, José}, issn = {0021-9258}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}, number = {16}, pages = {14092 -- 14101}, publisher = {American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, title = {{The inhibition of glutamate release by metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 affects both [Ca2+]c and cAMP. Evidence for a strong reduction of Ca2+ entry in single nerve terminals}}, doi = {10.1074/jbc.M109044200}, volume = {277}, year = {2002}, } @article{1737, abstract = {A new solvent-free composite polymer electrolyte consisting of high-molecular mass polyethylene oxide (PEO) filled with titanium oxide and containing LiI and I2 was developed. The introduction of the inorganic filler (TiO2 Degussa P25) into the polymer matrix produces dramatic morphological changes to the host polymer structure. Upon addition of the inorganic oxide, the surface roughness increases, with respect to the original polymer and in parallel, the fractal dimension decreases. Both the thermograms and the atomic force microscope (AFM) pictures confirm the amorphicity of the composite electrolyte. The polymer sub-units are held together in a parallel orientation, forming straight long chains of about 500 nm in width, along which TiO2 spherical particles of about 20-25 nm in diameter are distributed. The polymer chains separated by the titania particles are arranged in a three-dimensional, mechanically stable network, that creates free space and voids into which the iodide/triodide anions can easily migrate. All solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated using this composite electrolyte present high efficiencies (typical maximum incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) as high as 40% at 520 nm and overall conversion efficiency (η) of 0.96% (Voc = 0.67 V, Jsc = 2.050 mA/cm2, FF = 39%) under direct solar irradiation. Further improvement of the photovoltaic performance is expected by optimization of the electrolyte parameters and of the cell assembly.}, author = {Katsaros, Georgios and Stergiopoulos, Thomas and Arabatzis, Iannis and Papadokostaki, Kyriaki and Falaras, Polycarpos}, issn = {1010-6030}, journal = {Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry}, number = {1-3}, pages = {191 -- 198}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{A solvent-free composite polymer/inorganic oxide electrolyte for high efficiency solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells}}, doi = {10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00027-8}, volume = {149}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{1738, abstract = {New dyes of the type Ru(II)(bdmpp)(bpy) [where bdmpp is 2,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-N-pyrazoyl)pyridine and bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid] are prepared and characterized by infra-red (IR), mass (MS) and electrospray mass spectroscopy (ES-MS) as well as 1H NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopies. The compounds present broad and very high intensity MLCT absorption bands in the visible and can be chemically anchored on TiO2 films via ester-like linkage involving carboxylato groups. These complexes have been tested with success as potential molecular antennas in dye-sensitized solar cells. Both opaque and transparent nanocrystalline TiO2 thin film electrodes obtained by a doctor blade technique sensitized by these complexes were incorporated in a sandwich type regenerative photoelectrochemical solar cell containing 0.1M LiI +0.01M I2 in propylene carbonate as well as a platinized conductive glass counter electrode. The cell was characterized by Raman spectroscopy under anodic and cathodic bias. Two new vibration bands were observed in the lower frequency region. The first one at 112 cm-1 is due to tri-iodide formed on the photoactive electrode, and the second one at 167 cm-1 is a sign of the dye/iodide interaction and corresponds to a vibration in a chemically stable "DI" intermediate species. Under direct sunlight illumination (solar irradiance of 60 mW/cm2) by using a composite polymer solid state electrolyte, the cell ITO/TiO2/[Ru(II)(bdmpp)(bpy)(NCS)](PF6)/electrolyte/Pt-ITO produced a continuous photocurrent as high as 4.29mA/cm2, and gave IPCE values about half of the corresponding values obtained by the standard N3 dye under the same conditions. The photovoltage is about 600 mV and the overall energy conversion cell's efficiency is as high as 1.72%.