@inproceedings{21611, abstract = {Scintillation represents a promising platform for exploring emission that is both nonequilibrium and nonreciprocal. In this work, we propose a nonreciprocal scintillator using a one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystal in the Voigt configuration.}, author = {Long, Olivia Y. and Pajovic, Simo and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Tsurimaki, Yoichiro and Rivera, Nicholas and Soljačić, Marin and Boriskina, Svetlana V. and Fan, Shanhui}, booktitle = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}, location = {Long Beach, CA, United States}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{Nonreciprocal scintillation using magnetophotonic crystals}}, doi = {10.1364/cleo_fs.2025.ff128_5}, year = {2025}, } @inproceedings{21612, abstract = {We propose and demonstrate an approach to measure the dynamics of quantum states generated inside optical nonlinear cavities. We measure the cavity squeezed vacuum state and observe the phase-sensitive amplification of the quantum vacuum state.}, author = {Choi, Seou and Salamin, Yannick and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Sloan, Jamison and Horodynski, Michael and Soljačić, Marin}, booktitle = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}, location = {Long Beach, CA, United States}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{Measuring the dynamics of quantum states generated inside optical nonlinear cavities}}, doi = {10.1364/cleo_fs.2025.ff139_2}, year = {2025}, } @inproceedings{21613, abstract = {We show that emitter arrays coupled to nonlinear waveguides can be used to engineer many-body Hamiltonians with interactions that grow with distance. We exemplify the resulting unitary adiabatic evolution and generation of decoherence-free excited states.}, author = {Karnieli, Aviv and Tziperman, Offek and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Poddubny, Alexander and Fan, Shanhui}, booktitle = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}, location = {Long Beach, CA, United States}, pages = {FF139_4}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{Engineerable many-body Hamiltonians in nonlinear waveguide quantum electrodynamics}}, doi = {10.1364/cleo_fs.2025.ff139_4}, year = {2025}, } @inproceedings{21614, abstract = {We show how the interplay between dissipation, optical nonlinearity, and non-Hermitian coupling enables non-reciprocal frequency conversion. The resulting robust chiral energy transport provides a new resource for precisely controlling energy flow in multimode systems.}, author = {Pontula, Sahil and Vaidya, Sachin and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Uddin, Shiekh Zia and Soljačić, Marin and Salamin, Yannick}, booktitle = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}, location = {Long Beach, CA, United States}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{Non-reciprocal nonlinear frequency conversion}}, doi = {10.1364/cleo_fs.2025.ff143_5}, year = {2025}, } @article{21641, abstract = {Spectral filters are widely used in sensing and communicating with light, such as for separating wavelength channels in communications or sensing the specific spectra of some object or material of interest. The filter function is, however, often fixed, and precise filtering can require precise manufacturing. We propose an approach to integrated optical spectral filtering that allows arbitrary programmability, can compensate automatically for imperfections in filter fabrication, allows multiple simultaneous and separately programmable filter functions on the same input, and can configure itself automatically to the problem of interest, for example, to filter or reject multiple arbitrarily chosen frequencies. The approach exploits splitting the input light into an array of multiple waveguides of different lengths that then feed a programmable interferometer array that can also self-configure. It can give a spectral response similar to arrayed waveguide gratings but offers many other filtering functions, as well as supporting other structures based on non-redundant arrays for precise spectral filtering. Simultaneous filtering also allows an automatic measurement of the temporal coherency matrix and physical separation into the Karhunen–Loève expansion of temporally partially coherent light fields. With this approach, a wide range of spectral operations can be controllably, automatically, and precisely performed by an integrated photonic device with simple programmability.