@article{17128,
  abstract     = {The onset of turbulence in pipe flow has defied detailed understanding ever since the first observations of the spatially heterogeneous nature of the transition. Recent theoretical studies and experiments in simpler, shear-driven flows suggest that the onset of turbulence is a directed-percolation non-equilibrium phase transition, but whether these findings are generic and also apply to open or pressure-driven flows is unknown. In pipe flow, the extremely long time scales near the transition make direct observations of critical behaviour virtually impossible. Here we find a technical solution to that limitation and show that the universality class of the transition is directed percolation, from which a jammed phase of puffs emerges above the critical point. Our method is to experimentally characterize all pairwise interactions between localized patches of turbulence puffs and use these interactions as input for renormalization group and computer simulations of minimal models that extrapolate to long length and time scales. The strong interactions in the jamming regime enable us to explicitly measure the turbulent fraction and confirm model predictions. Our work shows that directed-percolation scaling applies beyond simple closed shear flows and underscores how statistical mechanics can lead to profound, quantitative and predictive insights on turbulent flows and their phases.},
  author       = {Lemoult, Grégoire M and Vasudevan, Mukund and Shih, Hong Yan and Linga, Gaute and Mathiesen, Joachim and Goldenfeld, Nigel and Hof, Björn},
  issn         = {1745-2481},
  journal      = {Nature Physics},
  pages        = {1339--1345},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Directed percolation and puff jamming near the transition to pipe turbulence}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41567-024-02513-0},
  volume       = {20},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{18651,
  abstract     = {Embryo axis formation begins with the localized expression of biochemical signals, which organize cell movements and determine cell fate. A quail study finds that tissue contraction and resulting long-range changes in tissue tension restrict the area where these biochemical signals are expressed.},
  author       = {Hino, Naoya and Santos Fernandes Lasbarrères Camelo, Carolina and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J},
  issn         = {1879-0445},
  journal      = {Current Biology},
  number       = {24},
  pages        = {R1230--R1232},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Development: Turing mechanics}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.065},
  volume       = {34},
  year         = {2024},
}

@misc{23013,
  abstract     = {Raw data of figures in our manuscript 'Study of STK19 drives Transcription-Coupled Repair by stimulating repair complex stability, Pol II ubiquitylation and TFIIH recruitment'  by Ramadhin et al. },
  author       = {Marteijn,  Jurgen},
  publisher    = {Mendeley Data},
  title        = {{Study of STK19 drives Transcription-Coupled Repair by stimulating repair complex stability, Pol II ubiquitylation and TFIIH recruitment by Ramadhin et al.}},
  doi          = {10.17632/wp9sf6sp4z.1},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{14846,
  abstract     = {Contraction and flow of the actin cell cortex have emerged as a common principle by which cells reorganize their cytoplasm and take shape. However, how these cortical flows interact with adjacent cytoplasmic components, changing their form and localization, and how this affects cytoplasmic organization and cell shape remains unclear. Here we show that in ascidian oocytes, the cooperative activities of cortical actomyosin flows and deformation of the adjacent mitochondria-rich myoplasm drive oocyte cytoplasmic reorganization and shape changes following fertilization. We show that vegetal-directed cortical actomyosin flows, established upon oocyte fertilization, lead to both the accumulation of cortical actin at the vegetal pole of the zygote and compression and local buckling of the adjacent elastic solid-like myoplasm layer due to friction forces generated at their interface. Once cortical flows have ceased, the multiple myoplasm buckles resolve into one larger buckle, which again drives the formation of the contraction pole—a protuberance of the zygote’s vegetal pole where maternal mRNAs accumulate. Thus, our findings reveal a mechanism where cortical actomyosin network flows determine cytoplasmic reorganization and cell shape by deforming adjacent cytoplasmic components through friction forces.},
  author       = {Caballero Mancebo, Silvia and Shinde, Rushikesh and Bolger-Munro, Madison and Peruzzo, Matilda and Szep, Gregory and Steccari, Irene and Labrousse Arias, David and Zheden, Vanessa and Merrin, Jack and Callan-Jones, Andrew and Voituriez, Raphaël and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J},
  issn         = {1745-2481},
  journal      = {Nature Physics},
