@misc{17344, abstract = {This file contains the Mathematica notebook associated with the paper Effect of assortative mating and sexual selection on polygenic barriers to gene flow. It contains the numerical approximations, analyses, and simulations used in the study. }, author = {Surendranadh, Parvathy and Sachdeva, Himani}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Mathematica notebook for 'Effect of assortative mating and sexual selection on polygenic barriers to gene flow'}}, doi = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:17344}, year = {2024}, } @unpublished{17350, abstract = {Score-based generative models (SGMs) are powerful tools to sample from complex data distributions. Their underlying idea is to (i) run a forward process for time $T_1$ by adding noise to the data, (ii) estimate its score function, and (iii) use such estimate to run a reverse process. As the reverse process is initialized with the stationary distribution of the forward one, the existing analysis paradigm requires $T_1\to\infty$. This is however problematic: from a theoretical viewpoint, for a given precision of the score approximation, the convergence guarantee fails as $T_1$ diverges; from a practical viewpoint, a large $T_1$ increases computational costs and leads to error propagation. This paper addresses the issue by considering a version of the popular predictor-corrector scheme: after running the forward process, we first estimate the final distribution via an inexact Langevin dynamics and then revert the process. Our key technical contribution is to provide convergence guarantees which require to run the forward process only for a fixed finite time $T_1$. Our bounds exhibit a mild logarithmic dependence on the input dimension and the subgaussian norm of the target distribution, have minimal assumptions on the data, and require only to control the $L^2$ loss on the score approximation, which is the quantity minimized in practice.}, author = {Pedrotti, Francesco and Maas, Jan and Mondelli, Marco}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Improved convergence of score-based diffusion models via prediction-correction}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2305.14164}, year = {2024}, } @unpublished{17352, abstract = {We prove upper bounds on the $L^\infty$-Wasserstein distance from optimal transport between strongly log-concave probability densities and log-Lipschitz perturbations. In the simplest setting, such a bound amounts to a transport-information inequality involving the $L^\infty$-Wasserstein metric and the relative $L^\infty$-Fisher information. We show that this inequality can be sharpened significantly in situations where the involved densities are anisotropic. Our proof is based on probabilistic techniques using Langevin dynamics. As an application of these results, we obtain sharp exponential rates of convergence in Fisher's infinitesimal model from quantitative genetics, generalising recent results by Calvez, Poyato, and Santambrogio in dimension 1 to arbitrary dimensions.}, author = {Khudiakova, Kseniia and Maas, Jan and Pedrotti, Francesco}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{L∞-optimal transport of anisotropic log-concave measures and exponential convergence in Fisher's infinitesimal model}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2402.04151}, year = {2024}, } @unpublished{17353, abstract = {In this paper we derive estimates for the Hessian of the logarithm (log-Hessian) for solutions to the heat equation. For initial data in the form of log-Lipschitz perturbation of strongly log-concave measures, the log-Hessian admits an explicit, uniform (in space) lower bound. This yields a new estimate for the Lipschitz constant of a transport map pushing forward the standard Gaussian to a measure in this class. Further connections are discussed with score-based diffusion models and improved Gaussian logarithmic Sobolev inequalities. Finally, we show that assuming only fast decay of the tails of the initial datum does not suffice to guarantee uniform log-Hessian upper bounds.}, author = {Brigati, Giovanni and Pedrotti, Francesco}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Heat flow, log-concavity, and Lipschitz transport maps}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2404.15205}, year = {2024}, } @unpublished{17361, abstract = {We present symplectic structures on the shape space of unparameterized space curves that generalize the classical Marsden-Weinstein structure. Our method integrates the Liouville 1-form of the Marsden-Weinstein structure with Riemannian structures that have been introduced in mathematical shape analysis. We also derive Hamiltonian vector fields for several classical Hamiltonian functions with respect to these new symplectic structures.}, author = {Bauer, Martin and Ishida, Sadashige and Michor, Peter W.