@inbook{14987, abstract = {The goal of zero-shot learning is to construct a classifier that can identify object classes for which no training examples are available. When training data for some of the object classes is available but not for others, the name generalized zero-shot learning is commonly used. In a wider sense, the phrase zero-shot is also used to describe other machine learning-based approaches that require no training data from the problem of interest, such as zero-shot action recognition or zero-shot machine translation.}, author = {Lampert, Christoph}, booktitle = {Computer Vision}, editor = {Ikeuchi, Katsushi}, isbn = {9783030634155}, pages = {1395--1397}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Zero-Shot Learning}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-63416-2_874}, year = {2021}, } @misc{14988, abstract = {Raw data generated from the publication - The TPLATE complex mediates membrane bending during plant clathrin-mediated endocytosis by Johnson et al., 2021 In PNAS}, author = {Johnson, Alexander J}, publisher = {Zenodo}, title = {{Raw data from Johnson et al, PNAS, 2021}}, doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.5747100}, year = {2021}, } @article{15013, abstract = {We consider random n×n matrices X with independent and centered entries and a general variance profile. We show that the spectral radius of X converges with very high probability to the square root of the spectral radius of the variance matrix of X when n tends to infinity. We also establish the optimal rate of convergence, that is a new result even for general i.i.d. matrices beyond the explicitly solvable Gaussian cases. The main ingredient is the proof of the local inhomogeneous circular law [arXiv:1612.07776] at the spectral edge.}, author = {Alt, Johannes and Erdös, László and Krüger, Torben H}, issn = {2690-1005}, journal = {Probability and Mathematical Physics}, number = {2}, pages = {221--280}, publisher = {Mathematical Sciences Publishers}, title = {{Spectral radius of random matrices with independent entries}}, doi = {10.2140/pmp.2021.2.221}, volume = {2}, year = {2021}, } @article{15137, abstract = {Characteristic properties of type III CRISPR-Cas systems include recognition of target RNA and the subsequent induction of a multifaceted immune response. This involves sequence-specific cleavage of the target RNA and production of cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA) molecules. Here we report that an exposed seed region at the 3′ end of the crRNA is essential for target RNA binding and cleavage, whereas cOA production requires base pairing at the 5′ end of the crRNA. Moreover, we uncover that the variation in the size and composition of type III complexes within a single host results in variable seed regions. This may prevent escape by invading genetic elements, while controlling cOA production tightly to prevent unnecessary damage to the host. Lastly, we use these findings to develop a new diagnostic tool, SCOPE, for the specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 from human nasal swab samples, revealing sensitivities in the atto-molar range.}, author = {Steens, Jurre A. and Zhu, Yifan and Taylor, David W. and Bravo, Jack Peter Kelly and Prinsen, Stijn H. P. and Schoen, Cor D. and Keijser, Bart J. F. and Ossendrijver, Michel and Hofstra, L. Marije and Brouns, Stan J. J. and Shinkai, Akeo and van der Oost, John and Staals, Raymond H. J.}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, keywords = {General Physics and Astronomy, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, General Chemistry, Multidisciplinary}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{SCOPE enables type III CRISPR-Cas diagnostics using flexible targeting and stringent CARF ribonuclease activation}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-021-25337-5}, volume = {12}, year = {2021}, } @article{15138, abstract = {RNA viruses induce the formation of subcellular organelles that provide microenvironments conducive to their replication. Here we show that replication factories of rotaviruses represent protein‐RNA condensates that are formed via liquid–liquid phase separation of the viroplasm‐forming proteins NSP5 and rotavirus RNA chaperone NSP2. Upon mixing, these proteins readily form condensates at physiologically relevant low micromolar concentrations achieved in the cytoplasm of virus‐infected cells. Early infection stage condensates could be reversibly dissolved