@article{21502,
  abstract     = {The mammalian brain stores glucose, the main circulating energy substrate, as glycogen. In rodents, the cerebellum contains relatively high glycogen levels, yet its cellular and subcellular distribution remains poorly defined. Using monoclonal antibodies against glycogen, we examined its distribution in the mouse cerebellar cortex. Glycogen was predominantly localized to Bergmann glia (BG) processes in the molecular layer and was also detected in Purkinje cells (PCs), the principal cerebellar neurons. To assess the functional significance of cerebellar glycogen, we analyzed behavior in mice lacking glycogen synthase 1 (Gys1) in BG or PCs using a floxed Gys1 line. Gys1 deficiency in either PCs or GFAP-positive cells reduced anxiety-like behavior, whereas combined deletion caused PC degeneration and ataxia. These findings reveal a critical role for glycogen metabolism in both astrocytes and neurons in cerebellar function.},
  author       = {Akther, Sonam and Lee, Ashley Bomin and Konno, Ayumu and Asiminas, Antonis and Vittani, Marta and Mishima, Tsuneko and Hirai, Hirokazu and Meehan, Claire Francesca and Duran, Jordi and Guinovart, Joan and Ashida, Hitoshi and Morita, Tsuyoshi and Baba, Otto and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nedergaard, Maiken and Hirase, Hajime},
  issn         = {2589-0042},
  journal      = {iScience},
  number       = {4},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Distribution and functional significance of rodent cerebellar glycogen}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.isci.2026.115192},
  volume       = {29},
  year         = {2026},
}

@article{21504,
  abstract     = {Selecting an appropriate divergence measure is a critical aspect of machine learning, as it directly impacts model performance. Among the most widely used, we find the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence, originally introduced in kinetic theory as a measure of relative entropy between probability distributions. Just as in machine learning, the ability to quantify the proximity of probability distributions plays a central role in kinetic theory. In this paper, we present a comparative review of divergence measures rooted in kinetic theory, highlighting their theoretical foundations and exploring their potential applications in machine learning and artificial intelligence.},
  author       = {Auricchio, Gennaro and Brigati, Giovanni and Giudici, Paolo and Toscani, Giuseppe},
  issn         = {1793-6314},
  journal      = {Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences},
  publisher    = {World Scientific Publishing},
  title        = {{From kinetic theory to AI: A rediscovery of high-dimensional divergences and their properties}},
  doi          = {10.1142/S0218202526410010},
  year         = {2026},
}

@article{20865,
  abstract     = {We prove the convergence of a modified Jordan–Kinderlehrer–Otto scheme to a solution
to the Fokker–Planck equation in Ω e R^d with general—strictly positive and temporally
constant—Dirichlet boundary conditions. We work under mild assumptions on the domain,
the drift, and the initial datum. In the special case where Ω is an interval in R1, we prove
that such a solution is a gradient flow—curve of maximal slope—within a suitable space of
measures, endowed with a modified Wasserstein distance. Our discrete scheme and modified
distance draw inspiration from contributions by A. Figalli and N. Gigli [J. Math. Pures
Appl. 94, (2010), pp. 107–130], and J. Morales [J. Math. Pures Appl. 112, (2018), pp. 41–88]
on an optimal-transport approach to evolution equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions.
Similarly to these works, we allow the mass to flow from/to the boundary ∂Ω throughout
the evolution. However, our leading idea is to also keep track of the mass at the boundary
by working with measures defined on the whole closure Ω . The driving functional is a
modification of the classical relative entropy that also makes use of the information at the
boundary. As an intermediate result, when Ω is an interval in R1, we find a formula for the
descending slope of this geodesically nonconvex functional.},
  author       = {Quattrocchi, Filippo},
  issn         = {1432-0835},
  journal      = {Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations},
  number       = {1},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Variational structures for the Fokker-Planck equation with general Dirichlet boundary conditions}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s00526-025-03193-1},
  volume       = {65},
  year         = {2026},
}