}, booktitle = {arXiv}, keywords = {space of space curves, symplectic stuctures}, title = {{Symplectic structures on the space of space curves}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2407.19908}, year = {2024}, } @misc{17362, abstract = {This is the supplementary data for the paper titled "Single-nucleus atlas of the Artemia female reproductive system suggests germline repression of the Z chromosome", where we described the generation and analysis of single-nucleus expression and chromatin-accessibility data from the female reproductive system of Artemia franciscana. We compared our dataset to the published Drosophila single-nucleus data (over 400 million years of divergence) and highlighted the extreme conservation of several of the molecular pathways of oogenesis and meiosis. We found evidence of global transcriptional quiescence and chromatin condensation in late germ cells, highlighting the conserved role of this repressive stage in arthropod oogenesis. Additionally, we explored the expression patterns of the ZW sex chromosomes during oogenesis. Our data shows that the Z-chromosome is consistently downregulated in germline cells. While this is partly driven by a lack of dosage compensation in the germline, a subset of cells show stronger repression of the Z chromosome.}, author = {Elkrewi, Marwan N and Vicoso, Beatriz}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Data for: "Single-nucleus atlas of the Artemia female reproductive system suggests germline repression of the Z chromosome"}}, doi = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:17362}, year = {2024}, } @article{17372, abstract = {In this paper, we investigate the global well-posedness of reaction-diffusion systems with transport noise on the d-dimensional torus. We show new global well-posedness results for a large class of scalar equations (e.g. the Allen-Cahn equation), and dissipative systems (e.g. equations in coagulation dynamics). Moreover, we prove global well-posedness for two weakly dissipative systems: Lotka-Volterra equations for d∈{1,2,3,4} and the Brusselator for d∈{1,2,3}. Many of the results are also new without transport noise. The proofs are based on maximal regularity techniques, positivity results, and sharp blow-up criteria developed in our recent works, combined with energy estimates based on Itô's formula and stochastic Gronwall inequalities. Key novelties include the introduction of new Lζ -coercivity/dissipativity conditions and the development of an Lp(Lq) -framework for systems of reaction-diffusion equations, which are needed when treating dimensions d∈{2,3} in the case of cubic or higher order nonlinearities.}, author = {Agresti, Antonio and Veraar, Mark}, issn = {1095-7154}, journal = {SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis}, number = {4}, pages = {4870--4927}, publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics}, title = {{Reaction-diffusion equations with transport noise and critical superlinear diffusion: Global well-posedness of weakly dissipative systems}}, doi = {10.1137/23M1562482}, volume = {56}, year = {2024}, } @article{17373, abstract = {Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) is a powerful technique for investigating the electrostatic properties of material surfaces, enabling the imaging of variations in work function, topology, surface charge density, or combinations thereof. Regardless of the underlying signal source, SKPM results in a voltage image, which is spatially distorted due to the finite size of the probe, long-range electrostatic interactions, mechanical and electrical noise, and the finite response time of the electronics. In order to recover the underlying signal, it is necessary to deconvolve the measurement with an appropriate point spread function (PSF) that accounts the aforementioned distortions, but determining this PSF is difficult. Here, we describe how such PSFs can be determined experimentally and show how they can be used to recover the underlying information of interest. We first consider the physical principles that enable SKPM and discuss how these affect the system PSF. We then show how one can experimentally measure PSFs by looking at well-defined features, and that these compare well to simulated PSFs, provided scans are performed extremely slowly and carefully. Next, we work at realistic scan speeds and show that the idealized PSFs fail to capture temporal distortions in the scan direction. While simulating PSFs for these situations would be quite challenging, we show that measuring PSFs with similar scan conditions works well. Our approach clarifies the basic principles and inherent challenges to SKPM measurements and gives practical methods to improve results.}, author = {Lenton, Isaac C and Pertl, Felix and Shafeek, Lubuna B and Waitukaitis, Scott R}, issn = {1089-7550}, journal = {Journal of Applied Physics}, number = {4}, publisher = {AIP Publishing}, title = {{Beyond the blur: Using experimentally determined point spread functions to improve scanning Kelvin probe imaging}}, doi = {10.1063/5.0215151}, volume = {136}, year = {2024}, } @inproceedings{17374, abstract = {Achieving photorealistic 3D view synthesis and relighting of human portraits is pivotal for advancing AR/VR applications. Existing methodologies in portrait relighting demonstrate substantial limitations in terms of generalization and 3D consistency, coupled with inaccuracies in physically realistic lighting and identity preservation. Furthermore, personalization from a single view is difficult to achieve and often requires multiview images during the testing phase or involves slow optimization processes. This paper introduces Lite2Relight , a novel technique that can predict 3D consistent head poses of portraits while performing physically plausible light editing at interactive speed. Our method uniquely extends the generative capabilities and efficient volumetric representation of EG3D, leveraging a lightstage dataset to implicitly disentangle face reflectance and perform relighting under target HDRI environment maps. By utilizing a pre-trained geometry-aware encoder and a feature alignment module, we map input images into a relightable 3D space, enhancing them with a strong face geometry and reflectance prior. Through extensive quantitative and qualitative evaluations, we show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of efficacy, photorealism, and practical application. This includes producing 3D-consistent results of the full head, including hair, eyes, and expressions. Lite2Relight paves the way for large-scale adoption of photorealistic portrait editing in various domains, offering a robust, interactive solution to a previously constrained problem.