by 1,6‐hexanediol, as well as propylene glycol that released rotavirus transcripts from these condensates. During the early stages of infection, propylene glycol treatments reduced viral replication and phosphorylation of the condensate‐forming protein NSP5. During late infection, these condensates exhibited altered material properties and became resistant to propylene glycol, coinciding with hyperphosphorylation of NSP5. Some aspects of the assembly of cytoplasmic rotavirus replication factories mirror the formation of other ribonucleoprotein granules. Such viral RNA‐rich condensates that support replication of multi‐segmented genomes represent an attractive target for developing novel therapeutic approaches.}, author = {Geiger, Florian and Acker, Julia and Papa, Guido and Wang, Xinyu and Arter, William E and Saar, Kadi L and Erkamp, Nadia A and Qi, Runzhang and Bravo, Jack Peter Kelly and Strauss, Sebastian and Krainer, Georg and Burrone, Oscar R and Jungmann, Ralf and Knowles, Tuomas PJ and Engelke, Hanna and Borodavka, Alexander}, issn = {1460-2075}, journal = {The EMBO Journal}, keywords = {General Immunology and Microbiology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology, General Neuroscience}, number = {21}, publisher = {Embo Press}, title = {{Liquid–liquid phase separation underpins the formation of replication factories in rotaviruses}}, doi = {10.15252/embj.2021107711}, volume = {40}, year = {2021}, } @article{15139, abstract = {Rotavirus genomes are distributed between 11 distinct RNA molecules, all of which must be selectively copackaged during virus assembly. This likely occurs through sequence-specific RNA interactions facilitated by the RNA chaperone NSP2. Here, we report that NSP2 autoregulates its chaperone activity through its C-terminal region (CTR) that promotes RNA–RNA interactions by limiting its helix-unwinding activity. Unexpectedly, structural proteomics data revealed that the CTR does not directly interact with RNA, while accelerating RNA release from NSP2. Cryo–electron microscopy reconstructions of an NSP2–RNA complex reveal a highly conserved acidic patch on the CTR, which is poised toward the bound RNA. Virus replication was abrogated by charge-disrupting mutations within the acidic patch but completely restored by charge-preserving mutations. Mechanistic similarities between NSP2 and the unrelated bacterial RNA chaperone Hfq suggest that accelerating RNA dissociation while promoting intermolecular RNA interactions may be a widespread strategy of RNA chaperone recycling.}, author = {Bravo, Jack Peter Kelly and Bartnik, Kira and Venditti, Luca and Acker, Julia and Gail, Emma H. and Colyer, Alice and Davidovich, Chen and Lamb, Don C. and Tuma, Roman and Calabrese, Antonio N. and Borodavka, Alexander}, issn = {1091-6490}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {41}, publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, title = {{Structural basis of rotavirus RNA chaperone displacement and RNA annealing}}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2100198118}, volume = {118}, year = {2021}, } @article{15140, abstract = {Remdesivir is a nucleoside analog approved by the US FDA for treatment of COVID-19. Here, we present a 3.9-Å-resolution cryo-EM reconstruction of a remdesivir-stalled RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex, revealing full incorporation of 3 copies of remdesivir monophosphate (RMP) and a partially incorporated fourth RMP in the active site. The structure reveals that RMP blocks RNA translocation after incorporation of 3 bases following RMP, resulting in delayed chain termination, which can guide the rational design of improved antiviral drugs.}, author = {Bravo, Jack Peter Kelly and Dangerfield, Tyler L. and Taylor, David W. and Johnson, Kenneth A.}, issn = {1097-2765}, journal = {Molecular Cell}, keywords = {Cell Biology, Molecular Biology}, number = {7}, pages = {1548--1552.e4}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Remdesivir is a delayed translocation inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 replication}}, doi = {10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.035}, volume = {81}, year = {2021}, } @article{15141, abstract = {We reveal the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a type IV-B CRISPR ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (Csf) at 3.9-Å resolution. The complex best resembles the type III-A CRISPR Csm effector complex, consisting of a Cas7-like (Csf2) filament intertwined with a small subunit (Cas11) filament, but the complex lacks subunits for RNA processing and target DNA cleavage. Surprisingly, instead of assembling around a CRISPR-derived RNA (crRNA), the complex assembles upon heterogeneous RNA of a regular length arranged in a pseudo-A-form configuration. These findings provide a high-resolution glimpse into the assembly and function of enigmatic type IV CRISPR systems, expanding our understanding of class I CRISPR-Cas system architecture, and suggesting a function for type IV-B RNPs that may be distinct from other class 1 CRISPR-associated systems.