@article{17065, abstract = {Past work on optimizing fabrication plans given a carpentry design can provide Pareto-optimal plans trading off between material waste, fabrication time, precision, and other considerations. However, when developing fabrication plans, experts rarely restrict to a single design, instead considering families of design variations, sometimes adjusting designs to simplify fabrication. Jointly exploring the design and fabrication plan spaces for each design is intractable using current techniques. We present a new approach to jointly optimize design and fabrication plans for carpentered objects. To make this bi-level optimization tractable, we adapt recent work from program synthesis based on equality graphs (e-graphs), which encode sets of equivalent programs. Our insight is that subproblems within our bi-level problem share significant substructures. By representing both designs and fabrication plans in a new bag of parts (BOP) e-graph, we amortize the cost of optimizing design components shared among multiple candidates. Even using BOP e-graphs, the optimization space grows quickly in practice. Hence, we also show how a feedback-guided search strategy dubbed Iterative Contraction and Expansion on E-graphs (ICEE) can keep the size of the e-graph manageable and direct the search towards promising candidates. We illustrate the advantages of our pipeline through examples from the carpentry domain.}, author = {Zhao, Haisen and Willsey, Max and Zhu, Amy and Nandi, Chandrakana and Tatlock, Zachary and Solomon, Justin and Schulz, Adriana}, issn = {1557-7368}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics}, number = {3}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {{Co-optimization of design and fabrication plans for carpentry}}, doi = {10.1145/3508499}, volume = {41}, year = {2022}, } @article{17066, abstract = {A cell’s size affects the likelihood that it will die. But how is cell size controlled in this context and how does cell size impact commitment to the cell death fate? We present evidence that the caspase CED-3 interacts with the RhoGEF ECT-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans neuroblasts that generate “unwanted” cells. We propose that this interaction promotes polar actomyosin contractility, which leads to unequal neuroblast division and the generation of a daughter cell that is below the critical “lethal” size threshold. Furthermore, we find that hyperactivation of ECT-2 RhoGEF reduces the sizes of unwanted cells. Importantly, this suppresses the “cell death abnormal” phenotype caused by the partial loss of ced-3 caspase and therefore increases the likelihood that unwanted cells die. A putative null mutation of ced-3 caspase, however, is not suppressed, which indicates that cell size affects CED-3 caspase activation and/or activity. Therefore, we have uncovered novel sequential and reciprocal interactions between the apoptosis pathway and cell size that impact a cell’s commitment to the cell death fate.}, author = {Sethi, Aditya and Wei, Hai and Mishra, Nikhil and Segos, Ioannis and Lambie, Eric J. and Zanin, Esther and Conradt, Barbara}, issn = {1545-7885}, journal = {PLOS Biology}, number = {10}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, title = {{A caspase–RhoGEF axis contributes to the cell size threshold for apoptotic death in developing Caenorhabditis elegans}}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3001786}, volume = {20}, year = {2022}, } @article{17067, abstract = {Human doublecortin (DCX) mutations are associated with severe brain malformations leading to aberrant neuron positioning (heterotopia), intellectual disability and epilepsy. DCX is a microtubule-associated protein which plays a key role during neurodevelopment in neuronal migration and differentiation. Dcx knockout (KO) mice show disorganized hippocampal pyramidal neurons. The CA2/CA3 pyramidal cell layer is present as two abnormal layers and disorganized CA3 KO pyramidal neurons are also more excitable than wild-type (WT) cells. To further identify abnormalities, we characterized Dcx KO hippocampal neurons at subcellular, molecular and ultrastructural levels. Severe defects were observed in mitochondria, affecting number and distribution. Also, the Golgi apparatus was visibly abnormal, increased in volume and abnormally organized. Transcriptome analyses from laser microdissected hippocampal tissue at postnatal day 60 (P60) highlighted organelle abnormalities. Ultrastructural studies of CA3 cells performed in P60 (young adult) and > 9 months (mature) tissue showed that organelle defects are persistent throughout life. Locomotor activity and fear memory of young and mature adults were also abnormal: Dcx KO mice consistently performed less well than WT littermates, with defects becoming more severe with age. Thus, we show that disruption of a neurodevelopmentally-regulated gene can lead to permanent organelle anomalies contributing to abnormal adult behavior.