@article{21501, abstract = {Kinetically constrained models were originally introduced to capture slow relaxation in glassy systems, where dynamics are hindered by local constraints instead of energy barriers. Their quantum counterparts have recently drawn attention for exhibiting highly degenerate eigenstates at zero energy—known as zero modes—stemming from chiral symmetry. Yet, the structure and implications of these zero modes remain poorly understood. In this work, we focus on the properties of the zero mode subspace in quantum kinetically constrained models with a U(1) particle-conservation symmetry. We use the U(1) East, which lacks inversion symmetry, and the inversion-symmetric U(1) East-West models to illustrate our two main results. First, we observe that the simultaneous presence of constraints and chiral symmetry generally leads to a parametric increase in the number of zero modes due to the fragmentation of the many-body Hilbert space into disconnected sectors. Second, we generalize the concept of compact localized states from single-particle physics and introduce the notion of collective bound states, a special kind of nonergodic eigenstates that are robust to enlarging the system size. We formulate sufficient criteria for their existence, arguing that the degenerate zero mode subspace plays a central role, and demonstrate bound states in both example models and in a two-dimensional model, the U(1) North-East, and in the pairflip model, a system without particle conservation. Our results motivate a systematic study of bound states and their relation to ergodicity breaking, transport, and other properties of quantum kinetically constrained models. }, author = {Nicolau Jimenez, Eulalia and Ljubotina, Marko and Serbyn, Maksym}, issn = {2691-3399}, journal = {PRX Quantum}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Fragmentation, zero modes, and collective bound states in constrained models}}, doi = {10.1103/sl79-1xgb}, volume = {7}, year = {2026}, } @article{21502, abstract = {The mammalian brain stores glucose, the main circulating energy substrate, as glycogen. In rodents, the cerebellum contains relatively high glycogen levels, yet its cellular and subcellular distribution remains poorly defined. Using monoclonal antibodies against glycogen, we examined its distribution in the mouse cerebellar cortex. Glycogen was predominantly localized to Bergmann glia (BG) processes in the molecular layer and was also detected in Purkinje cells (PCs), the principal cerebellar neurons. To assess the functional significance of cerebellar glycogen, we analyzed behavior in mice lacking glycogen synthase 1 (Gys1) in BG or PCs using a floxed Gys1 line. Gys1 deficiency in either PCs or GFAP-positive cells reduced anxiety-like behavior, whereas combined deletion caused PC degeneration and ataxia. These findings reveal a critical role for glycogen metabolism in both astrocytes and neurons in cerebellar function.}, author = {Akther, Sonam and Lee, Ashley Bomin and Konno, Ayumu and Asiminas, Antonis and Vittani, Marta and Mishima, Tsuneko and Hirai, Hirokazu and Meehan, Claire Francesca and Duran, Jordi and Guinovart, Joan and Ashida, Hitoshi and Morita, Tsuyoshi and Baba, Otto and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nedergaard, Maiken and Hirase, Hajime}, issn = {2589-0042}, journal = {iScience}, number = {4}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Distribution and functional significance of rodent cerebellar glycogen}}, doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2026.115192}, volume = {29}, year = {2026}, } @article{21503, abstract = {Currently, pharmacogenetics relies on partially annotated star alleles, leaving novel variants and complex haplotypes uninterpretable. Computational scoring frameworks could overcome these limitations. Here, we comprehensively evaluated the ability of existing (CADD, FATHMM-XF, PROVEAN, MutationAssessor, SIFT, PhyloP100, APF, APF2) and novel (PharmGScore and PharmMLScore) variant effect predictors to assess pharmacogenetic alleles in multiple scenarios. Altogether we analyzed 541 PharmVar alleles, high‑throughput CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 mutational maps, and 200 642 UK Biobank exomes linked with health records containing antidepressant treatment outcomes. Many evaluated tools, especially ensemble frameworks, matched or exceeded star allele classifications (ROC‑AUC up to 0.85 for allele definitions, 0.95 in vitro; TPR up to 0.99 for exomes) and accurately predicted severe antidepressant adverse events for carriers of deleterious variants in CYP2C19 (OR 1.20–1.35). Our findings show that computational predictors deliver star allele accuracy while overcoming their limitations. With additional validation, computational tools could enhance clinical decision frameworks by enabling continuous scoring, incorporating previously unknown variants, and providing genome-wide applicability.