}, author = {Zhou, Yi and Bravo, Jack Peter Kelly and Taylor, Hannah N. and Steens, Jurre A. and Jackson, Ryan N. and Staals, Raymond H.J. and Taylor, David W.}, issn = {2589-0042}, journal = {iScience}, keywords = {Multidisciplinary}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Structure of a type IV CRISPR-Cas ribonucleoprotein complex}}, doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2021.102201}, volume = {24}, year = {2021}, } @article{15150, abstract = {The majority of gene transcripts generated by RNA polymerase II in mammalian genomes initiate at CpG island (CGI) promoters1,2, yet our understanding of their regulation remains limited. This is in part due to the incomplete information that we have on transcription factors, their DNA-binding motifs and which genomic binding sites are functional in any given cell type3,4,5. In addition, there are orphan motifs without known binders, such as the CGCG element, which is associated with highly expressed genes across human tissues and enriched near the transcription start site of a subset of CGI promoters6,7,8. Here we combine single-molecule footprinting with interaction proteomics to identify BTG3-associated nuclear protein (BANP) as the transcription factor that binds this element in the mouse and human genome. We show that BANP is a strong CGI activator that controls essential metabolic genes in pluripotent stem and terminally differentiated neuronal cells. BANP binding is repelled by DNA methylation of its motif in vitro and in vivo, which epigenetically restricts most binding to CGIs and accounts for differential binding at aberrantly methylated CGI promoters in cancer cells. Upon binding to an unmethylated motif, BANP opens chromatin and phases nucleosomes. These findings establish BANP as a critical activator of a set of essential genes and suggest a model in which the activity of CGI promoters relies on methylation-sensitive transcription factors that are capable of chromatin opening.}, author = {Grand, Ralph S. and Burger, Lukas and Gräwe, Cathrin and Michael, Alicia and Isbel, Luke and Hess, Daniel and Hoerner, Leslie and Iesmantavicius, Vytautas and Durdu, Sevi and Pregnolato, Marco and Krebs, Arnaud R. and Smallwood, Sébastien A. and Thomä, Nicolas and Vermeulen, Michiel and Schübeler, Dirk}, issn = {1476-4687}, journal = {Nature}, pages = {133--137}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{BANP opens chromatin and activates CpG-island-regulated genes}}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03689-8}, volume = {596}, year = {2021}, } @article{15151, abstract = {Eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins operate in the context of chromatin, where nucleosomes are the elementary building blocks. Nucleosomal DNA is wrapped around a histone core, thereby rendering a large fraction of the DNA surface inaccessible to DNA-binding proteins. Nevertheless, first responders in DNA repair and sequence-specific transcription factors bind DNA target sites obstructed by chromatin. While early studies examined protein binding to histone-free DNA, it is only now beginning to emerge how DNA sequences are interrogated on nucleosomes. These readout strategies range from the release of nucleosomal DNA from histones, to rotational/translation register shifts of the DNA motif, and nucleosome-specific DNA binding modes that differ from those observed on naked DNA. Since DNA motif engagement on nucleosomes strongly depends on position and orientation, we argue that motif location and nucleosome positioning co-determine protein access to DNA in transcription and DNA repair.}, author = {Michael, Alicia and Thomä, Nicolas H.