}, author = {Miller, David A. B. and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Valdez, Carson G. and Kroo, Anne R. and Vlk, Marek and Fan, Shanhui and Solgaard, Olav}, issn = {2334-2536}, journal = {Optica}, number = {9}, pages = {1417--1426}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {{Universal programmable and self-configuring optical filter}}, doi = {10.1364/optica.557630}, volume = {12}, year = {2025}, } @unpublished{21644, abstract = {Observing non-classical properties of light is a long-standing interest to advance a wide range of quantum application from computing to metrology. Optical cavities are essential to generate and manipulate non-classical light. However, detecting changes in cavity properties induced by the quantum state remains a critical challenge in the optical domain due to the weak material nonlinearity, limiting our ability to observe quantum states generated in optical cavities. Here, we propose a framework for observing the dynamics of quantum states generated inside nonlinear optical cavities. We utilize symmetry-breaking to obtain high sensitivity to small perturbations introduced to the quantum state, resulting in an asymmetric equilibrium of a macroscopic observable. With a nonlinear response at the single photon level, our approach directly imprints the field distribution of the cavity quantum state onto the statistics of bistable cavity steady-states. We experimentally demonstrate our approach in a degenerate optical parametric oscillator, generating and reconstructing the quasi-probability distribution of different quantum states. As a validation, we reconstruct the Husimi Q function of the cavity squeezed vacuum state. In addition, we observe the evolution of the quantum vacuum state inside the cavity as it undergoes phase-sensitive amplification. By enabling generation and measurement of quantum states in a single nonlinear optical cavity, our method paves a way for studying exotic dynamics of quantum optical states in nonlinear driven-dissipative systems such as soliton generation and Kerr frequency combs.}, author = {Choi, Seou and Salamin, Yannick and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Sloan, Jamison and Horodynski, Michael and Soljačić, Marin}, booktitle = {Research Square}, title = {{Observing the dynamics of quantum states generated inside nonlinear optical cavities}}, doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-5619593/v1}, year = {2025}, } @misc{21668, abstract = {This artifact allows to review and reproduce the experiments from the paper *A Revised Practitioner's Guide to MDP Model Checking Algorithms*. The package contains all original logfiles and derived data used to generate the plots as in the paper. Furthermore, the artifact contains the model checking tools `Storm` and `mcsta` in the version exercised in the paper, the used Docker container, as well as benchmark instances and execution scripts to reproduce the experiments. See also the artifact of the conference paper: https://zenodo.org/records/7509474}, author = {Hartmanns, Arnd and Junges, Sebastian and Quatmann, Tim and Weininger, Maximilian}, publisher = {Zenodo}, title = {{Benchmark data for the revised practitioner's guide to MDP model checking algorithms}}, doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.14500423}, year = {2025}, } @unpublished{21693, abstract = {We propose an approach to integrated optical spectral filtering that allows arbitrary programmability, can compensate automatically for imperfections in filter fabrication, allows multiple simultaneous and separately programmable filter functions on the same input, and can configure itself automatically to the problem of interest, for example to filter or reject multiple arbitrarily chosen frequencies. The approach exploits splitting the input light into an array of multiple waveguides of different lengths that then feed a programmable interferometer array that can also self-configure. It can give spectral response similar to arrayed waveguide gratings but offers many other filtering functions, as well as supporting other structures based on non-redundant arrays for precise spectral filtering. Simultaneous filtering also allows, for the first time to our knowledge, an automatic measurement of the temporal coherency matrix and physical separation into the Karhunen-Loève expansion of temporally partially coherent light fields.}, author = {Miller, David A. B. and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Valdez, Carson G. and Kroo, Anne R. and Vlk, Marek and Fan, Shanhui and Solgaard, Olav}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Universal programmable and self-configuring optical filter}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2501.11811}, year = {2025}, } @unpublished{21694, abstract = {In X-ray tubes, more than 99% of the kilowatts of power supplied to generate X-rays via bremsstrahlung are lost in the form of heat generation in the anode. Therefore, thermal management is a critical barrier to the development of more powerful X-ray tubes with higher brightness and spatial coherence, which are needed to translate imaging modalities such as phase-contrast imaging to the clinic. In rotating anode X-ray tubes, the most common design, thermal radiation is a bottleneck that prevents efficient cooling of the anode$\unicode{x2014}$the hottest part of the device by far. We predict that nanophotonically patterning the anode of an X-ray tube enhances heat dissipation via thermal radiation, enabling it to operate at higher powers without increasing in temperature. The focal spot size, which is related to the spatial coherence of generated X-rays, can also be made smaller at a constant temperature. A major advantage of our "nanophotonic thermal management" approach is that in principle, it allows for complete control over the spectrum and direction of thermal radiation, which can lead to optimal thermal routing and improved performance.