}, author = {Hajto, Jacek and Piechota, Marcin and Krätschmer, Ilse and Konowalska, Paula and Boyle, Gabriel E. and Fowler, Douglas M. and Borczyk, Malgorzata and Korostynski, Michal}, issn = {1473-1150}, journal = {Pharmacogenomics Journal}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Computational variant predictors for pharmacogenomics: From evaluation of single alleles to assessment of adverse drug reactions to antidepressants}}, doi = {10.1038/s41397-026-00399-0}, volume = {26}, year = {2026}, } @article{21504, abstract = {Selecting an appropriate divergence measure is a critical aspect of machine learning, as it directly impacts model performance. Among the most widely used, we find the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence, originally introduced in kinetic theory as a measure of relative entropy between probability distributions. Just as in machine learning, the ability to quantify the proximity of probability distributions plays a central role in kinetic theory. In this paper, we present a comparative review of divergence measures rooted in kinetic theory, highlighting their theoretical foundations and exploring their potential applications in machine learning and artificial intelligence.}, author = {Auricchio, Gennaro and Brigati, Giovanni and Giudici, Paolo and Toscani, Giuseppe}, issn = {1793-6314}, journal = {Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing}, title = {{From kinetic theory to AI: A rediscovery of high-dimensional divergences and their properties}}, doi = {10.1142/S0218202526410010}, year = {2026}, } @article{21509, abstract = {Chromatin remodeling complexes mobilize nucleosomes and promote transcription factor (TF) binding. Using ensemble and single-molecule assays combined with cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we studied the interaction between pioneer TFs OCT4–SOX2 and the human BRG1/BRM-associated factor (BAF) complex on nucleosomes. BAF engages TF-bound substrates in two orientations, placing OCT4–SOX2 at either the remodeler ENTRY or EXIT site. At the ENTRY site, OCT4–SOX2 initially coexists with BAF without structural interference. However, continued DNA translocation is expected to cause collisions with bound TFs, which can trigger remodeling direction reversals or may induce TF dissociation. To accommodate TFs at the EXIT site, BAF undergoes structural rearrangements, and ensemble assays reveal a nucleosome subpopulation translocating away from TF-binding sites. Moreover, single-molecule experiments show that nucleosome-bound BAF frequently changes remodeling direction, and we identify an ADP-bound remodeler conformation as a potential intermediate. Together, these findings reveal key aspects of the conformational dynamics and remodeling outcomes underlying BAF processing of TF-bound nucleosomes.}, author = {Weiss, Joscha and Vecchia, Luca and Domjan, David and Cavadini, Simone and Sabantsev, Anton and Kempf, Georg and Pathare, Ganesh R. and Brackmann, Klaus and Michael, Alicia and Kater, Lukas and Hietter-Pfeiffer, Eric and Haddawi, Mina and Kuber, Urja P. and Mühlhäusser, Sandra and Grand, Ralph S. and Stadler, Michael B. and Deindl, Sebastian and Thomä, Nicolas H.}, issn = {1097-2765}, journal = {Molecular Cell}, number = {4}, pages = {625--639.e8}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{The human BAF chromatin remodeler processes nucleosomes bound by pioneer transcription factors OCT4–SOX2}}, doi = {10.1016/j.molcel.2026.01.021}, volume = {86}, year = {2026}, } @article{21532, abstract = {Recent research in nanophotonics for scintillation-based imaging has demonstrated promising improvements in scintillator performance. In parallel, advances in nanophotonics have enabled wavefront control through metasurfaces, a capability that has transformed fields such as microscopy by allowing tailored control of optical propagation. This naturally raises the following question, which we address in this Perspective: can wavefront-control strategies be leveraged to improve scintillation-based imaging? To answer this question, we explore nanophotonic- and metasurface-enabled wavefront control in scintillators to mitigate image blurring arising from their intrinsically diffuse light emission. While depth-of-field extension in scintillation faces fundamental limitations absent in microscopy, this approach reveals promising avenues, including stacked scintillators, selective spatial-frequency enhancement, and X-ray energy-dependent imaging. These results clarify the key distinctions in adapting wavefront engineering to scintillation and its potential to enable tailored detection strategies.