@article{21658,
  abstract     = {Dipolar (ℓ = 1) mixed modes have revealed a surprisingly weak differential rotation between the core and the envelope of evolved solar-like stars. Quadrupolar (ℓ = 2) mixed modes also contain information regarding internal dynamics but are very rarely characterised due to their low amplitude and the challenging identification of adjacent or overlapping rotationally split multiplets affected by near-degeneracy effects. We aim to extend the broadly used asymptotic seismic diagnostics beyond ℓ = 1 mixed modes by developing an analogue asymptotic description of ℓ = 2 mixed modes while explicitly accounting for near-degeneracy effects that distort their rotational multiplets. We have derived a new asymptotic formulation of near-degenerate mixed ℓ = 2 modes that describes off-diagonal terms representing the interaction between modes of adjacent radial orders. This formalism, expressed directly in the mixed-mode basis, provides analytical expressions for the near-degeneracy effects. We implemented the formalism within a global Bayesian mode-fitting framework for a direct fit of all ℓ = 0, 1, 2 modes in the power spectrum density. We were able to asymptotically model the asymmetric rotational splitting present in various radial orders of ℓ = 2 modes observed in young red giant stars without the need for any numerical stellar modelling. We applied our formalism to the Kepler target KIC 7341231, and it yielded core and envelope rotation rates consistent with previous numerical modelling while providing improved constraints from the global and model-independent approach. We also characterised the new target, KIC 8179973, measuring its rotation rate and mixed-mode parameters for the first time. As our framework relies on a direct global fit, it allows for much better precision on the asteroseismic parameters and rotation rate estimates than standard methods, yielding better constraints for rotation inversions. We have placed the first observational constraints on the asymptotic ℓ = 2 mixed-mode parameters (ΔΠ2, q2, and εg, 2), thus paving the way towards the use of asymptotic seismology beyond ℓ = 1 mixed modes.},
  author       = {Liagre, Bastien Raymond Bernard and Desai, Aayush A and Einramhof, Lukas and Bugnet, Lisa Annabelle},
  issn         = {1432-0746},
  journal      = {Astronomy and Astrophysics},
  publisher    = {EDP Sciences},
  title        = {{Near-degeneracy effects in quadrupolar mixed modes: From an asymptotic description to data fitting}},
  doi          = {10.1051/0004-6361/202558023},
  volume       = {707},
  year         = {2026},
}

@article{21657,
  abstract     = {We compare three global kilometer-scale models (ICON, IFS and NICAM) to clarify the advantages and challenges of high-resolution global weather and climate modeling, using different approaches to represent convection, from fully parameterized to fully explicit. Our analysis focuses on tropical precipitation characteristics spanning a wide range of spatio-temporal scales—including the diurnal cycle, extreme precipitation, convective organization, and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)—along with interactions between convection and the thermodynamic environment. All three models commonly show weaker convective organization with smaller precipitation cells than observed, though the strength of the bias varies by model. This diversity is introduced by differences in the representation of (a) convective initiation affected by the convective sensitivity to moisture and (b) tropospheric moistening associated with deep convection. Models with stronger thermodynamic-convection coupling increase environmental moisture near convection, thereby enhancing convective organization. This has important upscale effects on the MJO; while IFS and NICAM capture its eastward propagation well, ICON has difficulty reproducing it. The amplitudes and phases of precipitation diurnal cycles over land show much greater disagreement among the models than over ocean, influenced by how convection is initiated. Biases in rain evaporation and cold pool formation hinder the propagation of mesoscale convection, leading to errors such as the misrepresentation of nocturnal convection moving off the coast of Sumatra in IFS and ICON. These results highlight the importance of thermodynamic-convection coupling in realistically simulating tropical convection across scales. To improve this coupling, kilometer-scale models require better representation of the interaction between resolved convection and three-dimensional turbulent mixing.},
  author       = {Takasuka, Daisuke and Becker, Tobias and Bao, Jiawei},
  issn         = {1942-2466},
  journal      = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
  number       = {3},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  title        = {{Precipitation characteristics and thermodynamic-convection coupling in global kilometer-scale simulations}},
  doi          = {10.1029/2025MS005343},
  volume       = {18},
  year         = {2026},
}

