@article{22621, abstract = {We present very deep (≈11 hours on-source) JWST/MIRI low-resolution spectroscopy of the rest-frame optical emission of U37126, a UV-bright (MUV ≃ −20) mildly lensed (μ ≃ 2.2) galaxy at z = 10.255. The continuum emission is well detected in the NIRSpec and MIRI spectra, but no nebular recombination or metal emission lines are observed (EW0 (Hβ+[O III]) ≤ 300 Å and EW0 (Hα) ≤ 400 Å at 3σ). Combined with the exceptionally blue UV continuum slope, βUV ≃ −2.9, and flat Balmer break, these constraints indicate a stellar population dominated by very young and massive stars with a strongly suppressed nebular contribution. Comparisons with synthetic stellar population models indicate that U37126 requires a very high ionizing photon production efficiency, log(ξion/Hz erg−1) ≃ 25.75, and a nearly unity Lyman continuum escape fraction, of fesc ≥ 86% (3σ) based on the Hα flux limit and fesc = 0.94 ± 0.06 derived independently from fitting the spectral energy distribution (SED). The best-fit SED yields a (delensed) stellar mass of M★ ≃ 107.8 M⊙ and a star formation rate SFR ≃ 10 M⊙ yr−1 (specific SFR ∼ 160 Gyr−1). Together with its very compact size, reff ≃ 61 pc, this yields a very high stellar mass and SFR surface densities, ΣM★ ≃ 3 × 103 M⊙ pc−2 and ΣSFR ≃ 400 M⊙ yr−1 kpc−2. Together with the lack of detectable nebular emission, these properties suggest that U37126 is undergoing a so-called interstellar medium-naked starburst phase, possibly driven by an extremely efficient gas-to-star conversion followed by strong feedback that has cleared the remaining gas from its stellar core, which allowed most Lyman continuum photons to escape. Finally, we show that even a small fraction of galaxies such as U37126 (≃3–6%), with an extreme Lyman continuum production and escape, might contribute disproportionately (≃50–100%) to the ionizing photon budget during cosmic reionization.}, author = {Marques-Chaves, R. and Álvarez-Márquez, J. and Colina, L. and Kendrew, S. and Abdurro’Uf, Unknown and Blanco-Prieto, C. and Boogaard, L. A. and Castellano, M. and Caputi, K. I. and Crespo-Gómez, A. and Fontana, A. and Fudamoto, Y. and Fujimoto, S. and García-Marín, M. and Harikane, Y. and Harish, S. and Hashimoto, T. and Hsiao, T. and Iani, Edoardo and Inoue, A. K. and Langeroodi, D. and Lin, R. and Melinder, J. and Napolitano, L. and Östlin, G. and Pérez-González, P. G. and Prieto-Jiménez, C. and Rinaldi, P. and Rodríguez Del Pino, B. and Santini, P. and Sugahara, Y. and Varo-O’Ferrall, A. and Wright, G. and Zavala, J.}, issn = {1432-0746}, journal = {Astronomy & Astrophysics}, publisher = {EDP Sciences}, title = {{PRISMS: U37126, a very blue ISM-naked starburst at z = 10.255 with a nearly 100% Lyman continuum escape fraction}}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/202659281}, volume = {711}, year = {2026}, } @article{21659, abstract = {The recent detection of solar equatorial Rossby waves has renewed interest in the study of gravito-inertial waves propagating in the convective envelope of solar-type stars. In particular, the ability of these envelope gravito-inertial modes to couple with those trapped in the radiative interior could open up new opportunities for probing the deep-layer dynamics of solar-type stars. The possibility for such a coupling to occur is particularly favoured among pre-main-sequence (PMS) solar-type stars. Indeed, due to the contraction of the protostellar object, they are able to reach high rotation frequencies before nuclear reactions are ignited and magnetic braking becomes the driving mechanism for their rotational evolution. In this work, we studied the coupling between the envelope inertial waves and the radiative interior g modes in PMS stars, focussing on the case of prograde dipolar modes. We considered the cases of 0.5 M⊙ and 1 M⊙ PMS models, each with three different scenarios of rotational evolution. We show that for stars that have formed with a sufficient amount of angular momentum, this coupling can occur in frequency ranges that are accessible to space-borne photometry, creating inertial dips in the period spacing pattern. Using an asymptotic analysis, we characterised the shape of these inertial dips to show that they depend on rotation and on the stiffness of the convective-radiative interface.}, author = {Breton, S. N. and Pezzotti, C. and Mathis, S. and Bugnet, Lisa Annabelle and Di Mauro, M. P. and Joergensen, J. and Zwintz, K. and Lanza, A. F.