}, author = {Chen, Joshua and Vaidya, Sachin and Pajovic, Simo and Choi, Seou and Michaels, William and Martin-Monier, Louis and Hu, Juejun and Cogswell, Carol and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Soljačić, Marin}, issn = {2330-4022}, journal = {ACS Photonics}, number = {7}, pages = {1757–1766}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Wavefront engineering for scintillation-based imaging}}, doi = {10.1021/acsphotonics.5c03124}, volume = {13}, year = {2026}, } @article{21537, abstract = {Nanophotonics has revolutionized the control of light-matter interactions in various fields of fundamental science and technology. In this work, we propose Implosion Fabrication (ImpFab) as a versatile nanophotonics fabrication platform providing the highest spatial resolution, material versatility, and full volumetric control. ImpFab uniquely combines top-down lithography with bottom-up nanoparticle assembly within a hydrogel scaffold, enabling precise control over optical material properties, such as refractive index, by adjusting printing parameters. We showcase the potential of ImpFab by fabricating three-dimensional photonic crystals and quasicrystals, as well as demonstrating optical structures with spatially modulated unit cell material properties. Our results highlight the potential of ImpFab in producing nanostructures with tailored optical functionalities, which are crucial for applications in sensing, imaging, and information processing, and opening new avenues in developing non-Hermitian photonic systems with spatially controlled gain and loss.}, author = {Salamin, Yannick and Yang, Gaojie and Mills, Brian and Grossi Fonseca, André and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Yang, Quansan and Beroz, Justin and Kooi, Steven E. and de Miguel Comella, Marc and Mak, Kiran and Vaidya, Sachin and Oran, Daniel and Swain, Corban and Sun, Yi and Maayani, Shai and Sloan, Jamison and Amin Elfadil Elawad, Amel and Lopez, Josue J. and Boyden, Edward S. and Soljačić, Marin}, issn = {2047-7538}, journal = {Light: Science & Applications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Three-dimensional nanophotonics with spatially modulated optical properties}}, doi = {10.1038/s41377-025-02166-5}, volume = {15}, year = {2026}, } @article{21555, abstract = {Spin-polarized electron beam sources enable studies of spin-dependent electric and magnetic effects at the nanoscale. We propose a method of creating spin-polarized electrons on an integrated photonics chip by laser-driven nanophotonic fields. A two-stage interaction separated by a free-space drift length is proposed, where the first stage and drift length introduces spin-dependent characteristics into the probability distribution of the electron wave function. The second stage uses an adjusted optical near field to rotate the spin states utilizing the spin-dependent wave-packet distribution to produce electrons with high ensemble average spin expectation values. This platform provides an integrated and compact method to generate spin-polarized electrons, implementable with millimeter scale chips and tabletop lasers.}, author = {Woodahl, Clarisse and Murillo, Melanie and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Karnieli, Aviv and Miller, David A. B. and Solgaard, Olav}, issn = {1079-7114}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, number = {6}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{On-chip laser-driven free-electron spin polarizer}}, doi = {10.1103/3c1m-d3hh}, volume = {136}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{21581, abstract = {We demonstrate that nanophotonic scintillators based on three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals can overcome the longstanding tradeoff between spatial resolution and light yield in X-ray imaging. By engineering supercollimation, which is light propagation without angular spreading, within the emission spectrum, we strongly shape the angular emission profile of the scintillator, dramatically reducing blurring at large thicknesses. Our theoretical and numerical results, using realistic scintillator and photonic crystal parameters, show that this improves the Detector Quantum Efficiency (DQE) by up to several orders of magnitude at high spatial frequencies, enabling sharper images and reduced X-ray dosages. This approach offers a new path toward high-resolution, low-dose X-ray imaging systems.