  pages        = {310--321},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Friction forces determine cytoplasmic reorganization and shape changes of ascidian oocytes upon fertilization}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41567-023-02302-1},
  volume       = {20},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{14795,
  abstract     = {Metazoan development relies on the formation and remodeling of cell-cell contacts. Dynamic reorganization of adhesion receptors and the actomyosin cell cortex in space and time plays a central role in cell-cell contact formation and maturation. Nevertheless, how this process is mechanistically achieved when new contacts are formed remains unclear. Here, by building a biomimetic assay composed of progenitor cells adhering to supported lipid bilayers functionalized with E-cadherin ectodomains, we show that cortical F-actin flows, driven by the depletion of myosin-2 at the cell contact center, mediate the dynamic reorganization of adhesion receptors and cell cortex at the contact. E-cadherin-dependent downregulation of the small GTPase RhoA at the forming contact leads to both a depletion of myosin-2 and a decrease of F-actin at the contact center. At the contact rim, in contrast, myosin-2 becomes enriched by the retraction of bleb-like protrusions, resulting in a cortical tension gradient from the contact rim to its center. This tension gradient, in turn, triggers centrifugal F-actin flows, leading to further accumulation of F-actin at the contact rim and the progressive redistribution of E-cadherin from the contact center to the rim. Eventually, this combination of actomyosin downregulation and flows at the contact determines the characteristic molecular organization, with E-cadherin and F-actin accumulating at the contact rim, where they are needed to mechanically link the contractile cortices of the adhering cells.},
  author       = {Arslan, Feyza N and Hannezo, Edouard B and Merrin, Jack and Loose, Martin and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J},
  issn         = {1879-0445},
  journal      = {Current Biology},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {171--182.e8},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Adhesion-induced cortical flows pattern E-cadherin-mediated cell contacts}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.067},
  volume       = {34},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{15048,
  abstract     = {Embryogenesis results from the coordinated activities of different signaling pathways controlling cell fate specification and morphogenesis. In vertebrate gastrulation, both Nodal and BMP signaling play key roles in germ layer specification and morphogenesis, yet their interplay to coordinate embryo patterning with morphogenesis is still insufficiently understood. Here, we took a reductionist approach using zebrafish embryonic explants to study the coordination of Nodal and BMP signaling for embryo patterning and morphogenesis. We show that Nodal signaling triggers explant elongation by inducing mesendodermal progenitors but also suppressing BMP signaling activity at the site of mesendoderm induction. Consistent with this, ectopic BMP signaling in the mesendoderm blocks cell alignment and oriented mesendoderm intercalations, key processes during explant elongation. Translating these ex vivo observations to the intact embryo showed that, similar to explants, Nodal signaling suppresses the effect of BMP signaling on cell intercalations in the dorsal domain, thus allowing robust embryonic axis elongation. These findings suggest a dual function of Nodal signaling in embryonic axis elongation by both inducing mesendoderm and suppressing BMP effects in the dorsal portion of the mesendoderm.},
  author       = {Schauer, Alexandra and Pranjic-Ferscha, Kornelija and Hauschild, Robert and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J},
  issn         = {1477-9129},
  journal      = {Development},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1--18},
  publisher    = {Company of Biologists},
  title        = {{Robust axis elongation by Nodal-dependent restriction of BMP signaling}},
  doi          = {10.1242/dev.202316},
  volume       = {151},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{15047,
  abstract     = {Tropical precipitation extremes and their changes with surface warming are investigated using global storm resolving simulations and high-resolution observations. The simulations demonstrate that the mesoscale organization of convection, a process that cannot be physically represented by conventional global climate models, is important for the variations of tropical daily accumulated precipitation extremes. In both the simulations and observations, daily precipitation extremes increase in a more organized state, in association with larger, but less frequent, storms. Repeating the simulations for a warmer climate results in a robust increase in monthly-mean daily precipitation extremes. Higher precipitation percentiles have a greater sensitivity to convective organization, which is predicted to increase with warming. Without changes in organization, the strongest daily precipitation extremes over the tropical oceans increase at a rate close to Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) scaling. Thus, in a future warmer state with increased organization, the strongest daily precipitation extremes over oceans increase at a faster rate than CC scaling.},
