@article{9298,
  abstract     = {In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field. },
  author       = {Klionsky, Daniel J. and Abdel-Aziz, Amal Kamal and Abdelfatah, Sara and Abdellatif, Mahmoud and Abdoli, Asghar and Abel, Steffen and Abeliovich, Hagai and Abildgaard, Marie H. and Abudu, Yakubu Princely and Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham and Adamopoulos, Iannis E. and Adeli, Khosrow and Adolph, Timon E. and Adornetto, Annagrazia and Aflaki, Elma and Agam, Galila and Agarwal, Anupam and Aggarwal, Bharat B. and Agnello, Maria and Agostinis, Patrizia and Agrewala, Javed N. and Agrotis, Alexander and Aguilar, Patricia V. and Ahmad, S. Tariq and Ahmed, Zubair M. and Ahumada-Castro, Ulises and Aits, Sonja and Aizawa, Shu and Akkoc, Yunus and Akoumianaki, Tonia and Akpinar, Hafize Aysin and Al-Abd, Ahmed M. and Al-Akra, Lina and Al-Gharaibeh, Abeer and Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay A. and Alberti, Simon and Alcocer-Gómez, Elísabet and Alessandri, Cristiano and Ali, Muhammad and Alim Al-Bari, M. Abdul and Aliwaini, Saeb and Alizadeh, Javad and Almacellas, Eugènia and Almasan, Alexandru and Alonso, Alicia and Alonso, Guillermo D. and Altan-Bonnet, Nihal and Altieri, Dario C. and Álvarez, Élida M.C. and Alves, Sara and Alves Da Costa, Cristine and Alzaharna, Mazen M. and Amadio, Marialaura and Amantini, Consuelo and Amaral, Cristina and Ambrosio, Susanna and Amer, Amal O. and Ammanathan, Veena and An, Zhenyi and Andersen, Stig U. and Andrabi, Shaida A. and Andrade-Silva, Magaiver and Andres, Allen M. and Angelini, Sabrina and Ann, David and Anozie, Uche C. and Ansari, Mohammad Y. and Antas, Pedro and Antebi, Adam and Antón, Zuriñe and Anwar, Tahira and Apetoh, Lionel and Apostolova, Nadezda and Araki, Toshiyuki and Araki, Yasuhiro and Arasaki, Kohei and Araújo, Wagner L. and Araya, Jun and Arden, Catherine and Arévalo, Maria Angeles and Arguelles, Sandro and Arias, Esperanza and Arikkath, Jyothi and Arimoto, Hirokazu and Ariosa, Aileen R. and Armstrong-James, Darius and Arnauné-Pelloquin, Laetitia and Aroca, Angeles and Arroyo, Daniela S. and Arsov, Ivica and Artero, Rubén and Asaro, Dalia Maria Lucia and Aschner, Michael and Ashrafizadeh, Milad and Ashur-Fabian, Osnat and Atanasov, Atanas G. and Au, Alicia K. and Auberger, Patrick and Auner, Holger W. and Aurelian, Laure and Autelli, Riccardo and Avagliano, Laura and Ávalos, Yenniffer and Aveic, Sanja and Aveleira, Célia Alexandra and Avin-Wittenberg, Tamar and Aydin, Yucel and Ayton, Scott and Ayyadevara, Srinivas and Azzopardi, Maria and Baba, Misuzu and Backer, Jonathan M. and Backues, Steven K. and Bae, Dong Hun and Bae, Ok Nam and Bae, Soo Han and Baehrecke, Eric H. and Baek, Ahruem and Baek, Seung Hoon and Baek, Sung Hee and Bagetta, Giacinto and Bagniewska-Zadworna, Agnieszka and Bai, Hua and Bai, Jie and Bai, Xiyuan and Bai, Yidong and Bairagi, Nandadulal and Baksi, Shounak and Balbi, Teresa and Baldari, Cosima T. and Balduini, Walter and Ballabio, Andrea and Ballester, Maria and Balazadeh, Salma and Balzan, Rena and Bandopadhyay, Rina and Banerjee, Sreeparna and Banerjee, Sulagna and Bánréti, Ágnes and Bao, Yan and Baptista, Mauricio S. and Baracca, Alessandra and Barbati, Cristiana and Bargiela, Ariadna and Barilà, Daniela and Barlow, Peter G. and Barmada, Sami J. and Barreiro, Esther and Barreto, George E. and Bartek, Jiri and Bartel, Bonnie and Bartolome, Alberto and Barve, Gaurav R. and Basagoudanavar, Suresh H. and Bassham, Diane C. and Bast, Robert C. and Basu, Alakananda and Batoko, Henri and Batten, Isabella and Baulieu, Etienne E. and Baumgarner, Bradley L. and Bayry, Jagadeesh and Beale, Rupert and Beau, Isabelle and Beaumatin, Florian and Bechara, Luiz R.G. and Beck, George R. and Beers, Michael F. and Begun, Jakob and Behrends, Christian and Behrens, Georg M.N. and Bei, Roberto and Bejarano, Eloy and Bel, Shai and Behl, Christian and Belaid, Amine and Belgareh-Touzé, Naïma and Bellarosa, Cristina and Belleudi, Francesca and Belló Pérez, Melissa and Bello-Morales, Raquel and Beltran, Jackeline Soares De Oliveira and Beltran, Sebastián and Benbrook, Doris Mangiaracina and Bendorius, Mykolas and Benitez, Bruno A. and Benito-Cuesta, Irene and Bensalem, Julien and Berchtold, Martin W. and Berezowska, Sabina and Bergamaschi, Daniele and Bergami, Matteo and Bergmann, Andreas and Berliocchi, Laura and Berlioz-Torrent, Clarisse and Bernard, Amélie and Berthoux, Lionel and Besirli, Cagri G. and Besteiro, Sebastien and Betin, Virginie M. and Beyaert, Rudi and Bezbradica, Jelena S. and Bhaskar, Kiran and Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid and Bhattacharya, Resham and Bhattacharya, Sujoy and Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli and Bhuiyan, Md Shenuarin and Bhutia, Sujit Kumar and Bi, Lanrong and Bi, Xiaolin and Biden, Trevor J. and Bijian, Krikor and Billes, Viktor A. and Binart, Nadine and Bincoletto, Claudia and Birgisdottir, Asa B. and Bjorkoy, Geir and Blanco, Gonzalo and Blas-Garcia, Ana and Blasiak, Janusz and Blomgran, Robert and Blomgren, Klas and Blum, Janice S. and Boada-Romero, Emilio and Boban, Mirta and Boesze-Battaglia, Kathleen and Boeuf, Philippe and Boland, Barry and Bomont, Pascale and Bonaldo, Paolo and Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy and Bonfili, Laura and Bonifacino, Juan S. and Boone, Brian A. and Bootman, Martin D. and Bordi, Matteo and Borner, Christoph and Bornhauser, Beat C. and Borthakur, Gautam and Bosch, Jürgen and Bose, Santanu and Botana, Luis M. and Botas, Juan and Boulanger, Chantal M. and Boulton, Michael E. and Bourdenx, Mathieu and Bourgeois, Benjamin and Bourke, Nollaig M. and Bousquet, Guilhem and Boya, Patricia and Bozhkov, Peter V. and Bozi, Luiz H.M. and Bozkurt, Tolga O. and Brackney, Doug E. and Brandts, Christian H. and Braun, Ralf J. and Braus, Gerhard H. and Bravo-Sagua, Roberto and Bravo-San Pedro, José M. and Brest, Patrick and Bringer, Marie Agnès and Briones-Herrera, Alfredo and Broaddus, V. Courtney and Brodersen, Peter and Brodsky, Jeffrey L. and Brody, Steven L. and Bronson, Paola G. and Bronstein, Jeff M. and Brown, Carolyn N. and Brown, Rhoderick E. and Brum, Patricia C. and Brumell, John H. and Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola and Bruno, Daniele and Bryson-Richardson, Robert J. and Bucci, Cecilia and Buchrieser, Carmen and Bueno, Marta and Buitrago-Molina, Laura Elisa and Buraschi, Simone and Buch, Shilpa and Buchan, J. Ross and Buckingham, Erin M. and Budak, Hikmet and Budini, Mauricio and Bultynck, Geert and Burada, Florin and Burgoyne, Joseph R. and Burón, M. Isabel and Bustos, Victor and Büttner, Sabrina and Butturini, Elena and Byrd, Aaron and Cabas, Isabel and Cabrera-Benitez, Sandra and Cadwell, Ken and Cai, Jingjing and Cai, Lu and Cai, Qian and Cairó, Montserrat and Calbet, Jose A. and Caldwell, Guy A. and Caldwell, Kim A. and Call, Jarrod A. and Calvani, Riccardo and Calvo, Ana C. and Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Miguel and Camara, Niels O.S. and Camonis, Jacques H. and Camougrand, Nadine and Campanella, Michelangelo and Campbell, Edward M. and Campbell-Valois, François Xavier and Campello, Silvia and Campesi, Ilaria and Campos, Juliane C. and Camuzard, Olivier and Cancino, Jorge and Candido De Almeida, Danilo and Canesi, Laura and Caniggia, Isabella and Canonico, Barbara and Cantí, Carles and Cao, Bin and Caraglia, Michele and Caramés, Beatriz and Carchman, Evie H. and Cardenal-Muñoz, Elena and Cardenas, Cesar and Cardenas, Luis and Cardoso, Sandra M. and Carew, Jennifer S. and Carle, Georges F. and Carleton, Gillian and Carloni, Silvia and Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac and Carneiro, Leticia A. and Carnevali, Oliana and Carosi, Julian M. and Carra, Serena and Carrier, Alice and Carrier, Lucie and Carroll, Bernadette and Carter, A. Brent and Carvalho, Andreia Neves and Casanova, Magali and Casas, Caty and Casas, Josefina and Cassioli, Chiara and Castillo, Eliseo F. and Castillo, Karen and Castillo-Lluva, Sonia and Castoldi, Francesca and Castori, Marco and Castro, Ariel F. and Castro-Caldas, Margarida and Castro-Hernandez, Javier and Castro-Obregon, Susana and Catz, Sergio D. and Cavadas, Claudia and Cavaliere, Federica and Cavallini, Gabriella and Cavinato, Maria and Cayuela, Maria L. and Cebollada Rica, Paula and Cecarini, Valentina and Cecconi, Francesco and Cechowska-Pasko, Marzanna and Cenci, Simone and Ceperuelo-Mallafré, Victòria and Cerqueira, João J. and Cerutti, Janete M. and Cervia, Davide and Cetintas, Vildan Bozok and Cetrullo, Silvia and Chae, Han Jung and Chagin, Andrei S. and Chai, Chee Yin and Chakrabarti, Gopal and Chakrabarti, Oishee and Chakraborty, Tapas and Chakraborty, Trinad and Chami, Mounia and Chamilos, Georgios and Chan, David W. and Chan, Edmond Y.W. and Chan, Edward D. and Chan, H. Y.Edwin and Chan, Helen H. and Chan, Hung and Chan, Matthew T.V. and Chan, Yau Sang and Chandra, Partha K. and Chang, Chih Peng and Chang, Chunmei and Chang, Hao Chun and Chang, Kai and Chao, Jie and Chapman, Tracey and Charlet-Berguerand, Nicolas and Chatterjee, Samrat and Chaube, Shail K. and Chaudhary, Anu and Chauhan, Santosh and Chaum, Edward and Checler, Frédéric and Cheetham, Michael E. and Chen, Chang Shi and Chen, Guang Chao and Chen, Jian Fu and Chen, Liam L. and Chen, Leilei and