}, issn = {1432-0746}, journal = {Astronomy & Astrophysics}, publisher = {EDP Sciences}, title = {{Core-envelope coupling of gravito-inertial waves in pre-main-sequence solar-type stars}}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/202659309}, volume = {707}, year = {2026}, } @article{21759, abstract = {Promoters and enhancers are cis-regulatory elements (CREs), DNA sequences that bind transcription factor (TF) proteins to up- or down-regulate target genes. Decades-long efforts yielded TF-DNA interaction models that predict how strongly an individual TF binds arbitrary DNA sequences and how individual binding events on the CRE combine to affect gene expression. These insights can be synthesized into a global, biophysically realistic, and quantitative genotype-phenotype (GP) map for gene regulation, a ‘holy grail’ for the application of evolutionary theory. A global map provides a rare opportunity to simulate the long-term evolution of regulatory sequences and pose several fundamental questions: How long does it take to evolve CREs de novo? How many non-trivial regulatory functions exist in sequence space? How connected are they? For which regulatory architecture is CRE evolution most rapid and evolvable? In this article, the second of a two-part series, we review the application of evolutionary concepts — epistasis, robustness, evolvability, tunability, plasticity, and bet-hedging — to the evolution of gene regulatory sequences. We then evaluate the potential for a unifying theory for the evolution of regulatory sequences and identify key open challenges.}, author = {Mascolo, Elia and Körei, Reka E and Borst, Noa O. and Barton, Nicholas H and Crocker, Justin and Tkačik, Gašper}, issn = {1879-0380}, journal = {Current Opinion in Genetics & Development}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Long-term evolution of regulatory DNA sequences. Part 2: Theory and future challenges}}, doi = {10.1016/j.gde.2026.102472}, volume = {98}, year = {2026}, } @article{21039, abstract = {Cellular plasticity, the ability of a differentiated cell to adopt another phenotypic identity, is restricted under basal conditions, but can be elicited upon damage. However, the molecular mechanism enabling such plasticity remains largely unexplored. Here, we report damage-induced cellular plasticity of secretory enteroendocrine cells (EEs) in the adult Drosophila midgut. Ionizing radiation induces EE fate conversion and activates stress-responsive programs in EE lineages, accompanied by the induction of the stress-inducible transcription factor Xrp1 and the cytokine gene upd3. Xrp1 and upd3 are both necessary for radiation-induced EE plasticity. Under basal conditions, EE-specific Xrp1 overexpression triggers ectopic expression of progenitor-specific genes, which is necessary for Xrp1 to drive EE plasticity. Our work identifies Xrp1 as a crucial regulator that coordinates damage-induced signaling and transcriptional reprogramming, enabling the reactivation of cellular plasticity in differentiated cells.}, author = {Qian, Qingyin and Nagai, Hiroki and Sanaki, Yuya and Hayashi, Makoto and Kimura, Kenichi and Nakajima, Yu Ichiro and Niwa, Ryusuke}, issn = {1477-9129}, journal = {Development}, number = {2}, publisher = {Company of Biologists}, title = {{Xrp1 drives damage-induced cellular plasticity of enteroendocrine cells in the adult Drosophila midgut}}, doi = {10.1242/dev.205225}, volume = {153}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{22717, abstract = {We study concurrent graph games where n players cooperate against an opponent to reach a set of target states. Unlike traditional settings, we study distributed randomisation: team players do not share a source of randomness, and their private random sources are hidden from the opponent and from each other. We show that memoryless strategies are sufficient for the threshold problem (deciding whether there is a strategy for the team that ensures winning with probability that exceeds a threshold), a result that not only places the problem in the Existential Theory of the Reals (ER) but also enables the construction of value iteration algorithms. We additionally show that the threshold problem is NP-hard. For the almost-sure reachability problem, we prove NP-completeness. We introduce Individually Randomised Alternating-time Temporal Logic (IRATL). This logic extends the standard ATL framework to reason about probability thresholds, with semantics explicitly designed for coalitions that lack a shared source of randomness. On the practical side, we implement and evaluate a solver for the threshold and almost-sure problem based on the algorithms that we develop.