  author       = {Bao, Jiawei and Stevens, Bjorn and Kluft, Lukas and Muller, Caroline J},
  issn         = {2375-2548},
  journal      = {Science Advances},
  number       = {8},
  publisher    = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  title        = {{Intensification of daily tropical precipitation extremes from more organized convection}},
  doi          = {10.1126/sciadv.adj6801},
  volume       = {10},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{17396,
  abstract     = {Wildfire intensity and severity have been increasing in the Iberian Peninsula in recent years, particularly in the Galicia region, due to rising temperatures and accumulating drier combustible vegetation in unmanaged lands. This leads to substantial emissions of air pollutants, notably fine particles (PM2.5), posing a risk to public health. This study aims to assess the impact of local and regional wildfires on PM2.5 levels in Galicia's main cities and their implications for air quality and public health. Over a decade (2013–2022), PM2.5 data during wildfire seasons were analyzed using statistical methods and Lagrangian tracking to monitor smoke plume evolution. The results reveal a notable increase in PM2.5 concentration during the wildfire season (June–November) in Galicia, surpassing health guidelines during extreme events and posing a significant health risk to the population. Regional wildfire analyses indicate that smoke plumes from Northern Portugal contribute to pollution in Galician cities, influencing the seasonality of heightened PM2.5 levels. During extensive wildfires, elevated PM2.5 concentration values persisted for several days, potentially exacerbating health concerns in Galicia. These findings underscore the urgency of implementing air pollution prevention and management measures in the region, including developing effective alerts for large-scale events and improved wildfire management strategies to mitigate their impact on air quality in Galician cities.},
  author       = {Quishpe-Vásquez, César and Oliva, Patricia and López-Barrera, Ellie Anne and Casallas Garcia, Alejandro},
  issn         = {0301-4797},
  journal      = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Wildfires impact on PM2.5 concentration in galicia Spain}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122093},
  volume       = {367},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{17435,
  abstract     = {The Mediterranean region is experiencing pronounced aridification and in certain areas higher occurrence of intense precipitation. In this work, we analyze the evolution of the precipitation probability distribution in terms of precipitating days (or “wet-days”) and all-days quantile trends, in Europe and the Mediterranean, using the ERA5 reanalysis. Looking at the form of wet-days quantile trends curves, we identify four regimes. Two are predominant: in most of northern Europe the precipitation quantiles all intensify, while in the Mediterranean the low-medium quantiles are mostly decreasing as extremes intensify or decrease. The wet-days distribution is then modeled by a Weibull law with two parameters, whose changes capture the four regimes. Assessing the significance of the parameters' changes over 1950–2020 shows that a signal on wet-days distribution has already emerged in northern Europe (where the distribution shifts to more intense precipitation), but not yet in the Mediterranean, where the natural variability is stronger. We extend the results by describing the all-days distribution change as the wet-days’ change plus a contribution from the dry-days frequency change, and study their relative contribution. In northern Europe, the wet-days distribution change is the dominant driver, and the contribution of dry-days frequency change can be neglected for wet-days percentiles above about 50%. In the Mediterranean, however, the change of precipitation distribution comes from the significant increase of dry-days frequency instead of an intensity change during wet-days. Therefore, in the Mediterranean the increase of dry-days frequency is crucial for all-days trends, even for heavy precipitation.},
  author       = {André, Julie and D'Andrea, Fabio and Drobinski, Philippe and Muller, Caroline J},
  issn         = {2169-8996},
  journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  number       = {15},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  title        = {{Regimes of precipitation change over Europe and the Mediterranean}},
  doi          = {10.1029/2023JD040413},
  volume       = {129},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{18940,