Chen, Lin and Chen, Mingliang and Chen, Mu Kuan and Chen, Ning and Chen, Quan and Chen, Ruey Hwa and Chen, Shi and Chen, Wei and Chen, Weiqiang and Chen, Xin Ming and Chen, Xiong Wen and Chen, Xu and Chen, Yan and Chen, Ye Guang and Chen, Yingyu and Chen, Yongqiang and Chen, Yu Jen and Chen, Yue Qin and Chen, Zhefan Stephen and Chen, Zhi and Chen, Zhi Hua and Chen, Zhijian J. and Chen, Zhixiang and Cheng, Hanhua and Cheng, Jun and Cheng, Shi Yuan and Cheng, Wei and Cheng, Xiaodong and Cheng, Xiu Tang and Cheng, Yiyun and Cheng, Zhiyong and Chen, Zhong and Cheong, Heesun and Cheong, Jit Kong and Chernyak, Boris V. and Cherry, Sara and Cheung, Chi Fai Randy and Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio and Cheung, King Ho and Chevet, Eric and Chi, Richard J. and Chiang, Alan Kwok Shing and Chiaradonna, Ferdinando and Chiarelli, Roberto and Chiariello, Mario and Chica, Nathalia and Chiocca, Susanna and Chiong, Mario and Chiou, Shih Hwa and Chiramel, Abhilash I. and Chiurchiù, Valerio and Cho, Dong Hyung and Choe, Seong Kyu and Choi, Augustine M.K. and Choi, Mary E. and Choudhury, Kamalika Roy and Chow, Norman S. and Chu, Charleen T. and Chua, Jason P. and Chua, John Jia En and Chung, Hyewon and Chung, Kin Pan and Chung, Seockhoon and Chung, So Hyang and Chung, Yuen Li and Cianfanelli, Valentina and Ciechomska, Iwona A. and Cifuentes, Mariana and Cinque, Laura and Cirak, Sebahattin and Cirone, Mara and Clague, Michael J. and Clarke, Robert and Clementi, Emilio and Coccia, Eliana M. and Codogno, Patrice and Cohen, Ehud and Cohen, Mickael M. and Colasanti, Tania and Colasuonno, Fiorella and Colbert, Robert A. and Colell, Anna and Čolić, Miodrag and Coll, Nuria S. and Collins, Mark O. and Colombo, María I. and Colón-Ramos, Daniel A. and Combaret, Lydie and Comincini, Sergio and Cominetti, Márcia R. and Consiglio, Antonella and Conte, Andrea and Conti, Fabrizio and Contu, Viorica Raluca and Cookson, Mark R. and Coombs, Kevin M. and Coppens, Isabelle and Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana and Corkery, Dale P. and Cordes, Nils and Cortese, Katia and Costa, Maria Do Carmo and Costantino, Sarah and Costelli, Paola and Coto-Montes, Ana and Crack, Peter J. and Crespo, Jose L. and Criollo, Alfredo and Crippa, Valeria and Cristofani, Riccardo and Csizmadia, Tamas and Cuadrado, Antonio and Cui, Bing and Cui, Jun and Cui, Yixian and Cui, Yong and Culetto, Emmanuel and Cumino, Andrea C. and Cybulsky, Andrey V. and Czaja, Mark J. and Czuczwar, Stanislaw J. and D’Adamo, Stefania and D’Amelio, Marcello and D’Arcangelo, Daniela and D’Lugos, Andrew C. and D’Orazi, Gabriella and Da Silva, James A. and Dafsari, Hormos Salimi and Dagda, Ruben K. and Dagdas, Yasin and Daglia, Maria and Dai, Xiaoxia and Dai, Yun and Dai, Yuyuan and Dal Col, Jessica and Dalhaimer, Paul and Dalla Valle, Luisa and Dallenga, Tobias and Dalmasso, Guillaume and Damme, Markus and Dando, Ilaria and Dantuma, Nico P. and Darling, April L. and Das, Hiranmoy and Dasarathy, Srinivasan and Dasari, Santosh K. and Dash, Srikanta and Daumke, Oliver and Dauphinee, Adrian N. and Davies, Jeffrey S. and Dávila, Valeria A. and Davis, Roger J. and Davis, Tanja and Dayalan Naidu, Sharadha and De Amicis, Francesca and De Bosscher, Karolien and De Felice, Francesca and De Franceschi, Lucia and De Leonibus, Chiara and De Mattos Barbosa, Mayara G. and De Meyer, Guido R.Y. and De Milito, Angelo and De Nunzio, Cosimo and De Palma, Clara and De Santi, Mauro and De Virgilio, Claudio and De Zio, Daniela and Debnath, Jayanta and Debosch, Brian J. and Decuypere, Jean Paul and Deehan, Mark A. and Deflorian, Gianluca and Degregori, James and Dehay, Benjamin and Del Rio, Gabriel and Delaney, Joe R. and Delbridge, Lea M.D. and Delorme-Axford, Elizabeth and Delpino, M. Victoria and Demarchi, Francesca and Dembitz, Vilma and Demers, Nicholas D. and Deng, Hongbin and Deng, Zhiqiang and Dengjel, Joern and Dent, Paul and Denton, Donna and Depamphilis, Melvin L. and Der, Channing J. and Deretic, Vojo and Descoteaux, Albert and Devis, Laura and Devkota, Sushil and Devuyst, Olivier and Dewson, Grant and Dharmasivam, Mahendiran and Dhiman, Rohan and Di Bernardo, Diego and Di Cristina, Manlio and Di Domenico, Fabio and Di Fazio, Pietro and Di Fonzo, Alessio and Di Guardo, Giovanni and Di Guglielmo, Gianni M. and Di Leo, Luca and Di Malta, Chiara and Di Nardo, Alessia and Di Rienzo, Martina and Di Sano, Federica and Diallinas, George and Diao, Jiajie and Diaz-Araya, Guillermo and Díaz-Laviada, Inés and Dickinson, Jared M. and Diederich, Marc and Dieudé, Mélanie and Dikic, Ivan and Ding, Shiping and Ding, Wen Xing and Dini, Luciana and Dinić, Jelena and Dinic, Miroslav and Dinkova-Kostova, Albena T. and Dionne, Marc S. and Distler, Jörg H.W. and Diwan, Abhinav and Dixon, Ian M.C. and Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan and Dobrinski, Ina and Dobrovinskaya, Oxana and Dobrowolski, Radek and Dobson, Renwick C.J. and Đokić, Jelena and Dokmeci Emre, Serap and Donadelli, Massimo and Dong, Bo and Dong, Xiaonan and Dong, Zhiwu and Dorn, Gerald W. and Dotsch, Volker and Dou, Huan and Dou, Juan and Dowaidar, Moataz and Dridi, Sami and Drucker, Liat and Du, Ailian and Du, Caigan and Du, Guangwei and Du, Hai Ning and Du, Li Lin and Du Toit, André and Duan, Shao Bin and Duan, Xiaoqiong and Duarte, Sónia P. and Dubrovska, Anna and Dunlop, Elaine A. and Dupont, Nicolas and Durán, Raúl V. and Dwarakanath, Bilikere S. and Dyshlovoy, Sergey A. and Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Darius and Eckhart, Leopold and Edelstein, Charles L. and Efferth, Thomas and Eftekharpour, Eftekhar and Eichinger, Ludwig and Eid, Nabil and Eisenberg, Tobias and Eissa, N. Tony and Eissa, Sanaa and Ejarque, Miriam and El Andaloussi, Abdeljabar and El-Hage, Nazira and El-Naggar, Shahenda and Eleuteri, Anna Maria and El-Shafey, Eman S. and Elgendy, Mohamed and Eliopoulos, Aristides G. and Elizalde, María M. and Elks, Philip M. and Elsasser, Hans Peter and Elsherbiny, Eslam S. and Emerling, Brooke M. and Emre, N. C.Tolga and Eng, Christina H. and Engedal, Nikolai and Engelbrecht, Anna Mart and Engelsen, Agnete S.T. and Enserink, Jorrit M. and Escalante, Ricardo and Esclatine, Audrey and Escobar-Henriques, Mafalda and Eskelinen, Eeva Liisa and Espert, Lucile and Eusebio, Makandjou Ola and Fabrias, Gemma and Fabrizi, Cinzia and Facchiano, Antonio and Facchiano, Francesco and Fadeel, Bengt and Fader, Claudio and Faesen, Alex C. and Fairlie, W. Douglas and Falcó, Alberto and Falkenburger, Bjorn H. and Fan, Daping and Fan, Jie and Fan, Yanbo and Fang, Evandro F. and Fang, Yanshan and Fang, Yognqi and Fanto, Manolis and Farfel-Becker, Tamar and Faure, Mathias and Fazeli, Gholamreza and Fedele, Anthony O. and Feldman, Arthur M. and Feng, Du and Feng, Jiachun and Feng, Lifeng and Feng, Yibin and Feng, Yuchen and Feng, Wei and Fenz Araujo, Thais and Ferguson, Thomas A. and Fernández, Álvaro F. and Fernandez-Checa, Jose C. and Fernández-Veledo, Sonia and Fernie, Alisdair R. and Ferrante, Anthony W. and Ferraresi, Alessandra and Ferrari, Merari F. and Ferreira, Julio C.B. and Ferro-Novick, Susan and Figueras, Antonio and Filadi, Riccardo and Filigheddu, Nicoletta and Filippi-Chiela, Eduardo and Filomeni, Giuseppe and Fimia, Gian Maria and Fineschi, Vittorio and Finetti, Francesca and Finkbeiner, Steven and Fisher, Edward A. and Fisher, Paul B. and Flamigni, Flavio and Fliesler, Steven J. and Flo, Trude H. and Florance, Ida and Florey, Oliver and Florio, Tullio and Fodor, Erika and Follo, Carlo and Fon, Edward A. and Forlino, Antonella and Fornai, Francesco and Fortini, Paola and Fracassi, Anna and Fraldi, Alessandro and Franco, Brunella and Franco, Rodrigo and Franconi, Flavia and Frankel, Lisa B. and Friedman, Scott L. and Fröhlich, Leopold F. and Frühbeck, Gema and Fuentes, Jose M. and Fujiki, Yukio and Fujita, Naonobu and Fujiwara, Yuuki and Fukuda, Mitsunori and Fulda, Simone and Furic, Luc and Furuya, Norihiko and Fusco, Carmela and Gack, Michaela U. and Gaffke, Lidia and Galadari, Sehamuddin and Galasso, Alessia and Galindo, Maria F. and Gallolu Kankanamalage, Sachith and Galluzzi, Lorenzo and Galy, Vincent and Gammoh, Noor and Gan, Boyi and Ganley, Ian G. and Gao, Feng and Gao, Hui and Gao, Minghui and Gao, Ping and Gao, Shou Jiang and Gao, Wentao and Gao, Xiaobo and Garcera, Ana and Garcia, Maria Noé and Garcia, Verónica E. and García-Del Portillo, Francisco and Garcia-Escudero, Vega and Garcia-Garcia, Aracely and Garcia-Macia, Marina and García-Moreno, Diana and Garcia-Ruiz, Carmen and García-Sanz, Patricia and Garg, Abhishek D. and Gargini, Ricardo and Garofalo, Tina and Garry, Robert F. and Gassen, Nils C. and Gatica, Damian and Ge, Liang and Ge, Wanzhong and Geiss-Friedlander, Ruth and Gelfi, Cecilia and Genschik, Pascal and Gentle, Ian E. and Gerbino, Valeria and Gerhardt, Christoph and Germain, Kyla and Germain, Marc and Gewirtz, David A. and Ghasemipour Afshar, Elham and Ghavami, Saeid and Ghigo, Alessandra and Ghosh, Manosij and Giamas, Georgios and Giampietri, Claudia and Giatromanolaki, Alexandra and Gibson, Gary E. and Gibson, Spencer B. and Ginet, Vanessa and Giniger, Edward and Giorgi, Carlotta and Girao, Henrique and Girardin, Stephen E. and Giridharan, Mridhula and Giuliano, Sandy and Giulivi, Cecilia and Giuriato, Sylvie and Giustiniani, Julien and Gluschko, Alexander