}, author = {Vaidya, Sachin and Choi, Seou and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Soljačić, Marin}, booktitle = {High Contrast Metastructures XV}, location = {San Francisco, CA, United States}, publisher = {SPIE}, title = {{Supercollimating photonic crystal scintillators}}, doi = {10.1117/12.3079431}, volume = {PC13910}, year = {2026}, } @article{21583, abstract = {Non-Hermiticity naturally arises in physical systems that exchange energy with their environment. The presence of non-Hermiticity leads to many topological physics phenomena and device applications. In the non-Hermitian energy band theory, the foundation of these physics and applications, both energies and wave vectors take complex values. The energy bands thus become a Riemann surface, and such an energy-band Riemann surface underlies all important signatures of non-Hermitian topology. Despite a long history and recent theoretical interests, the energy-band Riemann surface has not been experimentally studied. Here, we provide a photonic observation of the energy-band Riemann surface of a non-Hermitian system. This is achieved by a tunable imaginary gauge transformation in photonic synthetic frequency dimensions. From measured topologies of the Riemann surface, we reveal the complex-energy winding, the open-boundary-condition spectrum, the generalized Brillouin zone, and the branch points. Our findings demonstrate a unified framework in the studies of diverse effects in non-Hermitian topological physics through an experimental observation of energy-band Riemann surfaces.}, author = {Cheng, Dali and Wang, Heming and Zhong, Janet and Lustig, Eran and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Fan, Shanhui}, issn = {2375-2548}, journal = {Science Advances}, number = {12}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Experimental observation of energy-band Riemann surface}}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aec8239}, volume = {12}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{22004, abstract = {Recent research on computing the diameter of geometric intersection graphs has made significant strides, primarily focusing on the 2D case [Duraj et al., 2024; Hsien-Chih Chang et al., 2024; Chan et al., 2025] where truly subquadratic-time algorithms were given for simple objects such as unit-disks and (axis-aligned) squares. However, in three or higher dimensions, there is no known truly subquadratic-time algorithm for any intersection graph of non-trivial objects, even basic ones such as unit balls or (axis-aligned) unit cubes. This was partially explained by the pioneering work of Bringmann et al. [Karl Bringmann et al., 2022] which gave several truly subquadratic lower bounds, notably for unit balls or unit cubes in 3D when the graph diameter Δ is at least Ω(log n), hinting at a pessimistic outlook for the complexity of the diameter problem in higher dimensions. In this paper, we substantially extend the landscape of diameter computation for objects in three and higher dimensions, giving a few positive results. Our highlighted findings include: 1) A truly subquadratic-time algorithm for deciding if the diameter of unit cubes in 3D is at most 3 (Diameter-3 hereafter), the first algorithm of its kind for objects in 3D or higher dimensions. Our algorithm is based on a novel connection to pseudolines, which is of independent interest. 2) A truly subquadratic time lower bound for Diameter-3 of unit balls in 3D under the Orthogonal Vector (OV) hypothesis, giving the first separation between unit balls and unit cubes in the small diameter regime. Previously, computing the diameter for both objects was known to be quadratic hard when the diameter is Ω(log n) [Karl Bringmann et al., 2022]. 3) A near-linear-time algorithm for Diameter-2 of unit cubes in 3D, generalizing the previous result for unit squares in 2D [Karl Bringmann et al., 2022]. 