}, author = {Stouffer, Melissa A and Khalaf-Nazzal, R. and Cifuentes-Diaz, C. and Albertini, G. and Bandet, E. and Grannec, G. and Lavilla, V. and Deleuze, J.-F. and Olaso, R. and Nosten-Bertrand, M. and Francis, F.}, issn = {0969-9961}, journal = {Neurobiology of Disease}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Doublecortin mutation leads to persistent defects in the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in adult hippocampal pyramidal cells}}, doi = {10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105702}, volume = {168}, year = {2022}, } @article{17068, abstract = {In plants, the antagonism between growth and defense is hardwired by hormonal signaling. The perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from invading microorganisms inhibits auxin signaling and plant growth. Conversely, pathogens manipulate auxin signaling to promote disease, but how this hormone inhibits immunity is not fully understood. Ustilago maydis is a maize pathogen that induces auxin signaling in its host. We characterized a U. maydis effector protein, Naked1 (Nkd1), that is translocated into the host nucleus. Through its native ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, Nkd1 binds to the transcriptional co-repressors TOPLESS/TOPLESS-related (TPL/TPRs) and prevents the recruitment of a transcriptional repressor involved in hormonal signaling, leading to the de-repression of auxin and jasmonate signaling and thereby promoting susceptibility to (hemi)biotrophic pathogens. A moderate upregulation of auxin signaling inhibits the PAMP-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, an early defense response. Thus, our findings establish a clear mechanism for auxin-induced pathogen susceptibility. Engineered Nkd1 variants with increased expression or increased EAR-mediated TPL/TPR binding trigger typical salicylic-acid-mediated defense reactions, leading to pathogen resistance. This implies that moderate binding of Nkd1 to TPL is a result of a balancing evolutionary selection process to enable TPL manipulation while avoiding host recognition.}, author = {Navarrete, Fernando and Gallei, Michelle C and Kornienko, Aleksandra E. and Saado, Indira and Khan, Mamoona and Chia, Khong-Sam and Darino, Martin A. and Bindics, Janos and Djamei, Armin}, issn = {2590-3462}, journal = {Plant Communications}, number = {2}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{TOPLESS promotes plant immunity by repressing auxin signaling and is targeted by the fungal effector Naked1}}, doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100269}, volume = {3}, year = {2022}, } @article{17069, abstract = {Fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm (polyspermy) leads to lethal genome imbalance and chromosome segregation defects. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the block to polyspermy is facilitated by a mechanism that prevents polytubey (the arrival of multiple pollen tubes to one ovule). We show here that FERONIA, ANJEA, and HERCULES RECEPTOR KINASE 1 receptor-like kinases located at the septum interact with pollen tube–specific RALF6, 7, 16, 36, and 37 peptide ligands to establish this polytubey block. The same combination of RALF (rapid alkalinization factor) peptides and receptor complexes controls pollen tube reception and rupture inside the targeted ovule. Pollen tube rupture releases the polytubey block at the septum, which allows the emergence of secondary pollen tubes upon fertilization failure. Thus, orchestrated steps in the fertilization process in Arabidopsis are coordinated by the same signaling components to guarantee and optimize reproductive success.