@article{18087, abstract = {We present a theory describing the interaction of structured light, such as light carrying orbital angular momentum, with molecules. The light-matter interaction Hamiltonian we derive is expressed through couplings between spherical gradients of the electric field and the (transition) electric multipole moments of a particle of any nontrivial rotation point group. Our model can therefore accommodate an arbitrary complexity of the molecular and electric field structure, and it can be straightforwardly extended to atoms or nanostructures. Applying this framework to rovibrational spectroscopy of molecules, we uncover the general mechanism of angular momentum exchange between the spin and orbital angular momenta of light, molecular rotation, and its center-of-mass motion. We show that the nonzero vorticity of Laguerre-Gaussian beams can strongly enhance certain rovibrational transitions that are considered forbidden in the case of nonhelical light. We discuss the experimental requirements for the observation of these forbidden transitions in state-of-the-art spatially resolved spectroscopy measurements.}, author = {Maslov, Mikhail and Koutentakis, Georgios and Hrast, Mateja and Heckl, Oliver H. and Lemeshko, Mikhail}, issn = {2643-1564}, journal = {Physical Review Research}, number = {3}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Theory of angular momentum transfer from light to molecules}}, doi = {10.1103/physrevresearch.6.033277}, volume = {6}, year = {2024}, } @phdthesis{18076, abstract = {The new era of Ge has opened up new possibilities in quantum computing. The maturity of Ge spin qubits is unquestioned, while hybrid semiconductor-superconductor Ge circuits are on track to enter the game. Gate-tunable transmons (gatemons) employing semiconductor Josephson junctions have recently emerged as building blocks for such hybrid quantum circuits. In this thesis, we present a gatemon fabricated in planar Germanium. We induce superconductivity in a two-dimensional hole gas by evaporating aluminum atop a thin spacer, which separates the superconductor from the Ge quantum well. The Josephson junction is then integrated into an Xmon circuit and capacitively coupled to a transmission line resonator. We showcase the qubit tunability in a broad frequency range with resonator and two-tone spectroscopy. Time-domain characterizations reveal energy relaxation and coherence times up to 75 ns. Our results, combined with the recent advances in the spin qubit field, pave the way towards novel hybrid and protected qubits in a group IV, CMOS-compatible material.}, author = {Sagi, Oliver}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {111}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Hybrid circuits on planar Germanium}}, doi = {10.15479/at:ista:18076}, year = {2024}, } @misc{17196, abstract = {This .zip File contains the data for the figures presented in the main text and supplementary material of "A gate tunable transmon qubit in planar Ge" by O.Sagi et al. The measurements were done using Qcodes. The description of the files and the instructions on opening the data can be found in the Readme. An additional Jupyter Notebook is attached that walks through the data analysis.}, author = {Sagi, Oliver}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{A gate-tunable transmon in planar Ge}}, doi = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:17196}, year = {2024}, } @misc{17362, abstract = {This is the supplementary data for the paper titled "Single-nucleus atlas of the Artemia female reproductive system suggests germline repression of the Z chromosome", where we described the generation and analysis of single-nucleus expression and chromatin-accessibility data from the female reproductive system of Artemia franciscana. We compared our dataset to the published Drosophila single-nucleus data (over 400 million years of divergence) and highlighted the extreme conservation of several of the molecular pathways of oogenesis and meiosis. We found evidence of global transcriptional quiescence and chromatin condensation in late germ cells, highlighting the conserved role of this repressive stage in arthropod oogenesis. Additionally, we explored the expression patterns of the ZW sex chromosomes during oogenesis. Our data shows that the Z-chromosome is consistently downregulated in germline cells. While this is partly driven by a lack of dosage compensation in the germline, a subset of cells show stronger repression of the Z chromosome.