@phdthesis{21863, abstract = {Atoms and photons, two things so different but yet so alike. The former, the building block of matter, something we learn about in school and imagine it as some tiny marbles encircled by other tinier marbles. The latter, an electromagnetic wave, a light particle or an excitation of the electromagnetic field. Quantum mechanics tells us about the properties of these two entities. And even if it sounds, looks and writes counter-intuitive, it has proven right for over a century now. In this work, I elaborate on how we tested the laws of quantum mechanics and how we used them learn more about the tiny building blocks of nature and the fields they use to talk to each other. The atoms we use, are artificial. Superconducting qubits, small electrical circuits with quantized energy levels behave like electrons that transition between different orbitals in an atom. One of the qubits' advantages, is also a big disadvantage. We design the circuits' energy levels and fabricate them in a cleanroom. This allows for arbitrary spaced energy levels but in contrast to real atoms, prevents two superconducting qubits from being alike. Still, this qubit platform is one of the frontrunners for future quantum computing technology and testing fundamental physics due to their scalability. We interface superconducting qubits, which operate in the GHz regime, with microwave photons. We use 3D aluminum cavities as mediators between qubits and photons. The cavities allow for non-destructive readout of the qubit state, they shield the qubits from noise at the qubit frequency and they give us an easy way to frequency-tune these joint systems. We need to operate superconducting qubits and their cavities at millikelvin temperatures in dilution refrigerators. At higher temperatures, superconductivity suffers and even worse, the environment is filled with thermal noise photons. This poses a fundamental limitation on the scalability of superconducting qubit devices. Also connecting multiple devices in different fridges does not work over room temperature links because the microwave photons used for this purpose will be covered in noise and the quantum information they carry, will be unusable. Infrared photons do not suffer from this noise problem since there are close to zero thermal noise photons at their frequencies at room temperature. We cannot simply interface superconducting devices with optical photons due their frequency mismatch and the destructive effect of optical photons on superconductors. Therefore, we use microwave-to-optics transducers that allow to convert microwave photons into optical ones and vice-versa. The transducers that we use are macroscopic electro-optic transducers using the Pockels effect in a disk-shaped Lithium Niobate whispering gallery mode resonator. By using a strong optical pump, photons from the two frequency domains experience a beam-splitter interaction and get converted from one to the other. We measure the generated optical photons using elaborate optical setups, optical heterodyning and single photon detectors to gain knowledge about the qubit state or the converted microwave photons. Bridging the microwave and the optical world allows us to take advantage of both of their strengths but it also requires deep knowledge about both of their working principles. In this work, we describe two experiments that our group conducted to showcase the opportunities that arise from interfacing superconducting qubits with optical photons but also the pitfalls, one may encounter on the way. In the first experiment, we managed to all-optically read out a superconducting qubit. We show that the assignment fidelity, the probability that a measurement of the qubit state matches the prepared state, is close to equal for all-optical, microwave-to-optics and conventional microwave readout. We show T1 and T2 measurements for all three readout types and give an analysis of the noise caused by the optics. Finally, we show that the infrared light does not affect the qubit performance in a negative way but that the heating it causes does. This is an important insight that we used in the next experiment. The second experiment is the upconversion of itinerant single microwave photons to the optical domain. We show that we can generate single microwave photons from a qubit-cavity system. We upconvert these single photons, measure them with a single photon detector and reconstruct their shape. By conducting a single photon Rabi measurement, we show correlations between the microwave and the optical domain. And by thorough signal-to-noise measurements and noise analysis, we find that we can generate single infrared photons with high signal-to-noise ratio 5.1 and low transducer added noise (<0.012 quanta). We show that this measurement creates a path towards entanglement of a superconducting qubit and an optical photon and what parameters need to be improved to achieve it. Additionally, this experiment is a proof of principle for an on-demand infrared single photon source. More generally, it allows to link microwave quantum technology in general to the optical domain.