}, author = {Falaras, Polycarpos and Chryssou, Katerina and Stergiopoulos, Thomas and Arabatzis, Ioannis M and Georgios Katsaros and Catalano, Vincent J and Kurtaran, Raif and Hugot-Le Goff, Anne and Bernard, Marie C}, pages = {125 -- 135}, publisher = {SPIE}, title = {{Dye-sensitization of titanium dioxide thin films by Ru(II)-bpp-bpy complexes}}, doi = {10.1117/12.452446}, volume = {4801}, year = {2002}, } @article{1739, abstract = {Poly(ethylene oxide)/titania polymer electrolyte based photoelectrochemical cells have been fabricated with Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2 complex as the sensitizer and nanoporous TiO2 films as photoanodes. The introduction of the titania filler into the poly(ethylene oxide) matrix reduces the crystallinity of the polymer and enhances the mobility of the 1-/13 - redox couple, resulting in outstanding overall conversion efficiency (4.2% under direct sunlight illumination) of the corresponding dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cell, one of the best efficiencies reported to date for a solid-state device.}, author = {Stergiopoulos, Thomas and Arabatzis, Iannis M and Georgios Katsaros and Falaras, Polycarpos}, journal = {Nano Letters}, number = {11}, pages = {1259 -- 1261}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Binary Polyethylene Oxide/Titania Solid-State Redox Electrolyte for Highly Efficient Nanocrystalline TiO2 Photoelectrochemical Cells}}, doi = {10.1021/nl025798u}, volume = {2}, year = {2002}, } @article{17723, abstract = {The recent discovery of bright quasars around redshift z=6 suggests that black holes (BHs) with masses in excess of 10^9 Msun have already assembled at a very early stage in the evolution of the universe. An alternative interpretation is that these quasars are powered by less massive BHs, but their fluxes are strongly magnified through gravitational lensing by intervening galaxies. Here we analyze the flux distribution of the Ly alpha emission of the quasar with the highest known redshift, SDSS 1030+0524, at z=6.28. We show that this object could not have been magnified by lensing by more than a factor of five. The constraint arises from the large observed size, 30 (comoving) Mpc, of the ionized region around this quasar, and relies crucially only on the assumption that the quasar is embedded in a largely neutral IGM. Based on the line/continuum ratio of SDSS 1030+0524, we argue further that this quasar also cannot be beamed by a significant factor. We conclude that the minimum mass for its resident BH is 4 x 10^8 Msun (for magnification by a factor of five); if the mass is this low, then the quasars had to switch on prior to redshift z=9. From the size of the ionized region, we are also able to place an absolute lower bound on the age of this quasar at t > 2 x 10^7 years.}, author = {Haiman, Zoltán and Cen, Renyue}, issn = {0004-637X}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {2}, pages = {702--707}, publisher = {American Astronomical Society}, title = {{A constraint on the gravitational lensing magnification and age of the redshift z = 6.28 Quasar SDSS 1030+0524}}, doi = {10.1086/342610}, volume = {578}, year = {2002}, } @article{17739, abstract = {An extensive sample of galaxy clusters will be available in the coming years, detected through their Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE). We use a semianalytic model to study the scientific yield of combining SZE data with X-ray and optical follow-up observations. If clusters at a given redshift z0 can be identified with virialized, spherical halos, they populate a well-defined "fundamental plane" (FP) in the parameter space of the three observables virial temperature (T), total Sunyaev-Zeldovich flux decrement (ΔSν), and angular size (θ). The location and orientation of the FP, as well as its redshift evolution, are sensitive to both the internal evolution of clusters and to the underlying cosmological parameters. We show that if clusters are not standard candles (e.g., because of feedback or energy injection), then this can be inferred from the FP. Likewise, we study the dependence of the FP on the cosmological parameters h, σ8, and Ω0, and quantify future constraints on these parameters. We also show that in the absence of any nongravitational effects, the scatter in the (ΔSν,T)-plane is significantly smaller than in either the (θ,T) or the (θ,ΔSν) planes. As a result, the ΔSν-T relation can be an exceptionally sensitive probe of both cluster physics and cosmological parameters. A comparison of the amount of scatter in these three scaling relations will test the origin (cosmological vs. stochastic) of the scatter.}, author = {Verde, Licia and Haiman, Zoltán and Spergel, David N.