}, author = {Zhong, Sheng and Li, Ling and Wang, Zhijuan and Ge, Zengxiang and Li, Qiyun and Bleckmann, Andrea and Wang, Jizong and Song, Zihan and Shi, Yihao and Liu, Tianxu and Li, Luhan and Zhou, Huabin and Wang, Yanyan and Zhang, Li and Wu, Hen-Ming and Lai, Luhua and Gu, Hongya and Dong, Juan and Cheung, Alice Y. and Dresselhaus, Thomas and Qu, Li-Jia}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6578}, pages = {290--296}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{RALF peptide signaling controls the polytubey block in Arabidopsis}}, doi = {10.1126/science.abl4683}, volume = {375}, year = {2022}, } @article{17070, abstract = {We investigate the formation of magnetic Bose polaron, an impurity atom dressed by spin-wave excitations, in a one-dimensional spinor Bose gas. Within an effective potential model, the impurity is strongly confined by the host excitations which can even overcome the impurity-medium repulsion leading to a self-localized quasi-particle state. The phase diagram of the attractive and self-bound repulsive magnetic polaron, repulsive non-magnetic (Fröhlich-type) polaron and impurity-medium phase-separation regimes is explored with respect to the Rabi-coupling between the spin components, spin–spin interactions and impurity-medium coupling. The residue of such magnetic polarons decreases substantially in both strong attractive and repulsive branches with strong impurity-spin interactions, illustrating significant dressing of the impurity. The impurity can be used to probe and maneuver the spin polarization of the magnetic medium while suppressing ferromagnetic spin–spin correlations. It is shown that mean-field theory fails as the spinor gas approaches immiscibility since the generated spin-wave excitations are prominent. Our findings illustrate that impurities can be utilized to generate controllable spin–spin correlations and magnetic polaron states which can be realized with current cold atom setups.}, author = {Mistakidis, S I and Koutentakis, Georgios and Grusdt, F and Schmelcher, P and Sadeghpour, H R}, issn = {1367-2630}, journal = {New Journal of Physics}, number = {8}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, title = {{Inducing spin-order with an impurity: phase diagram of the magnetic Bose polaron}}, doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/ac836c}, volume = {24}, year = {2022}, } @article{17071, abstract = {The eukaryotic nucleus pro­tects the genome and is enclosed by the two membranes of the nuclear envelope. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) perforate the nuclear envelope to facilitate nucleocytoplasmic transport. With a molecular weight of ∼120 MDa, the human NPC is one of the larg­est protein complexes. Its ~1000 proteins are taken in multiple copies from a set of about 30 distinct nucleoporins (NUPs). They can be roughly categorized into two classes. Scaf­fold NUPs contain folded domains and form a cylindrical scaffold architecture around a central channel. Intrinsically disordered NUPs line the scaffold and extend into the central channel, where they interact with cargo complexes. The NPC architecture is highly dynamic. It responds to changes in nuclear envelope tension with conforma­tional breathing that manifests in dilation and constriction movements. Elucidating the scaffold architecture, ultimately at atomic resolution, will be important for gaining a more precise understanding of NPC function and dynamics but imposes a substantial chal­lenge for structural biologists. Considerable progress has been made toward this goal by a joint effort in the field. A synergistic combination of complementary approaches has turned out to be critical. In situ structural biology techniques were used to reveal the overall layout of the NPC scaffold that defines the spatial reference for molecular modeling. High-resolution structures of many NUPs were determined in vitro. Proteomic analysis and extensive biochemical work unraveled the interaction network of NUPs. Integra­tive modeling has been used to combine the different types of data, resulting in a rough outline of the NPC scaffold. Previous struc­tural models of the human NPC, however, were patchy and limited in accuracy owing to several challenges: (i) Many of the high-resolution structures of individual NUPs have been solved from distantly related species and, consequently, do not comprehensively cover their human counterparts. (ii) The scaf­fold is interconnected by a set of intrinsically disordered linker NUPs that are not straight­forwardly accessible to common structural biology techniques. (iii) The NPC scaffold intimately embraces the fused inner and outer nuclear membranes in a distinctive topol­ogy and cannot be studied in isolation. (iv) The conformational dynamics of scaffold NUPs limits the resolution achievable in structure determination. In this study, we used artificial intelligence (AI)–based prediction to generate an exten­sive repertoire of structural models of human NUPs and their subcomplexes. The resulting models cover various domains and interfaces that so far