and Goder, Veit and Goginashvili, Alexander and Golab, Jakub and Goldstone, David C. and Golebiewska, Anna and Gomes, Luciana R. and Gomez, Rodrigo and Gómez-Sánchez, Rubén and Gomez-Puerto, Maria Catalina and Gomez-Sintes, Raquel and Gong, Qingqiu and Goni, Felix M. and González-Gallego, Javier and Gonzalez-Hernandez, Tomas and Gonzalez-Polo, Rosa A. and Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose A. and González-Rodríguez, Patricia and Goping, Ing Swie and Gorbatyuk, Marina S. and Gorbunov, Nikolai V. and Görgülü, Kıvanç and Gorojod, Roxana M. and Gorski, Sharon M. and Goruppi, Sandro and Gotor, Cecilia and Gottlieb, Roberta A. and Gozes, Illana and Gozuacik, Devrim and Graef, Martin and Gräler, Markus H. and Granatiero, Veronica and Grasso, Daniel and Gray, Joshua P. and Green, Douglas R. and Greenhough, Alexander and Gregory, Stephen L. and Griffin, Edward F. and Grinstaff, Mark W. and Gros, Frederic and Grose, Charles and Gross, Angelina S. and Gruber, Florian and Grumati, Paolo and Grune, Tilman and Gu, Xueyan and Guan, Jun Lin and Guardia, Carlos M. and Guda, Kishore and Guerra, Flora and Guerri, Consuelo and Guha, Prasun and Guillén, Carlos and Gujar, Shashi and Gukovskaya, Anna and Gukovsky, Ilya and Gunst, Jan and Günther, Andreas and Guntur, Anyonya R. and Guo, Chuanyong and Guo, Chun and Guo, Hongqing and Guo, Lian Wang and Guo, Ming and Gupta, Pawan and Gupta, Shashi Kumar and Gupta, Swapnil and Gupta, Veer Bala and Gupta, Vivek and Gustafsson, Asa B. and Gutterman, David D. and H.B, Ranjitha and Haapasalo, Annakaisa and Haber, James E. and Hać, Aleksandra and Hadano, Shinji and Hafrén, Anders J. and Haidar, Mansour and Hall, Belinda S. and Halldén, Gunnel and Hamacher-Brady, Anne and Hamann, Andrea and Hamasaki, Maho and Han, Weidong and Hansen, Malene and Hanson, Phyllis I. . and Hao, Zijian and Harada, Masaru and Harhaji-Trajkovic, Ljubica and Hariharan, Nirmala and Haroon, Nigil and Harris, James and Hasegawa, Takafumi and Hasima Nagoor, Noor and Haspel, Jeffrey A. and Haucke, Volker and Hawkins, Wayne D. and Hay, Bruce A. and Haynes, Cole M. and Hayrabedyan, Soren B. and Hays, Thomas S. and He, Congcong and He, Qin and He, Rong Rong and He, You Wen and He, Yu Ying and Heakal, Yasser and Heberle, Alexander M. and Hejtmancik, J. Fielding and Helgason, Gudmundur Vignir and Henkel, Vanessa and Herb, Marc and Hergovich, Alexander and Herman-Antosiewicz, Anna and Hernández, Agustín and Hernandez, Carlos and Hernandez-Diaz, Sergio and Hernandez-Gea, Virginia and Herpin, Amaury and Herreros, Judit and Hervás, Javier H. and Hesselson, Daniel and Hetz, Claudio and Heussler, Volker T. and Higuchi, Yujiro and Hilfiker, Sabine and Hill, Joseph A. and Hlavacek, William S. and Ho, Emmanuel A. and Ho, Idy H.T. and Ho, Philip Wing Lok and Ho, Shu Leong and Ho, Wan Yun and Hobbs, G. Aaron and Hochstrasser, Mark and Hoet, Peter H.M. and Hofius, Daniel and Hofman, Paul and Höhn, Annika and Holmberg, Carina I. and Hombrebueno, Jose R. and Yi-Ren Hong, Chang Won Hong and Hooper, Lora V. and Hoppe, Thorsten and Horos, Rastislav and Hoshida, Yujin and Hsin, I. Lun and Hsu, Hsin Yun and Hu, Bing and Hu, Dong and Hu, Li Fang and Hu, Ming Chang and Hu, Ronggui and Hu, Wei and Hu, Yu Chen and Hu, Zhuo Wei and Hua, Fang and Hua, Jinlian and Hua, Yingqi and Huan, Chongmin and Huang, Canhua and Huang, Chuanshu and Huang, Chuanxin and Huang, Chunling and Huang, Haishan and Huang, Kun and Huang, Michael L.H. and Huang, Rui and Huang, Shan and Huang, Tianzhi and Huang, Xing and Huang, Yuxiang Jack and Huber, Tobias B. and Hubert, Virginie and Hubner, Christian A. and Hughes, Stephanie M. and Hughes, William E. and Humbert, Magali and Hummer, Gerhard and Hurley, James H. and Hussain, Sabah and Hussain, Salik and Hussey, Patrick J. and Hutabarat, Martina and Hwang, Hui Yun and Hwang, Seungmin and Ieni, Antonio and Ikeda, Fumiyo and Imagawa, Yusuke and Imai, Yuzuru and Imbriano, Carol and Imoto, Masaya and Inman, Denise M. and Inoki, Ken and Iovanna, Juan and Iozzo, Renato V. and Ippolito, Giuseppe and Irazoqui, Javier E. and Iribarren, Pablo and Ishaq, 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Hongchuan and Jin, Li and Jin, Luqi and Jin, Meiyan and Jin, Si and Jo, Eun Kyeong and Joffre, Carine and Johansen, Terje and Johnson, Gail V.W. and Johnston, Simon A. and Jokitalo, Eija and Jolly, Mohit Kumar and Joosten, Leo A.B. and Jordan, Joaquin and Joseph, Bertrand and Ju, Dianwen and Ju, Jeong Sun and Ju, Jingfang and Juárez, Esmeralda and Judith, Delphine and Juhász, Gábor and Jun, Youngsoo and Jung, Chang Hwa and Jung, Sung Chul and Jung, Yong Keun and Jungbluth, Heinz and Jungverdorben, Johannes and Just, Steffen and Kaarniranta, Kai and Kaasik, Allen and Kabuta, Tomohiro and Kaganovich, Daniel and Kahana, Alon and Kain, Renate and Kajimura, Shinjo and Kalamvoki, Maria and Kalia, Manjula and Kalinowski, Danuta S. and Kaludercic, Nina and Kalvari, Ioanna and Kaminska, Joanna and Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O. and Kanamori, Hiromitsu and Kanasaki, Keizo and Kang, Chanhee and Kang, Rui and Kang, Sang Sun and Kaniyappan, Senthilvelrajan and Kanki, Tomotake and Kanneganti, Thirumala Devi and Kanthasamy, Anumantha G. and Kanthasamy, Arthi and Kantorow, Marc and Kapuy, Orsolya and Karamouzis, Michalis V. and Karim, Md Razaul and Karmakar, Parimal and Katare, Rajesh G. and Kato, Masaru and Kaufmann, Stefan H.E. and Kauppinen, Anu and Kaushal, Gur P. and Kaushik, Susmita and Kawasaki, Kiyoshi and Kazan, Kemal and Ke, Po Yuan and Keating, Damien J. and Keber, Ursula and Kehrl, John H. and Keller, Kate E. and Keller, Christian W. and Kemper, Jongsook Kim and Kenific, Candia M. and Kepp, Oliver and Kermorgant, Stephanie and Kern, Andreas and Ketteler, Robin and Keulers, Tom G. and Khalfin, Boris and Khalil, Hany and Khambu, Bilon and Khan, Shahid Y. and Khandelwal, Vinoth Kumar Megraj and Khandia, Rekha and Kho, Widuri and Khobrekar, Noopur V. and Khuansuwan, Sataree and Khundadze, Mukhran and Killackey, Samuel A. and Kim, Dasol and Kim, Deok Ryong and Kim, Do Hyung and Kim, Dong Eun and Kim, Eun Young and Kim, Eun Kyoung and Kim, Hak Rim and Kim, Hee Sik and Hyung-Ryong Kim, Unknown and Kim, Jeong Hun and Kim, Jin Kyung and Kim, Jin Hoi and Kim, Joungmok and Kim, Ju Hwan and Kim, Keun Il and Kim, Peter K. and Kim, Seong Jun and Kimball, Scot R. and Kimchi, Adi and Kimmelman, Alec C. and Kimura, Tomonori and King, Matthew A. and Kinghorn, Kerri J. and Kinsey, Conan G. and Kirkin, Vladimir and Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A. and Kiselev, Sergey L. and Kishi, Shuji and Kitamoto, Katsuhiko and Kitaoka, Yasushi and Kitazato, Kaio and Kitsis, Richard N. and Kittler, Josef T. and Kjaerulff, Ole and Klein, Peter S. and Klopstock, Thomas and Klucken, Jochen and Knævelsrud, Helene and Knorr, Roland L. and Ko, Ben C.B. and Ko, Fred and Ko, Jiunn Liang and Kobayashi, Hotaka and Kobayashi, Satoru and Koch, Ina and Koch, Jan C. and Koenig, Ulrich and Kögel, Donat and Koh, Young Ho and Koike, Masato and Kohlwein, Sepp D. and Kocaturk, Nur M. and Komatsu, Masaaki and König, Jeannette and Kono, Toru and Kopp, Benjamin T. and Korcsmaros, Tamas and Korkmaz, Gözde and Korolchuk, 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Bishr and Önal, Gizem and Ondrej, Martin and Ong, Sang Bing and Ong, Sang Ging and Onnis, Anna and Orellana, Juan A. and Orellana-Muñoz, Sara and Ortega-Villaizan, Maria Del Mar and Ortiz-Gonzalez, Xilma R. and Ortona, Elena and Osiewacz, Heinz D. and Osman, Abdel Hamid K. and Osta, Rosario and Otegui, Marisa S. and Otsu, Kinya and Ott, Christiane and Ottobrini, Luisa and Ou, Jing Hsiung James and Outeiro, Tiago F. and Oynebraten, Inger and Ozturk, Melek and Pagès, Gilles and Pahari, Susanta and Pajares, Marta and Pajvani, Utpal B. and Pal, Rituraj and Paladino, Simona and Pallet, Nicolas and Palmieri, Michela and Palmisano, Giuseppe and Palumbo, Camilla and Pampaloni, Francesco and Pan, Lifeng and Pan, Qingjun and Pan, Wenliang and Pan, Xin and Panasyuk, Ganna and Pandey, Rahul and Pandey, Udai B. and Pandya, Vrajesh and Paneni, Francesco and Pang, Shirley Y. and Panzarini, Elisa and Papademetrio, Daniela L. and Papaleo, Elena and Papinski, Daniel and Papp, Diana and Park, Eun Chan and Park, Hwan Tae and Park, Ji Man and Park, Jong In and Park, Joon Tae and Park, Junsoo and Park, Sang Chul and Park, Sang Youel and Parola, Abraham H. and Parys, Jan B. and Pasquier, Adrien and Pasquier, Benoit and Passos, João F. and Pastore, Nunzia and Patel, Hemal H. and Patschan, Daniel and Pattingre, Sophie and Pedraza-Alva, Gustavo and Pedraza-Chaverri, Jose and Pedrozo, Zully and Pei, Gang and Pei, Jianming and Peled-Zehavi, Hadas and Pellegrini, Joaquín M. and Pelletier, Joffrey and Peñalva, Miguel A. and Peng, Di and Peng, Ying and Penna, Fabio and Pennuto, Maria and Pentimalli, Francesca and Pereira, Cláudia M.F. and Pereira, Gustavo J.S. and Pereira, Lilian C. and Pereira De Almeida, Luis and Perera, Nirma D. and Pérez-Lara, Ángel and Perez-Oliva, Ana B. and Pérez-Pérez, María Esther and Periyasamy, Palsamy and Perl, Andras and Perrotta, Cristiana and Perrotta, Ida and Pestell, Richard G. and Petersen, Morten and Petrache, Irina and Petrovski, Goran and Pfirrmann, Thorsten and Pfister, Astrid S. and Philips, Jennifer A. and Pi, Huifeng and Picca, Anna and