}, author = {Elkrewi, Marwan N and Vicoso, Beatriz}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Data for: "Single-nucleus atlas of the Artemia female reproductive system suggests germline repression of the Z chromosome"}}, doi = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:17362}, year = {2024}, } @article{21528, abstract = {We present a framework for the end-to-end optimization of metasurface imaging systems that reconstruct targets using compressed sensing, a technique for solving underdetermined imaging problems when the target object exhibits sparsity (e.g., the object can be described by a small number of nonzero values, but the positions of these values are unknown). We nest an iterative, unapproximated compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm into our end-to-end optimization pipeline, resulting in an interpretable, data-efficient method for maximally leveraging metaoptics to exploit object sparsity. We apply our framework to super-resolution imaging and high-resolution depth imaging with a phase-change material. In both situations, our end-to-end framework effectively optimizes metasurface structures for compressed sensing recovery, automatically balancing a number of complicated design considerations to select an imaging measurement matrix from a complex, physically constrained manifold with millions of dimensions. The optimized metasurface imaging systems are robust to noise, significantly improving over random scattering surfaces and approaching the ideal compressed sensing performance of a Gaussian matrix, showing how a physical metasurface system can demonstrably approach the mathematical limits of compressed sensing.}, author = {Arya, Gaurav and Li, William F. and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Soljačić, Marin and Johnson, Steven G. and Lin, Zin}, issn = {2330-4022}, journal = {ACS Photonics}, keywords = {end-to-end, optimization, metasurface, imaging, compressed sensing}, number = {5}, pages = {2077--2087}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{End-to-end optimization of metasurfaces for imaging with compressed sensing}}, doi = {10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00259}, volume = {11}, year = {2024}, } @article{21582, abstract = {Scintillation materials convert high-energy radiation to optical light through a complex multistage process. The last stage of the process is spontaneous light emission, which usually governs and limits the scintillator emission rate and light yield. For decades, scintillator research focused on developing faster-emitting materials or external photonic coatings for improving light yields. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a fundamentally different approach: enhancing the scintillation rate and yield via the Purcell effect, utilizing optical environment engineering to boost spontaneous emission. This enhancement is universally applicable to any scintillating material and dopant when the material’s nanoscale geometry is engineered. We design a thin multilayer nanophotonic scintillator, demonstrating Purcell-enhanced scintillation with 50% enhancement in emission rate and 80% enhancement in light yield. The emission is robust to fabrication disorder, further highlighting its potential for x-ray applications. Our results show prospects for bridging nanophotonics and scintillator science toward reduced radiation dosage and increased resolution for high-energy particle detection.}, author = {Kurman, Yaniv and Lahav, Neta and Schuetz, Roman and Shultzman, Avner and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Lifshits, Alon and Zaken, Segev and Lenkiewicz, Tom and Strassberg, Rotem and Be’er, Orr and Bekenstein, Yehonadav and Kaminer, Ido}, issn = {2375-2548}, journal = {Science Advances}, number = {44}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Purcell-enhanced x-ray scintillation}}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adq6325}, volume = {10}, year = {2024}, } @article{21672, abstract = {We present a framework for the end-to-end optimization of metasurface imaging systems that reconstruct targets using compressed sensing, a technique for solving underdetermined imaging problems when the target object exhibits sparsity (i.e. the object can be described by a small number of non-zero values, but the positions of these values are unknown). We nest an iterative, unapproximated compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm into our end-to-end optimization pipeline, resulting in an interpretable, data-efficient method for maximally leveraging metaoptics to exploit object sparsity. We apply our framework to super-resolution imaging and high-resolution depth imaging with a phase-change material. In both situations, our end-to-end framework computationally discovers optimal metasurface structures for compressed sensing recovery, automatically balancing a number of complicated design considerations to select an imaging measurement matrix from a complex, physically constrained manifold with millions ofdimensions. The optimized metasurface imaging systems are robust to noise, significantly improving over random scattering surfaces and approaching the ideal compressed sensing performance of a Gaussian matrix, showing how a physical metasurface system can demonstrably approach the mathematical limits of compressed sensing.