remained structurally uncharac­terized. Benchmarking against previous and unpublished x-ray and cryo–electron micros­copy structures revealed unprecedented accu­racy. We obtained well-resolved cryo–electron tomographic maps of both the constricted and dilated conformational states of the hu­man NPC. Using integrative modeling, we fit­ted the structural models of individual NUPs into the cryo–electron microscopy maps. We explicitly included several linker NUPs and traced their trajectory through the NPC scaf­fold. We elucidated in great detail how mem­brane-associated and transmembrane NUPs are distributed across the fusion topology of both nuclear membranes. The resulting architectural model increases the structural coverage of the human NPC scaffold by about twofold. We extensively validated our model against both earlier and new experimental data. The completeness of our model has enabled microsecond-long coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the NPC scaffold within an explicit membrane en­vironment and solvent. These simulations reveal that the NPC scaffold prevents the constriction of the otherwise stable double-membrane fusion pore to small diameters in the absence of membrane tension Our 70-MDa atomically re­solved model covers >90% of the human NPC scaffold. It captures conforma­tional changes that occur during dilation and constriction. It also reveals the precise anchoring sites for intrinsically disordered NUPs, the identification of which is a prerequisite for a complete and dy­namic model of the NPC. Our study exempli­fies how AI-based structure prediction may accelerate the elucidation of subcellular ar­chitecture at atomic resolution.}, author = {Mosalaganti, Shyamal and Obarska-Kosinska, Agnieszka and Siggel, Marc and Taniguchi, Reiya and Turoňová, Beata and Zimmerli, Christian E. and Buczak, Katarzyna and Schmidt, Florian and Margiotta, Erica and Mackmull, Marie-Therese and Hagen, Wim J. H. and Hummer, Gerhard and Kosinski, Jan and Beck, Martin}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6598}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{AI-based structure prediction empowers integrative structural analysis of human nuclear pores}}, doi = {10.1126/science.abm9506}, volume = {376}, year = {2022}, } @article{17072, abstract = {The collapse of polypeptides is thought important to protein folding, aggregation, intrinsic disorder, and phase separation. However, whether polypeptide collapse is modulated in cells to control protein states is unclear. Here, using integrated protein manipulation and imaging, we show that the chaperonin GroEL-ES can accelerate the folding of proteins by strengthening their collapse. GroEL induces contractile forces in substrate chains, which draws them into the cavity and triggers a general compaction and discrete folding transitions, even for slow-folding proteins. This collapse enhancement is strongest in the nucleotide-bound states of GroEL and is aided by GroES binding to the cavity rim and by the amphiphilic C-terminal tails at the cavity bottom. Collapse modulation is distinct from other proposed GroEL-ES folding acceleration mechanisms, including steric confinement and misfold unfolding. Given the prevalence of collapse throughout the proteome, we conjecture that collapse modulation is more generally relevant within the protein quality control machinery.}, author = {Naqvi, Mohsin M. and Avellaneda Sarrió, Mario and Roth, Andrew and Koers, Eline J. and Roland, Antoine and Sunderlikova, Vanda and Kramer, Günter and Rye, Hays S. and Tans, Sander J.}, issn = {2375-2548}, journal = {Science Advances}, number = {9}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Protein chain collapse modulation and folding stimulation by GroEL-ES}}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.abl6293}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, } @inbook{17075, abstract = {Disorders associated with the malfunction of amino acid transporters mainly affect the function of the intestine, kidney, brain, and liver. Mutations of brain amino acid transporters, for example, alter neuronal excitability (e.g., episodic ataxia due to SLC1A3 (EAAT1) defect and hyperekplexia due to SLC6A5 (GLYT2) deficiency) or brain development (SLC1A1 (EAAT3), SLC3A2/SLC7A5 (CD98hc/LAT1), and SLC1A4 (ASCT1) deficiencies). Mutations of renal and intestinal amino acid transporters SLC3A1/SLC7A9 (rBAT/b0,+AT) and SLC1A1 (EAAT3) cause renal problems (cystinuria and dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, respectively) and malabsorption that can affect