}, author = {Werner, Thomas}, issn = {2663-337X}, keywords = {Superconducting qubits, Quantum optics, Single photons and quantum effects, Nonlinear optics}, pages = {97}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Interfacing superconducting qubits with optical photons}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-21863}, year = {2026}, } @misc{21864, author = {Anonymous, 1 and Anonymous, 2 and Anonymous, 3}, issn = {2664-1690}, pages = {32}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Mechanism of tissue tension homeostasis during embryogenesis}}, year = {2026}, } @unpublished{21870, abstract = {Superconducting qubits are a leading candidate for utility-scale quantum computing due to their fast gate speeds and steadily decreasing error rates. The requirement for millikelvin operating temperatures, however, creates a significant scaling bottleneck. Modular architectures using optical fiber links could bridge separate cryogenic nodes, but superconducting circuits do not have coherent optical transitions and microwave-to-optical conversion has not been shown for any non-classical photon state. In this work, we demonstrate the on-demand generation and tomographic reconstruction of itinerant single microwave photons at 8.9 GHz from a superconducting qubit. We upconvert this non-Gaussian state with a transducer added noise below 0.012 quanta and count the converted telecom photons at 193.4 THz with a signal-to-noise ratio of up to 5.1$\pm$1.1. We characterize the trade-offs between throughput and noise, and establish a viable path toward heralded entanglement distribution and gate teleportation. Looking ahead, these results empower existing superconducting devices to take a key role in distributed quantum technologies and heterogeneous quantum systems.}, author = {Werner, Thomas and Riyazi, Erfan and Hawaldar, Samarth and Sahu, Rishabh and Arnold, Georg M and Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker, Paul Falthansl-Scheinecker and Naranjo, Jennifer A. Sánchez and Loi, Dante and Kapoor, Lucky N. and Zemlicka, Martin and Qiu, Liu and Militaru, Andrei and Fink, Johannes M}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Electro-optic conversion of itinerant Fock states}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2602.00928}, year = {2026}, } @article{21872, abstract = {Magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) is a powerful probe of broken time-reversal symmetry (T), typically used to study ferromagnets. While MOKE has been observed in some antiferromagnets (AFMs) with vanishing magnetization, it is often associated with structures whose symmetry is lower than basic collinear, bipartite order. In contrast, theory predicts a mechanism for MOKE intrinsic to all AFMs of A-type, i.e. layered AFMs in which ferromagnetic layers are antiferromagnetically aligned. Here we report the experimental confirmation of this mechanism in a bulk AFM. We achieve this by measuring the imaginary component of MOKE as a function of photon energy in MnBi2Te4, an A-type AFM where T is preserved in combination with a translation, and comparing the experimental results with model calculations. Our model suggests that observable MOKE should be expected in all collinear A-type AFMs with out-of-plane spin order, thus enabling optical detection of AFM domains and expanding the scope of MOKE to few-layer AFMs.}, author = {Sunko, Veronika and Ahsanullah, Salman and Jain, Vivek and Weber, Sophie and Kumaran, Sivaloganathan and Yan, Jiaqiang and Orenstein, Joseph and Ovchinnikov, Dmitry}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Magneto-optical Kerr effect in an A-type antiferromagnet}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-72577-4}, year = {2026}, } @article{21881, abstract = {I review recent contributions on nonlinear Dirichlet forms. Then, I specialise to the case of 2- homogeneous and local forms. Inspired by the theory of Finsler manifolds and metric measure spaces, I establish new properties of such nonlinear Dirichlet forms, which are reminiscent of differential calculus formulae.}, author = {Brigati, Giovanni}, issn = {2730-9657}, journal = {La Matematica}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Nonlinear Dirichlet forms, energy spaces, and calculus rules}}, doi = {10.1007/s44007-026-00217-w}, volume = {5}, year = {2026}, } @article{21882, abstract = {The nature of little red dots (LRDs) has largely been investigated through their continuum emission, with lines assumed to arise from a broad-line region. In this paper, we instead use recombination lines to infer the intrinsic properties of the central engine. Our analysis first reveals a tension between the ionizing properties implied from Hα and He ii λ4686. The high Hα EWs require copious H-ionizing photons, more than the bluest active galactic nucleus (AGN) ionizing spectra can provide. In contrast, He ii emission is marginally detected, and its low EW is, at most, consistent with the softest AGN spectra. The low He ii/Hβ (∼10−2, <20× local AGN median) further points to an unusually soft ionizing spectrum. We extend our analysis to dense gas envelopes (quasi-star/black-hole star) and find that hydrogen recombination lines become