}, author = {Arya, Gaurav and Li, William F. and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Soljačić, Marin and Johnson, Steven G. and Lin, Zin}, issn = {2330-4022}, journal = {ACS Photonics}, keywords = {end-to-end, optimization, metasurface, imaging, compressed sensing}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{End-to-end optimization of metasurfaces for imaging with compressed sensing}}, doi = {10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00259}, year = {2024}, } @article{21529, abstract = {A central challenge in the emerging field of free-electron quantum optics is to achieve strong quantum interaction and single-photon nonlinearity between a flying free electron and a photonic mode. Existing schemes are intrinsically limited by electron diffraction, which puts an upper bound on the interaction length and, therefore, on the strength of quantum coupling and nonlinearity. Here, we propose “free-electron fibers”: effectively one-dimensional photonic systems where free electrons copropagate with two guided modes. The first mode applies a ponderomotive trap to the free electron, removing the limitations due to electron diffraction. The second mode strongly couples to the guided free electron with an enhanced coupling that is orders of magnitude larger than previous designs. The extended interaction lengths enabled by our scheme allow for strong single-photon nonlinearities mediated by free electrons. We predict novel quantum effects in our system such as deterministic single-photon emission and nonlinear multimode dynamics. Our proposal paves the way toward the realization of heralded macroscopic nonclassical light generation, deterministic single-photon sources, and quantum gates controlled by free-electron–photon interactions.}, author = {Karnieli, Aviv and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Rivera, Nicholas and Fan, Shanhui}, issn = {2330-4022}, journal = {ACS Photonics}, keywords = {quantum optics, free electrons, single photon nonlinearity, electron-photon interaction}, number = {8}, pages = {3401--3411}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Strong coupling and single-photon nonlinearity in free-electron quantum optics}}, doi = {10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00908}, volume = {11}, year = {2024}, } @article{21540, abstract = {Probabilistic machine learning utilizes controllable sources of randomness to encode uncertainty and enable statistical modeling. Harnessing the pure randomness of quantum vacuum noise, which stems from fluctuating electromagnetic fields, has shown promise for high speed and energy-efficient stochastic photonic elements. Nevertheless, photonic computing hardware which can control these stochastic elements to program probabilistic machine learning algorithms has been limited. Here, we implement a photonic probabilistic computer consisting of a controllable stochastic photonic element – a photonic probabilistic neuron (PPN). Our PPN is implemented in a bistable optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with vacuum-level injected bias fields. We then program a measurement-and-feedback loop for time-multiplexed PPNs with electronic processors (FPGA or GPU) to solve certain probabilistic machine learning tasks. We showcase probabilistic inference and image generation of MNIST-handwritten digits, which are representative examples of discriminative and generative models. In both implementations, quantum vacuum noise is used as a random seed to encode classification uncertainty or probabilistic generation of samples. In addition, we propose a path towards an all-optical probabilistic computing platform, with an estimated sampling rate of ~1 Gbps and energy consumption of ~5 fJ/MAC. Our work paves the way for scalable, ultrafast, and energy-efficient probabilistic machine learning hardware.}, author = {Choi, Seou and Salamin, Yannick and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Dangovski, Rumen and Luo, Di and Chen, Zhuo and Horodynski, Michael and Sloan, Jamison and Uddin, Shiekh Zia and Soljačić, Marin}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Photonic probabilistic machine learning using quantum vacuum noise}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-024-51509-0}, volume = {15}, year = {2024}, } @article{21564, abstract = {Multimode quantum light is enticing for several applications, spanning imaging, spectroscopy, communication, and more. Parametric nonlinear processes have been vital in realizing squeezed and other quantum states of light. However, most work exploiting these processes has focused on generating multimode squeezed vacua and squeezing in mode superpositions (supermodes). Bright squeezing in multiple discrete frequency modes, if realized, could unlock novel applications in quantum-enhanced spectroscopy and optical quantum computing. Here, we show how dissipation engineering of a multimode nonlinear cavity with cascaded three-wave-mixing processes allows us to shape above-threshold frequency combs that feature strong single-mode output amplitude noise squeezing over 10 dB below the shot-noise limit, tunable across the comb. In addition, we demonstrate squeezing for multiple discrete frequency modes above threshold. This bright squeezing arises from enhancement of the (noiseless) nonlinear rate relative to decay rates in the system due to the cascaded generation of photons in a single idler “bath” mode. A natural consequence of the strong nonlinear coupling in our system is the creation of an effective cavity in the synthetic frequency dimension that sustains Bloch oscillations in the modal energy distribution. Bloch mode engineering could provide an opportunity to better control nonlinear energy flow in the synthetic frequency dimension, with exciting applications in quantum random walks and topological photonics. Lastly, we show evidence of long-range correlations in amplitude noise between discrete frequency modes, enabling long-range entanglement in a synthetic frequency dimension and providing a new resource for quantum communication.