@article{21659,
  abstract     = {The recent detection of solar equatorial Rossby waves has renewed interest in the study of gravito-inertial waves propagating in the convective envelope of solar-type stars. In particular, the ability of these envelope gravito-inertial modes to couple with those trapped in the radiative interior could open up new opportunities for probing the deep-layer dynamics of solar-type stars. The possibility for such a coupling to occur is particularly favoured among pre-main-sequence (PMS) solar-type stars. Indeed, due to the contraction of the protostellar object, they are able to reach high rotation frequencies before nuclear reactions are ignited and magnetic braking becomes the driving mechanism for their rotational evolution. In this work, we studied the coupling between the envelope inertial waves and the radiative interior g modes in PMS stars, focussing on the case of prograde dipolar modes. We considered the cases of 0.5 M⊙ and 1 M⊙ PMS models, each with three different scenarios of rotational evolution. We show that for stars that have formed with a sufficient amount of angular momentum, this coupling can occur in frequency ranges that are accessible to space-borne photometry, creating inertial dips in the period spacing pattern. Using an asymptotic analysis, we characterised the shape of these inertial dips to show that they depend on rotation and on the stiffness of the convective-radiative interface.},
  author       = {Breton, S. N. and Pezzotti, C. and Mathis, S. and Bugnet, Lisa Annabelle and Di Mauro, M. P. and Joergensen, J. and Zwintz, K. and Lanza, A. F.},
  issn         = {1432-0746},
  journal      = {Astronomy & Astrophysics},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  title        = {{Core-envelope coupling of gravito-inertial waves in pre-main-sequence solar-type stars}},
  doi          = {10.1051/0004-6361/202659309},
  volume       = {707},
  year         = {2026},
}

@article{21660,
  abstract     = {Kapitza-Dirac scattering, the diffraction of matter waves from a standing light field, is widely utilized in ultracold gases, but its behavior in the strongly interacting regime is an open question. Here, we develop a numerically exact two-body description of Kapitza-Dirac scattering for two contact-interacting atoms in a one-dimensional harmonic trap subjected to a pulsed optical lattice, enabling us to obtain the numerically exact dynamics. We map how interaction strength, lattice depth, lattice wave number, and pulse duration reshape the diffraction pattern, leading to an interaction-dependent population redistribution in real and momentum space. By comparing the exact dynamics to an impulsive sudden-approximation description, we delineate the parameter regimes where it remains accurate and those, notably at strong attraction and small lattice wave number, where it fails. Our results provide a controlled few-body benchmark for interacting Kapitza-Dirac scattering and quantitative guidance for Kapitza-Dirac-based probes of ultracold atomic systems.},
  author       = {Becker, A. and Koutentakis, Georgios and Schmelcher, P.},
  issn         = {2643-1564},
  journal      = {Physical Review Research},
  publisher    = {American Physical Society},
  title        = {{Two-body Kapitza-Dirac scattering of one-dimensional ultracold atoms}},
  doi          = {10.1103/rdsn-stlq},
  volume       = {8},
  year         = {2026},
}

@article{21661,
  abstract     = {Model checking undiscounted reachability and expected-reward properties on Markov decision processes (MDPs) are key for the verification of systems that act under uncertainty. Popular algorithms are policy iteration and variants of value iteration; in tool competitions, most participants rely on the latter. These algorithms generally need worst-case exponential time. However, the problem can equally be formulated as a linear programme, solvable in polynomial time. In this paper, we give a detailed overview of today’s state-of-the-art algorithms for MDP model checking with a focus on performance and correctness. We highlight their fundamental differences, and describe various optimizations and implementation variants. We experimentally compare floating-point and exact-arithmetic implementations of all algorithms on three benchmark sets using two probabilistic model checkers. Our results show that (optimistic) value iteration is a sensible default, but other algorithms are preferable in specific settings. This paper thereby provides a guide for MDP verification practitioners—tool builders and users alike.},
  author       = {Hartmanns, Arnd and Junges, Sebastian and Quatmann, Tim and Weininger, Maximilian},
  issn         = {1433-2787},
  journal      = {International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer},
  keywords     = {Quantitative model checking, Markov decision process, Linear programming, Value iteration, Policy iteration},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{The revised practitioner’s guide to MDP model checking algorithms}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s10009-026-00848-y},
  year         = {2026},
}