whole-body homoeostasis (Hartnup disorder SLC6A19 (B0AT1), lysinuric protein intolerance SLC3A2/SLC7A7 (CD98hc/y+LAT1), and hyperdibasic aminoaciduria type 1). Mutations in the neuronal system A amino acid transporter SLC38A8 (SNAT8) cause eye developmental and visual defects. Inborn errors associated with mitochondrial SLC25 family members such as SLC25A12 (neuronal- and muscle-specific mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate transporter 1; AGC1) (global cerebral hypomyelination), SLC25A13 (aspartate/glutamate transporter 2) (citrin deficiency), SLC25A15 (ornithine-citrulline carrier 2) (homocitrullinuria, hyperornithinemia, and hyperammonemia syndrome), and SLC25A22 (mitochondrial glutamate/H+ symporter 1, GC1) (neonatal myoclonic epilepsy) will be dealt within Chap. 43 (defects of mitochondrial carriers).}, author = {Palacín, Manuel and Bröer, Stefan and Novarino, Gaia}, booktitle = {Physician's Guide to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Inherited Metabolic Diseases}, editor = {Blau, Nenad and Vici, Carlo Dionisi and Ferreira, Carlos R. and Vianey-Saban, Christine and van Karnebeek, Clara D.M.}, isbn = {9783030677268}, pages = {291--312}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Amino Acid Transport Defects}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-67727-5_18}, year = {2022}, } @article{17077, abstract = {Resolving a conjecture of Füredi from 1988, we prove that with high probability, the random graph 𝔾(𝑛, 1/2) admits a friendly bisection of its vertex set, i.e., a partition of its vertex set into two parts whose sizes differ by at most one in which 𝑛 − 𝑜(𝑛) vertices have more neighbours in their own part as across. Our proof is constructive, and in the process, we develop a new method to study stochastic processes driven by degree information in random graphs; this involves combining enumeration techniques with an abstract second moment argument.}, author = {Ferber, Asaf and Kwan, Matthew Alan and Narayanan, Bhargav and Sah, Ashwin and Sawhney, Mehtaab}, issn = {2692-3688}, journal = {Communications of the American Mathematical Society}, number = {10}, pages = {380--416}, publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, title = {{Friendly bisections of random graphs}}, doi = {10.1090/cams/13}, volume = {2}, year = {2022}, } @inproceedings{17084, abstract = {Given a graph where every vertex has exactly one labeled token, how can we most quickly execute a given permutation on the tokens? In (sequential) token swapping, the goal is to use the shortest possible sequence of swaps, each of which exchanges the tokens at the two endpoints of an edge of the graph. In parallel token swapping, the goal is to use the fewest rounds, each of which consists of one or more swaps on the edges of a matching. We prove that both of these problems remain NP-hard when the graph is restricted to be a tree. These token swapping problems have been studied by disparate groups of researchers in discrete mathematics, theoretical computer science, robot motion planning, game theory, and engineering. Previous work establishes NP-completeness on general graphs (for both problems), constant-factor approximation algorithms, and some poly-time exact algorithms for simple graph classes such as cliques, stars, paths, and cycles. Sequential and parallel token swapping on trees were first studied over thirty years ago (as "sorting with a transposition tree") and over twenty-five years ago (as "routing permutations via matchings"), yet their complexities were previously unknown. We also show limitations on approximation of sequential token swapping on trees: we identify a broad class of algorithms that encompass all three known polynomial-time algorithms that achieve the best known approximation factor (which is 2) and show that no such algorithm can achieve an approximation factor less than 2.}, author = {Aichholzer, Oswin and Demaine, Erik D. and Korman, Matias and Lubiw, Anna and Lynch, Jayson and Masárová, Zuzana and Rudoy, Mikhail and Vassilevska Williams, Virginia and Wein, Nicole}, booktitle = {30th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms}, location = {Berlin/Potsdam, Germany}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik}, title = {{Hardness of token swapping on trees}}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2022.3}, volume = {244}, year = {2022}, } @inbook{17085, abstract = {Mosses are a cosmopolitan group of land plants, sister to vascular plants, with a high potential for molecular and cell biological research. The species Physcomitrium