  abstract     = {BMP signaling has a conserved function in patterning the dorsal-ventral body axis in Bilateria and the directive axis in anthozoan cnidarians. So far, cnidarian studies have focused on the role of different BMP signaling network components in regulating pSMAD1/5 gradient formation. Much less is known about the target genes downstream of BMP signaling. To address this, we generated a genome-wide list of direct pSMAD1/5 target genes in the anthozoan <jats:italic>Nematostella vectensis</jats:italic>, several of which were conserved in <jats:italic>Drosophila</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Xenopus</jats:italic>. Our ChIP-seq analysis revealed that many of the regulatory molecules with documented bilaterally symmetric expression in <jats:italic>Nematostella</jats:italic> are directly controlled by BMP signaling. We identified several so far uncharacterized BMP-dependent transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose bilaterally symmetric expression may be indicative of their involvement in secondary axis patterning. One of these molecules is <jats:italic>zswim4-6</jats:italic>, which encodes a novel nuclear protein that can modulate the pSMAD1/5 gradient and potentially promote BMP-dependent gene repression.},
  author       = {Knabl, Paul and Schauer, Alexandra and Pomreinke, Autumn P and Zimmermann, Bob and Rogers, Katherine W and Čapek, Daniel and Müller, Patrick and Genikhovich, Grigory},
  issn         = {2050-084X},
  journal      = {eLife},
  publisher    = {eLife Sciences Publications},
  title        = {{Analysis of SMAD1/5 target genes in a sea anemone reveals ZSWIM4-6 as a novel BMP signaling modulator}},
  doi          = {10.7554/elife.80803},
  volume       = {13},
  year         = {2024},
}

@misc{14926,
  author       = {Hauschild, Robert},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Matlab script for analysis of clone dispersal}},
  doi          = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:14926},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{15097,
  abstract     = {Global storm-resolving models (GSRMs) use strongly refined horizontal grids compared with the climate models typically used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) but employ comparable vertical grid spacings. Here, we study how changes in the vertical grid spacing and adjustments to the integration time step affect the basic climate quantities simulated by the ICON-Sapphire atmospheric GSRM. Simulations are performed over a 45 d period for five different vertical grids with between 55 and 540 vertical layers and maximum tropospheric vertical grid spacings of between 800 and 50 m, respectively. The effects of changes in the vertical grid spacing are compared with the effects of reducing the horizontal grid spacing from 5 to 2.5 km. For most of the quantities considered, halving the vertical grid spacing has a smaller effect than halving the horizontal grid spacing, but it is not negligible. Each halving of the vertical grid spacing, along with the necessary reductions in time step length, increases cloud liquid water by about 7 %, compared with an approximate 16 % decrease for halving the horizontal grid spacing. The effect is due to both the vertical grid refinement and the time step reduction. There is no tendency toward convergence in the range of grid spacings tested here. The cloud ice amount also increases with a refinement in the vertical grid, but it is hardly affected by the time step length and does show a tendency to converge. While the effect on shortwave radiation is globally dominated by the altered reflection due to the change in the cloud liquid water content, the effect on longwave radiation is more difficult to interpret because changes in the cloud ice concentration and cloud fraction are anticorrelated in some regions. The simulations show that using a maximum tropospheric vertical grid spacing larger than 400 m would increase the truncation error strongly. Computing time investments in a further vertical grid refinement can affect the truncation errors of GSRMs similarly to comparable investments in horizontal refinement, because halving the vertical grid spacing is generally cheaper than halving the horizontal grid spacing. However, convergence of boundary layer cloud properties cannot be expected, even for the smallest maximum tropospheric grid spacing of 50 m used in this study.},
  author       = {Schmidt, Hauke and Rast, Sebastian and Bao, Jiawei and Cassim, Amrit and Fang, Shih Wei and Jimenez-De La Cuesta, Diego and Keil, Paul and Kluft, Lukas and Kroll, Clarissa and Lang, Theresa and Niemeier, Ulrike and Schneidereit, Andrea and Williams, Andrew I.L. and Stevens, Bjorn},
  issn         = {1991-9603},
  journal      = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1563--1584},
  publisher    = {European Geosciences Union},
  title        = {{Effects of vertical grid spacing on the climate simulated in the ICON-Sapphire global storm-resolving model}},
  doi          = {10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024},
  volume       = {17},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{15186,