}, author = {Pontula, Sahil and Salamin, Yannick and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Soljačić, Marin}, issn = {2691-3399}, journal = {PRX Quantum}, number = {4}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Shaping quantum noise through cascaded nonlinear processes in a dissipation-engineered multimode cavity}}, doi = {10.1103/prxquantum.5.040345}, volume = {5}, year = {2024}, } @article{21560, abstract = {Scintillation describes the conversion of high-energy particles into light in transparent media and finds diverse applications such as high-energy particle detection and industrial and medical imaging. This process operates on multiple timescales, with the final radiative step consisting of spontaneous emission, which can be modeled within the framework of quasiequilibrium fluctuational electrodynamics. Scintillation can therefore be controlled and enhanced via nanophotonic effects, which has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Such designs have thus far obeyed Lorentz reciprocity, meaning there is a direct equivalence between scintillation emission and absorption by the scintillator. However, scintillators that do not obey Lorentz reciprocity have not been explored, even though they represent an alternative platform for probing emission, which is both nonequilibrium and nonreciprocal in nature. In this work, we propose to harness nonreciprocity to achieve directional control of scintillation emission, granting an additional degree of control over scintillation. Such directionality of light output is useful in improving collection efficiencies along the directions where detectors are located. We present the design of a nonreciprocal scintillator using a one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystal in the Voigt configuration. Our work demonstrates the potential of controlling nonequilibrium such as scintillation by breaking reciprocity and expands the space of nanophotonic design for achieving such control.}, author = {Long, Olivia Y. and Pajovic, Simo and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Tsurimaki, Yoichiro and Rivera, Nicholas and Soljačić, Marin and Boriskina, Svetlana V. and Fan, Shanhui}, issn = {2331-7019}, journal = {Physical Review Applied}, number = {5}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Nonreciprocal scintillation using one-dimensional magneto-optical photonic crystals}}, doi = {10.1103/physrevapplied.22.054062}, volume = {22}, year = {2024}, } @unpublished{17361, abstract = {We present symplectic structures on the shape space of unparameterized space curves that generalize the classical Marsden-Weinstein structure. Our method integrates the Liouville 1-form of the Marsden-Weinstein structure with Riemannian structures that have been introduced in mathematical shape analysis. We also derive Hamiltonian vector fields for several classical Hamiltonian functions with respect to these new symplectic structures.}, author = {Bauer, Martin and Ishida, Sadashige and Michor, Peter W.}, booktitle = {arXiv}, keywords = {space of space curves, symplectic stuctures}, title = {{Symplectic structures on the space of space curves}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2407.19908}, year = {2024}, } @unpublished{18677, abstract = {The information-processing capability of the brain’s cellular network depends on the physical wiring pattern between neurons and their molecular and functional characteristics. Mapping neurons and resolving their individual synaptic connections can be achieved by volumetric imaging at nanoscale resolution with dense cellular labeling. Light microscopy is uniquely positioned to visualize specific molecules but dense, synapse-level circuit reconstruction by light microscopy has been out of reach due to limitations in resolution, contrast, and volumetric imaging capability. Here we developed light-microscopy based connectomics (LICONN). We integrated specifically engineered hydrogel embedding and expansion with comprehensive deep-learning based segmentation and analysis of connectivity, thus directly incorporating molecular information in synapse-level brain tissue reconstructions. LICONN will allow synapse-level brain tissue phenotyping in biological experiments in a readily adoptable manner.}, author = {Tavakoli, Mojtaba and Lyudchik, Julia and Januszewski, Michał and Vistunou, Vitali and Agudelo Duenas, Nathalie and Vorlaufer, Jakob and Sommer, Christoph M and Kreuzinger, Caroline and Oliveira, Bárbara and Cenameri, Alban and Novarino, Gaia and Jain, Viren and Danzl, Johann G}, booktitle = {bioRxiv}, title = {{Light-microscopy based dense connectomic reconstruction of mammalian brain tissue}}, doi = {10.1101/2024.03.01.582884}, year = {2024}, } @inproceedings{21605, abstract = {We propose an experimentally viable photonic approach to solve arbitrary probabilistic computing problems. Our proposition relies on a network of coupled optical parametric oscillators that are controlled with a bias field.