}, author = {Brice, Leonard J and Henzinger, Thomas A and Montaseri, Alipasha and Shafiee, Ali and Thejaswini, K. S.}, booktitle = {38th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, isbn = {9783032325181}, issn = {1611-3349}, location = {Lisbon, Portugal}, pages = {215--236}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Randomise alone, reach as a team}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-032-32519-8_12}, volume = {16682}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{22722, abstract = {The local structure of a protein strongly impacts its function and interactions with other molecules. Representing local biomolecular environments remains a key challenge while applying machine learning approaches over protein structures. The structural and chemical variability of these environments makes them challenging to model, and performing representation learning on these objects remains largely under-explored. In this work, we propose representations for local protein environments that leverage intermediate features from machine learning force fields (MLFFs). We extensively benchmark state-of-the-art MLFFs, comparing their performance across latent spaces and downstream tasks, and show that their embeddings capture local structural (e.g., secondary motifs) and chemical features (e.g., amino acid identity and protonation state), organizing protein environments into a structured manifold. We show that these representations enable zero-shot generalization and transfer across diverse downstream tasks. As a case study, we build a physics-informed, uncertainty-aware chemical shift predictor that achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in biomolecular NMR spectroscopy. Our results establish MLFFs as general-purpose, reusable representation learners for protein modeling, opening new directions in representation learning for structured physical systems. Code and data are available at https://github.com/mb012/MLFF_representation. }, author = {Bojan, Meital I and Vedula, Sanketh and Maddipatla, Sai A and Sellam, Nadav E and Rzayev, Anar and Napoli, Federico and Schanda, Paul and Bronstein, Alexander}, booktitle = {14th International Conference on Learning Representations}, location = {Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}, pages = {100760--100799}, title = {{Representing local protein environments with machine learning force fields}}, volume = {2026}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{22719, abstract = {We study the problem of generating paths on a graph that satisfy a collection of w-regular objectives. We propose a decoupled framework in which each objective is assigned to an independent agent that selects a local policy, while a scheduler—oblivious to the graph and objective—dynamically composes these policies into a single path. We ask when such a composition satisfies all objectives, assuming their conjunction is realizable. The framework enables modular policy design but raises fundamental compositional challenges. We show that even extremely fair deterministic schedulers do not ensure correctness, and that stochastic schedulers, while necessary, are insufficient without coordination. For safety objectives, we demonstrate that fully decentralized implementations are impossible, and we introduce a protocol for synchronizing on maximal safe actions. For non-safety objectives, we introduce conventions—simple, a priori restrictions agreed upon before the graph or objectives are revealed—that guarantee satisfaction of all objectives when followed by all agents. We characterize minimally restrictive conventions for major subclasses of w-regular objectives. In particular, Büchi objectives admit universal composition of finite-memory policies without scheduler communication; co-Büchi objectives require only knowledge of whether the agent was scheduled; and parity objectives additionally require knowledge of which agent was scheduled.}, author = {Avni, Guy and Henzinger, Thomas A and Mallik, Kaushik and Sadhukhan, Suman and Thejaswini, K. S.