  abstract     = {The elimination of rain evaporation in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) has been found to lead to convective self‐aggregation (CSA) even without radiative feedback, but the precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. We conducted cloud‐resolving simulations with two domain sizes and progressively reduced rain evaporation in the PBL. Surprisingly, CSA only occurred when rain evaporation was almost completely removed. The additional convective heating resulting from the reduction of evaporative cooling in the moist patch was found to be the trigger, thereafter a dry subsidence intrusion into the PBL in the dry patch takes over and sets CSA in motion. Temperature and moisture anomalies oppose each other in their buoyancy effects, hence explaining the need for almost total rain evaporation removal. We also found radiative cooling and not cold pools to be the leading cause for the comparative ease of CSA to take place in the larger domain.},
  author       = {Hwong, Yi-Ling and Muller, Caroline J},
  issn         = {1944-8007},
  journal      = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  keywords     = {General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Geophysics},
  number       = {6},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  title        = {{The unreasonable efficiency of total rain evaporation removal in triggering convective self‐aggregation}},
  doi          = {10.1029/2023gl106523},
  volume       = {51},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{15165,
  abstract     = {Current knowledge suggests a drought Indian monsoon (perhaps a severe one) when the El Nino Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation each exhibit positive phases (a joint positive phase). For the monsoons, which are exceptions in this regard, we found northeast India often gets excess pre-monsoon rainfall. Further investigation reveals that this excess pre-monsoon rainfall is produced by the interaction of the large-scale circulation associated with the joint phase with the mountains in northeast India. We posit that a warmer troposphere, a consequence of excess rainfall over northeast India, drives a stronger monsoon circulation and enhances monsoon rainfall over central India. Hence, we argue that pre-monsoon rainfall over northeast India can be used for seasonal monsoon rainfall prediction over central India. Most importantly, its predictive value is at its peak when the Pacific Ocean exhibits a joint positive phase and the threat of extreme drought monsoon looms over India.},
  author       = {Goswami, Bidyut B},
  issn         = {1944-8007},
  journal      = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  number       = {5},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  title        = {{A pre-monsoon signal of false alarms of Indian monsoon droughts}},
  doi          = {10.1029/2023GL106569},
  volume       = {51},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{18708,
  abstract     = {This study investigates the response of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) precipitation to CO2 removal, with a specific focus on regional and subseasonal variations. Following CO2 removal, monsoon circulation weakens throughout the summer owing to the reduced large-scale meridional temperature gradient around India. Weakened monsoon circulation decreases the local-scale thermodynamic stability within India, following monsoon-onset periods. While the frequency of synoptic-scale ISM low-pressure systems (LPSs) decreases overall, the lower thermodynamic stability causes the LPSs to form and resultantly shift west and south from their typical paths, last longer and move more quickly zonally during August and September. Changes in these rain-producing processes induce distinct regional (Western Ghats, south-central-east India, and Tamil Nadu) and subseasonal precipitation responses. Also, extreme precipitation exhibits similar patterns, but is more strongly affected by changes in LPS. Our results suggest that reliable future projections of regional hydroclimate change require a more accurate understanding of multi-scale precipitation processes.},
  author       = {Paik, Seungmok and Kim, Daehyun and An, Soon Il and Oh, Hyoeun and Shin, Jongsoo and Goswami, Bidyut B and Min, Seung Ki and Mondal, Sanjit Kumar},
  issn         = {2397-3722},
  journal      = {npj Climate and Atmospheric Science},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Exploring causes of distinct regional and subseasonal Indian summer monsoon precipitation responses to CO2 removal}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41612-024-00858-0},
  volume       = {7},
  year         = {2024},
}

@misc{19307,
  abstract     = {This repository contains the data, scripts, SAM codes and files required to reproduce the results of the manuscript "The Unreasonable Efficiency of Total Rain Evaporation Removal in Triggering Convective Self-Aggregation" submitted to the Geophysical Research Letters (GRL).