}, author = {Horodynski, Michael and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Salamin, Yannick and Choi, Seou and Sloan, Jamison and Luo, Di and Soljačić, Marin}, booktitle = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}, location = {Charlotte, CA, United States}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{Stochastic logic in biased coupled photonic probabilistic bits}}, doi = {10.1364/cleo_fs.2024.fw3q.6}, year = {2024}, } @inproceedings{21596, abstract = {We observe record-fast X-ray-induced light emission (scintillation) from perovskite quantum dots, a long-sought characteristic in time-of-flight radiation detectors. This fast emission is correlated with spectral.}, author = {Katznelson, Shaul and Levy, Shai and Gorlach, Alexey and Tziperman, Offek and Schuetz, Roman and Strassberg, Rotem and Dosovitsky, Georgy and Bekenstein, Yehonadav and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Kaminer, Ido}, booktitle = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}, location = {Charlotte, NC, United States}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{Spectral splitting and enhanced emission rate in X-ray-driven scintillation from perovskite quantum dots}}, doi = {10.1364/cleo_fs.2024.ff1c.6}, year = {2024}, } @inproceedings{21602, abstract = {We develop a scalable fabrication method for nanophotonic scintillators embedded with self-assembled nanophotonic structures. We demonstrate a 2.6-fold scintillation enhancement in a conventional scintillator over 4×4cm, showing the potential of our technique for X-ray imaging.}, author = {Martin-Monier, Louis and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Pajovic, Simo and Hu, Juejun and Soljačić, Marin}, booktitle = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}, location = {Charlotte, NC, United States}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{Large-scale self-assembled nanophotonic scintillators for X-ray imaging}}, doi = {10.1364/cleo_fs.2024.ftu3g.1}, year = {2024}, } @inproceedings{21600, abstract = {We develop a new general theory of quantum noise in photonics. As an example, we demonstrate strong quantum correlations and squeezing in supercontinuum generation. Our results enable overcoming quantum noise limits in many optoelectronic systems.}, author = {Rivera, Nicholas and Uddin, Shiekh Zia and Seyler, Devin and Salamin, Yannick and Sloan, Jamison and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Xu, Shutao and Sander, Michelle and Soljačić, Marin}, booktitle = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}, location = {Charlotte, NC, United States}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{An ab initio framework for understanding and controlling quantum fluctuations in complex light-matter systems}}, doi = {10.1364/cleo_fs.2024.fth1m.2}, year = {2024}, } @inproceedings{21601, abstract = {We measure the second-order coherence function g(²) of scintillators and show how this measurement enables extracting important scintillator properties: lifetime, scintillation yield, and energy resolution, all extracted using a simple X-ray tube.}, author = {Kasten, Noam and Katznelson, Shaul and Tziperman, Offek and Shultzman, Avner and Strassberg, Rotem and Dosovitskiy, Georgy and Bekenstein, Yehonadav and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Kaminer, Ido}, booktitle = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}, location = {Charlotte, NC, United States}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{Photon correlations of scintillation light and its application to scintillator characterization}}, doi = {10.1364/cleo_fs.2024.fth1m.4}, year = {2024}, } @inproceedings{21604, abstract = {We develop a framework modeling nanoscale their light yield quantitatively and comparing with new fabricated multilayer polymer-scintillators. This combined theory-experiment approach unveils the prospects of controlling secondary-electrons for future enhanced scintillators.}, author = {Shultzman, Avner and Beer, Orr and Strassberg, Rotem and Dosovitskiy, Georgy and Schütz, Roman and Veber, Noam and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Bekenstein, Yehonadav and Kaminer, Ido}, booktitle = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}, location = {Charlotte, NC, United States}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{Theory and experiment of nanoscale heterostructure scintillators}}, doi = {10.1364/cleo_fs.2024.fw3p.4}, year = {2024}, } @inproceedings{21597, abstract = {We investigate the dynamics of optical parametric oscillators biased with quantum states of light and present a method for single-quadrature reconstruction of their Husimi Q-function. Perfect reconstruction fidelity is predicted at specific threshold values.}, author = {Gu, Alex and Sloan, Jamison and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Choi, Seou and Horodynski, Michael and Salamin, Yannick and Soljačić, Marin}, booktitle = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}, location = {Charlotte, NC, United States}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{Controlling steady-state statistics of a bistable driven-dissipative system with quantum bias}}, doi = {10.1364/cleo_fs.2024.ff1k.6}, year = {2024}, }