@phdthesis{20964,
  author       = {Vladimirtsev, Dmitrii},
  issn         = {2791-4585},
  pages        = {22},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Armadillo repeat only proteins are master regulators of plant cyclic-nucleotide gated channels}},
  doi          = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-20964},
  year         = {2026},
}

@phdthesis{21198,
  abstract     = {In recent years there has been a massive increase in the amount of data generated in a
decentralized manner. Ever more powerful edge devices, such as smartphones, have become
ubiquitous in most societies on earth. Through text typed, photos taken and apps used,
these devices, which we refer to as clients, generate enormous amounts of high quality and
complex data. Moreover, the nature of these devices means the data they generate is often
sensitive and privacy concerns prevent it being gathered and stored in a central location. This
presents a challenge to the modern machine learning paradigm that requires central access
to large amounts of data. Federated learning (FL) has emerged as one of the answers to
this problem. Rather than bringing the data to the model, FL sends the model to the data.
Model training takes place on device, with periodically synchronized updates, allowing data to
remain locally stored. While this approach offers significant privacy advantages it comes with
its own set of unique challenges. These include: data heterogeneity, the notion that different
devices generate data in distinct ways which can negatively impact training dynamics; systems
heterogeneity, meaning that different devices may have differing hardware specifications; high
communication costs, which are induced by the repeated transferring of models over the
network and low device computational power, which limits the use of larger models on device.
In this thesis we present a range of methods for federated learning. We focus primarily on
the challenge of data heterogeneity, though the methods presented are designed to be well
adapted to the other challenges of a federated setting, such as the constraints of limited
compute and communication overhead. We first present a method for explicitly modeling client
data heterogeneity. The approach formulates clients as samples from a certain probability
distribution and infers the parameters of this distribution from the available training clients.
This learned distribution then represents the heterogeneity present among the clients and can
be sampled from in order to create new simulated clients that are similar to the real clients we
have observed so far. Following this we present two methods for directly dealing with data
heterogeneity through personalization. Highly heterogeneous client data distributions can mean
that learning a single global model becomes suboptimal, and some form of personalization of
models to each individual client is required. Our approaches are based around hypernetworks,
which we use to generate personalized model parameters without the need for additional
training or finetuning. In the first approach we focus on generating full parameterizations of
client models using learned embeddings of client data and labels, with a hypernetwork located
on the central server. In the second approach we address the more challenging scenario where
we want to generate a personalized model for a client without any label information. The
hypernetwork is trained to generate a low dimensional representation of a client’s personalized
model parameters, allowing it to be transferred to and run on the client devices. In our final
presented method, we change our focus and rather than aim to directly address the challenge
of data heterogeneity, we instead ensure we are unaffected by it. This is done in the context
of k-means clustering and we present a method for federated clustering with a focus on added
privacy guarantees.},
  author       = {Scott, Jonathan A},
  issn         = {2663-337X},
  pages        = {158},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Data heterogeneity and personalization in federated learning}},
  doi          = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-21198},
  year         = {2026},
}