Brief description of project: This project aims to examine the impact of rain evaporation removal or reduction in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) on convective self aggregation (CSA). Non-rotating radiative-convective equilibrium (RCE) simulations were conducted with the System for Atmospheric Modeling (SAM) cloud resolving model. Rain evaporation in the lowest 1 km was progressively reduced and the effect on CSA was investigated. The physical processes underlying this type of aggregation (referred to in the manuscript as no-evaporation CSA, or NE-CSA) were analyzed and described. 
The default SAM code base (version 6.10.8) can be downloaded from here: http://rossby.msrc.sunysb.edu/~marat/SAM.html},
  author       = {Hwong, Yi-Ling and Muller, Caroline J},
  publisher    = {Zenodo},
  title        = {{Data - The unreasonable efficiency of total rain evaporation removal in triggering convective self-aggregation}},
  doi          = {10.5281/ZENODO.10687169},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{17203,
  abstract     = {The behavior of a rigid body primarily depends on its mass moments, which consist of the mass, center of mass, and moments of inertia. It is possible to manipulate these quantities without altering the geometric appearance of an object by introducing cavities in its interior. Algorithms that find cavities of suitable shapes and sizes have enabled the computational design of spinning tops, yo-yos, wheels, buoys, and statically balanced objects. Previous work is based, for example, on topology optimization on voxel grids, which introduces a large number of optimization variables and box constraints, or offset surface computation, which cannot guarantee that solutions to a feasible problem will always be found.

In this work, we provide a mathematical analysis of constrained topology optimization problems that depend only on mass moments. This class of problems covers, among others, all applications mentioned above. Our main result is to show that no matter the outer shape of the rigid body to be optimized or the optimization objective and constraints considered, the optimal solution always features a quadric-shaped interface between material and cavities. This proves that optimal interfaces are always ellipsoids, hyperboloids, paraboloids, or one of a few degenerate cases, such as planes.