}, booktitle = {38th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, isbn = {9783032325181}, issn = {1611-3349}, location = {Lisbon, Portugal}, pages = {237--257}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Decoupled planning for multiple omega-regular objectives}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-032-32519-8_13}, volume = {16682}, year = {2026}, } @article{22713, abstract = {Ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) observatories have detected approximately 200 binary black hole (BH) mergers. The astrophysical origin of these events is debated, with evidence suggesting that at least a subset originated from dynamic environments characterized by frequent close encounters. Accretion disks in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are of particular interest, as certain observed features could be more readily produced within such environments. In this paper, we investigate the expected properties of mergers in these environments, and their dependence on various parameters, using 1D N-body simulations combined with a comprehensive semianalytical model. In our fiducial model, the distributions of masses (m1 and m2) and mass ratios (q ≡ m2/m1 ≤ 1) are similar to those observed. However, they depend strongly on the lifetime and density of the AGN disk and on the number and accretion efficiency of BHs, with higher masses predicted as these quantities increase. The most massive mergers, such as GW231123, can be produced either by efficient gas accretion or by hierarchical mergers among ≥3 generations of BHs. The observed negative correlation between q and the average effective spin (χeff), along with the positive correlation between χeff and the chirp mass (Mchirp), can be explained by a combination of efficient gas accretion, which promotes spin alignment, and hierarchical mergers, which produce high-∣χeff∣ and low-q binaries. Hierarchical mergers can also explain the negative correlation between q and the dispersion of χeff, as well as the positive correlation between ∣χeff∣and Mchirp. We present a comprehensive study on how the expected distribution of each of these quantities depends on model parameters and assumptions, which will aid the interpretation of observed GW population properties.}, author = {Tagawa, Hiromichi and Haiman, Zoltán and Kocsis, Bence}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {1}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, title = {{Properties of black hole mergers in disks of active galactic nuclei}}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae8760}, volume = {1007}, year = {2026}, } @article{22720, abstract = {Circadian clocks underlie daily rhythms in physiology by coordinating temporal patterns of gene expression and protein function throughout the body. At the core of this system in mammals is CLOCK/BMAL1, a ubiquitously expressed heterodimeric transcription factor complex that orchestrates tissue-specific circadian gene expression. The basis for this specificity remains unclear, but tissue-specific interactions at chromatin could provide one. Here we used chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry to map CLOCK/BMAL1-associated protein complexes on chromatin in mouse liver, kidney and lung. We detected 1,510 associated proteins, most of which were tissue-specific and not explained by protein abundance. Among these, we identified the homeodomain transcription factors PROX1, HNF1B and HOXA5 as tissue-enriched interactors that bind BMAL1, co-occupy most BMAL1 genomic sites and establish organ-restricted circadian transcription. Our findings demonstrate that tissue-specific transcription factors confer cellular identity on the core clock, thereby contributing to organ-specific patterns of rhythmic gene expression.}, author = {Aygenli, Fatih and Huschet, Lukas A. and Popp, Tanja and Ribeiro, Andrea and Barkhatova, Darina and Jouffe, Céline and Trozzo, Ricardo and Menet, Jerome S. and Rad, Roland and Dyar, Kenneth A. and Lech, Maciej and Straub, Tobias and Michael, Alicia and Robles, Maria S.}, issn = {1476-4679}, journal = {Nature Cell Biology}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{CLOCK/BMAL1 interactome uncovers homeodomain factors as tissue regulators}}, doi = {10.1038/s41556-026-02041-4}, year = {2026}, } @article{22718, abstract = {Both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids may exhibit complex slip behaviour at the boundary. We examine a broad class of slip boundary conditions that generalises the commonly used Navier slip, perfect slip, stick-slip and Tresca friction boundary conditions. In particular, set-valued, nonmonotone, noncoercive and dynamic relations may occur. For a unifying framework of such relations, we present a fully discrete numerical scheme for the time-dependent Navier–Stokes equations subject to impermeability and general slip-type boundary conditions on polyhedral domains. Based on compactness arguments, we prove convergence of subsequences, finally ensuring the existence of a weak solution. The numerical scheme uses a general inf-sup stable pair of finite element spaces for the velocity and pressure, a regularisation approach for the implicit slip boundary condition and, most importantly, a general Nitsche method to impose the impermeability and a backward Euler time stepping. One of the key tools in the convergence proof is an inhomogeneous Korn inequality that includes a normal trace term.