}, issn = {0092-8674}, journal = {Cell}, keywords = {General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology}, number = {14}, pages = {3599--3611}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Reading the chromatinized genome}}, doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.029}, volume = {184}, year = {2021}, } @article{15215, abstract = {AT2019wey (SRGA J043520.9+552226, SRGE J043523.3+552234) is a transient first reported by the ATLAS optical survey in 2019 December. It rose to prominence upon detection, three months later, by the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) mission in its first all-sky survey. X-ray observations reported in Yao et al. suggest that AT2019wey is a Galactic low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) with a black hole (BH) or neutron star (NS) accretor. Here we present ultraviolet, optical, near-infrared, and radio observations of this object. We show that the companion is a short-period (P ≲ 16 hr) low-mass (<1 M⊙) star. We consider AT2019wey to be a candidate BH system since its locations on the Lradio–LX and Lopt–LX diagrams are closer to BH binaries than NS binaries. We demonstrate that from 2020 June to August, despite the more than 10 times brightening at radio and X-ray wavelengths, the optical luminosity of AT2019wey only increased by 1.3–1.4 times. We interpret the UV/optical emission before the brightening as thermal emission from a truncated disk in a hot accretion flow and the UV/optical emission after the brightening as reprocessing of the X-ray emission in the outer accretion disk. AT2019wey demonstrates that combining current wide-field optical surveys and SRG provides a way to discover the emerging population of short-period BH LMXB systems with faint X-ray outbursts.}, author = {Yao, Yuhan and Kulkarni, S. R. and Burdge, Kevin B. and Caiazzo, Ilaria and De, Kishalay and Dong, Dillon and Fremling, C. and Kasliwal, Mansi M. and Kupfer, Thomas and van Roestel, Jan and Sollerman, Jesper and Bagdasaryan, Ashot and Bellm, Eric C. and Cenko, S. Bradley and Drake, Andrew J. and Duev, Dmitry A. and Graham, Matthew J. and Kaye, Stephen and Masci, Frank J. and Miranda, Nicolas and Prince, Thomas A. and Riddle, Reed and Rusholme, Ben and Soumagnac, Maayane T.}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, keywords = {Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Astronomical Society}, title = {{Multi-wavelength observations of AT2019wey: A new candidate black hole low-mass X-ray binary}}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ac15f9}, volume = {920}, year = {2021}, } @article{15216, abstract = {AM CVn systems are a rare type of accreting binary that consists of a white dwarf and a helium-rich, degenerate donor star. Using the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), we searched for new AM CVn systems by focusing on blue, outbursting stars. We first selected outbursting stars using the ZTF alerts. We cross matched the candidates with Gaia and Pan-STARRS catalogs. The initial selection of candidates based on the Gaia BP-RP contains 1751 unknown objects. We used the Pan-STARRS g-r and r-i color in combination with the Gaia color to identify 59 strong AM CVn candidates. We obtained identification spectra of 35 sources, of which 18 are high-priority candidates, and discovered nine new AM CVn systems and one magnetic CV that shows only He-ii lines. Using the outburst recurrence time, we estimate the orbital periods of the nine new AM CVn systems that are in the range of 29–50 minutes. We conclude that targeted follow up of blue, outbursting sources is an efficient method to find new AM CVn systems and we plan to follow up all candidates we identified to systematically study the population of outbursting AM CVn systems.}, author = {van Roestel, Jan and Creter, Leah and Kupfer, Thomas and Szkody, Paula and Fuller, Jim and Green, Matthew J. and Rich, R. Michael and Sepikas, John and Burdge, Kevin and Caiazzo, Ilaria and Mróz, Przemek and Prince, Thomas A. and Duev, Dmitry A. and Graham, Matthew J. and Shupe, David L. and Laher, Russ R. and Mahabal, Ashish A. and Masci, Frank J.