optically thick and lose diagnostic power, but He ii remains optically thin and a robust tracer. Photoionization modeling with Cloudy rules out standard AGN accretion disk spectra. Alternative explanations include exotic AGN with red rest-optical emission, high average optical depth (>10) from gas/dust, and soft ionizing spectra with abundant H-ionizing photons, consistent with, e.g., a cold accretion disk or a composite of AGN and stars. The latter is an intriguing scenario since high hydrogen densities are highly conducive for star formation, and nuclear star clusters are found in the vicinity of local massive black holes. While previous studies have mostly focused on features dominated by the absorbing hydrogen cloud, the He ii-based diagnostic proposed here represents a crucial step toward understanding the central engine of LRDs.}, author = {Wang, Bingjie and Leja, Joel and Katz, Harley and Inayoshi, Kohei and Cleri, Nikko J. and De Graaff, Anna and Hviding, Raphael E. and Van Dokkum, Pieter and Greene, Jenny E. and Labbé, Ivo and Matthee, Jorryt J and Mcconachie, Ian and Naidu, Rohan P. and Nelson, Erica J.}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {1}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, title = {{The missing hard photons of Little Red Dots: Their incident ionizing spectra resemble massive stars}}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae5bab}, volume = {1003}, year = {2026}, } @article{21883, abstract = {Three-dimensional (3D) printing has rapidly developed from a niche hobbyist activity into a widely accessible and indispensable technology across multiple scientific disciplines. Within microscopy, optical engineering laboratories and imaging core facilities, 3D printing enables creating customised solutions for sample holders, optical components and everyday laboratory tools that traditionally required specialised machining. By providing rapid prototyping, low-cost production and reproducibility, 3D printing facilitates innovation and efficiency in facility operations. This article provides a perspective on the possibilities, challenges, and practical aspects of implementing 3D printing within microscopy core facilities. Instead of providing technical review about 3D printing, we focus on service organisation, user engagement, resource management and community-driven repositories for design dissemination. Our aim is to share insights with those considering the implementation of 3D printing as a service for developing add-on components to ease the operation of different aspects of the machine-park driven services and those who are managing advanced instrumentation within research groups.}, author = {Goudarzi, Mohammad and Schuster, Maximilian and Milberger, Arthur and Gunkel, Manuel and Terjung, Stefan and Krens, Gabriel}, issn = {1365-2818}, journal = {Journal of Microscopy}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{3D printing in core facilities – Low pain, high gain}}, doi = {10.1111/jmi.70106}, year = {2026}, } @article{21884, abstract = {We show that a randomly perturbed digraph, where we start with a dense digraph Dα and add a small number of random edges to it, will typically contain a fixed orientation of a bounded-degree spanning tree. This answers a question posed by Araujo, Balogh, Krueger, Piga and Treglown and generalizes the corresponding result for randomly perturbed graphs by Krivelevich, Kwan and Sudakov. More specifically, we prove that there exists a constant c=c(α,Δ) such that if T is an oriented tree with maximum degree Δ and Dα is an n-vertex digraph with minimum semidegree αn, then the graph obtained by adding cn uniformly random edges to Dα will contain T with high probability.}, author = {Morawski, Patryk and Petrova, Kalina H}, issn = {1077-8926}, journal = {Electronic Journal of Combinatorics}, number = {2}, publisher = {Electronic Journal of Combinatorics}, title = {{Randomly perturbed digraphs also have bounded-degree spanning trees}}, doi = {10.37236/13316}, volume = {33}, year = {2026}, } @article{21894, abstract = {The Dean–Kawasaki equation—one of the most fundamental SPDEs of fluctuating hydrodynamics—has been proposed as a model for density fluctuations in weakly interacting particle systems. In its original form, it is highly singular and fails to be renormalizable, even by approaches such as regularity structures and paracontrolled distributions, hindering mathematical approaches to its rigorous justification. It has been understood recently that it is natural to introduce a suitable regularization, for example, by applying a formal spatial discretization or by truncating high-frequency noise: This yields well-posed equations that should still precisely approximate the law of the particle density fluctuations. In the present work, we prove that a regularization in the form of a formal discretization of the Dean–Kawasaki equation indeed accurately describes density fluctuations in systems of weakly interacting diffusing particles: We show that, in suitable weak metrics, the law of fluctuations as predicted by the discretized Dean–Kawasaki SPDE approximates the law of fluctuations of the original particle system, up to an error that is of arbitrarily high order in the inverse particle number and a discretization error. In particular, the Dean– Kawasaki equation provides a means for efficient and accurate simulations of density fluctuations in weakly interacting particle systems.