Pickrell, Alicia M. and Picot, Sandy and Pierantoni, Giovanna M. and Pierdominici, Marina and Pierre, Philippe and Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie and Pierzynowska, Karolina and Pietrocola, Federico and Pietruczuk, Miroslawa and Pignata, Claudio and Pimentel-Muiños, Felipe X. and Pinar, Mario and Pinheiro, Roberta O. and Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit and Pinton, Paolo and Pircs, Karolina and Piya, Sujan and Pizzo, Paola and Plantinga, Theo S. and Platta, Harald W. and Plaza-Zabala, Ainhoa and Plomann, Markus and Plotnikov, Egor Y. and Plun-Favreau, Helene and Pluta, Ryszard and Pocock, Roger and Pöggeler, Stefanie and Pohl, Christian and Poirot, Marc and Poletti, Angelo and Ponpuak, Marisa and Popelka, Hana and Popova, Blagovesta and Porta, Helena and Porte Alcon, Soledad and Portilla-Fernandez, Eliana and Post, Martin and Potts, Malia B. and Poulton, Joanna and Powers, Ted and Prahlad, Veena and Prajsnar, Tomasz K. and Praticò, Domenico and Prencipe, Rosaria and Priault, Muriel and Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula and Promponas, Vasilis J. and Proud, Christopher G. and Puertollano, Rosa and Puglielli, Luigi and Pulinilkunnil, Thomas and Puri, Deepika and Puri, Rajat and Puyal, Julien and Qi, Xiaopeng and Qi, Yongmei and Qian, Wenbin and Qiang, Lei and Qiu, Yu and Quadrilatero, Joe and Quarleri, Jorge and Raben, Nina and Rabinowich, Hannah and Ragona, Debora and Ragusa, Michael J. and Rahimi, Nader and Rahmati, Marveh and Raia, Valeria and Raimundo, Nuno and Rajasekaran, Namakkal Soorappan and Ramachandra Rao, Sriganesh and Rami, Abdelhaq and Ramírez-Pardo, Ignacio and Ramsden, David B. and Randow, Felix and Rangarajan, Pundi N. and Ranieri, Danilo and Rao, Hai and Rao, Lang and Rao, Rekha and Rathore, Sumit and Ratnayaka, J. Arjuna and Ratovitski, Edward A. and Ravanan, Palaniyandi and Ravegnini, Gloria and Ray, Swapan K. and Razani, Babak and Rebecca, Vito and Reggiori, Fulvio and Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne and Reichert, Andreas S. and Reigada, David and Reiling, Jan H. and Rein, Theo and Reipert, Siegfried and Rekha, Rokeya Sultana and Ren, Hongmei and Ren, Jun and Ren, Weichao and Renault, Tristan and Renga, Giorgia and Reue, Karen and Rewitz, Kim and Ribeiro De Andrade Ramos, Bruna and Riazuddin, S. Amer and Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Teresa M. and Ricci, Jean Ehrland and Ricci, Romeo and Riccio, Victoria and Richardson, Des R. and Rikihisa, Yasuko and Risbud, Makarand V. and Risueño, Ruth M. and Ritis, Konstantinos and Rizza, Salvatore and Rizzuto, Rosario and Roberts, Helen C. and Roberts, Luke D. and Robinson, Katherine J. and Roccheri, Maria Carmela and Rocchi, Stephane and Rodney, George G. and Rodrigues, Tiago and Rodrigues Silva, Vagner Ramon and Rodriguez, Amaia and Rodriguez-Barrueco, Ruth and Rodriguez-Henche, Nieves and Rodriguez-Rocha, Humberto and Roelofs, Jeroen and Rogers, Robert S. and Rogov, Vladimir V. and Rojo, Ana I. and Rolka, Krzysztof and Romanello, Vanina and Romani, Luigina and Romano, Alessandra and Romano, Patricia S. and Romeo-Guitart, David and Romero, Luis C. and Romero, Montserrat and Roney, Joseph C. and Rongo, Christopher and Roperto, Sante and Rosenfeldt, Mathias T. and Rosenstiel, Philip and Rosenwald, Anne G. and Roth, Kevin A. and Roth, Lynn and Roth, Steven and Rouschop, Kasper M.A. and Roussel, Benoit D. and Roux, Sophie and Rovere-Querini, Patrizia and Roy, Ajit and Rozieres, Aurore and Ruano, Diego and Rubinsztein, David C. and Rubtsova, Maria P. and Ruckdeschel, Klaus and Ruckenstuhl, Christoph and Rudolf, Emil and Rudolf, Rüdiger and Ruggieri, Alessandra and Ruparelia, Avnika Ashok and Rusmini, Paola and Russell, Ryan R. and Russo, Gian Luigi and Russo, Maria and Russo, Rossella and Ryabaya, Oxana O. and Ryan, Kevin M. and Ryu, Kwon Yul and Sabater-Arcis, Maria and Sachdev, Ulka and Sacher, Michael and Sachse, Carsten and Sadhu, Abhishek and Sadoshima, Junichi and Safren, Nathaniel and Saftig, Paul and Sagona, Antonia P. and Sahay, Gaurav and Sahebkar, Amirhossein and Sahin, Mustafa and Sahin, Ozgur and Sahni, Sumit and Saito, Nayuta and Saito, Shigeru and Saito, Tsunenori and Sakai, Ryohei and Sakai, Yasuyoshi and Sakamaki, Jun Ichi and Saksela, Kalle and Salazar, Gloria and Salazar-Degracia, Anna and Salekdeh, Ghasem H. and Saluja, Ashok K. and Sampaio-Marques, Belém and Sanchez, Maria Cecilia and Sanchez-Alcazar, Jose A. and Sanchez-Vera, Victoria and Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa and Sanderson, J. Thomas and Sandri, Marco and Santaguida, Stefano and Santambrogio, Laura and Santana, Magda M. and Santoni, Giorgio and Sanz, Alberto and Sanz, Pascual and Saran, Shweta and Sardiello, Marco and Sargeant, Timothy J. and Sarin, Apurva and Sarkar, Chinmoy and Sarkar, Sovan and Sarrias, Maria Rosa and Sarkar, Surajit and Sarmah, Dipanka Tanu and Sarparanta, Jaakko and Sathyanarayan, Aishwarya and Sathyanarayanan, Ranganayaki and Scaglione, K. Matthew and Scatozza, Francesca and Schaefer, Liliana and Schafer, Zachary T. and Schaible, Ulrich E. and Schapira, Anthony H.V. and Scharl, Michael and Schatzl, Hermann M. and Schein, Catherine H. and Scheper, Wiep and Scheuring, David and Schiaffino, Maria Vittoria and Schiappacassi, Monica and Schindl, Rainer and Schlattner, Uwe and Schmidt, Oliver and Schmitt, Roland and Schmidt, Stephen D. and Schmitz, Ingo and Schmukler, Eran and Schneider, Anja and Schneider, Bianca E. and Schober, Romana and Schoijet, Alejandra C. and Schott, Micah B. and Schramm, Michael and Schröder, Bernd and Schuh, Kai and Schüller, Christoph and Schulze, Ryan J. and Schürmanns, Lea and Schwamborn, Jens C. and Schwarten, Melanie and Scialo, Filippo and Sciarretta, Sebastiano and Scott, Melanie J. and Scotto, Kathleen W. and Scovassi, A. Ivana and Scrima, Andrea and Scrivo, Aurora and Sebastian, David and Sebti, Salwa and Sedej, Simon and Segatori, Laura and Segev, Nava and Seglen, Per O. and Seiliez, Iban and Seki, Ekihiro and Selleck, Scott B. and Sellke, Frank W. and Selsby, Joshua T. and Sendtner, Michael and Senturk, Serif and Seranova, Elena and Sergi, Consolato and Serra-Moreno, Ruth and Sesaki, Hiromi and Settembre, Carmine and Setty, Subba Rao Gangi and Sgarbi, Gianluca and Sha, Ou and Shacka, John J. and Shah, Javeed A. and Shang, Dantong and Shao, Changshun and Shao, Feng and Sharbati, Soroush and Sharkey, Lisa M. and Sharma, Dipali and Sharma, Gaurav and Sharma, Kulbhushan and Sharma, Pawan and Sharma, Surendra and Shen, Han Ming and Shen, Hongtao and Shen, Jiangang and Shen, Ming and Shen, Weili and Shen, Zheni and Sheng, Rui and Sheng, Zhi and Sheng, Zu Hang and Shi, Jianjian and Shi, Xiaobing and Shi, Ying Hong and Shiba-Fukushima, Kahori and Shieh, Jeng Jer and Shimada, Yohta and Shimizu, Shigeomi and Shimozawa, Makoto and Shintani, Takahiro and Shoemaker, Christopher J. and Shojaei, Shahla and Shoji, Ikuo and Shravage, Bhupendra V. and Shridhar, Viji and Shu, Chih Wen and Shu, Hong Bing and Shui, Ke and Shukla, Arvind K. and Shutt, Timothy E. and Sica, Valentina and Siddiqui, Aleem and Sierra, Amanda and Sierra-Torre, Virginia and Signorelli, Santiago and Sil, Payel and Silva, Bruno J.De Andrade and Silva, Johnatas D. and Silva-Pavez, Eduardo and Silvente-Poirot, Sandrine and Simmonds, Rachel E. and Simon, Anna Katharina and Simon, Hans Uwe and Simons, Matias and Singh, Anurag and Singh, Lalit P. and Singh, Rajat and Singh, Shivendra V. and Singh, Shrawan K. and Singh, Sudha B. and Singh, Sunaina and Singh, Surinder Pal and Sinha, Debasish and Sinha, Rohit Anthony and Sinha, Sangita and Sirko, Agnieszka and Sirohi, Kapil and Sivridis, Efthimios L. and Skendros, Panagiotis and Skirycz, Aleksandra and Slaninová, Iva and Smaili, Soraya S. and Smertenko, Andrei and Smith, Matthew D. and Soenen, Stefaan J. and Sohn, Eun Jung and Sok, Sophia P.M. and Solaini, Giancarlo and Soldati, Thierry and Soleimanpour, Scott A. and Soler, Rosa M. and Solovchenko, Alexei and Somarelli, Jason A. and Sonawane, Avinash and Song, Fuyong and Song, Hyun Kyu and Song, Ju Xian and Song, Kunhua and Song, Zhiyin and Soria, Leandro R. and Sorice, Maurizio and Soukas, Alexander A. and Soukup, Sandra Fausia and Sousa, Diana and Sousa, Nadia and Spagnuolo, Paul A. and Spector, Stephen A. and Srinivas Bharath, M. M. and St. Clair, Daret and Stagni, Venturina and Staiano, Leopoldo and Stalnecker, Clint A. and Stankov, Metodi V. and Stathopulos, Peter B. and Stefan, Katja and Stefan, Sven Marcel and Stefanis, Leonidas and Steffan, Joan S. and Steinkasserer, Alexander and Stenmark, Harald and Sterneckert, Jared and Stevens, Craig and Stoka, Veronika and Storch, Stephan and Stork, Björn and Strappazzon, Flavie and Strohecker, Anne Marie and Stupack, Dwayne G. and Su, Huanxing and Su, Ling Yan and Su, Longxiang and Suarez-Fontes, Ana M. and Subauste, Carlos S. and Subbian, Selvakumar and Subirada, Paula V. and Sudhandiran, Ganapasam and Sue, Carolyn M. and Sui, Xinbing and Summers, Corey and Sun, Guangchao and Sun, Jun and Sun, Kang and Sun, Meng Xiang and Sun, Qiming and Sun, Yi and Sun, Zhongjie and Sunahara, Karen K.S. and Sundberg, Eva and Susztak, Katalin and Sutovsky, Peter and Suzuki, Hidekazu and Sweeney, Gary and Symons, J. David and Sze, Stephen Cho Wing and Szewczyk, Nathaniel J. and Tabęcka-Łonczynska, Anna and