4) A truly subquadratic-time algorithm and lower bound for Diameter-2 and Diameter-3 of rectangular boxes (of arbitrary dimension and sizes), respectively.}, author = {Chan, Timothy M. and Chang, Hsien Chih and Gao, Jie and Kisfaludi-Bak, Sándor and Le, Hung and Zheng, Da Wei}, booktitle = {42nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry}, isbn = {9783959774185}, issn = {1868-8969}, keywords = {Graph Diameter, Geometric Intersection Graphs, Unit Ball Graphs}, location = {New Brunswick, NJ, United States}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik}, title = {{Charting the diameter computation landscape of intersection graphs in 3D and above}}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2026.29}, volume = {367}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{22006, abstract = {Runtime monitoring checks, during execution, whether a partial signal produced by a hybrid system satisfies its specification. Signal First-Order Logic (SFO) offers expressive real-time specifications over such signals, but currently comes only with Boolean semantics and has no tool support. We provide the first robustness-based quantitative semantics for SFO, enabling the expression and evaluation of rich real-time properties beyond the scope of existing formalisms such as Signal Temporal Logic. To enable online monitoring, we identify a past-time fragment of SFO and give a pastification procedure that transforms bounded-response SFO formulas into equisatisfiable formulas in this fragment. We then develop an efficient runtime monitoring algorithm for this past-time fragment and evaluate its performance on a set of benchmarks, demonstrating the practicality and effectiveness of our approach. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publicly available prototype for online quantitative monitoring of full SFO.}, author = {Chalupa, Marek and Henzinger, Thomas A and Sarac, Naci E and Yu, Zhengqi}, booktitle = {27th International Symposium on Formal Methods}, isbn = {9783032262196}, issn = {1611-3349}, keywords = {Signal first-order logic, Robustness-based quantitative semantics, Online runtime monitoring}, location = {Tokyo, Japan}, pages = {214--233}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Quantitative monitoring of Signal First-Order logic}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-032-26220-2_11}, volume = {16557}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{22003, abstract = {Let G be a finite, connected metric graph and let X be a subset of G. If X is sufficiently dense in G, we show that the Gromov-Hausdorff distance matches the Hausdorff distance, namely d_GH(G,X) = d_H(G,X). When the metric graph is the circle G = S¹ with circumference 2π, a recent study established the equality d_GH(S¹,X) = d_H(S¹,X) whenever d_GH(S¹,X) < π/6. Our results relax this hypothesis to d_GH(S¹,X) < π/3, and furthermore, we show that the constant π/3 is the best possible. We lower bound the Gromov-Hausdorff distance d_GH(G,X) by the Hausdorff distance d_H(G,X) via a simple topological obstruction: the existence of a possibly discontinuous function f: G → X with too small distortion contradicts the connectedness of G.}, author = {Adams, Henry and Majhi, Sushovan and Manin, Fedor and Virk, Ziga and Zava, Nicolò}, booktitle = {42nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry}, isbn = {9783959774185}, issn = {1868-8969}, keywords = {Gromov–Hausdorff distance, distortion, connectedness, Borsuk–Ulam theorem}, location = {New Brunswick, NJ, United States}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik}, title = {{Lower bounding the Gromov–Hausdorff distance in metric graphs}}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2026.3}, volume = {367}, year = {2026}, } @article{21999, abstract = {JWST has revealed an abundance of supermassive black holes (BHs) in the early Universe, and yet the lowest mass seed BHs that gave rise to these populations remain elusive. Here, we present a systematic search for broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in some of the faintest high-z galaxies surveyed yet by combining ultra-deep JWST/NIRSpec G395M spectroscopy with the strong lensing aid in AS1063. By employing the profile of the [O iii]λ5007 emission lines as a template for narrow-line components and carefully cross-validating with mock observations, we identify a sample of 10 broad-line AGNs at 4.5 < z < 7.0 (eight secure, two tentative). The inferred BH masses from the