}, issn = {1538-3881}, journal = {The Astronomical Journal}, keywords = {Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics}, number = {3}, publisher = {American Astronomical Society}, title = {{A systematic search for outbursting AM CVn systems with the Zwicky transient facility}}, doi = {10.3847/1538-3881/ac0622}, volume = {162}, year = {2021}, } @article{15218, abstract = {White dwarfs represent the last stage of evolution of stars with mass less than about eight times that of the Sun and, like other stars, are often found in binaries1,2. If the orbital period of the binary is short enough, energy losses from gravitational-wave radiation can shrink the orbit until the two white dwarfs come into contact and merge3. Depending on the component masses, the merger can lead to a supernova of type Ia or result in a massive white dwarf4. In the latter case, the white dwarf remnant is expected to be highly magnetized5,6 because of the strong magnetic dynamo that should arise during the merger, and be rapidly spinning from the conservation of the orbital angular momentum7. Here we report observations of a white dwarf, ZTF J190132.9+145808.7, that exhibits these properties, but to an extreme: a rotation period of 6.94 minutes, a magnetic field ranging between 600 megagauss and 900 megagauss over its surface, and a stellar radius of kilometres, only slightly larger than the radius of the Moon. Such a small radius implies that the star’s mass is close to the maximum white dwarf mass, or Chandrasekhar mass. ZTF J190132.9+145808.7 is likely to be cooling through the Urca processes (neutrino emission from electron capture on sodium) because of the high densities reached in its core.}, author = {Caiazzo, Ilaria and Burdge, Kevin B. and Fuller, James and Heyl, Jeremy and Kulkarni, S. R. and Prince, Thomas A. and Richer, Harvey B. and Schwab, Josiah and Andreoni, Igor and Bellm, Eric C. and Drake, Andrew and Duev, Dmitry A. and Graham, Matthew J. and Helou, George and Mahabal, Ashish A. and Masci, Frank J. and Smith, Roger and Soumagnac, Maayane T.}, issn = {1476-4687}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7865}, pages = {39--42}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{A highly magnetized and rapidly rotating white dwarf as small as the Moon}}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03615-y}, volume = {595}, year = {2021}, } @article{15219, abstract = {We have carried out a search for massive white dwarfs (WDs) in the direction of young open star clusters using the Gaia DR2 database. The aim of this survey was (1) to provide robust data for new and previously known high-mass WDs regarding cluster membership, (2) to highlight WDs previously included in the initial final mass relation (IFMR) that are unlikely members of their respective clusters according to Gaia astrometry, and (3) to select an unequivocal WD sample that could then be compared with the host clusters' turnoff masses. All promising WD candidates in each cluster color–magnitude diagram were followed up with spectroscopy from Gemini in order to determine whether they were indeed WDs and derive their masses, temperatures, and ages. In order to be considered cluster members, white dwarfs were required to (1) have proper motions and parallaxes within 2σ, 3σ, or 4σ of those of their potential parent cluster based on how contaminated the field was in their region of the sky, (2) have a cooling age that was less than the cluster age, and (3) have a mass that was broadly consistent with the IFMR. A number of WDs included in current versions of the IFMR turned out to be nonmembers, and a number of apparent members, based on Gaia's astrometric data alone, were rejected, as their mass and/or cooling times were incompatible with cluster membership. In this way, we developed a highly selected IFMR sample for high-mass WDs that, surprisingly, contained no precursor masses significantly in excess of ∼ 6 M⊙.}, author = {Richer, Harvey B. and Caiazzo, Ilaria and Du, Helen and Grondin, Steffani and Hegarty, James and Heyl, Jeremy and Kerr, Ronan and Miller, David R. and Thiele, Sarah}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, keywords = {Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Astronomical Society}, title = {{Massive white dwarfs in young star clusters}}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/abdeb7}, volume = {912}, year = {2021}, } @inproceedings{15222, abstract = {We describe an implementation of a broad-band soft X-ray polarimeter, substantially based on previous designs. The Globe-Orbiting Soft X-ray Polarimeter (GOSoX) is a SmallSat. As in a related mission concept the PiSoX Polarimeter, the grating arrangement is designed optimally for the purpose of polarimetry matching the dispersion of a spectrometer to a laterally graded multilayer (LGML). For GOSoX, the optics are lightweight Si mirrors in a one-bounce parabolic configuration. The instrument covers the wavelength range from 31 A to 75 A (165 - 400 eV). Upon satellite rotation, the intensities of the dispersed spectra, after reflection and polarizing by the LGMLs, give the three Stokes parameters needed to determine a source's linear polarization fraction and orientation. The design can be extended to higher energies as LGMLs are developed further. We describe the potential scientific return and the proposed mission concept following the results of a JPL Team X concept study.