Tabolacci, Claudio and Tacke, Frank and Taegtmeyer, Heinrich and Tafani, Marco and Tagaya, Mitsuo and Tai, Haoran and Tait, Stephen W.G. and Takahashi, Yoshinori and Takats, Szabolcs and Talwar, Priti and Tam, Chit and Tam, Shing Yau and Tampellini, Davide and Tamura, Atsushi and Tan, Chong Teik and Tan, Eng King and Tan, Ya Qin and Tanaka, Masaki and Tanaka, Motomasa and Tang, Daolin and Tang, Jingfeng and Tang, Tie Shan and Tanida, Isei and Tao, Zhipeng and Taouis, Mohammed and Tatenhorst, Lars and Tavernarakis, Nektarios and Taylor, Allen and Taylor, Gregory A. and Taylor, Joan M. and Tchetina, Elena and Tee, Andrew R. and Tegeder, Irmgard and Teis, David and Teixeira, Natercia and Teixeira-Clerc, Fatima and Tekirdag, Kumsal A. and Tencomnao, Tewin and Tenreiro, Sandra and Tepikin, Alexei V. and Testillano, Pilar S. and Tettamanti, Gianluca and Tharaux, Pierre Louis and Thedieck, Kathrin and Thekkinghat, Arvind A. and Thellung, Stefano and Thinwa, Josephine W. and Thirumalaikumar, V. P. and Thomas, Sufi Mary and Thomes, Paul G. and Thorburn, Andrew and Thukral, Lipi and Thum, Thomas and Thumm, Michael and Tian, Ling and Tichy, Ales and Till, Andreas and Timmerman, Vincent and Titorenko, Vladimir I. and Todi, Sokol V. and Todorova, Krassimira and Toivonen, Janne M. and Tomaipitinca, Luana and Tomar, Dhanendra and Tomas-Zapico, Cristina and Tomić, Sergej and Tong, Benjamin Chun Kit and Tong, Chao and Tong, Xin and Tooze, Sharon A. and Torgersen, Maria L. and Torii, Satoru and Torres-López, Liliana and Torriglia, Alicia and Towers, Christina G. and Towns, Roberto and Toyokuni, Shinya and Trajkovic, Vladimir and Tramontano, Donatella and Tran, Quynh Giao and Travassos, Leonardo H. and Trelford, Charles B. and Tremel, Shirley and Trougakos, Ioannis P. and Tsao, Betty P. and Tschan, Mario P. and Tse, Hung Fat and Tse, Tak Fu and Tsugawa, Hitoshi and Tsvetkov, Andrey S. and Tumbarello, David A. and Tumtas, Yasin and Tuñón, María J. and Turcotte, Sandra and Turk, Boris and Turk, Vito and Turner, Bradley J. and Tuxworth, Richard I. and Tyler, Jessica K. and Tyutereva, Elena V. and Uchiyama, Yasuo and Ugun-Klusek, Aslihan and Uhlig, Holm H. and Ułamek-Kozioł, Marzena and Ulasov, Ilya V. and Umekawa, Midori and Ungermann, Christian and Unno, Rei and Urbe, Sylvie and Uribe-Carretero, Elisabet and Üstün, Suayib and Uversky, Vladimir N. and Vaccari, Thomas and Vaccaro, Maria I. and Vahsen, Björn F. and Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Helin and Valdor, Rut and Valente, Maria J. and Valko, Ayelén and Vallee, Richard B. and Valverde, Angela M. and Van Den Berghe, Greet and Van Der Veen, Stijn and Van Kaer, Luc and Van Loosdregt, Jorg and Van Wijk, Sjoerd J.L. and Vandenberghe, Wim and Vanhorebeek, Ilse and Vannier-Santos, Marcos A. and Vannini, Nicola and Vanrell, M. Cristina and Vantaggiato, Chiara and Varano, Gabriele and Varela-Nieto, Isabel and Varga, Máté and Vasconcelos, M. Helena and Vats, Somya and Vavvas, Demetrios G. and Vega-Naredo, Ignacio and Vega-Rubin-De-Celis, Silvia and Velasco, Guillermo and Velázquez, Ariadna P. and Vellai, Tibor and Vellenga, Edo and Velotti, Francesca and Verdier, Mireille and Verginis, Panayotis and Vergne, Isabelle and Verkade, Paul and Verma, Manish and Verstreken, Patrik and Vervliet, Tim and Vervoorts, Jörg and Vessoni, Alexandre T. and Victor, Victor M. and Vidal, Michel and Vidoni, Chiara and Vieira, Otilia V. and Vierstra, Richard D. and Viganó, Sonia and Vihinen, Helena and Vijayan, Vinoy and Vila, Miquel and Vilar, Marçal and Villalba, José M. and Villalobo, Antonio and Villarejo-Zori, Beatriz and Villarroya, Francesc and Villarroya, Joan and Vincent, Olivier and Vindis, Cecile and Viret, Christophe and Viscomi, Maria Teresa and Visnjic, Dora and Vitale, Ilio and Vocadlo, David J. and Voitsekhovskaja, Olga V. and Volonté, Cinzia and Volta, Mattia and Vomero, Marta and Von Haefen, Clarissa and Vooijs, Marc A. and Voos, Wolfgang and Vucicevic, Ljubica and Wade-Martins, Richard and Waguri, Satoshi and Waite, Kenrick A. and Wakatsuki, Shuji and Walker, David W. and Walker, Mark J. and Walker, Simon A. and Walter, Jochen and Wandosell, Francisco G. and Wang, Bo and Wang, Chao Yung and Wang, Chen and Wang, Chenran and Wang, Chenwei and Wang, Cun Yu and Wang, Dong and Wang, Fangyang and Wang, Feng and Wang, Fengming and Wang, Guansong and Wang, Han and Wang, Hao and Wang, Hexiang and Wang, Hong Gang and Wang, Jianrong and Wang, Jigang and Wang, Jiou and Wang, Jundong and Wang, Kui and Wang, Lianrong and Wang, Liming and Wang, Maggie Haitian and Wang, Meiqing and Wang, Nanbu and Wang, Pengwei and Wang, Peipei and Wang, Ping and Wang, Ping and Wang, Qing Jun and Wang, Qing and Wang, Qing Kenneth and Wang, Qiong A. and Wang, Wen Tao and Wang, Wuyang and Wang, Xinnan and Wang, Xuejun and Wang, Yan and Wang, Yanchang and Wang, Yanzhuang and Wang, Yen Yun and Wang, Yihua and Wang, Yipeng and Wang, Yu and Wang, Yuqi and Wang, Zhe and Wang, Zhenyu and Wang, Zhouguang and Warnes, Gary and Warnsmann, Verena and Watada, Hirotaka and Watanabe, Eizo and Watchon, Maxinne and Wawrzyńska, Anna and Weaver, Timothy E. and Wegrzyn, Grzegorz and Wehman, Ann M. and Wei, Huafeng and Wei, Lei and Wei, Taotao and Wei, Yongjie and Weiergräber, Oliver H. and Weihl, Conrad C. and Weindl, Günther and Weiskirchen, Ralf and Wells, Alan and Wen, Runxia H. and Wen, Xin and Werner, Antonia and Weykopf, Beatrice and Wheatley, Sally P. and Whitton, J. Lindsay and Whitworth, Alexander J. and Wiktorska, Katarzyna and Wildenberg, Manon E. and Wileman, Tom and Wilkinson, Simon and Willbold, Dieter and Williams, Brett and Williams, Robin S.B. and Williams, Roger L. and Williamson, Peter R. and Wilson, Richard A. and Winner, Beate and Winsor, Nathaniel J. and Witkin, Steven S. and Wodrich, Harald and Woehlbier, Ute and Wollert, Thomas and Wong, Esther and Wong, Jack Ho and Wong, Richard W. and Wong, Vincent Kam Wai and Wong, W. Wei Lynn and Wu, An Guo and Wu, Chengbiao and Wu, Jian and Wu, Junfang and Wu, Kenneth K. and Wu, Min and Wu, Shan Ying and Wu, Shengzhou and Wu, Shu Yan and Wu, Shufang and Wu, William K.K. and Wu, Xiaohong and Wu, Xiaoqing and Wu, Yao Wen and Wu, Yihua and Xavier, Ramnik J. and Xia, Hongguang and Xia, Lixin and Xia, Zhengyuan and Xiang, Ge and Xiang, Jin and Xiang, Mingliang and Xiang, Wei and Xiao, Bin and Xiao, Guozhi and Xiao, Hengyi and Xiao, Hong Tao and Xiao, Jian and Xiao, Lan and Xiao, Shi and Xiao, Yin and Xie, Baoming and Xie, Chuan Ming and Xie, Min and Xie, Yuxiang and Xie, Zhiping and Xie, Zhonglin and Xilouri, Maria and Xu, Congfeng and Xu, En and Xu, Haoxing and Xu, Jing and Xu, Jin Rong and Xu, Liang and Xu, Wen Wen and Xu, Xiulong and Xue, Yu and Yakhine-Diop, Sokhna M.S. and Yamaguchi, Masamitsu and Yamaguchi, Osamu and Yamamoto, Ai and Yamashina, Shunhei and Yan, Shengmin and Yan, Shian Jang and Yan, Zhen and Yanagi, Yasuo and Yang, Chuanbin and Yang, Dun Sheng and Yang, Huan and Yang, Huang Tian and Yang, Hui and Yang, Jin Ming and Yang, Jing and Yang, Jingyu and Yang, Ling and Yang, Liu and Yang, Ming and Yang, Pei Ming and Yang, Qian and Yang, Seungwon and Yang, Shu and Yang, Shun Fa and Yang, Wannian and Yang, Wei Yuan and Yang, Xiaoyong and Yang, Xuesong and Yang, Yi and Yang, Ying and Yao, Honghong and Yao, Shenggen and Yao, Xiaoqiang and Yao, Yong Gang and Yao, Yong Ming and Yasui, Takahiro and Yazdankhah, Meysam and Yen, Paul M. and Yi, Cong and Yin, Xiao Ming and Yin, Yanhai and Yin, Zhangyuan and Yin, Ziyi and Ying, Meidan and Ying, Zheng and Yip, Calvin K. and Yiu, Stephanie Pei Tung and Yoo, Young H. and Yoshida, Kiyotsugu and Yoshii, Saori R. and Yoshimori, Tamotsu and Yousefi, Bahman and Yu, Boxuan and Yu, Haiyang and Yu, Jun and Yu, Jun and Yu, Li and Yu, Ming Lung and Yu, Seong Woon and Yu, Victor C. and Yu, W. Haung and Yu, Zhengping and Yu, Zhou and Yuan, Junying and Yuan, Ling Qing and Yuan, Shilin and Yuan, Shyng Shiou F. and Yuan, Yanggang and Yuan, Zengqiang and Yue, Jianbo and Yue, Zhenyu and Yun, Jeanho and Yung, Raymond L. and Zacks, David N. and Zaffagnini, Gabriele and Zambelli, Vanessa O. and Zanella, Isabella and Zang, Qun S. and Zanivan, Sara and Zappavigna, Silvia and Zaragoza, Pilar and Zarbalis, Konstantinos S. and Zarebkohan, Amir and Zarrouk, Amira and Zeitlin, Scott O. and Zeng, Jialiu and Zeng, Ju Deng and Žerovnik, Eva and Zhan, Lixuan and Zhang, Bin and Zhang, Donna D. and Zhang, Hanlin and Zhang, Hong and Zhang, Hong and Zhang, Honghe and Zhang, Huafeng and Zhang, Huaye and Zhang, Hui and Zhang, Hui Ling and Zhang, Jianbin and Zhang, Jianhua and Zhang, Jing Pu and Zhang, Kalin Y.B. and Zhang, Leshuai W. and Zhang, Lin and Zhang, Lisheng and Zhang, Lu and Zhang, Luoying and Zhang, Menghuan and Zhang, Peng and Zhang, Sheng and Zhang, Wei and Zhang, Xiangnan and Zhang, Xiao Wei and Zhang, Xiaolei and Zhang, Xiaoyan and Zhang, Xin and Zhang, Xinxin and Zhang, Xu Dong and Zhang, Yang and Zhang, Yanjin and Zhang, Yi and Zhang, Ying Dong and Zhang, Yingmei and Zhang, Yuan Yuan and Zhang, Yuchen and Zhang, Zhe and Zhang, Zhengguang and Zhang, Zhibing and Zhang, Zhihai and Zhang, Zhiyong and Zhang, Zili and Zhao, Haobin and Zhao, Lei and Zhao, Shuang and Zhao, Tongbiao and Zhao, Xiao Fan and Zhao, Ying and Zhao, Yongchao and Zhao, Yongliang and Zhao, Yuting and Zheng, Guoping and Zheng, Kai and Zheng, Ling and Zheng, Shizhong and Zheng, Xi Long and Zheng, Yi and Zheng, Zu Guo and Zhivotovsky, Boris and Zhong, Qing and Zhou, Ao and Zhou, Ben and Zhou, Cefan and Zhou, Gang and Zhou, Hao and Zhou, Hong and Zhou, Hongbo and Zhou, Jie and Zhou, Jing and Zhou, Jing and Zhou, Jiyong and Zhou, Kailiang and Zhou, Rongjia and Zhou, Xu Jie and Zhou, Yanshuang and Zhou, Yinghong and Zhou, Yubin and Zhou, Zheng Yu and Zhou, Zhou and Zhu, Binglin and Zhu, Changlian and Zhu, Guo Qing and Zhu, Haining and Zhu, Hongxin and Zhu, Hua and Zhu, Wei Guo and Zhu, Yanping and Zhu, Yushan and Zhuang, Haixia and Zhuang, Xiaohong and Zientara-Rytter, Katarzyna and Zimmermann, Christine M. and Ziviani, Elena and Zoladek, Teresa and Zong, Wei Xing and Zorov, Dmitry B. and Zorzano, Antonio and Zou, Weiping and Zou, Zhen and Zou, Zhengzhi and Zuryn, Steven and Zwerschke, Werner and Brand-Saberi, Beate and Dong, X. Charlie and Kenchappa, Chandra Shekar and Li, Zuguo and Lin, Yong and Oshima, Shigeru and Rong, Yueguang and Sluimer, Judith C. and Stallings, Christina L. and Tong, Chun Kit},