broad Hα line explore the intermediate BH mass regime down to ∼105.5 M⊙. The stellar mass (M*) is estimated with a galaxy+AGN composite model, and we find the BH to stellar mass ratio spans down to MBH/M* ≲ 0.1%, unveiling populations on the empirical MBH–M* relation observed in the local Universe. We also derive the BH mass function and investigate its low-mass end at this epoch. While we confirm the agreement of our results with previous studies at MBH ≳ 106.5M⊙, we find the mass range of ∼105.5 M⊙ features an enhanced abundance with respect to the extrapolated best-fit Schechter function. Comparison with theoretical models suggests that a possible origin for this enhanced abundance is the direct-collapse BH formation, supporting the scenario that the direct collapse of massive gas clouds is a significant pathway for the earliest supermassive BHs.}, author = {Fei, Qinyue and Fujimoto, Seiji and Naidu, Rohan P. and Chisholm, John and Atek, Hakim and Brammer, Gabriel and Asada, Yoshihisa and Berg, Danielle A. and Bromm, Volker and Furtak, Lukas J. and Greene, Jenny E. and Hsiao, Tiger Yu Yang and Jeon, Junehyoung and Kokorev, Vasily and Matthee, Jorryt J and Natarajan, Priyamvada and Pan, Richard and Richard, Johan and Saldana-Lopez, Alberto and Schaerer, Daniel and Volonteri, Marta and Zitrin, Adi}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {2}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, title = {{A GLIMPSE of intermediate mass Black Holes in the epoch of reionization: Witnessing the descendants of direct collapse?}}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae6248}, volume = {1003}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{22000, abstract = {Simplicial approximation provides a framework for constructing simplicial complexes that are homotopy equivalent to a given manifold, provided a CW structure is explicitly known. However, its conventional implementation quickly becomes intractable on a computer: barycentric subdivision produces poorly shaped simplices, and the star condition introduces many vertices. To address these limitations, this article develops a subdivision scheme based on spherical Delaunay triangulations, which attains better refinement properties than barycentric subdivisions. Moreover, the star condition is reframed as two independent problems, one geometric and the other combinatorial, respectively tackled in the language of locally equiconnected spaces and the list homomorphism problem, allowing an exponential reduction in the number of vertices. Via a prototype implementation, we obtain simplicial complexes homotopy equivalent to Grassmannians and Stiefel manifolds up to dimension 5.}, author = {Tinarrage, Raphaël}, booktitle = {42nd International Symposium on Computational Geometry}, isbn = {9783959774185}, issn = {1868-8969}, keywords = {Triangulation of manifolds, Simplicial approximation, CW complexes, Delaunay complexes, List homomorphism problem, Topological Data Analysis}, location = {New Brunswick, NJ, United States}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik}, title = {{Simplicial approximation to CW complexes with spherical Delaunay triangulations}}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2026.93}, volume = {367}, year = {2026}, } @article{21995, abstract = {On 26–28 September 2024, torrential rainfall struck Nepal during the late monsoon season, causing flooding, landslides and extensive damage. This study examined the multiscale processes contributing to this extreme precipitation event, focusing on intraseasonal oscillations, synoptic-scale circulations, and mesoscale cloud/precipitation systems. A quasi-biweekly intraseasonal oscillation dominated over South Asia during the event, featuring a monsoon low-pressure system over the Indian Peninsula and an anticyclone to its east, both propagating westward. The pressure gradient between them sustained strong southerly moisture transport toward the Himalayas, establishing a persistently humid environment and orographic lift along the southern slopes. In contrast to reports of previous extreme precipitation events in Nepal, the atmospheric circulation responsible for the 2024 event was primarily of tropical origin, with minimal influence from the midlatitudes. Characteristic mesoscale cloud/precipitation systems also developed around the Himalayas. The highest daily precipitation during the event was recorded on 27 September; stratiform systems with relatively modest storm top heights developed over the southern slopes, generating surface precipitation rates of > 100 mm h− 1 through warm-rain processes. Rain gauges across the glacierized basin (3500–5000 m asl) recorded exceptionally high daily and hourly precipitation rates, highlighting the extension of intense rainfall to unusually high elevations.