@phdthesis{21021,
  abstract     = {This thesis examines how geometry and topology intersect in the representation, transformation, and analysis of complex shapes. It considers how continuous manifolds relate to their discrete analogues, how topological structures evolve in persistence vineyards, and how tools from topological data analysis can illuminate problems in mathematical physics. Central to this exploration is the question of how structure, both geometric and topological, persists or changes under approximation, sampling, or deformation. The work develops new approaches to skeletal and grid-based representations of surfaces, reveals the full expressive capacity of persistence vineyards, and applies topological methods to the longstanding problem of equilibria in electrostatic fields. These threads braid together into a broader understanding of how topology and geometry inform one another across theory, computation, and application.},
  author       = {Fillmore, Christopher D},
  issn         = {2663-337X},
  pages        = {122},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Braiding geometry and topology to study shapes and data}},
  doi          = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-21021},
  year         = {2026},
}

@unpublished{21051,
  abstract     = {In this work, we introduce and study what we believe is an intriguing and, to the best of our knowledge, previously unknown connection between two areas in computational topology, topological data analysis (TDA) and knot theory. Given a function from a topological space to $\mathbb{R}$, TDA provides tools to simplify and study the importance of topological features: in particular, the $l^{th}$-dimensional persistence diagram encodes the $l$-homology in the sublevel set as the function value increases as a set of points in the plane. Given a continuous one-parameter family of such functions, we can combine the persistence diagrams into an object known as a vineyard, which track the evolution of points in the persistence diagram. If we further restrict that family of functions to be periodic, we identify the two ends of the vineyard, yielding a closed vineyard. This allows the study of monodromy, which in this context means that following the family of functions for a period permutes the set of points in a non-trivial way. In this work, given a link and value $l$, we construct a topological space and periodic family of functions such that the closed $l$-vineyard contains this link. This shows that vineyards are topologically as rich as one could possibly hope. Importantly, it has at least two immediate consequences: First, monodromy of any periodicity can occur in a $l$-vineyard, answering a variant of a question by [Arya et al 2024]. To exhibit this, we also reformulate monodromy in a more geometric way, which may be of interest in itself. Second, distinguishing vineyards is likely to be difficult given the known difficulty of knot and link recognition, which have strong connections to many NP-hard problems.},
  author       = { Chambers, Erin and Fillmore, Christopher D and Stephenson, Elizabeth R and Wintraecken, Mathijs},
  booktitle    = {arXiv},
  title        = {{Braiding vineyards}},
  doi          = {10.48550/ARXIV.2504.11203},
  year         = {2026},
}

@article{21726,
  abstract     = {Quantum control of the many-body wavefunction is a central challenge in quantum materials research, as it could yield a precise control knob to manipulate emergent phenomena. Floquet engineering, the coherent dressing of quantum states with periodic non-resonant optical fields, has become an important strategy for quantum control. Most applications to solid-state systems have targeted weakly interacting or single-ion states, leaving the manipulation of many-body wavefunctions largely unexplored. Here we use Floquet engineering to achieve quantum control of a strongly correlated Hubbard exciton in the one-dimensional Mott insulator Sr2CuO3. A non-resonant mid-infrared optical field coherently dresses the exciton wavefunction, driving its rotation between bright and dark states. We use resonant third-harmonic generation to quantify ultrafast π/2 rotations on the Bloch sphere spanned by these exciton states. Our work advances the quest towards programmable control of correlated states and exciton-based quantum sensing.},
  author       = {Baykusheva, Denitsa Rangelova and Carmichael, Deven and Weber, Clara S. and Lu, I. Te and Glerean, Filippo and Meng, Tepie and De Oliveira, Pedro B.M. and Homes, Christopher C. and Zaliznyak, Igor A. and Gu, G. D. and Dean, Mark P.M. and Rubio, Angel and Kennes, Dante M. and Claassen, Martin and Mitrano, Matteo},
  issn         = {1476-4660},
  journal      = {Nature Materials},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Quantum control of Hubbard excitons}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41563-026-02517-6},
  year         = {2026},
}