}, issn = {0004-637X}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {1}, pages = {5--19}, publisher = {American Astronomical Society}, title = {{Are clusters standard candles? Galaxy cluster scaling relations with the Sunyaev‐Zeldovich effect}}, doi = {10.1086/344134}, volume = {581}, year = {2002}, } @article{17746, abstract = {For a source of Lyα radiation embedded in a neutral intergalactic medium (IGM) prior to the reionization epoch, the Lyα emission line is strongly suppressed by the intervening IGM. The damping wing of the so-called Gunn-Peterson trough can extend to the red side of the emission line and erase a significant fraction of the total line flux. However, the transmitted fraction increases with the size of the local cosmological H II region surrounding the source, and therefore with the ionizing luminosity and age of the source. Motivated by the recent discovery of a Lyα-emitting galaxy at a redshift z = 6.56 (Hu et al.), possibly prior to the reionization of the IGM, we revisit the effects of a neutral IGM on the Lyα emission line. We show that for faint sources with little or even no ionizing continuum, a sufficiently broad (Δv ≳ 300 km s^-1) emission line can still remain observable. In particular, the line detected by Hu et al. is consistent with a source embedded in a neutral IGM. We provide characterizations of the asymmetry and total transmitted flux of the Lyα line as functions of the ionizing emissivity of its source. We argue that a statistical sample of Lyα emitters extending beyond the reionization redshift can be a useful probe of reionization.}, author = {Haiman, Zoltán}, issn = {0004-637X}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {1}, pages = {L1--L4}, publisher = {American Astronomical Society}, title = {{The detectability of high-redshift Lyα emission lines prior to the reionization of the universe}}, doi = {10.1086/343101}, volume = {576}, year = {2002}, } @article{17779, abstract = {The first generation of stars is thought to have formed in low-mass halos with Tvir < 10^4 K where H2 cooling is paramount. However, the efficiency of H2 formation and cooling in these halos may have been severely limited by feedback processes. In this paper we investigate the radiative cooling and collapse of halos with virial temperatures Tvir > 10^4 K, i.e., those that can cool in the absence of H2 via neutral atomic lines. The evolution of these halos differs from their less massive counterparts. Efficient atomic line radiation allows rapid cooling to ~8000 K; subsequently the gas can contract nearly isothermally at this temperature. In the absence of H2 molecules, the gas would likely settle into a locally stable disk, and only disks with unusually low spin would be unstable. However, we find that the initial atomic line cooling leaves a large, out-of-equilibrium residual free electron fraction. This allows the molecular fraction to build up to a universal value of x ≈ 10^-3, almost independently of initial density and temperature. We show that this is a nonequilibrium freeze-out value that can be understood in terms of timescale arguments. Unlike in less massive halos, H2 formation and cooling is largely impervious to feedback from external UV fields, due to the high initial densities achieved by atomic cooling. The newly formed molecules cool the gas further to ~100 K and allow the gas to fragment on scales of a few times 100 M☉. We investigate the importance of various feedback effects such as H2 photodissociation from internal UV fields and radiation pressure due to Lyα photon trapping, which are likely to regulate the efficiency of star formation.}, author = {Oh, S. Peng and Haiman, Zoltán}, issn = {0004-637X}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {2}, pages = {558--572}, publisher = {American Astronomical Society}, title = {{Second‐generation objects in the universe: Radiative cooling and collapse of halos with virial temperatures above 10^4 K}}, doi = {10.1086/339393}, volume = {569}, year = {2002}, } @article{17798, abstract = {Recent discoveries by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) of four bright z ~ 6 quasars could constrain the mechanism by which the supermassive black holes powering these sources are assembled. Here we compute the probability that the fluxes of the quasars are strongly amplified by gravitational lensing and therefore the likelihood that the black hole masses are overestimated when they are inferred assuming Eddington luminosities. The poorly constrained shape of the intrinsic quasar luminosity function (LF) at redshift ~6 results in a large range of possible lensing probabilities. If the LF is either steep or extends to faint magnitudes, the probability for amplification by a factor μ ≳ 10 (and with only one image detectable by SDSS) can reach essentially 100%. We show that future observations, in particular, of either the current four quasars at the high angular resolution provided by the Hubble Space Telescope or an increased sample of ~20 z ~ 6 quasars at the current angular resolution, should either discover several gravitational lenses or else provide interesting new constraints on the shape of the z ~ 6 quasar LF.