}, author = {Cornalba, Federico and Fischer, Julian L and Ingmanns, Jonas and Raithel, Claudia}, issn = {2168-894X}, journal = {The Annals of Probability}, keywords = {Weakly interacting particle systems, fluctuating hydrodynamics, Dean-Kawasaki equation, stochastic PDEs, numerical approximation}, number = {1}, pages = {155--215}, publisher = {Institute of Mathematical Statistics}, title = {{Density fluctuations in weakly interacting particle systems via the Dean–Kawasaki equation}}, doi = {10.1214/25-aop1763}, volume = {54}, year = {2026}, } @article{21895, abstract = {The mammalian brain organises knowledge about entities in the world and relationships between them using cognitive maps. When forming a cognitive map, there is a necessary trade-off between extending the map to make novel inferences, and storing a veridical copy of past experience. However, the neural mechanisms that control this trade-off remain unknown. Using a cross-scale approach that combines a pharmacological intervention in humans with neural network modelling, we show that the neuromodulator noradrenaline elicits a significant ‘spread of association’ across hippocampal cognitive maps. This neural spread of association can be explained by changes in synaptic plasticity that predict overgeneralisation in behaviour. Thus, elevated noradrenaline during learning increases the ‘smoothing kernel’ for plasticity across the cognitive map, allowing disparate memories to become linked and distorted.}, author = {Koolschijn, Renée S. and Parthasarathy, Prakriti and Browning, Michael and Przygodda, Xenia and Capitão, Liliana P. and Clarke, William T. and Vogels, Tim P and O’Reilly, Jill X. and Barron, Helen C.}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Noradrenaline causes a spread of association in the hippocampal cognitive map}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-70659-x}, volume = {17}, year = {2026}, } @article{21896, abstract = {Redox-mediated flow batteries boost energy density by utilizing dissolved redox species as charge carriers for solid charge-storage materials. This strategy strongly depends on the thermodynamics and kinetics between the solid booster and dissolved redox species. Conventional electrochemical methods often convolute intrinsic reactivity with mass transport effects, introducing complexity in determining limiting steps. We propose a strategy that confines solid boosters within recessed microelectrodes and employs scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to estimate reaction kinetics between booster and dissolved active redox species. Confining the solid booster in the recessed microelectrode overcomes mass transport limitations of dissolved redox species and enables controlled polarization of the booster material, allowing deconvolution of key rate-determining factors. As an initial model system, Prussian blue-ferricyanide/ferrocyanide [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− was used as solid booster and dissolved redox active species, respectively. The methodology was further explored for copper hexacyanoferrate with N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyl oxy-4-ammonium chloride and nickel hydroxide with [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− and extended to Mn-based Prussian blue analogues in combination with organic redox species. Our results demonstrate that SECM coupled with the proposed recessed microelectrode strategy provides a powerful platform to disentangle interfacial kinetics and guide the rational design of solid booster-dissolved redox species and electrolytes for high-performance redox-mediated flow batteries.}, author = {Santana Santos, Carla and Jiyane, Nomnotho and Quast, Thomas and Ibáñez, Maria and Rubio‐Presa, Rubén and Peljo, Pekka and Schuhmann, Wolfgang}, issn = {2566-6223}, journal = {Batteries & Supercaps}, number = {5}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{Evaluating reaction kinetics between solid booster and dissolved active species in redox‐mediated flow batteries using scanning electrochemical microscopy}}, doi = {10.1002/batt.70303}, volume = {9}, year = {2026}, } @article{21897, abstract = {Ultracompact binary systems, consisting of two compact objects in an orbit $\lesssim 0.5 {\rm R}_\odot$, should exhibit measurable rates of orbital period change ($\dot{P} \ne 0$) due to the emission of gravitational waves (GWs). Measurements of $\dot{P}$ have so far been limited to the shortest-period ultracompact binaries ($\lesssim 20$  min). Among the AM CVn-type subclass, several works have proposed the presence of extra angular momentum loss beyond GW emission, with magnetic braking being a widely discussed mechanism. If present, this magnetic braking would dominate the angular momentum loss of AM CVn-type binaries with orbital periods $\gtrsim 30$ min. In this work, we present a long-term eclipse timing study of two AM CVn-type