}, author = {Marshall, Herman L. and Heine, Sarah and Davidson, Rosemary and Garner, Alan and Gullikson, Eric and Günther, Moritz and Leitz, Christopher and Masterson, Rebecca and Miller, Eric and Stenzel, June S. and Zhang, William W. and Boissay-Malaquin, Rozenn and Caiazzo, Ilaria and Chakrabarty, Deepto and Gallo, Luigi and Heilmann, Ralf and Heyl, Jeremy and Kara, Erin and Schulz, Norbert}, booktitle = {Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy X}, location = {San Diego, CA, United States}, publisher = {SPIE}, title = {{The Globe Orbiting Soft X-ray (GOSoX) polarimeter concept study}}, doi = {10.1117/12.2596186}, volume = {11822}, year = {2021}, } @article{15254, abstract = {We consider the problem of reliable communication over a network containing a hidden myopic adversary who can eavesdrop on some zro links, jam some zwo links, and do both on some zrw links. We provide the first information-theoretically tight characterization of the optimal rate of communication possible under all possible settings of the tuple (zro,zwo,zrw) by providing a novel coding scheme/analysis for a subset of parameter regimes. In particular, our vanishing-error schemes bypass the Network Singleton Bound (which requires a zero-error recovery criteria) in a certain parameter regime where the capacity had been heretofore open. As a direct corollary we also obtain the capacity of the corresponding problem where information-theoretic secrecy against eavesdropping is required in addition to reliable communication.}, author = {Li, Sijie and Bitar, Rawad and Jaggi, Sidharth and Zhang, Yihan}, issn = {2641-8770}, journal = {IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Information Theory}, number = {4}, pages = {1108--1119}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{Network coding with myopic adversaries}}, doi = {10.1109/JSAIT.2021.3126474}, volume = {2}, year = {2021}, } @article{15259, abstract = {We consider words Gi1⋯Gim involving i.i.d. complex Ginibre matrices and study tracial expressions of their eigenvalues and singular values. We show that the limit distribution of the squared singular values of every word of length m is a Fuss–Catalan distribution with parameter m+1. This generalizes previous results concerning powers of a complex Ginibre matrix and products of independent Ginibre matrices. In addition, we find other combinatorial parameters of the word that determine the second-order limits of the spectral statistics. For instance, the so-called coperiod of a word characterizes the fluctuations of the eigenvalues. We extend these results to words of general non-Hermitian matrices with i.i.d. entries under moment-matching assumptions, band matrices, and sparse matrices. These results rely on the moments method and genus expansion, relating Gaussian matrix integrals to the counting of compact orientable surfaces of a given genus. This allows us to derive a central limit theorem for the trace of any word of complex Ginibre matrices and their conjugate transposes, where all parameters are defined topologically.}, author = {Dubach, Guillaume and Peled, Yuval}, issn = {0091-1798}, journal = {The Annals of Probability}, keywords = {Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Statistics and Probability}, number = {4}, pages = {1886--1916}, publisher = {Institute of Mathematical Statistics}, title = {{On words of non-Hermitian random matrices}}, doi = {10.1214/20-aop1496}, volume = {49}, year = {2021}, } @article{15260, abstract = {Significant advances in the synthesis and processing of colloidal nanocrystals have given scientists and engineers access to a vast library of building blocks with precisely defined size, shape, and composition. These materials have inspired exciting prospects to enable bottom-up fabrication of programmable materials with properties by design. Successfully assembling and connecting the building blocks into superstructures in which constituent nanocrystals can purposefully interact requires robust understanding of and control over a complex interplay of dynamic physicochemical