}, author = {Fujinami, Hatsuki and Takahashi, Nobuhiro and Kanamori, Hironari and Sato, Yota and Sunako, Sojiro and Kato, Masaya and Higuchi, Atsushi and Kadel, Indira and Shrestha, Dibas and Kayastha, Rijan B. and Fujita, Koji}, issn = {1349-6476}, journal = {Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Multiscale aspects of an extreme precipitation event over Nepal in September 2024}}, doi = {10.1007/s44393-026-00024-0}, volume = {22}, year = {2026}, } @article{8616, abstract = {The brain vasculature supplies neurons with glucose and oxygen, but little is known about how vascular plasticity contributes to brain function. Using longitudinal in vivo imaging, we report that a substantial proportion of blood vessels in the adult mouse brain sporadically occlude and regress. Their regression proceeds through sequential stages of blood-flow occlusion, endothelial cell collapse, relocation or loss of pericytes, and retraction of glial endfeet. Regressing vessels are found to be widespread in mouse, monkey and human brains. We further reveal that blood vessel regression cause a reduction of neuronal activity due to a dysfunction in mitochondrial metabolism and glutamate production. Our results elucidate the mechanism of vessel regression and its role in neuronal function in the adult brain.}, author = {Gao, Xiaofei and Li, Jun-Liszt and Chen, Xingjun and Ci, Bo and Chen, Fei and Lu, Nannan and Shen, Bo and Zheng, Lijun and Jia, Jie-Min and Yi, Yating and Zhang, Shiwen and Shi, Ying-Chao and Shi, Kaibin and Propson, Nicholas E and Huang, Yubin and Poinsatte, Katherine and Zhang, Zhaohuan and Yue, Yuanlei and Bosco, Dale B and Lu, Ying-mei and Yang, Shi-bing and Adams, Ralf H. and Lindner, Volkhard and Huang, Fen and Wu, Long-Jun and Zheng, Hui and Han, Feng and Hippenmeyer, Simon and Stowe, Ann M. and Peng, Bo and Margeta, Marta and Wang, Xiaoqun and Liu, Qiang and Körbelin, Jakob and Trepel, Martin and Lu, Hui and Zhou, Bo O. and Zhao, Hu and Su, Wenzhi and Bachoo, Robert M. and Ge, Woo-ping}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Reduction of neuronal activity mediated by blood-vessel regression in the brain}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-60308-0}, volume = {16}, year = {2025}, } @article{8125, abstract = {Biological memory is known to be flexible—memory formation and recall depend on factors such as the behavioral context of the organism. However, this property is often ignored in associative memory models, leaving it unclear how memories can be organized and recalled when subject to contextual control. Because of the lack of a rigorous analytical framework, it is also unknown how contextual control affects memory stability, storage capacity, and information content. Here, we bring the dynamic nature of memory to the fore by introducing a novel model of associative memory, which we refer to as the context-modular memory network. In our model, stored memory patterns are associated to one of several background network states, or contexts. Memories are accessible when their corresponding context is active, and are otherwise inaccessible. Context modulates the effective network connectivity by imposing a specific configuration of neuronal and synaptic gating—gated neurons (synapses) have their activity (weights) momentarily silenced, thereby reducing interference from memories belonging to other contexts. Memory patterns are randomly and independently chosen, while neuronal and synaptic gates may be selected randomly or optimized through a process of contextual synaptic refinement. Through analytic and numerical results, we show that context-modular memory networks can exhibit both improved memory capacity and differential control of memory stability with random gating (especially for neuronal gating). For contextual synaptic refinement, we devise a method in which synapses are gated off for a given context if they destabilize the memory patterns in that context, drastically improving memory capacity and enabling even more precise control over memory stability. Notably, synaptic refinement allows for patterns to be accessible in multiple contexts, stabilizing memory patterns even for weight matrices that alone do not contain any information about the memory patterns, such as Gaussian random matrices. Overall, our model integrates recent ideas about context-dependent memory organization with classic associative memory models and proposes a rigorous theory which can act as a framework for future work. Furthermore, our work carries important implications for the understanding of biological memory storage and recall in the brain, such as highlighting an intriguing trade-off between memory capacity and accessibility.