binaries, YZ LMi and Gaia14aae, with respective orbital periods of 28.3 min and 49.7 min and continuous observations since 2006 and 2015. Both systems show $\dot{P}$ consistent with zero within $2\sigma$. Their $3\sigma$ upper limits are $1.1 \times 10^{-13}\, {\rm s \, s}^{-1}$ and $9.7 \times 10^{-14}\, {\rm s \, s}^{-1}$, respectively. These non-detections are most simply explained by a scenario in which secular angular momentum loss is not substantially stronger than GW emission at all orbital periods, but is combined with deviations from the secular $\dot{P}$ whose time-scales span decades but whose amplitude is $\lesssim 10^{-13}\, {\rm s \, s}^{-1}$. Our non-detections of $\dot{P}$ represent a limit on the strength of any enhanced angular momentum loss beyond pure GW emission.}, author = {Green, Matthew J and Marsh, Thomas R and van Roestel, Joannes C and Wong, Tin Long Sunny and Belloni, Diogo and Kilic, Mukremin and Breedt, Elmé and Brown, Alex and Copperwheat, Chris M and Chakpor, Anurak and Dhillon, V S and Segura, Noel Castro and Dyer, Martin J and Garbutt, James and Jarvis, Dan and Kengkriangkrai, Vasu and Kennedy, Mark R and Kerry, Paul and Kupfer, Thomas and Littlefair, S P and McCormac, James and Munday, James and Parsons, Steven G and Pike, Eleanor and Pelisoli, Ingrid and Rodríguez-Gil, Pablo and Sahman, David I and Yates, Amalie}, issn = {1365-2966}, journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society}, keywords = {binaries: close – stars, dwarf novae – novae, cataclysmic variables – white dwarfs}, number = {3}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{No period change in two long-period AM CVn binaries}}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stag673}, volume = {548}, year = {2026}, } @article{21898, abstract = {We investigate the nature and spectroscopic diversity of early galaxies from a sample of 41 sources at $z\geqslant 10$ with James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRSpec prism observations. We compare the properties of strong ultraviolet (UV) line emitters, traced by intense C iv emission, with those of more ‘typical’ sources with weak or undetected C iv. The more typical (or ‘C iv-weak’) sources reveal significant scatter in their C iii] line strengths, UV continuum slopes, and physical sizes, spanning C iii] equivalent widths (EWs) of $\sim$1–51 Å, UV slopes of $\beta \sim -1.6$ to $-2.6$, and half-light radii of $\sim$50–1000 pc. In contrast, C iv-strong sources occupy the tail of these distributions, with C iii] EWs of 16–51 Å, UV slopes $\beta \lesssim -2.5$, compact morphologies ($r_{\rm 50} \lesssim 100$ pc), and elevated star formation surface densities ($\Sigma _{\rm SFR} \gtrsim 100\, M_\odot \, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}\, \mathrm{kpc}^{-2}$). These properties suggest concentrated starbursts that temporarily outshine the host galaxy. Comparing average properties from composite spectra, we find the diversity of the sample is primarily driven by bursty star formation on very short time-scales ($\le$3 Myr), with strong C iv emitters observed at the apex of the bursts and sources devoid of emission lines during relative inactivity. An apparent association between strong C iv and enhanced nitrogen abundance suggests both may be modulated by the same duty cycle, reflecting a generic mode of star formation. We show that active galactic nuclei are unlikely to contribute significantly to this duty cycle based on UV line diagnostics and photoionization models. Our results support a picture whereby brief bursts and lulls can explain the spectral diversity and early growth of bright galaxies in the first 500 Myr.}, author = {Roberts-Borsani, Guido and Oesch, Pascal A and Ellis, Richard and Weibel, Andrea and Giovinazzo, Emma and Bouwens, Rychard and Dayal, Pratika and Fontana, Adriano and Heintz, Kasper E and Matthee, Jorryt J and Meyer, Romain A and Pentericci, Laura and Shapley, Alice and Tacchella, Sandro and Treu, Tommaso and Walter, Fabian and Atek, Hakim and Bose, Sownak and Castellano, Marco and Fudamoto, Yoshinobu and Morishita, Takahiro and Naidu, Rohan P and Sanders, Ryan L and van der Wel, Arjen}, issn = {1365-2966}, journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society}, number = {3}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{JWST spectroscopic insights into the diversity of galaxies in the first 500 Myr: Short-lived snapshots along a common evolutionary pathway}}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stag701}, volume = {548}, year = {2026}, } @article{21899, abstract = {Cell extrusion is an essential mechanism for controlling cell density in epithelial tissues. Another essential element of epithelia is curvature, which is required to achieve complex shapes, like in the lung or intestine. Here, we introduce a three-dimensional bubbly vertex model to study the interplay between extrusion and curvature. We find a generic cellular bulging instability at topological defects, which is much stronger than for standard vertex models. Analyzing cell shapes in three-dimensional imaging data of spherical mouse colon organoids, we infer that pentagonal cells have an increased basal interfacial tension, suggesting that cells at topological defects react to the different force conditions. Using the bubbly vertex model, we show that such basal tensions stabilize against the predicted instability and result in better cell shape control than tissue-scale mechanisms such as lumen pressure and spontaneous curvature. Our theory suggests that epithelial curvature naturally leads to bulged and extrusionlike cell shapes because the interfacial curvature of individual cells at the defects strongly amplifies buckling effected by tissue-scale topological defects in elastic sheets. Our results highlight the complex interplay of forces across scales in three-dimensional tissue organization.