processes. Fluid interfaces provide an advantageous experimental workbench to both probe and control these processes. Despite the ostensible simplicity of fabricating nanocrystal assemblies at a fluid interface, sensitivity to processing conditions and limited reproducibility have underscored the complexity of this process. In situ studies have provided mechanistic insights into the competing dynamics of key subprocesses including solvent spreading and evaporation, superlattice formation, ligand detachment kinetics, and nanocrystal attachment. Understanding how these subprocesses influence the complex choreography of self-assembly, structure transformation, and oriented attachment processes presents a rich research challenge. In this context, we present a detailed methodology for self-assembly and attachment of lead chalcogenide nanocrystals at a liquid–gas interface as a model system for the fabrication of mono- and multilayer cubic connected superlattices. We discuss key experimental parameters such as the characteristics of the building blocks and processing conditions and detailed steps from colloidal nanocrystal injection to superlattice transfer. We hope that this Methods/Protocols paper will provide guidance for future advances in the exciting path toward bringing the prospect of nanocrystal-based programmable materials to fruition.}, author = {Cimada daSilva, Jessica and Balazs, Daniel and Dunbar, Tyler A. and Hanrath, Tobias}, issn = {1520-5002}, journal = {Chemistry of Materials}, keywords = {Materials Chemistry, General Chemical Engineering, General Chemistry}, number = {24}, pages = {9457--9472}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Fundamental processes and practical considerations of lead chalcogenide mesocrystals formed via self-assembly and directed attachment of nanocrystals at a fluid interface}}, doi = {10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c02910}, volume = {33}, year = {2021}, } @article{15261, abstract = {In this article, we study uniqueness of form extensions in a rather general setting. The method is based on the theory of ordered Hilbert spaces and the concept of domination of semigroups. Our main abstract result transfers uniqueness of form extension of a dominating form to that of a dominated form. This result can be applied to a multitude of examples including various magnetic Schrödinger forms on graphs and on manifolds.}, author = {Lenz, Daniel and Schmidt, Marcel and Wirth, Melchior}, issn = {1096-0783}, journal = {Journal of Functional Analysis}, keywords = {Analysis}, number = {6}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Uniqueness of form extensions and domination of semigroups}}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfa.2020.108848}, volume = {280}, year = {2021}, } @article{15262, abstract = {The Hunchback (Hb) transcription factor is crucial for anterior-posterior patterning of the Drosophila embryo. The maternal hb mRNA acts as a paradigm for translational regulation due to its repression in the posterior of the embryo. However, little is known about the translatability of zygotically transcribed hb mRNAs. Here, we adapt the SunTag system, developed for imaging translation at single-mRNA resolution in tissue culture cells, to the Drosophila embryo to study the translation dynamics of zygotic hb mRNAs. Using single-molecule imaging in fixed and live embryos, we provide evidence for translational repression of zygotic SunTag-hb mRNAs. Whereas the proportion of SunTag-hb mRNAs translated is initially uniform, translation declines from the anterior over time until it becomes restricted to a posterior band in the expression domain. We discuss how regulated hb mRNA translation may help establish the sharp Hb expression boundary, which is a model for precision and noise during developmental patterning. Overall, our data show how use of the SunTag method on fixed and live embryos is a powerful combination for elucidating spatiotemporal regulation of mRNA translation in Drosophila.}, author = {Vinter, Daisy J. and Hoppe, Caroline and Minchington, Thomas and Sutcliffe, Catherine and Ashe, Hilary L.}, issn = {1477-9129}, journal = {Development}, keywords = {Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology}, number = {18}, publisher = {The Company of Biologists}, title = {{Dynamics of hunchback translation in real-time and at single-mRNA resolution in the Drosophila embryo}}, doi = {10.1242/dev.196121}, volume = {148}, year = {2021}, }