}, author = {Rao, Pramod and Fox, Gereon and Meka, Abhimitra and Mallikarjun, B. R. and Zhan, Fangneng and Weyrich, Tim and Bickel, Bernd and Pfister, Hanspeter and Matusik, Wojciech and Elgharib, Mohamed and Theobalt, Christian}, booktitle = {Proceedings - SIGGRAPH 2024 Conference Papers}, isbn = {9798400705250}, location = {Denver, CO, United States}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {{Lite2Relight: 3D-aware single image portrait relighting}}, doi = {10.1145/3641519.3657470}, year = {2024}, } @article{17375, abstract = {We consider the spectral radius of a large random matrix X with independent, identically distributed entries. We show that its typical size is given by a precise three-term asymptotics with an optimal error term beyond the radius of the celebrated circular law. The coefficients in this asymptotics are universal but they differ from a similar asymptotics recently proved for the rightmost eigenvalue of X in Cipolloni et al., Ann. Probab. 51(6), 2192–2242 (2023). To access the more complicated spectral radius, we need to establish a new decorrelation mechanism for the low-lying singular values of X − z for different complex shift parameters z using the Dyson Brownian Motion.}, author = {Cipolloni, Giorgio and Erdös, László and Xu, Yuanyuan}, issn = {0022-2488}, journal = {Journal of Mathematical Physics}, number = {6}, publisher = {AIP Publishing}, title = {{Precise asymptotics for the spectral radius of a large random matrix}}, doi = {10.1063/5.0209705}, volume = {65}, year = {2024}, } @article{17376, abstract = {The inertia bound and ratio bound (also known as the Cvetković bound and Hoffman bound) are two fundamental inequalities in spectral graph theory, giving upper bounds on the independence number α(G) of a graph G in terms of spectral information about a weighted adjacency matrix of G. For both inequalities, given a graph G, one needs to make a judicious choice of weighted adjacency matrix to obtain as strong a bound as possible. While there is a well-established theory surrounding the ratio bound, the inertia bound is much more mysterious, and its limits are rather unclear. In fact, only recently did Sinkovic find the first example of a graph for which the inertia bound is not tight (for any weighted adjacency matrix), answering a longstanding question of Godsil. We show that the inertia bound can be extremely far from tight, and in fact can significantly underperform the ratio bound: for example, one of our results is that for infinitely many n, there is an n-vertex graph for which even the unweighted ratio bound can prove α(G)≤4n3/4, but the inertia bound is always at least n/4. In particular, these results address questions of Rooney, Sinkovic, and Wocjan--Elphick--Abiad.}, author = {Kwan, Matthew Alan and Wigderson, Yuval}, issn = {1469-2120}, journal = {Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society}, number = {10}, pages = {3196--3208}, publisher = {London Mathematical Society}, title = {{The inertia bound is far from tight}}, doi = {10.1112/blms.13127}, volume = {56}, year = {2024}, } @article{17377, abstract = {Lateral root (LR) formation, that is vital for plant development, is one of many auxin-modulated processes, but the underlying regulatory mechanism is not yet fully known. Recently, González-García et al. discovered the BiAux compound and showed that it is involved in LR development via regulating specific auxin coreceptors.}, author = {Wójcikowska, Barbara and Friml, Jiří and Mazur, Ewa}, issn = {1360-1385}, journal = {Trends in Plant Science}, number = {12}, pages = {1279--1281}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{BiAux, a newly discovered compound triggering auxin signaling}}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2024.07.008}, volume = {29}, year = {2024}, } @article{17389, abstract = {The potential of Si and SiGe-based devices for the scaling of quantum circuits is tainted by device variability. Each device needs to be tuned to operation conditions and each device realisation requires a different tuning protocol. We demonstrate that it is possible to automate the tuning of a 4-gate Si FinFET, a 5-gate GeSi nanowire and a 7-gate Ge/SiGe heterostructure double quantum dot device from scratch with the same algorithm. We achieve tuning times of 30, 10, and 92 min, respectively. The algorithm also provides insight into the parameter space landscape for each of these devices, allowing for the characterization of the regions where double quantum dot regimes are found. These results show that overarching solutions for the tuning of quantum devices are enabled by machine learning.}, author = {Severin, B. and Lennon, D. T. and Camenzind, L. C. and Vigneau, F. and Fedele, F. and Jirovec, Daniel and Ballabio, A. and Chrastina, D. and Isella, G. and de Kruijf, M. and Carballido, M. J. and Svab, S. and Kuhlmann, A. V. and Geyer, S. and Froning, F. N. M. and Moon, H. and Osborne, M. A. and Sejdinovic, D. and Katsaros, Georgios and Zumbühl, D. M. and Briggs, G. A. D. and Ares, N.