  issn         = {1554-8635},
  journal      = {Autophagy},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {1--382},
  publisher    = {Taylor & Francis},
  title        = {{Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)}},
  doi          = {10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280},
  volume       = {17},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{9168,
  abstract     = {Interspecific crossing experiments have shown that sex chromosomes play a major role in reproductive isolation between many pairs of species. However, their ability to act as reproductive barriers, which hamper interspecific genetic exchange, has rarely been evaluated quantitatively compared to Autosomes. This genome-wide limitation of gene flow is essential for understanding the complete separation of species, and thus speciation. Here, we develop a mainland-island model of secondary contact between hybridizing species of an XY (or ZW) sexual system. We obtain theoretical predictions for the frequency of introgressed alleles, and the strength of the barrier to neutral gene flow for the two types of chromosomes carrying multiple interspecific barrier loci. Theoretical predictions are obtained for scenarios where introgressed alleles are rare. We show that the same analytical expressions apply for sex chromosomes and autosomes, but with different sex-averaged effective parameters. The specific features of sex chromosomes (hemizygosity and absence of recombination in the heterogametic sex) lead to reduced levels of introgression on the X (or Z) compared to autosomes. This effect can be enhanced by certain types of sex-biased forces, but it remains overall small (except when alleles causing incompatibilities are recessive). We discuss these predictions in the light of empirical data comprising model-based tests of introgression and cline surveys in various biological systems.},
  author       = {Fraisse, Christelle and Sachdeva, Himani},
  issn         = {1943-2631},
  journal      = {Genetics},
  number       = {2},
  publisher    = {Genetics Society of America},
  title        = {{The rates of introgression and barriers to genetic exchange between hybridizing species: Sex chromosomes vs autosomes}},
  doi          = {10.1093/genetics/iyaa025},
  volume       = {217},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{9793,
  abstract     = {Astrocytes extensively infiltrate the neuropil to regulate critical aspects of synaptic development and function. This process is regulated by transcellular interactions between astrocytes and neurons via cell adhesion molecules. How astrocytes coordinate developmental processes among one another to parse out the synaptic neuropil and form non-overlapping territories is unknown. Here we identify a molecular mechanism regulating astrocyte-astrocyte interactions during development to coordinate astrocyte morphogenesis and gap junction coupling. We show that hepaCAM, a disease-linked, astrocyte-enriched cell adhesion molecule, regulates astrocyte competition for territory and morphological complexity in the developing mouse cortex. Furthermore, conditional deletion of Hepacam from developing astrocytes significantly impairs gap junction coupling between astrocytes and disrupts the balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition. Mutations in HEPACAM cause megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts in humans. Therefore, our findings suggest that disruption of astrocyte self-organization mechanisms could be an underlying cause of neural pathology.},
  author       = {Baldwin, Katherine T. and Tan, Christabel X. and Strader, Samuel T. and Jiang, Changyu and Savage, Justin T. and Elorza-Vidal, Xabier and Contreras, Ximena and Rülicke, Thomas and Hippenmeyer, Simon and Estévez, Raúl and Ji, Ru-Rong and Eroglu, Cagla},
  issn         = {1097-4199},
  journal      = {Neuron},
  number       = {15},
  pages        = {2427--2442.e10},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{HepaCAM controls astrocyte self-organization and coupling}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.025},
  volume       = {109},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{10363,
  abstract     = {Erythropoietin enhances oxygen delivery and reduces hypoxia-induced cell death, but its pro-thrombotic activity is problematic for use of erythropoietin in treating hypoxia. We constructed a fusion protein that stimulates red blood cell production and neuroprotection without triggering platelet production, a marker for thrombosis. The protein consists of an anti-glycophorin A nanobody and an erythropoietin mutant (L108A). The mutation reduces activation of erythropoietin receptor homodimers that induce erythropoiesis and thrombosis, but maintains the tissue-protective signaling. The binding of the nanobody element to glycophorin A rescues homodimeric erythropoietin receptor activation on red blood cell precursors. In a cell proliferation assay, the fusion protein is active at 10−14 M, allowing an estimate of the number of receptor–ligand complexes needed for signaling. This fusion protein stimulates erythroid cell proliferation in vitro and in mice, and shows neuroprotective activity in vitro. Our erythropoietin fusion protein presents a novel molecule for treating hypoxia.},
  author       = {Lee, Jungmin and Vernet, Andyna and Gruber, Nathalie and Kready, Kasia M. and Burrill, Devin R. and Way, Jeffrey C. and Silver, Pamela A.},
  issn         = {1741-0134},
  journal      = {Protein Engineering, Design and Selection},
  publisher    = {Oxford University Press},
  title        = {{Rational engineering of an erythropoietin fusion protein to treat hypoxia}},
  doi          = {10.1093/protein/gzab025},
  volume       = {34},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{10809,
  abstract     = {Thermoelectric materials are engines that convert heat into an electrical current. Intuitively, the efficiency of this process depends on how many electrons (charge carriers) can move and how easily they do so, how much energy those moving electrons transport, and how easily the temperature gradient is maintained. In terms of material properties, an excellent thermoelectric material requires a high electrical conductivity σ, a high Seebeck coefficient S (a measure of the induced thermoelectric voltage as a function of temperature gradient), and a low thermal conductivity κ. The challenge is that these three properties are strongly interrelated in a conflicting manner (1). On page 722 of this issue, Roychowdhury et al. (2) have found a way to partially break these ties in silver antimony telluride (AgSbTe2) with the addition of cadmium (Cd) cations, which increase the ordering in this inherently disordered thermoelectric material.},
  author       = {Liu, Yu and Ibáñez, Maria},
  issn         = {1095-9203},
  journal      = {Science},
  number       = {6530},
  pages        = {678--679},
  publisher    = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  title        = {{Tidying up the mess}},
  doi          = {10.1126/science.abg0886},
  volume       = {371},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{8317,
  abstract     = {When can a polyomino piece of paper be folded into a unit cube? Prior work studied tree-like polyominoes, but polyominoes with holes remain an intriguing open problem. We present sufficient conditions for a polyomino with one or several holes to fold into a cube, and conditions under which cube folding is impossible. In particular, we show that all but five special “basic” holes guarantee foldability.},
  author       = {Aichholzer, Oswin and Akitaya, Hugo A. and Cheung, Kenneth C. and Demaine, Erik D. and Demaine, Martin L. and Fekete, Sándor P. and Kleist, Linda and Kostitsyna, Irina and Löffler, Maarten and Masárová, Zuzana and Mundilova, Klara and Schmidt, Christiane},
  issn         = {1879-081X},
  journal      = {Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Folding polyominoes with holes into a cube}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.comgeo.2020.101700},
  volume       = {93},
  year         = {2021},
}

@unpublished{10912,