@article{21725,
  abstract     = {The initial–final mass relation (IFMR) links a star’s birth mass to the mass of its white dwarf (WD) remnant, providing key constraints on stellar evolution. Open clusters offer the most straightforward way to empirically determine the IFMR, as their well-defined ages allow for direct progenitor lifetime estimates. We construct the most comprehensive open cluster WD IFMR to date by combining new spectroscopy of 22 WDs with an extensive literature review of WDs with strong cluster associations. To minimize systematics, we restrict our analysis to spectroscopically confirmed hydrogen-atmosphere (DA) WDs consistent with single-stellar origins. We separately analyze a subset with reliable Gaia-based astrometric membership assessments, as well as a full sample that adds WDs with strong cluster associations whose membership cannot be reliably assessed with Gaia. The Gaia-based sample includes 69 spectroscopically confirmed DA WDs, more than doubling the sample size of previous Gaia-based open cluster IFMRs. The full sample, which includes 53 additional literature WDs,
increases the total number of cluster WDs by over 50% relative to earlier works. We provide functional forms for both the Gaia-based and full-sample IFMRs. The Gaia-based result useful for Mi � 2.67 M⊙ is Mf = [0.179 0.100H (Mi 3.84 M )] × (Mi 3.84 M ) + 0.628 M , where H(x) is the Heaviside step function. Comparing our IFMR to recent literature, we identify significant deviations from best-fit IFMRs derived from both Gaia-based volume-limited samples of field WDs and double WD binaries, with the largest discrepancy occurring for initial masses of about 5 M⊙.},
  author       = {Miller, David R. and Caiazzo, Ilaria and Heyl, Jeremy and Richer, Harvey B. and Hollands, Mark A. and Tremblay, Pier Emmanuel and El-Badry, Kareem and Rodriguez, Antonio C. and Vanderbosch, Zachary P.},
  issn         = {1538-4357},
  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  keywords     = {White dwarf stars, Open star clusters, Compact objects, Stellar evolution},
  number       = {1},
  publisher    = {IOP Publishing},
  title        = {{The White Dwarf initial–final mass relation from open clusters in Gaia DR3}},
  doi          = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae18c8},
  volume       = {996},
  year         = {2026},
}

@unpublished{21699,
  abstract     = {Recent research in nanophotonics for scintillation-based imaging has demonstrated promising improvements in scintillator performance. In parallel, advances in nanophotonics have enabled wavefront control through metasurfaces, a capability that has transformed fields such as microscopy by allowing tailored control of optical propagation. This naturally raises the following question, which we address in this perspective: can wavefront-control strategies be leveraged to improve scintillation-based imaging? To answer this question, we explore nanophotonic- and metasurface-enabled wavefront control in scintillators to mitigate image blurring arising from their intrinsically diffuse light emission. While depth-of-field extension in scintillation faces fundamental limitations absent in microscopy, this approach reveals promising avenues, including stacked scintillators, selective spatial-frequency enhancement, and X-ray energy-dependent imaging. These results clarify the key distinctions in adapting wavefront engineering to scintillation and its potential to enable tailored detection strategies.},
  author       = {Chen, Joshua and Vaidya, Sachin and Pajovic, Simo and Choi, Seou and Michaels, William and Louis Martin-Monier, Louis Martin-Monier and Hu, Juejun and Cogswell, Carol and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Soljačić, Marin},
  booktitle    = {arXiv},
  title        = {{Wavefront engineering for scintillation-based imaging}},
  doi          = {10.48550/arXiv.2601.09830},
  year         = {2026},
}

@unpublished{21700,
  abstract     = {We provide a theoretical framework to describe the dynamics of a free-electron beam interacting with quantized bound systems in arbitrary electromagnetic environments. This expands the quantum optics toolbox to incorporate free-electron beams for applications in highly tunable quantum control, imaging, and spectroscopy at the nanoscale. The framework recovers previously studied results and shows that electromagnetic environments can amplify the intrinsically weak coupling between a free-electron and a bound electron to reach previously inaccessible interaction regimes. We leverage this enhanced coupling for experimentally feasible protocols in coherent qubit control and towards the nondestructive readout and projective control of the electron beam's quantum-number statistics. Our framework is broadly applicable to microwave-frequency qubits, optical nanophotonics, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and emerging platforms at the interface of electron microscopy and quantum information.},
  author       = {Grzesik, Jakob M. and Karnieli, Aviv and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Black, Dylan S. and Lê, Trung Kiên and Solgaard, Olav and Fan, Shanhui and Vučković, Jelena},
  booktitle    = {arXiv},
  title        = {{A general framework for interactions between electron beams and quantum optical systems}},
  doi          = {10.48550/arXiv.2601.21385},
  year         = {2026},
}