}, author = {Comerford, Julia M. and Haiman, Zoltán and Schaye, Joop}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, pages = {63--72}, publisher = {American Astronomical Society}, title = {{Constraining the Redshift z ~ 6 quasar luminosity function using gravitational lensing}}, doi = {10.1086/343116}, volume = {580}, year = {2002}, } @article{17799, abstract = {The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is an imaging and spectroscopic survey that will eventually cover approximately one-quarter of the celestial sphere and collect spectra of ≈106 galaxies, 100,000 quasars, 30,000 stars, and 30,000 serendipity targets. In 2001 June, the SDSS released to the general astronomical community its early data release, roughly 462 deg2 of imaging data including almost 14 million detected objects and 54,008 follow-up spectra. The imaging data were collected in drift-scan mode in five bandpasses (u, g, r, i, and z); our 95% completeness limits for stars are 22.0, 22.2, 22.2, 21.3, and 20.5, respectively. The photometric calibration is reproducible to 5%, 3%, 3%, 3%, and 5%, respectively. The spectra are flux- and wavelength-calibrated, with 4096 pixels from 3800 to 9200 Å at R ≈ 1800. We present the means by which these data are distributed to the astronomical community, descriptions of the hardware used to obtain the data, the software used for processing the data, the measured quantities for each observed object, and an overview of the properties of this data set.}, author = {Stoughton, Chris and Lupton, Robert H. and Bernardi, Mariangela and Blanton, Michael R. and Burles, Scott and Castander, Francisco J. and Connolly, A. J. and Eisenstein, Daniel J. and Frieman, Joshua A. and Hennessy, G. S. and Hindsley, Robert B. and Ivezić, Željko and Kent, Stephen and Kunszt, Peter Z. and Lee, Brian C. and Meiksin, Avery and Munn, Jeffrey A. and Newberg, Heidi Jo and Nichol, R. C. and Nicinski, Tom and Pier, Jeffrey R. and Richards, Gordon T. and Richmond, Michael W. and Schlegel, David J. and Smith, J. Allyn and Strauss, Michael A. and SubbaRao, Mark and Szalay, Alexander S. and Thakar, Aniruddha R. and Tucker, Douglas L. and Vanden Berk, Daniel E. and Yanny, Brian and Adelman, Jennifer K. and Anderson, Jr., John E. and Anderson, Scott F. and Annis, James and Bahcall, Neta A. and Bakken, J. A. and Bartelmann, Matthias and Bastian, Steven and Bauer, Amanda and Berman, Eileen and Böhringer, Hans and Boroski, William N. and Bracker, Steve and Briegel, Charlie and Briggs, John W. and Brinkmann, J. and Brunner, Robert and Carey, Larry and Carr, Michael A. and Chen, Bing and Christian, Damian and Colestock, Patrick L. and Crocker, J. H. and Csabai, István and Czarapata, Paul C. and Dalcanton, Julianne and Davidsen, Arthur F. and Davis, John Eric and Dehnen, Walter and Dodelson, Scott and Doi, Mamoru and Dombeck, Tom and Donahue, Megan and Ellman, Nancy and Elms, Brian R. and Evans, Michael L. and Eyer, Laurent and Fan, Xiaohui and Federwitz, Glenn R. and Friedman, Scott and Fukugita, Masataka and Gal, Roy and Gillespie, Bruce and Glazebrook, Karl and Gray, Jim and Grebel, Eva K. and Greenawalt, Bruce and Greene, Gretchen and Gunn, James E. and de Haas, Ernst and Haiman, Zoltán and Haldeman, Merle and Hall, Patrick B. and Hamabe, Masaru and Hansen, Brad and Harris, Frederick H. and Harris, Hugh and Harvanek, Michael and Hawley, Suzanne L. and Hayes, J. J. E. and Heckman, Timothy M. and Helmi, Amina and Henden, Arne and Hogan, Craig J. and Hogg, David W. and Holmgren, Donald J. and Holtzman, Jon and Huang, Chih-Hao and Hull, Charles and Ichikawa, Shin-Ichi and Ichikawa, Takashi and Johnston, David E. and Kauffmann, Guinevere and Kim, Rita S. J. and Kimball, Tim and Kinney, E. and Klaene, Mark and Kleinman, S. J. and Klypin, Anatoly and Knapp, G. R. and Korienek, John and Krolik, Julian and Kron, Richard G. and Krzesiński, Jurek and Lamb, D. Q. and Leger, R. French and Limmongkol, Siriluk and Lindenmeyer, Carl and Long, Daniel C. and Loomis, Craig and Loveday, Jon and MacKinnon, Bryan and Mannery, Edward J. and Mantsch, P. M. and Margon, Bruce and McGehee, Peregrine