  abstract     = {Brain dynamics display collective phenomena as diverse as neuronal oscillations and avalanches. Oscillations are rhythmic, with fluctuations occurring at a characteristic scale, whereas avalanches are scale-free cascades of neural activity. Here we show that such antithetic features can coexist in a very generic class of adaptive neural networks. In the most simple yet fully microscopic model from this class we make direct contact with human brain resting-state activity recordings via tractable inference of the model's two essential parameters. The inferred model quantitatively captures the dynamics over a broad range of scales, from single sensor fluctuations, collective behaviors of nearly-synchronous extreme events on multiple sensors, to neuronal avalanches unfolding over multiple sensors across multiple time-bins. Importantly, the inferred parameters correlate with model-independent signatures of "closeness to criticality", suggesting that the coexistence of scale-specific (neural oscillations) and scale-free (neuronal avalanches) dynamics in brain activity occurs close to a non-equilibrium critical point at the onset of self-sustained oscillations.},
  author       = {Lombardi, Fabrizio and Pepic, Selver and Shriki, Oren and Tkačik, Gašper and De Martino, Daniele},
  publisher    = {arXiv},
  title        = {{Quantifying the coexistence of neuronal oscillations and avalanches}},
  doi          = {10.48550/ARXIV.2108.06686},
  year         = {2021},
}

@unpublished{10080,
  abstract     = {Hippocampal and neocortical neural activity is modulated by the position of the individual in space. While hippocampal neurons provide the basis for a spatial map, prefrontal cortical neurons generalize over environmental features. Whether these generalized representations result from a bidirectional interaction with, or are mainly derived from hippocampal spatial representations is not known. By examining simultaneously recorded hippocampal and medial prefrontal neurons, we observed that prefrontal spatial representations show a delayed coherence with hippocampal ones. We also identified subpopulations of cells in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex that formed functional cross-area couplings; these resembled the optimal connections predicted by a probabilistic model of spatial information transfer and generalization. Moreover, cross-area couplings were strongest and had the shortest delay preceding spatial decision-making. Our results suggest that generalized spatial coding in the medial prefrontal cortex is inherited from spatial representations in the hippocampus, and that the routing of information can change dynamically with behavioral demands.},
  author       = {Nardin, Michele and Käfer, Karola and Csicsvari, Jozsef L},
  booktitle    = {bioRxiv},
  title        = {{The generalized spatial representation in the prefrontal cortex is inherited from the hippocampus}},
  doi          = {10.1101/2021.09.30.462269},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{9905,
  abstract     = {Vaccines are thought to be the best available solution for controlling the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, the emergence of vaccine-resistant strains may come too rapidly for current vaccine developments to alleviate the health, economic and social consequences of the pandemic. To quantify and characterize the risk of such a scenario, we created a SIR-derived model with initial stochastic dynamics of the vaccine-resistant strain to study the probability of its emergence and establishment. Using parameters realistically resembling SARS-CoV-2 transmission, we model a wave-like pattern of the pandemic and consider the impact of the rate of vaccination and the strength of non-pharmaceutical intervention measures on the probability of emergence of a resistant strain. As expected, we found that a fast rate of vaccination decreases the probability of emergence of a resistant strain. Counterintuitively, when a relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions happened at a time when most individuals of the population have already been vaccinated the probability of emergence of a resistant strain was greatly increased. Consequently, we show that a period of transmission reduction close to the end of the vaccination campaign can substantially reduce the probability of resistant strain establishment. Our results suggest that policymakers and individuals should consider maintaining non-pharmaceutical interventions and transmission-reducing behaviours throughout the entire vaccination period.},
  author       = {Rella, Simon and Kulikova, Yuliya A. and Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T. and Kondrashov, Fyodor},
  issn         = {2045-2322},
  journal      = {Scientific Reports},
  number       = {1},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Rates of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and vaccination impact the fate of vaccine-resistant strains}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41598-021-95025-3},
  volume       = {11},
  year         = {2021},
}

@phdthesis{9418,
  abstract     = {Deep learning is best known for its empirical success across a wide range of applications
spanning computer vision, natural language processing and speech. Of equal significance,
though perhaps less known, are its ramifications for learning theory: deep networks have
been observed to perform surprisingly well in the high-capacity regime, aka the overfitting
or underspecified regime. Classically, this regime on the far right of the bias-variance curve
is associated with poor generalisation; however, recent experiments with deep networks
challenge this view.

This thesis is devoted to investigating various aspects of underspecification in deep learning.
First, we argue that deep learning models are underspecified on two levels: a) any given
training dataset can be fit by many different functions, and b) any given function can be
expressed by many different parameter configurations. We refer to the second kind of
underspecification as parameterisation redundancy and we precisely characterise its extent.
Second, we characterise the implicit criteria (the inductive bias) that guide learning in the
underspecified regime. Specifically, we consider a nonlinear but tractable classification
setting, and show that given the choice, neural networks learn classifiers with a large margin.
Third, we consider learning scenarios where the inductive bias is not by itself sufficient to
deal with underspecification. We then study different ways of ‘tightening the specification’: i)
In the setting of representation learning with variational autoencoders, we propose a hand-
crafted regulariser based on mutual information. ii) In the setting of binary classification, we
consider soft-label (real-valued) supervision. We derive a generalisation bound for linear
networks supervised in this way and verify that soft labels facilitate fast learning. Finally, we
explore an application of soft-label supervision to the training of multi-exit models.},
  author       = {Bui Thi Mai, Phuong},
  issn         = {2663-337X},
  pages        = {125},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Underspecification in deep learning}},
  doi          = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:9418},
  year         = {2021},
}

@inproceedings{9416,
  abstract     = {We study the inductive bias of two-layer ReLU networks trained by gradient flow. We identify a class of easy-to-learn (`orthogonally separable') datasets, and characterise the solution that ReLU networks trained on such datasets converge to. Irrespective of network width, the solution turns out to be a combination of two max-margin classifiers: one corresponding to the positive data subset and one corresponding to the negative data subset. The proof is based on the recently introduced concept of extremal sectors, for which we prove a number of properties in the context of orthogonal separability. In particular, we prove stationarity of activation patterns from some time  onwards, which enables a reduction of the ReLU network to an ensemble of linear subnetworks.},
  author       = {Bui Thi Mai, Phuong and Lampert, Christoph},
  booktitle    = {9th International Conference on Learning Representations},
  location     = {Virtual},
  title        = {{The inductive bias of ReLU networks on orthogonally separable data}},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{22472,
  abstract     = {Increasing urban tree cover is an often proposed mitigation strategy against urban heat as trees are expected to cool cities through evapotranspiration and shade provision. However, trees also modify wind flow and urban aerodynamic roughness, which can potentially limit heat dissipation. Existing studies show a varying cooling potential of urban trees in different climates and times of the day. These differences are so far not systematically explained as partitioning the individual tree effects is challenging and impossible through observations alone. Here, we conduct numerical experiments removing and adding radiation, evapotranspiration, and aerodynamic roughness effects caused by urban trees using a mechanistic urban ecohydrological model. Simulations are presented for four cities in different climates (Phoenix, Singapore, Melbourne, Zurich) considering the seasonal and diurnal cycles of air and surface temperatures.