}, author = {Gazca-Orozco, Pablo Alexei and Gmeineder, Franz and Maringová, Erika and Tscherpel, Tabea}, issn = {1793-6314}, journal = {Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing}, title = {{A Nitsche method for incompressible fluids with general dynamic boundary conditions}}, doi = {10.1142/S0218202526500508}, year = {2026}, } @article{22734, abstract = {Silver selenide (Ag2Se) is a promising near-room-temperature thermoelectric material, but its narrow stoichiometric window and β–α phase transition complicate reproducible microstructure control. Here, we present a mismatch-assisted microstructure engineering strategy in which Ag2Se particles are treated with polyanionic ZnSe complexes and consolidated through the β–α transition to introduce ZnSe nanoprecipitates, Ag2Se/ZnSe interfaces, and local strain fields. The crystallographic mismatch between ZnSe and Ag2Se, together with the Zn2+/Ag+ size difference, amplifies phase-transition-induced deformation and promotes high-density dislocations with periodic strain modulations. This defect architecture suppresses grain coarsening, removes excess Ag, limits Ag-interstitial formation, and reduces lattice thermal conductivity through lattice softening and multiscale phonon scattering. Ag2Se–4%ZnSe nanocomposites achieve a peak zTmax of 1.13 at 369 K and a zTavg of 1.08 from 300 to 380 K, demonstrating mismatch-driven defect engineering through the β–α phase transition as a route for optimizing Ag2Se-based thermoelectrics.}, author = {Liu, Yu and Kleinhanns, Tobias and Spadaro, Maria Chiara and Genç, Aziz and Horta, Sharona and Navita, Navita and Costanzo, Tommaso and Dutkiewicz, Ewelina and Arbiol, Jordi and Hong, Min and Ibáñez, Maria}, issn = {2380-8195}, journal = {ACS Energy Letters}, number = {8}, pages = {5752--5762}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Exploiting mismatch strain and the β–α phase transition for microstructural engineering in thermoelectric Ag2Se}}, doi = {10.1021/acsenergylett.6c01499}, volume = {11}, year = {2026}, } @article{22715, abstract = {Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering (GISAS) is a relatively young technique with important applications in thin-film technology and untapped potential when it comes to 2D analysis on an absolute intensity scale. Approaching standardization and reference methods early is foundational for reproducibility and comparability across laboratories and reduction of systematic error sources. It underpins trust in data obtained and accelerates innovation by ensuring that scientists work from a common methodological baseline. Accordingly, obtaining reproducible results from different GISAS instruments requires an agreement on how measurements are performed, instruments calibrated and terms defined. To pave the way for standardization and reference methods, we surveyed GISAS practitioners on what comes before an experiment: hardware, software, sample alignment and instrument calibration. Twenty-two questions were designed to elucidate the state of the art, which can be used for the development of reference methods. Our data on 27 instruments provide the basis for standardization. With very few exceptions, we found laboratories prepared to implement future reference methods, but no consensus emerges naturally for sample alignment and instrument calibration. We, that is the GISAS community, are thus in a position to embark on the journey of standardization.}, author = {Hörmann, Anja F. and Balazs, Daniel and Breßler, Ingo and Klokic, Sumea and Moradi, Melika and Solano, Eduardo and Stellhorn, Annika and Pauw, Brian R.