patens has helped gaining better understanding of the biological processes of the plant cell, and it has become a central system to understand water-to-land plant transition through 2D-to-3D growth transition, regulation of asymmetric cell division, shoot apical cell establishment and maintenance, phyllotaxis and regeneration. P. patens was the first fully sequenced moss in 2008, with the latest annotated release in 2018. It has been shown that many gene functions and networks are conserved in mosses when compared to angiosperms. Importantly, this model organism has a simplified and accessible body structure that facilitates close tracking in time and space with the support of live cell imaging set-ups and multiple reporter lines. This has become possible thanks to its fully established molecular toolkit, with highly efficient PEG-assisted, CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi transformation and silencing protocols, among others. Here we provide examples on how mosses exhibit advantages over vascular plants to study several processes and their future potential to answer some other outstanding questions in plant cell biology.}, author = {Floriach-Clark, Jordi and Tang, Han and Willemsen, Viola}, booktitle = {Model Organisms in Plant Genetics}, editor = {Abdurakhmonov, Ibrokhim Y.}, isbn = {9781839697500}, publisher = {IntechOpen}, title = {{Mosses: Accessible Systems for Plant Development Studies}}, doi = {10.5772/intechopen.100535}, year = {2022}, } @inproceedings{17086, abstract = {We consider a high-dimensional mean estimation problem over a binary hidden Markov model, which illuminates the interplay between memory in data, sample size, dimension, and signal strength in statistical inference. In this model, an estimator observes n samples of a d-dimensional parameter vector θ∗∈Rd, multiplied by a random sign Si (1≤i≤n), and corrupted by isotropic standard Gaussian noise. The sequence of signs {Si}i∈[n]∈{−1,1}n is drawn from a stationary homogeneous Markov chain with flip probability δ∈[0,1/2]. As δ varies, this model smoothly interpolates two well-studied models: the Gaussian Location Model for which δ=0 and the Gaussian Mixture Model for which δ=1/2. Assuming that the estimator knows δ, we establish a nearly minimax optimal (up to logarithmic factors) estimation error rate, as a function of ∥θ∗∥,δ,d,n. We then provide an upper bound to the case of estimating δ, assuming a (possibly inaccurate) knowledge of θ∗. The bound is proved to be tight when θ∗ is an accurately known constant. These results are then combined to an algorithm which estimates θ∗ with δ unknown a priori, and theoretical guarantees on its error are stated.}, author = {Zhang, Yihan and Weinberger, Nir}, booktitle = {36th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems}, isbn = {9781713871088}, location = {New Orleans, LA, United States}, publisher = {ML Research Press}, title = {{Mean estimation in high-dimensional binary Markov Gaussian mixture models}}, volume = {35}, year = {2022}, } @inproceedings{17088, abstract = {In this paper, we consider the problem of sparsifying BERT models, which are a key building block for natural language processing, in order to reduce their storage and computational cost. We introduce the Optimal BERT Surgeon (oBERT), an efficient and accurate pruning method based on approximate second-order information, which we show to yield state-of-the-art results in both stages of language tasks: pre-training and fine-tuning. Specifically, oBERT extends existing work on second-order pruning by allowing for pruning weight blocks, and is the first such method that is applicable at BERT scale. Second, we investigate compounding compression approaches to obtain highly compressed but accurate models for deployment on edge devices. These models significantly push boundaries of the current state-of-the-art sparse BERT models with respect to all metrics: model size, inference speed and task accuracy. For example, relative to the dense BERT-base, we obtain 10x model size compression with < 1% accuracy drop, 10x CPU-inference speedup with < 2% accuracy drop, and 29x CPU-inference speedup with < 7.5% accuracy drop. Our code, fully integrated with Transformers and SparseML, is available at https://github.com/neuralmagic/sparseml/tree/main/research/optimal_BERT_surgeon_oBERT.