}, issn = {2045-2322}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Cross-architecture tuning of silicon and SiGe-based quantum devices using machine learning}}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-024-67787-z}, volume = {14}, year = {2024}, } @article{17396, abstract = {Wildfire intensity and severity have been increasing in the Iberian Peninsula in recent years, particularly in the Galicia region, due to rising temperatures and accumulating drier combustible vegetation in unmanaged lands. This leads to substantial emissions of air pollutants, notably fine particles (PM2.5), posing a risk to public health. This study aims to assess the impact of local and regional wildfires on PM2.5 levels in Galicia's main cities and their implications for air quality and public health. Over a decade (2013–2022), PM2.5 data during wildfire seasons were analyzed using statistical methods and Lagrangian tracking to monitor smoke plume evolution. The results reveal a notable increase in PM2.5 concentration during the wildfire season (June–November) in Galicia, surpassing health guidelines during extreme events and posing a significant health risk to the population. Regional wildfire analyses indicate that smoke plumes from Northern Portugal contribute to pollution in Galician cities, influencing the seasonality of heightened PM2.5 levels. During extensive wildfires, elevated PM2.5 concentration values persisted for several days, potentially exacerbating health concerns in Galicia. These findings underscore the urgency of implementing air pollution prevention and management measures in the region, including developing effective alerts for large-scale events and improved wildfire management strategies to mitigate their impact on air quality in Galician cities.}, author = {Quishpe-Vásquez, César and Oliva, Patricia and López-Barrera, Ellie Anne and Casallas Garcia, Alejandro}, issn = {0301-4797}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Wildfires impact on PM2.5 concentration in galicia Spain}}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122093}, volume = {367}, year = {2024}, } @inproceedings{17402, abstract = {We present version 2.0 of the Partial Exploration Tool (PET), a tool for verification of probabilistic systems. We extend the previous version by adding support for stochastic games, based on a recent unified framework for sound value iteration algorithms. Thereby, PET2 is the first tool implementing a sound and efficient approach for solving stochastic games with objectives of the type reachability/safety and mean payoff. We complement this approach by developing and implementing a partial-exploration based variant for all three objectives. Our experimental evaluation shows that PET2 offers the most efficient partial-exploration based algorithm and is the most viable tool on SGs, even outperforming unsound tools.}, author = {Meggendorfer, Tobias and Weininger, Maximilian}, booktitle = {36th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, isbn = {9783031656323}, issn = {1611-3349}, location = {Montreal, Canada}, pages = {359--372}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Playing games with your PET: Extending the Partial Exploration Tool to stochastic games}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-65633-0_16}, volume = {14683}, year = {2024}, } @article{17407, abstract = {The ability to control forces between sub-micron-scale building blocks offers significant potential for designing new materials through self-assembly. Traditionally, this involves identifying a crystal structure with a desired property and then designing building-block interactions so that it assembles spontaneously. However, this paradigm fails for structurally disordered solids, which lack a well-defined structure. Here, we show that disordered solids can still be treated from an inverse self-assembly perspective by bypassing structure and directly targeting material properties. Using the Poisson’s ratio as a primary example, we demonstrate how differentiable programming links interaction parameters with emergent behavior, enabling iterative training to achieve the desired Poisson’s ratio. We also tune other properties, including pressure and local 8-fold structural order, and can even control multiple properties simultaneously. This robust, transferable, and scalable approach can handle a wide variety of systems and properties, demonstrating the utility of disordered solids as a practical avenue for self-assembly platforms.}, author = {Zu, Mengjie and Goodrich, Carl Peter}, issn = {2662-4443}, journal = {Communications Materials}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Designing athermal disordered solids with automatic differentiation}}, doi = {10.1038/s43246-024-00583-4}, volume = {5}, year = {2024}, } @article{17408, abstract = {Background: The remarkable regenerative abilities observed in planarians and cnidarians are closely linked to the active proliferation of adult stem cells and the precise differentiation of their progeny, both of which typically deteriorate during aging in low regenerative animals. While regeneration-specific genes conserved in highly regenerative organisms may confer regenerative abilities and long-term maintenance of tissue homeostasis, it remains unclear whether introducing these regenerative genes into low regenerative animals can improve their regeneration and aging processes. Results: Here, we ectopically express highly regenerative species-specific JmjC domain-encoding genes (HRJDs) in Drosophila, a widely used low regenerative model organism. Surprisingly, HRJD expression impedes tissue regeneration in the developing wing disc but extends organismal lifespan when expressed in the intestinal stem cell lineages of the adult midgut under non-regenerative conditions. Notably, HRJDs enhance the proliferative activity of intestinal stem cells while maintaining their differentiation fidelity, ameliorating age-related decline in gut barrier functions. Conclusions: These findings together suggest that the introduction of highly regenerative species-specific genes can improve stem cell functions and promote a healthy lifespan when expressed in aging animals.