Results show that evapotranspiration of well-watered trees alone can decrease local 2 m air temperature at maximum by 3.1– 5.8 °C in the four climates during summer. Further cooling is prevented by stomatal closure at peak temperatures as high vapour pressure deficits limit transpiration. While shading reduces surface temperatures, the interaction of a non-transpiring tree with radiation can increase 2 m air temperature by up to 1.6 – 2.1 °C in certain hours of the day at local scale, thus partially counteracting the evapotranspirative cooling effect. Furthermore, in the analysed scenarios, which do not account for tree wind blockage effects, trees lead to a decrease in urban roughness, which inhibits turbulent energy exchange and increases air temperature during daytime. At night, single tree effects are variable likely due to differences in atmospheric stability within the urban canyon. These results explain reported diurnal, seasonal and climatic differences in the cooling effects of urban trees, and can guide future field campaigns, planning strategies, and species selection aimed at improving local microclimate using urban greenery.},
  author       = {Meili, Naika and Manoli, Gabriele and Burlando, Paolo and Carmeliet, Jan and Chow, Winston T.L. and Coutts, Andrew M. and Roth, Matthias and Velasco, Erik and Vivoni, Enrique R. and Fatichi, Simone},
  issn         = {1610-8167},
  journal      = {Urban Forestry & Urban Greening},
  number       = {3},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Tree effects on urban microclimate: Diurnal, seasonal, and climatic temperature differences explained by separating radiation, evapotranspiration, and roughness effects}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126970},
  volume       = {58},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{22474,
  abstract     = {In light of globally increasing temperatures, accentuated in cities by the urban heat island effect, urban planners and designers are looking for new, quantitative methods to assess the performance of their designs in terms of ecosystem services provided by vegetation. Among these ecosystem services, improved microclimate conditions are particularly important for human thermal comfort and health. In this study, an urban scene in the tropical city of Singapore is numerically investigated with a fully-integrated, three-dimensional urban microclimate model implemented in OpenFOAM. Mass and heat transport in air and storage effect in the urban environment are coupled so that the daily turbulent transport in air using steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) can be solved iteratively with the unsteady heat and moisture transfer from urban surfaces. Vegetation is modeled as a porous medium for the flow of moist air and a leaf energy balance model is used to determine the heat fluxes and transpiration at leaf surfaces. The analysis shows the influence of an urban park upon air temperatures and thermal comfort. Cooling intensity of 1 °C is observed downwind of the park within a region of 27 m for an incoming wind speed of 2.3 m s−1, which reduces to 0.6 °C at a distance of 117 m from the park. The Universal Thermal Comfort Index (UTCI) shows a reduction in thermal stress in and around the park. The approach presented here can provide specific guidelines for urban planners and frame expectations on magnitude and spatial extent of local microclimate modifications generated by an urban park in a tropical city.},
  author       = {Mughal, Muhammad Omer and Kubilay, Aytac and Fatichi, Simone and Meili, Naika and Carmeliet, Jan and Edwards, Peter and Burlando, Paolo},
  issn         = {2212-0955},
  journal      = {Urban Climate},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Detailed investigation of vegetation effects on microclimate by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in a tropical urban environment}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100939},
  volume       = {39},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{22468,
  abstract     = {Vegetation establishment, growth and succession in riparian ecosystems are linked to river flow dynamics and groundwater table fluctuations. This is especially true in Alpine gravel-bed rivers with wide floodplains, geomorphically active floods and a strong river-aquifer exchange. The role of short-term groundwater fluctuations is not always clear in these ecosystems, as it is assumed that phreatophytic vegetation close to rivers is adapted to such conditions. Here, we provide data evidence of riparian plant response to short-term groundwater table fluctuations in a braided gravel-bed river (Maggia). We used indirect physiological variables for photosynthesis and transpiration—stomatal conductance gs and daily variation in stem diameter ΔDd—which we measured at six mature riparian trees of the Salicaceae family at two sites with different mean depths to groundwater during two growing seasons. The data demonstrate that (a) short-term variation of the groundwater table affects riparian vegetation—at the site with deeper groundwater, the water table depth was the best predictor of gs variability, while at the site with shallower groundwater, temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were the best predictors of ΔDd variability; (b) instantaneous stomatal conductance is related to VPD, but conditioned by groundwater levels, with higher stomatal conductance for the same radiative input and VPD when the water table was higher for all trees; and (c) local microclimate measured at tree locations had a stronger predictive power for gs than valley scale climate, suggesting local climate controls on vegetated stands on gravel bars. Our results provide evidence of riparian trees undertaking physiological adjustments to transpiration in response to groundwater stage, depending on their riparian floodplain setting.},
  author       = {Martinetti, Stefano and Fatichi, Simone and Floriancic, Marius and Burlando, Paolo and Molnar, Peter},
  issn         = {1936-0592},
  journal      = {Ecohydrology},
  number       = {2},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  title        = {{Field evidence of riparian vegetation response to groundwater levels in a gravel‐bed river}},
  doi          = {10.1002/eco.2264},
  volume       = {14},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{22430,
  abstract     = {Research to detect changes in precipitation variables has become a topic of particular interest to understand modifications in water resources availability. The review is focused on the Italian territory, outlining the “state of the art” of changes in precipitation regime through a review of 54 published studies on observed rainfall trend analyses, in the period 1999–2018. The aim is to combine a large body of knowledge in a single review and to explain the main patterns of rainfall changes occurred in Italy over the last decades. The analysis focused on the Total Precipitation (TP) and the number of Wet Days (WDs) indices at the annual and seasonal scale. A weight factor is introduced to take into account the differences among studies in geographical area, time series length, and number of stations. The review is accompanied by the discussion of other rainfall related variables, that is, precipitation intensity, extreme rainfall events and meteorological droughts, which are useful to provide a broader picture of rainfall changes. Overall, there is an agreement about the tendency of a decrease in wet days on the entire Italy, with limited discrepancies in the various regions. A decrease in wet days is accompanied by a negative trend (although less evident) in total precipitation, especially in winter. Nevertheless, a univocal direction of trends (or lack of thereof) in annual total precipitation and mostly hydrological extreme events is difficult to achieve.},
  author       = {Caporali, Enrica and Lompi, Marco and Pacetti, Tommaso and Chiarello, Valentina and Fatichi, Simone},
  issn         = {1097-0088},
  journal      = {International Journal of Climatology},
  number       = {S1},
  pages        = {E1--E25},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  title        = {{A review of studies on observed precipitation trends in Italy}},
  doi          = {10.1002/joc.6741},
  volume       = {41},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{22457,
  abstract     = {An increase in urban vegetation is an often proposed mitigation strategy to reduce urban heat and improve outdoor thermal comfort (OTC). Vegetation can alter urban microclimate through changes in air temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity, and wind speed. In this study, we model how street tree and ground vegetation cover and their structural, optical, interception, and physiological traits control the diurnal cycle of OTC in different urban densities in a tropical city (Singapore). For this purpose, we perform a variance based sensitivity analysis of the urban ecohydrological model UT&C. Model performance is evaluated through a comparison with local microclimate measurements and OTC is assessed with the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI).
We find a pronounced daily cycle of vegetation effects on UTCI. Tree cover fraction is more efficient in decreasing UTCI during daytime, while a higher vegetated ground fraction provides more cooling during night. Generally, increasing vegetation cover fractions do not deter OTC, except in certain urban densities during some periods of the day. An increase in tree and ground vegetation fractions provides a higher average UTCI reduction compared to a change in vegetation traits (0.9 – 2.9  °C vs. 0.7 – 1.1  °C during midday, 10 month average). The increase in humidity related to plant transpiration prevents further reduction of UTCI. However, the choice of vegetation traits enhancing tree transpiration can decrease UTCI during hot periods. These results can inform urban planners on the selection of vegetation amount and traits to achieve feasible OTC improvements in tropical cities.},
  author       = {Meili, Naika and Acero, Juan Angel and Peleg, Nadav and Manoli, Gabriele and Burlando, Paolo and Fatichi, Simone},
  issn         = {0360-1323},
  journal      = {Building and Environment},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Vegetation cover and plant-trait effects on outdoor thermal comfort in a tropical city}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107733},
  volume       = {195},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{22448,
  abstract     = {Groundwater is a key water resource in semiarid and seasonally dry regions around the world, which is replenished by intermittent precipitation events and mediated by vegetation, soil, and regolith properties. Here, a climate reconstruction of 4500 years for the Jerusalem region was used to determine the relation between climate, vegetation, and groundwater recharge. Despite changes in air temperature and vegetation characteristics, simulated recharge remained linearly related to precipitation over the entire analyzed period, with drier decades having lower rates of recharge for a given annual precipitation due to soil memory effects. We show that in recent decades, the lack of changes in the precipitation–groundwater recharge relation results from the compensating responses of vegetation to increasing CO2, i.e., increased leaf area and reduced stomatal conductance. This multicentury relation is expected to be modified by climate change, with changes up to −20% in recharge for unchanged precipitation, potentially jeopardizing water resource availability.},
  author       = {Fatichi, Simone and Peleg, Nadav and Mastrotheodoros, Theodoros and Pappas, Christoforos and Manoli, Gabriele},
  issn         = {2375-2548},
  journal      = {Science Advances},
  number       = {37},
  publisher    = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  title        = {{An ecohydrological journey of 4500 years reveals a stable but threatened precipitation–groundwater recharge relation around Jerusalem}},
  doi          = {10.1126/sciadv.abe6303},
  volume       = {7},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{22452,
  abstract     = {Model fidelity and accuracy in process representations have been the crux of scientific hydrological modeling, creating a pressing need for a better linkage between the development of hydrological models and the growing number of data sources and measurement techniques. Improved representation of process dynamics in hydrological models can provide new insights into complex hydrological systems and point out less understood natural phenomena that need further investigation. This special issue includes contributions that offer potential solutions and strategies to improve and test the representation of hydrological processes. We have organized the special issue contributions into four topical categories: (a) Beyond streamflow, which looks into the power of complementary data sources in addition to traditionally used streamflow for process inference. (b) Challenge of subsurface hydrology, that reflects on lesser understood processes under the surface and their impact on the model structure. (c) Evaporation in hydrological modeling, linking ecological aspects to the hydrological functioning of the natural system. Finally, (d) top down vs. bottom up modeling approaches, relied upon for process representation analysis. The special issue and our reflection on the contributions present a snapshot of ongoing efforts for integrating new concepts, knowledge, and data in process representation in hydrological models.},
  author       = {Guse, Björn and Fatichi, Simone and Gharari, Shervan and Melsen, Lieke A.},
  issn         = {1944-7973},
  journal      = {Water Resources Research},
  number       = {11},
  publisher    = {American Geophysical Union},
  title        = {{Advancing process representation in hydrological models: Integrating new concepts, knowledge, and data}},
  doi          = {10.1029/2021wr030661},
  volume       = {57},
  year         = {2021},
}

@unpublished{10579,
  abstract     = {We consider a totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) consisting of particles on a lattice that require binding by a "token" to move. Using a combination of theory and simulations, we address the following questions: (i) How token binding kinetics affects the current-density relation; (ii) How the current-density relation depends on the scarcity of tokens; (iii) How tokens propagate the effects of the locally-imposed disorder (such a slow site) over the entire lattice; (iv) How a shared pool of tokens couples concurrent TASEPs running on multiple lattices; (v) How our results translate to TASEPs with open boundaries that exchange particles with the reservoir. Since real particle motion (including in systems that inspired the standard TASEP model, e.g., protein synthesis or movement of molecular motors) is often catalyzed, regulated, actuated, or otherwise mediated, the token-driven TASEP dynamics analyzed in this paper should allow for a better understanding of real systems and enable a closer match between TASEP theory and experimental observations.},
  author       = {Kavcic, Bor and Tkačik, Gašper},
  booktitle    = {arXiv},
  title        = {{Token-driven totally asymmetric simple exclusion process}},
  doi          = {10.48550/arXiv.2112.13558},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{22546,
  abstract     = {Increasing urban green spaces and canopy cover requires careful planning of irrigation strategies, especially in arid and semiarid areas. This study investigates how vegetation cover and irrigation affect the water balance and vegetation productivity of a small urban reserve in the Melbourne metropolitan area, Australia. Using a mechanistic ecohydrological model, a series of numerical experiments were carried out for the period 1999–2018, which included a prolonged drought. Results indicated that irrigation played an essential role in helping both trees and grass productivity by increasing soil moisture and vegetation water access during the drought. With 10% tree cover, grass benefitted more than trees by increasing irrigation, and trees coped well with drought even without additional water. However, trees strongly relied on irrigation to maintain productivity when tree cover increased, highlighting the need for a sustainable balance between increasing urban greening and water conservation. Differences in soil properties and rooting strategies were also found to strongly modify the need for irrigation and the competition for water. These results provide quantitative insights on how increasing tree cover and vegetation diversity may impact irrigation requirements, highlighting the key role of mechanistic numerical models to support urban planners in the evaluation and design of urban green spaces.},
  author       = {Marchionni, V. and Fatichi, Simone and Tapper, N. and Walker, J.P. and Manoli, G. and Daly, E.},
  issn         = {1872-6062},
  journal      = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  keywords     = {Urban green spaces, Remnant vegetation, Irrigation, Stormwater harvesting, Ecohydrological modeling},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Assessing vegetation response to irrigation strategies and soil properties in an urban reserve in southeast Australia}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104198},
  volume       = {215},
  year         = {2021},
}