and McKay, Timothy A. and McLean, Brian and Menou, Kristen and Merelli, Aronne and Mo, H. J. and Monet, David G. and Nakamura, Osamu and Narayanan, Vijay K. and Nash, Thomas and Neilsen, Jr., Eric H. and Newman, Peter R. and Nitta, Atsuko and Odenkirchen, Michael and Okada, Norio and Okamura, Sadanori and Ostriker, Jeremiah P. and Owen, Russell and Pauls, A. George and Peoples, John and Peterson, R. S. and Petravick, Donald and Pope, Adrian and Pordes, Ruth and Postman, Marc and Prosapio, Angela and Quinn, Thomas R. and Rechenmacher, Ron and Rivetta, Claudio H. and Rix, Hans-Walter and Rockosi, Constance M. and Rosner, Robert and Ruthmansdorfer, Kurt and Sandford, Dale and Schneider, Donald P. and Scranton, Ryan and Sekiguchi, Maki and Sergey, Gary and Sheth, Ravi and Shimasaku, Kazuhiro and Smee, Stephen and Snedden, Stephanie A. and Stebbins, Albert and Stubbs, Christopher and Szapudi, István and Szkody, Paula and Szokoly, Gyula P. and Tabachnik, Serge and Tsvetanov, Zlatan and Uomoto, Alan and Vogeley, Michael S. and Voges, Wolfgang and Waddell, Patrick and Walterbos, René and Wang, Shu-i and Watanabe, Masaru and Weinberg, David H. and White, Richard L. and White, Simon D. M. and Wilhite, Brian and Wolfe, David and Yasuda, Naoki and York, Donald G. and Zehavi, Idit and Zheng, Wei}, issn = {1538-3881}, journal = {The Astronomical Journal}, number = {1}, pages = {485--548}, publisher = {American Astronomical Society}, title = {{Sloan digital sky survey: Early data release}}, doi = {10.1086/324741}, volume = {123}, year = {2002}, } @article{17802, abstract = {The Sloan Digital Sky Survey has confirmed the existence of populations of broad absorption line (BAL) quasars with various unusual properties. We present and discuss 23 such objects and consider the implications of their wide range of properties for models of BAL outflows and quasars in general. We have discovered one BAL quasar with a record number of absorption lines. Two other similarly complex objects with many narrow troughs show broad Mg II absorption extending longward of their systemic host galaxy redshifts. This can be explained as absorption of an extended continuum source by the rotation-dominated base of a disk wind. Five other objects have absorption that removes an unprecedented ∼90% of all flux shortward of Mg II. The absorption in one of them has varied across the ultraviolet with an amplitude and rate of change as great as ever seen. This same object may also show broad Hβ absorption. Numerous reddened BAL quasars have been found, including at least one reddened mini-BAL quasar with very strong Fe II emission. The five reddest objects have continuum reddenings of E(B-V) ≃ 0.5, and in two of them we find strong evidence that the reddening curve is even steeper than that of the SMC. We have found at least one object with absorption from Fe III but not Fe II. This may be due to a high column density of moderately high ionization gas, but the Fe III level populations must also be affected by some sort of resonance. Finally, we have found two luminous, probably reddened high-redshift objects that may be BAL quasars whose troughs partially cover different regions of the continuum source as a function of velocity.}, author = {Hall, Patrick B. and Anderson, Scott F. and Strauss, Michael A. and York, Donald G. and Richards, Gordon T. and Fan, Xiaohui and Knapp, G. R. and Schneider, Donald P. and Vanden Berk, Daniel E. and Geballe, T. R. and Bauer, Amanda E. and Becker, Robert H. and Davis, Marc and Rix, Hans‐Walter and Nichol, R. C. and Bahcall, Neta A. and Brinkmann, J. and Brunner, Robert and Connolly, A. J. and Csabai, Istvan and Doi, Mamoru and Fukugita, Masataka and Gunn, James E. and Haiman, Zoltán and Harvanek, Michael and Heckman, Timothy M. and Hennessy, G. S. and Inada, Naohisa and Ivezić, Željko and Johnston, David and Kleinman, S. and Krolik, Julian H. and Krzesinski, Jurek and Kunszt, Peter Z. and Lamb, D. Q. and Long, Daniel C. and Lupton, Robert H. and Miknaitis, Gajus and Munn, Jeffrey A. and Narayanan, Vijay K. and Neilsen, Eric and Newman, P. R. and Nitta, Atsuko and Okamura, Sadanori and Pentericci, Laura and Pier, Jeffrey R. and Schlegel, David J. and Snedden, S. and Szalay, Alexander S. and Thakar, Anirudda R. and Tsvetanov, Zlatan and White, Richard L. and Zheng, Wei}, issn = {1538-4365}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series}, number = {2}, pages = {267--309}, publisher = {American Astronomical Society}, title = {{Unusual broad absorption line quasars from the sloan digital sky survey}}, doi = {10.1086/340546}, volume = {141}, year = {2002}, }