This insight lets us replace a difficult topology optimization problem with a provably equivalent non-linear equation system in a small number (<10) of variables, which represent the coefficients of the quadric. This system can be solved in a few seconds for most examples, provides insights into the geometric structure of many specific applications, and lets us describe their solution properties. Finally, our method integrates seamlessly into modern fabrication workflows because our solutions are analytical surfaces that are native to the CAD domain.},
  author       = {Hafner, Christian and Ly, Mickaël and Wojtan, Christopher J},
  issn         = {1557-7368},
  journal      = {Transactions on Graphics},
  keywords     = {Topology Optimization, Mass Moments, Computational Geometry},
  location     = {Denver, Colorado},
  number       = {4},
  publisher    = {Association for Computing Machinery},
  title        = {{Spin-it faster: Quadrics solve all topology optimization problems that depend only on mass moments}},
  doi          = {10.1145/3658194},
  volume       = {43},
  year         = {2024},
}

@article{15313,
  abstract     = {Our goal is to investigate fundamental properties of the system of internally cooled convection. The system consists of an upward thermal flux at the lower boundary, a mean temperature lapse-rate and a constant cooling term in the bulk with the bulk cooling in thermal equilibrium with the input heat flux. This simple model represents idealised dry convection in the atmospheric boundary layer, where the cooling mimics the radiative cooling to space notably through longwave radiation. We perform linear stability analysis of the model for different values of the mean stratification to derive the critical forcing above which the fluid is convectively unstable to small perturbations. The dynamic behavior of the fluid system is described and the scaling of various important measured quantities such as the total vertical convective heat flux and the upward mass flux is measured. We introduce a lapse-rate dependent dimensionless Rayleigh-number Ray that determines the behavior of the system, finding that the convective heat-flux and mass-flux scale approximately as Ray0.5 and Ray0.7 respectively. The area-fraction of the domain that is occupied by upward and downward moving fluid and the skewness of the vertical velocity are studied to understand the asymmetry inherent in the system. We conclude with a short discussion on the relevance to atmospheric convection and the scope for further investigations of atmospheric convection using similar simplified approaches.},
  author       = {Agasthya, Lokahith N and Muller, Caroline J},
  issn         = {1007-5704},
  journal      = {Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Dynamics and scaling of internally cooled convection}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.cnsns.2024.108011},
  volume       = {134},
  year         = {2024},
}

@inproceedings{17411,
  abstract     = {We present PeFLL, a new personalized federated learning algorithm that improves
over the state-of-the-art in three aspects: 1) it produces more accurate models,
especially in the low-data regime, and not only for clients present during its
training phase, but also for any that may emerge in the future; 2) it reduces the
amount of on-client computation and client-server communication by providing
future clients with ready-to-use personalized models that require no additional
finetuning or optimization; 3) it comes with theoretical guarantees that establish
generalization from the observed clients to future ones.
At the core of PeFLL lies a learning-to-learn approach that jointly trains an
embedding network and a hypernetwork. The embedding network is used to
represent clients in a latent descriptor space in a way that reflects their similarity
to each other. The hypernetwork takes as input such descriptors and outputs the
parameters of fully personalized client models. In combination, both networks
constitute a learning algorithm that achieves state-of-the-art performance in several
personalized federated learning benchmarks},
  author       = {Scott, Jonathan A and Zakerinia, Hossein and Lampert, Christoph},
  booktitle    = {12th International Conference on Learning Representations},
  location     = {Vienna, Austria},
  publisher    = {OpenReview},
  title        = {{PEFLL: Personalized federated learning by learning to learn}},
  year         = {2024},
}

@inproceedings{18120,
  abstract     = {In practice, training using federated learning can be orders of magnitude slower than standard centralized training. This severely limits the amount of experimentation and tuning that can be done, making it challenging to obtain good performance on a given task. Server-side proxy data can be used to run training simulations, for instance for hyperparameter tuning. This can greatly speed up the training pipeline by reducing the number of tuning runs to be performed overall on the true clients. However, it is challenging to ensure that these simulations accurately reflect the dynamics of the real federated training. In particular, the proxy data used for simulations often comes as a single centralized dataset without a partition into distinct clients, and partitioning this data in a naive way can lead to simulations that poorly reflect real federated training. In this paper we address the challenge of how to partition centralized data in a way that reflects the statistical heterogeneity of the true federated clients. We propose a fully federated, theoretically justified, algorithm that efficiently learns the distribution of the true clients and observe improved server-side simulations when using the inferred distribution to create simulated clients from the centralized data.},
  author       = {Scott, Jonathan A and Cahill, Áine},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning},
  issn         = {2640-3498},
  location     = {Vienna, Austria},
  pages        = {44012--44037},
  publisher    = {ML Research Press},
  title        = {{Improved modelling of federated datasets using mixtures-of-Dirichlet-multinomials}},
  volume       = {235},
  year         = {2024},
}