}, author = {Kurtic, Eldar and Campos, Daniel and Nguyen, Tuan and Frantar, Elias and Kurtz, Mark and Fineran, Benjamin and Goin, Michael and Alistarh, Dan-Adrian}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing}, location = {Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates}, pages = {4163--4181}, publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}, title = {{The optimal BERT surgeon: Scalable and accurate second-order pruning for large language models}}, doi = {10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.279}, year = {2022}, } @unpublished{17115, abstract = {Cascades are RNA-guided multi-subunit CRISPR-Cas surveillances complexes that target foreign nucleic acids for destruction. Here, we present a 2.9-Å resolution cryo-electron (cryo-EM) structure of the D. vulgaris type I-C Cascade bound to a double-stranded (ds)DNA target. Our data shows how the 5’-TTC-3’ protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence is recognized, and provides a unique mechanism through which the displaced, single-stranded non-target strand (NTS) is stabilized via stacking interactions with protein subunits in order to favor R-loop formation and prevent dsDNA re-annealing. Additionally, we provide structural insights into how diverse anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins utilize distinct strategies to achieve a shared mechanism of type I-C Cascade inhibition by blocking initial DNA binding. These observations provide a structural basis for directional R-loop formation and reveal how divergent Acr proteins have converged upon common molecular mechanisms to efficiently shut down CRISPR immunity.}, author = {O’Brien, Roisin E. and Bravo, Jack Peter Kelly and Ramos, Delisa and Hibshman, Grace N. and Wright, Jacquelyn T. and Taylor, David W.}, booktitle = {bioRxiv}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, title = {{Modes of inhibition used by phage anti-CRISPRs to evade type I-C Cascade}}, doi = {10.1101/2022.06.15.496202}, year = {2022}, } @unpublished{17116, abstract = {CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems are a type of adaptive immune response in bacteria and archaea that utilize crRNA (CRISPR RNA)-guided effector complexes to target complementary RNA or DNA for destruction. The prototypical type III-A and III-B CRISPR-Cas systems utilize multi-subunit effector complexes composed of individual proteins to cleave ssRNA targets at 6-nt intervals, as well as non-specifically degrading ssDNA and activating cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA) synthesis. Recent studies have shown that type III systems can contain subunit fusions yet maintain canonical type III RNA-targeting capabilities. To understand how a multi-subunit fusion effector functions, we determine structures of a variant type III-D effector and biochemically characterize how it cleaves RNA targets. These findings provide insights into how multi-subunit fusion proteins are tethered together and assemble into an active and programmable RNA endonuclease, how the effector utilizes a novel mechanism for target RNA seeding, and the structural basis for the evolution of type III effector complexes. Furthermore, our results provide a blueprint for fusing subunits in class 1 effectors for design of user-defined effector complexes with disparate activities.Important noteWhile this manuscript was in preparation, a manuscript describing the structure of the type III-E effector was published1. We reference these important findings; however, a careful comparison of the structures will follow once the coordinates have been released by the PDB.}, author = {Schwartz, Evan A. and Bravo, Jack Peter Kelly and Macias, Luis A. and McCafferty, Caitlyn L. and Dangerfield, Tyler L. and Walker, Jada N. and Brodbelt, Jennifer S. and Fineran, Peter C. and Fagerlund, Robert D. and Taylor, David W.}, booktitle = {bioRxiv}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, title = {{Assembly of multi-subunit fusion proteins into the RNA-targeting type III-D CRISPR-Cas effector complex}}, doi = {10.1101/2022.06.13.496011}, year = {2022}, } @unpublished{17117, abstract = {Cas12a2 is a CRISPR-associated nuclease that performs RNA-guided degradation of non-specific single-stranded (ss)RNA, ssDNA and double-stranded (ds)DNA upon recognition of a complementary RNA target, culminating in abortive infection (Dmytrenko 2022). Here, we report structures of Cas12a2 in binary, ternary, and quaternary complexes to reveal a complete activation pathway. Our structures reveal that Cas12a2 is autoinhibited until binding a cognate RNA target, which exposes the RuvC active site within a large, positively charged cleft. Double-stranded DNA substrates are captured through duplex distortion and local melting, stabilized by pairs of ‘aromatic clamp’ residues that are crucial for dsDNA degradation and in vivo immune system function. Our work provides a structural basis for this unprecedented mechanism of abortive infection to achieve population-level immunity, which can be leveraged to create rational mutants that degrade a spectrum of collateral substrates.