}, issn = {1600-5767}, journal = {Journal of Applied Crystallography}, keywords = {grazing incidence, reference methods, calibration, standardization, community}, number = {4}, pages = {1247--1253}, publisher = {International Union of Crystallography}, title = {{Grazing-incidence scattering surveyed: Towards reference methods for alignment and calibration}}, doi = {10.1107/S1600576726005741}, volume = {59}, year = {2026}, } @article{22716, abstract = {We give an algorithm that, with high probability, maintains a (1-ε)-approximate s-t maximum flow in undirected, uncapacitated n-vertex graphs undergoing m edge insertions in Õ(m+ n F^*/ε) total update time, where F^{*} is the maximum flow on the final graph. This is the first algorithm to achieve polylogarithmic amortized update time for dense graphs (m = Ω(n²)), and more generally, for graphs where F^* = Õ(m/n). At the heart of our incremental algorithm is the residual graph sparsification technique of Karger and Levine [SICOMP '15], originally designed for computing exact maximum flows in the static setting. Our main contributions are (i) showing how to maintain such sparsifiers for approximate maximum flows in the incremental setting and (ii) generalizing the cut sparsification framework of Fung et al. [SICOMP '19] from undirected graphs to balanced directed graphs.}, author = {Goranci, Gramoz and Henzinger, Monika H and Räcke, Harald and Sricharan, A. R.}, issn = {1549-6333}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Algorithms}, number = {3}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Incremental approximate maximum flow via residual graph sparsification}}, doi = {10.1145/3816252}, volume = {22}, year = {2026}, } @article{22714, abstract = {Radial glial progenitors (RGPs) generate all projection neurons (PNs) in the cerebral cortex through incompletely understood processes. We combined Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers at embryonic stages (E)12.5 and E13.5 with early postnatal callosal tracing to dissect RGP lineage progression. We find that multipotent RGPs generate all extra-telencephalic (ET) and intra-telencephalic (IT) PNs via parallel sublineages that emerge simultaneously at neurogenesis onset. ET-PN production progresses exclusively via small, self-consuming lineages; IT-PN lineages feature RGPs generating large translaminar outputs. The early emergence of IT-PN–fated RGPs, coinciding with a switch to direct neurogenesis, contributes to the stereotyped population-level progression of the multipotent lineage. We also identify POU3F transcription factors as candidate regulators of IT-PN fate via noncanonical mitotic chromatin binding. The results support a model whereby IT- and ET-PNs arise from an early bifurcation and parallel specification within the multipotent RGP lineage.}, author = {Varela Martínez, Irene and Villalba Requena, Ana and García-Marqués, Jorge and Aguilera, Alfonso and Castro, Diogo S. and Hippenmeyer, Simon and Nieto, Marta}, issn = {2375-2548}, journal = {Science Advances}, number = {32}, pages = {eadw5487}, publisher = {AAAS}, title = {{Early fate diversification of radial glial progenitors during corticogenesis}}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adw5487}, volume = {12}, year = {2026}, } @article{22733, abstract = {Sleep need is associated with both circuit dynamics and widespread synaptic plasticity, yet the specific synaptic changes underlying sleep homeostasis remain incompletely understood. In Drosophila, sleep loss has been shown to trigger plasticity of the presynaptic active zone, marked by increasing levels of the ELKS-family scaffold protein Bruchpilot (BRP). By titrating brp gene copy number, we previously established a presynapse-specific, dosage-dependent paradigm that modulates sleep pressure. Here, to elucidate the molecular landscape of this plasticity, we performed synapse-enriched integrated-omics. Proteomic and bioinformatic analyses revealed changes in immune and stress response pathways and local translation control. Strikingly, phospho-proteomic analysis uncovered a global shift toward hypophosphorylation, particularly in presynaptic proteins, indicating a reprogramming of the phosphorylation–dephosphorylation balance. This presynaptic hypophosphorylation is likely contributed by reduced activity of Protein Kinase A (PKA) and enhanced substrate affinity of Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) mediated by its regulatory subunit Spinophilin (Spn). Manipulating either PKA or PP1 activity was sufficient to suppress BRP-modulated sleep phenotypes. We propose that presynaptic hypophosphorylation constitutes a molecular signature of local synaptic remodeling that adaptively tunes sleep need via reversible posttranslational modification, a mechanism likely conserved across species.