@unpublished{21701,
  abstract     = {Polarization-resolved control and measurement of the optical field are essential for a wide range of photonic systems, including coherent communication, polarimetric sensing, and quantum information processing. We present a photonic integrated circuit that enables the generation and analysis of arbitrary polarization states. The device provides reconfigurable access to the full polarization degree of freedom of coherent light within a single integrated platform. We experimentally demonstrate arbitrary polarization state generation spanning the Poincare sphere, as well as Stokes vector measurement on chip. Unlike conventional Stokes measurements that rely on direct detection, polarization analysis utilizing this architecture is intrinsically non-destructive, preserving the optical signal for further optical domain processing. The devices are fabricated in a commercial foundry using CMOS-compatible processes, enabling scalable and reproducible integration. By combining polarization generation and analysis in a compact and stable photonic circuit, this work eliminates the need for external polarization optics and provides a foundation for robust, polarization-enabled photonic integrated systems.},
  author       = {Valdez, Carson G. and Kroo, Anne R. and Miller, Anna J. and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Miller, David A. B. and Solgaard, Olav},
  booktitle    = {arXiv},
  title        = {{Integrated photonic polarization synthesizer and analyzer}},
  doi          = {10.48550/arXiv.2602.17024},
  year         = {2026},
}

@unpublished{21291,
  abstract     = {The complexity and specificity of movement in vertebrates is driven by a rich diversity of spinal motor and interneuron cell types. During development, eleven spinal cord progenitor domains generate an equivalent number of cardinal neuron types. How progenitor domains, individual progenitors, and post-mitotic diversity relate is still unknown. We performed high-resolution, single-progenitor cell lineage tracing in the embryonic mouse spinal cord using mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM). Our quantitative study of lineage progression revealed that spinal cord progenitors undergo highly variable numbers of proliferative, neurogenic, and gliogenic cell divisions. The nascent clonally-related neurons migrate radially over large distances, span the dorsoventral axis, and even cross the midline, demonstrating striking bilaterality. Molecular and morphometric analysis indicate high levels of progenitor multipotency, with an individual progenitor capable of producing several molecularly and morphologically distinct neuron types, as well as astrocytes. These findings redefine spinal cord development as a process in which lineage variability — rather than rigid progenitor identity — drives the generation of cellular diversity.},
  author       = {Gobeil, Sophie A and Da Silveira Neto, Francisco and Silvestrelli, Giulia and Smits, Matthijs Geert and Streicher, Carmen and Cheung, Giselle T and Hippenmeyer, Simon and Sweeney, Lora Beatrice Jaeger},
  booktitle    = {bioRxiv},
  title        = {{Lineage origin of spinal cord cell type diversity}},
  doi          = {10.64898/2026.02.12.705305},
  year         = {2026},
}