}, author = {Bravo, Jack Peter Kelly and Hallmark, Thom and Naegle, Bronson and Beisel, Chase L. and Jackson, Ryan N. and Taylor, David W.}, booktitle = {bioRxiv}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, title = {{Large-scale structural rearrangements unleash indiscriminate nuclease activity of CRISPR-Cas12a2}}, doi = {10.1101/2022.06.13.495754}, year = {2022}, } @article{18606, abstract = {Shear thickening is an intriguing rheological behaviour which consists in a brutal increase in the viscosity above a critical shear rate. It is famously encountered in suspensions of corn starch in water. Despite having been discovered in the early 1930's, its underlying mechanisms remained a mystery for a long time. In 2013–14, numerical and theoretical works [[1], [2], [3]] put forward a frictional transition scenario to explain this phenomenon. In this talk, I will present experimental work investigating this frictional transition scenario. In order to test the ideas of this model, one has to go further than standard rheological techniques, since they do not provide access to the frictional state of the measured suspension. I will thus focus on the techniques that we developed in order to evidence the frictional transition and link it to the presence of a shear-thickening behaviour.}, author = {Clavaud, Cécile}, issn = {2772-5693}, journal = {Science Talks}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Shear thickening in dense suspensions: an experimental study}}, doi = {10.1016/j.sctalk.2022.100038}, volume = {3}, year = {2022}, } @inproceedings{18876, abstract = {Convolutional neural networks were the standard for solving many computer vision tasks until recently, when Transformers of MLP-based architectures have started to show competitive performance. These architectures typically have a vast number of weights and need to be trained on massive datasets; hence, they are not suitable for their use in low-data regimes. In this work, we propose a simple yet effective framework to improve generalization from small amounts of data. We augment modern CNNs with fully-connected (FC) layers and show the massive impact this architectural change has in low-data regimes. We further present an online joint knowledge-distillation method to utilize the extra FC layers at train time but avoid them during test time. This allows us to improve the generalization of a CNN-based model without any increase in the number of weights at test time. We perform classification experiments for a large range of network backbones and several standard datasets on supervised learning and active learning. Our experiments significantly outperform the networks without fully-connected layers, reaching a relative improvement of up to 16% validation accuracy in the supervised setting without adding any extra parameters during inference.}, author = {Kocsis, Peter and Súkeník, Peter and Brasó, Guillem and Niessner, Matthias and Leal-Taixé, Laura and Elezi, Ismail}, booktitle = {36th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems}, issn = {1049-5258}, location = {New Orleans, LA, United States}, pages = {1896--1908}, publisher = {Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation}, title = {{The unreasonable effectiveness of fully-connected layers for low-data regimes}}, volume = {35}, year = {2022}, } @article{19490, abstract = {Abstract. We study integral points on the quadratic twists ED : y2 = x3 − D2x of the congruent number curve. We give upper bounds on the number of integral points in each coset of 2ED(Q) in ED(Q) and show that their total is (3.8)rank ED(Q). We further show that the average number of non-torsion integral points in this family is bounded above by 2. As an application we also deduce from our upper bounds that the system of simultaneous Pell equations aX2 − bY 2 = d, bY 2 − cZ2 = d for pairwise coprime positive integers a, b, c, d, has at most (3.6)ω(abcd) integer solutions.}, author = {Chan, Yik Tung}, issn = {1088-6850}, journal = {Transactions of the American Mathematical Society}, number = {9}, pages = {6675--6700}, publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, title = {{Integral points on the congruent number curve}}, doi = {10.1090/tran/8732}, volume = {375}, year = {2022}, }