}, author = {Piao, Chengji and Dutkiewicz, Ewelina and Kollipara, Laxmikanth and Sickmann, Albert and Huang, Sheng and Sigrist, Stephan J.}, issn = {0027-8424}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {24}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, title = {{Active zone plasticity couples sleep need to presynaptic hypophosphorylation}}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2524065123}, volume = {123}, year = {2026}, } @article{22712, abstract = {Ginseng (Panax ginseng) derives its renowned therapeutic properties from ginsenoside metabolites. However, the long cultivation cycle and susceptibility to diseases hinder the advancement of the ginseng industry. Here, we demonstrate that the embryonic protoderm of ginseng can efficiently produce ginsenosides. Single-cell transcriptome and mass spectrometry imaging analyses reveal that ginsenosides accumulate in the protoderm of ginseng embryonic callus (EC) at levels comparable to those in forest ginseng. Epigenetic analyses indicate that elevated histone acetylation and enhanced chromatin accessibility at regeneration- and ginsenoside metabolism-related gene loci are associated with the ginsenoside-producing capacity of EC. Increasing histone acetylation levels or overexpressing the regeneration-related WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX11 (WOX11) gene further enhances ginsenoside production in EC. Our findings suggest that the protoderm of EC could serve as an in situ biological compartment for high-efficiency ginsenoside producion, offering a complementary approach to traditional ginseng cultivation.}, author = {Liu, Juan and Zhai, Ning and Zhang, Shiyi and Tamada, Yosuke and Li, Tonghui and Zhang, Linfan and Chen, Tong and Wang, Chenglin and Yang, Jian and Gao, Jiaqi and Li, Xiang and Zhou, Junhui and Zhang, Yonghong and Liu, Yu and Wang, Yuan and Friml, Jiří and Benková, Eva and Li, Chen and Xu, Lin and Huang, Luqi}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Single-cell analyses identify the ginseng embryonic protoderm as a native compartment for high-efficiency ginsenoside production}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-74881-5}, volume = {17}, year = {2026}, } @misc{22687, abstract = {Understanding enzyme function requires characterizing not only static structure but also dynamics and ligand interactions. NMR spectroscopy provides this insight at atomic resolution, yet for large proteins the difficulty of resonance assignment has largely confined such studies to systems below ∼50 kDa, or to observing only methyl groups. Here we present an integrated magic-angle spinning (MAS) and solution NMR study of the 134 kDa tetrameric malate dehydrogenase from Ignicoccus islandicus (IiMDH), an enzyme of particular interest as an evolutionary intermediate between allosteric lactate dehydrogenases and non-allosteric malate dehydrogenases. By combining high-dimensional (up to 4D) MAS NMR experiments on sedimented protein with solution NMR, we achieved 92% backbone heavy- atom assignment and 91% assignment of all Ile-δ1, Leu-δ1/-δ2, Val-γ1/-γ2, Met-ε and Thr-γ methyl groups. Building on these assignments, we use various probes of backbone and sidechain dynamics: elevated MAS NMR 15N rotating-frame relaxation (R1ρ) points to microsecond motions in functionally critical regions, including the catalytic loop and the mobile surface loop. Complementary methyl-axis order parameters from solution NMR identified additional flexible sites in the hydrophobic core. Chemical shift perturbation experiments upon addition of the substrate analogue oxamate, monitored via backbone 1H-15N TROSY, revealed both active-site contacts and responses in helices α2F and α3G, regions implicated in allosteric signal transmission. The integrated approach demonstrated here exploits the distinct strengths of MAS and solution NMR, and provides a comprehensive view of structure, dynamics, and substrate interactions in a large oligomeric enzyme that would not be accessible by either technique alone.