}, author = {Drozdowski, Oliver M and Kocameşe-Tamgac𝚤, Büşra and Boonekamp, Kim E. and Boutros, Michael and Schwarz, Ulrich S.}, issn = {2160-3308}, journal = {Physical Review X}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Cell bulging and extrusion in a three-dimensional bubbly vertex model for curved epithelial sheets}}, doi = {10.1103/x82g-cq7n}, volume = {16}, year = {2026}, } @article{21900, abstract = {Individually silencing 125 fruit fly genes reveals opposing fitness effects of mutations between females and males, as well as between germline and somatic tissues.}, author = {Ruzicka, Filip}, issn = {2397-334X}, journal = {Nature Ecology & Evolution}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Reverse genetics of sexual antagonism}}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-026-03036-y}, year = {2026}, } @article{21914, abstract = {Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a fundamental second messenger involved in diverse signaling pathways across both animals and plants. While the role of 3′,5′-cAMP has been extensively characterized, the biological significance of its structural isomer, 2′,3′-cAMP, remains largely unexplored, particularly in plants. Here, we show that 2′,3′-cAMP and 3′,5′-cAMP represent parallel signaling systems in Arabidopsis thaliana, with different enzymatic origins and largely distinct downstream effects. In vitro enzymatic assays show that plant adenylate cyclases (ACs), including AFB5 and HpAC1, produce specifically 3′,5′-cAMP from ATP, whereas the TIR domain of protein L7 also catalyzes the formation of 2′,3′-cAMP from RNA. Comprehensive multiomics analyses reveal that two isomers elicit distinct yet partially overlapping metabolic, proteomic, and transcriptional response: 2′,3′-cAMP activates broad, stress-adaptive gene expression reprogramming, while 3′,5′-cAMP fine-tunes responses related to nutrient status and cellular homeostasis. Our findings establish the existence of dual cAMP signaling systems in plants, each with specialized functions and provide insights into the complex regulatory networks governing plant physiology.}, author = {Li, Mingyue and Chodasiewicz, Monika and Muraleedharan, Malavika and Lopez, Israel M. and Gorka, Michal and Kerber, Olga and Alotaibi, Saqer S. and Nelson, Andrew D.L. and Lenobel, Rene and Friedecká, Jaroslava and Skirycz, Aleksandra and Friml, Jiří}, issn = {2375-2548}, journal = {Science Advances}, number = {19}, publisher = {AAAS}, title = {{Biogenesis and downstream effects of 3',5' and 2',3' cAMP isomers in plants}}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aea7828}, volume = {12}, year = {2026}, } @article{21915, abstract = {Hydrological models commonly use very simple snow accumulation and melt models based on air temperature information, namely, a temperature threshold for snow accumulation as well as for snowmelt, and a melt factor. This utility emerges due to the simplicity, efficiency, and generally good performance of such models if sufficient calibration information is available. At scales beyond single gauged catchments, the estimation and evaluation of the temperature thresholds and the melt factor has been difficult due to a lack of observations on snow accumulation and melt. Using a recently published Northern Hemisphere snow water equivalent dataset (NH-SWE) and co-located climate station observations of temperature and precipitation (4736 stations across the Northern Hemisphere), this work estimates melt factors and temperature thresholds for snow modelling based on station observations and provides the first large-scale and long-term (1950–2023) evaluation of a simple temperature-index snow model and its parameters across a diverse range of snow climates. Our study reveals that the 0 °C as precipitation-phase threshold captures most snowfall days (89 %) and the 0 °C as snowmelt initiation threshold captures most snowmelt days (76 %). Adjusting large-scale uniform threshold values does not consistently improve performance across all snow accumulation and melt metrics. Estimated melt factors based on observations converge towards 3–5 mm (°C d)−1 for deeper snowpack climates (peak snow water equivalent >300 mm), but their estimation may be more challenging for colder climates with shallower snowpacks (<300 mm), conditions where the derived melt factors cover a wider range (1 to 12 mm (°C d)−1) and a much higher interannual and spatial variability. The