}, author = {Nagai, Hiroki and Adachi, Yuya and Nakasugi, Tenki and Takigawa, Ema and Ui, Junichiro and Makino, Takashi and Miura, Masayuki and Nakajima, Yu Ichiro}, issn = {1741-7007}, journal = {BMC Biology}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Highly regenerative species-specific genes improve age-associated features in the adult Drosophila midgut}}, doi = {10.1186/s12915-024-01956-4}, volume = {22}, year = {2024}, } @article{17409, abstract = {Light-driven rotary molecular motors are among the most promising classes of responsive molecular machines and take advantage of their intrinsic chirality which governs unidirectional rotation. As a consequence of their dynamic function, they receive considerable interest in the areas of supramolecular chemistry, asymmetric catalysis and responsive materials. Among the emerging classes of responsive photochromic molecules, multistate first-generation molecular motors driven by benign visible light remain unexplored, which limits the exploitation of the full potential of these mechanical light-powered systems. Herein, we describe a series of all-visible-light-driven first-generation molecular motors based on the salicylidene Schiff base functionality. Remarkable redshifts up to 100 nm in absorption are achieved compared to conventional first-generation motor structures. Taking advantage of all-visible-light-driven multistate motor scaffolds, adaptive behaviour is found as well, and potential application in multistate photoluminescence is demonstrated. These functional visible-light-responsive motors will likely stimulate the design and synthesis of more sophisticated nanomachinery with a myriad of future applications in powering dynamic systems.}, author = {Van Vliet, Sven and Sheng, Jinyu and Stindt, Charlotte N. and Feringa, Ben L.}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{All-visible-light-driven salicylidene schiff-base-functionalized artificial molecular motors}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-024-50587-4}, volume = {15}, year = {2024}, } @article{17410, abstract = {We present a cavity-electromechanical system comprising a superconducting quantum interference device which is embedded in a microwave resonator and coupled via a pickup loop to a 6-μ⁢g magnetically levitated superconducting sphere. The motion of the sphere in the magnetic trap induces a frequency shift in the SQUID-cavity system. We use microwave spectroscopy to characterize the system, and we demonstrate that the electromechanical interaction is tunable. The measured displacement sensitivity of 10−7m/√Hz defines a path towards ground-state cooling of levitated particles with Planck-scale masses at millikelvin environment temperatures.}, author = {Schmidt, Philip and Claessen, Remi and Higgins, Gerard and Hofer, Joachim and Hansen, Jannek J. and Asenbaum, Peter and Zemlicka, Martin and Uhl, Kevin and Kleiner, Reinhold and Gross, Rudolf and Huebl, Hans and Trupke, Michael and Aspelmeyer, Markus}, issn = {2331-7019}, journal = {Physical Review Applied}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Remote sensing of a levitated superconductor with a flux-tunable microwave cavity}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.014078}, volume = {22}, year = {2024}, } @inproceedings{17411, abstract = {We present PeFLL, a new personalized federated learning algorithm that improves over the state-of-the-art in three aspects: 1) it produces more accurate models, especially in the low-data regime, and not only for clients present during its training phase, but also for any that may emerge in the future; 2) it reduces the amount of on-client computation and client-server communication by providing future clients with ready-to-use personalized models that require no additional finetuning or optimization; 3) it comes with theoretical guarantees that establish generalization from the observed clients to future ones. At the core of PeFLL lies a learning-to-learn approach that jointly trains an embedding network and a hypernetwork. The embedding network is used to represent clients in a latent descriptor space in a way that reflects their similarity to each other. The hypernetwork takes as input such descriptors and outputs the parameters of fully personalized client models. In combination, both networks constitute a learning algorithm that achieves state-of-the-art performance in several personalized federated learning benchmarks}, author = {Scott, Jonathan A and Zakerinia, Hossein and Lampert, Christoph}, booktitle = {12th International Conference on Learning Representations}, location = {Vienna, Austria}, publisher = {OpenReview}, title = {{PEFLL: Personalized federated learning by learning to learn}}, year = {2024}, }