}, author = {Schanda, Paul and Napoli, Federico}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Data and scripts for: "Integrated solid/solution NMR assignment allows mapping dynamics and ligand binding in a 134 kDa enzyme"}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-22687}, year = {2026}, } @phdthesis{22694, abstract = {We develop and employ techniques from equivariant algebraic K-theory and related invariants in the context of geometric representation theory, in both arithmetic and topological situations. We showcase the use of such techniques on the affine Grassmannian Gr, a space of fundamental interest in the geometric Langlands program. It is a deep development of mathematics of the last century that many concrete, yet combina- torially complex algebraic problems may be effectively studied through the lens of algebraic geometry. The objects of interest can be often realized as cohomological invariants of algebraic varieties, and good understanding of their geometry sheds light into the original questions. Such techniques have seen immense applications in the Langlands program, where they go under the label of geometric representation theory. One source of powerful invariants in algebraic geometry comes from algebraic K-theory, Hochschild homology, and their relatives. These localizing invariants contain large amount of information, but are quite hard to compute. For this reason, their usage in geometric representation theory has been limited. The aim of this thesis is to showcase how to control such invariants in the situations of interest and use them to obtain new insights. We start by reinterpreting equivariant Hochschild homology in terms of functions on certain fixed-point schemes, which are of independent interest. We compare it to equivariant K-theory via the trace map. We give new computations and comparisons of such invariants of affine Schubert varieties in Gr, including arithmetic situations. We show that they behave much better than expected. We finally utilize this circle of ideas in a purely topological setting. We describe the varying fixed points of the extended torus action on the affine Grassmannian, and use it to compute its equivariant topological K-theory ring. The answer is nontrivial and verifies an outstanding conjecture in the subject. We compare, partly conjecturally, the resulting K-theory ring to the completed center of an integral even hybrid quantum group and its deformed quantum category O. This gives a genuine application of our computations in pure representation theory.}, author = {Löwit, Jakub}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {185}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Equivariant K-theory of affine Grassmannians in representation theory and arithmetic}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-22694}, year = {2026}, } @article{21751, abstract = {We define a certain class of simple varieties over a field k by a constructive recipe and show how to control their (equivariant) truncating invariants. Consequently, we prove that on simple varieties: (i) if k = k and char k = p, the p-adic cyclotomic trace is an equivalence; (ii) if k = Q, the Goodwillie–Jones trace is an isomorphism in degree zero; (iii) we can control homotopy invariant K-theory KH, which is equivariantly formal and determined by its topological counterparts. Simple varieties are quite special, but encompass important singular examples appearing in geometric representation theory. We, in particular, show that both finite and affine Schubert varieties for GLn lie in this class, so all the above results hold for them. }, author = {Löwit, Jakub}, issn = {1687-0247}, journal = {International Mathematics Research Notices}, number = {7}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{Equivariant localizing invariants of simple varieties}}, doi = {10.1093/imrn/rnag058}, volume = {2026}, year = {2026}, } @article{22693, abstract = {We study torus-equivariant algebraic K-theory of affine Schubert varieties in the perfect affine Grassmannians over Fp. We further compare it to the torus-equivariant Hochschild homology of perfect complexes, which has a geometric description in terms of global functions on certain fixed-point schemes. We prove that Fp-linearly, this comparison is an isomorphism. Our approach is quite constructive, resulting in new computations of these K-theory rings. We establish various structural results for equivariant perfect algebraic K-theory on the way; we believe these are of independent interest.}, author = {Löwit, Jakub}, issn = {1431-0643}, journal = {Documenta Mathematica}, keywords = {equivariant algebraic K-theory, perfection in positive characteristic, affine Grassmannian, affine Schubert varieties, Dennis trace map, equivariant Hochschild homology, fixed-point schemes, toric varieties}, publisher = {EMS Press}, title = {{Equivariant K-theory, affine Grassmannian and perfection}}, doi = {10.4171/dm/1064}, year = {2026}, }