@article{21449,
  abstract     = {Three-dimensional (3D) crystals offer a route to scaling up trapped-ion systems for quantum sensing and quantum simulation applications; however, engineering coherent spin-motion couplings and effective spin-spin interactions in large crystals poses technical challenges associated with decoherence and prolonged timescales to generate appreciable entanglement. Here, we explore the possibility of speeding up these interactions in 3D crystals via parametric amplification. For this purpose, we derive a general Hamiltonian for the parametric amplification of spin-motion coupling that is broadly applicable to normal modes with motion transverse to or along the spatial extent of the crystal. Unlike in lower-dimensional crystals, we find that the ability to faithfully (uniformly) amplify the spin-spin interactions in 3D crystals depends on the physical implementation of the spin-motion coupling. We consider the light-shift gate, and the so-called phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive Mølmer-Sørensen (MS) gates, and we find that only the phase-sensitive MS gate can be faithfully amplified in general 3D crystals. We discuss a situation where nonuniform amplification can be advantageous. We also reconsider the effect of counter-rotating terms on parametric amplification and find that they are not as detrimental as previous studies suggest.},
  author       = {Hawaldar, Samarth and Nikhil, N. and Rey, Ana Maria and Bollinger, John J. and Shankar, Athreya},
  issn         = {2331-7019},
  journal      = {Physical Review Applied},
  number       = {3},
  publisher    = {American Physical Society},
  title        = {{Parametric amplification of spin-motion coupling in three-dimensional trapped-ion crystals}},
  doi          = {10.1103/h1m9-h3yw},
  volume       = {25},
  year         = {2026},
}

@inproceedings{21134,
  abstract     = {The Nakamoto consensus protocol underlying the Bitcoin blockchain uses proof of work as a voting mechanism. Honest miners who contribute hashing power towards securing the chain try to extend the longest chain they are aware of. Despite its simplicity, Nakamoto consensus achieves meaningful security guarantees assuming that at any point in time, a majority of the hashing power is controlled by honest parties. This also holds under “resource variability”, i.e., if the total hashing power varies greatly over time.
Proofs of space (PoSpace) have been suggested as a more sustainable replacement for proofs of work. Unfortunately, no construction of a “longest-chain” blockchain based on PoSpace, that is secure under dynamic availability, is known. In this work, we prove that without additional assumptions no such protocol exists. We exactly quantify this impossibility result by proving a bound on the length of the fork required for double spending as a function of the adversarial capabilities. This bound holds for any chain selection rule, and we also show a chain selection rule (albeit a very strange one) that almost matches this bound.
The Nakamoto consensus protocol underlying the Bitcoin blockchain uses proof of work as a voting mechanism. Honest miners who contribute hashing power towards securing the chain try to extend the longest chain they are aware of. Despite its simplicity, Nakamoto consensus achieves meaningful security guarantees assuming that at any point in time, a majority of the hashing power is controlled by honest parties. This also holds under “resource variability”, i.e., if the total hashing power varies greatly over time.

Proofs of space (PoSpace) have been suggested as a more sustainable replacement for proofs of work. Unfortunately, no construction of a “longest-chain” blockchain based on PoSpace, that is secure under dynamic availability, is known. In this work, we prove that without additional assumptions no such protocol exists. We exactly quantify this impossibility result by proving a bound on the length of the fork required for double spending as a function of the adversarial capabilities. This bound holds for any chain selection rule, and we also show a chain selection rule (albeit a very strange one) that almost matches this bound.

Concretely, we consider a security game in which the honest parties at any point control 0 > 1
 times more space than the adversary. The adversary can change the honest space by a factor 1+- E with every block (dynamic availability), and “replotting” the space (which allows answering two challenges using the same space) takes as much time as p blocks.
We prove that no matter what chain selection rule is used, in this game the adversary can create a fork of length o^2 . p/E that will be picked as the winner by the chain selection rule.
We also provide an upper bound that matches the lower bound up to a factor o. There exists a chain selection rule (albeit a very strange one) which in the above game requires forks of length at least o . p/E
Our results show the necessity of additional assumptions to create a secure PoSpace based longest-chain blockchain. The Chia network in addition to PoSpace uses a verifiable delay function. Our bounds show that an additional primitive like that is necessary.},
  author       = {Baig, Mirza Ahad and Pietrzak, Krzysztof Z},
  booktitle    = {29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security},
  isbn         = {9783032070340},
  issn         = {1611-3349},
  location     = {Miyakojima, Japan},
  pages        = {127--142},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{On the (in)security of Proofs-of-space based longest-chain blockchains}},
  doi          = {10.1007/978-3-032-07035-7_8},
  volume       = {15752},
  year         = {2026},
}