temperature-index snow model performs consistently well, on average, across the available Northern Hemisphere data set for estimating long-term mean values of seasonal snow cover onset, snowmelt season onset, mean snow accumulation and snowmelt rates, but challenges may arise due to biases in temperature records or solid precipitation undercatch. Peak snow water equivalent is likely underestimated for deep or alpine snowpacks, while it is likely overestimated for shallow snowpacks in the coldest and continental climates. The best median performance of the temperature-index approach lies on relatively shallow snowpacks in temperate climates. This study provides valuable insights into temperature-threshold snowfall modelling and temperature-index melt modelling for applications across diverse climates and environments, and the results should help refine regional modelling approaches to enhance our understanding of snowpack responses to global warming.}, author = {Fontrodona-Bach, Adrià and Schaefli, Bettina and Woods, Ross and Larsen, Joshua R.}, issn = {1607-7938}, journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences}, number = {9}, pages = {2613--2636}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, title = {{Estimating robust melt factors and temperature thresholds for snow modelling across the Northern Hemisphere}}, doi = {10.5194/hess-30-2613-2026}, volume = {30}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{21916, abstract = {Social network graphs are central to graph learning research, serving as standard benchmarks for algorithm evaluation. However, existing datasets focus mainly on mainstream social media platforms whose structures are shaped notably by algorithmic recommendations. This raises an important question: would alternative, decentralized social networks exhibit different properties? We address this by studying the Fediverse; a collection of decentralized social networks (such as Mastodon and Lemmy). These platforms differ fundamentally from for-profit social media, notably in decentralization and absence of recommendation algorithms, which may yield distinct graph structures. We introduce Fedivertex, a dataset of over 400 graphs from seven decentralized networks, collected weekly over six months. The dataset, released with a companion Python package to facilitate its use, supports research on temporal and structural aspects of decentralized social networks. In particular, we benchmark applications to decentralized machine learning and community detection.}, author = {Damie, Marc and Cyffers, Edwige Audrey Lucienne}, booktitle = {2026 Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026}, isbn = {9798400723070}, location = {Dubai}, pages = {8393--8396}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Fedivertex: A graph dataset based on decentralized Social Media}}, doi = {10.1145/3774904.3792868}, year = {2026}, } @article{21917, abstract = {A defining feature of quantum many-body systems is the exponential scaling of the Hilbert space with the number of degrees of freedom. This exponential complexity naïvely renders a complete state characterization, for instance via the complete set of bipartite Renyi entropies for all disjoint regions, a challenging task. Recently, a compact way of storing subregions' purities by encoding them as amplitudes of a fictitious quantum wave function, known as entanglement feature, was proposed. Notably, the entanglement feature can be a simple object even for highly entangled quantum states. However the complexity and practical usage of the entanglement feature for general quantum states has not been explored. In this work, we demonstrate that the entanglement feature can be efficiently learned using only a polynomial amount of samples in the number of degrees of freedom through the so-called tensor cross interpolation (TCI) algorithm, assuming it is expressible as a finite bond dimension MPS. We benchmark this learning process on Haar and random MPS states, confirming analytic expectations. Applying the TCI algorithm to quantum eigenstates of various one dimensional quantum systems, we identify cases where eigenstates have entanglement feature learnable with TCI. We conclude with possible applications of the learned entanglement feature, such as quantifying the distance between different entanglement patterns and finding the optimal one-dimensional ordering of physical indices in a given state, highlighting the potential utility of the proposed purity interpolation method.}, author = {Kolisnyk, Dmytro and Medina Ramos, Raimel A and Vasseur, Romain and Serbyn, Maksym}, issn = {2521-327X}, journal = {Quantum}, publisher = {Verein zur Förderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}, title = {{Tensor cross interpolation of purities in quantum many-body systems}}, doi = {10.22331/q-2026-05-22-2114}, volume = {10}, year = {2026}, } @phdthesis{21918, author = {Khudiakova, Kseniia}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {89}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{How epistasis and purifying selection shape genetic diversity}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-21918}, year = {2026}, }