}, author = {Podlaski, William F. and Agnes, Everton J. and Vogels, Tim P}, issn = {2160-3308}, journal = {Physical Review X}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{High capacity and dynamic accessibility in associative memory networks with context-dependent neuronal and synaptic gating}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevX.15.011057}, volume = {15}, year = {2025}, } @article{10011, abstract = {We propose a new weak solution concept for (two-phase) mean curvature flow which enjoys both (unconditional) existence and (weak-strong) uniqueness properties. These solutions are evolving varifolds, just as in Brakke's formulation, but are coupled to the phase volumes by a simple transport equation. First, we show that, in the exact same setup as in Ilmanen's proof [J. Differential Geom. 38, 417-461, (1993)], any limit point of solutions to the Allen-Cahn equation is a varifold solution in our sense. Second, we prove that any calibrated flow in the sense of Fischer et al. [arXiv:2003.05478] - and hence any classical solution to mean curvature flow-is unique in the class of our new varifold solutions. This is in sharp contrast to the case of Brakke flows, which a priori may disappear at any given time and are therefore fatally non-unique. Finally, we propose an extension of the solution concept to the multi-phase case which is at least guaranteed to satisfy a weak-strong uniqueness principle.}, author = {Hensel, Sebastian and Laux, Tim}, issn = {1945-743X}, journal = {Journal of Differential Geometry}, keywords = {Mean curvature flow, gradient flows, varifolds, weak solutions, weak-strong uniqueness, calibrated geometry, gradient-flow calibrations}, pages = {209--268}, publisher = {International Press}, title = {{A new varifold solution concept for mean curvature flow: Convergence of the Allen-Cahn equation and weak-strong uniqueness}}, doi = {10.4310/jdg/1747065796}, volume = {130}, year = {2025}, } @article{10045, abstract = {Given a fixed finite metric space (V,μ), the {\em minimum 0-extension problem}, denoted as 0-Ext[μ], is equivalent to the following optimization problem: minimize function of the form minx∈Vn∑ifi(xi)+∑ijcijμ(xi,xj) where cij,cvi are given nonnegative costs and fi:V→R are functions given by fi(xi)=∑v∈Vcviμ(xi,v). The computational complexity of 0-Ext[μ] has been recently established by Karzanov and by Hirai: if metric μ is {\em orientable modular} then 0-Ext[μ] can be solved in polynomial time, otherwise 0-Ext[μ] is NP-hard. To prove the tractability part, Hirai developed a theory of discrete convex functions on orientable modular graphs generalizing several known classes of functions in discrete convex analysis, such as L♮-convex functions. We consider a more general version of the problem in which unary functions fi(xi) can additionally have terms of the form cuv;iμ(xi,{u,v}) for {u,v}∈F, where set F⊆(V2) is fixed. We extend the complexity classification above by providing an explicit condition on (μ,F) for the problem to be tractable. In order to prove the tractability part, we generalize Hirai's theory and define a larger class of discrete convex functions. It covers, in particular, another well-known class of functions, namely submodular functions on an integer lattice. Finally, we improve the complexity of Hirai's algorithm for solving 0-Ext on orientable modular graphs. }, author = {Dvorak, Martin and Kolmogorov, Vladimir}, issn = {1436-4646}, journal = {Mathematical Programming}, keywords = {minimum 0-extension problem, metric labeling problem, discrete metric spaces, metric extensions, computational complexity, valued constraint satisfaction problems, discrete convex analysis, L-convex functions}, pages = {279--322}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Generalized minimum 0-extension problem and discrete convexity}}, doi = {10.1007/s10107-024-02064-5}, volume = {209}, year = {2025}, }