}, author = {Pajovic, Simo and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Choi, Seou and Kooi, Steven E. and Gupta, Rajiv and Zalis, Michael E. and Čelanović, Ivan and Soljačić, Marin}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Nanophotonic thermal management in X-ray tubes}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2503.20946}, year = {2025}, } @unpublished{21695, abstract = {Scattering experiments with energetic particles, such as free electrons, have been historically used to reveal the quantum structure of matter. However, realizing coherent interactions between free-electron beams and solid-state quantum systems has remained out of reach, owing to their intrinsically weak coupling. Realizing such coherent control would open up opportunities for hybrid quantum platforms combining free electrons and solid-state qubits for coincident quantum information processing and nanoscale sensing. Here, we present a framework that employs negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centers (NV-) in diamond as quantum sensors of a bunched electron beam. We develop a Lindblad master equation description of the magnetic free-electron--qubit interactions and identify spin relaxometry as a sensitive probe of the interaction. Experimentally, we integrate a confocal fluorescence microscopy setup into a microwave-bunched electron beam line. We monitor charge-state dynamics and assess their impact on key sensing performance metrics (such as spin readout contrast), defining safe operating parameters for quantum sensing experiments. By performing $T_1$ relaxometry under controlled electron beam exposure, we establish an upper bound on the free-electron--spin coupling strength. Our results establish NV- centers as quantitative probes of free electrons, providing a metrological benchmark for free-electron--qubit coupling under realistic conditions, and chart a route toward solid-state quantum control with electron beams.}, author = {Grzesik, Jakob M. and Catanzaro, Dominic and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Rosenthal, Eric I. and Stolpe, Guido L. van de and Karnieli, Aviv and Scuri, Giovanni and Biswas, Souvik and Leedle, Kenneth J. and Black, Dylan S. and Byer, Robert L. and Kaminer, Ido and England, R. Joel and Fan, Shanhui and Solgaard, Olav and Vučković, Jelena}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Quantum sensing of electron beams using solid-state spins}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2508.13112}, year = {2025}, } @unpublished{21696, abstract = {We demonstrate an integrated photonic circuit based on feed forward photonic meshes that can be programmed and reconfigured to perform arbitrary spectral filter functions. We investigate a subset of the available filter functions, demonstrating that a N = 4 input triangular mesh with M = 3 layers may be operated via self-configuration algorithms to filter M arbitrary wavelengths from a given input spectrum. The tunable nature of the architecture enables preconfigured filter functions to be swept in the spectral domain continuously over the free spectral range of the device. This removes any strict requirements between the design parameters of the architecture and the center wavelength of a desired filter function. With this architecture, we experimentally demonstrate arbitrary wavelength rejection filters with contrasts as deep as 40 dB. Further, by intentionally selecting the center wavelengths of each filter function to lie along a wavelength grid we demonstrate deep wavelength division demultiplexing (DWDM) with inter-channel crosstalk between -25 dB and -40 dB. Unlike typical DWDM systems, in this architecture the center wavelength of each channel is not fixed at fabrication and instead may be swept or reordered arbitrarily. This device demonstrates advantages over typical methods for DWDM, Raman spectroscopy, and correlation spectroscopy as well as other applications.}, author = {Valdez, Carson G. and Kroo, Anne R. and Vlk, Marek and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Fan, Shanhui and Miller, David A. B. and Solgaard, Olav}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Programmable optical filters based on feed-forward photonic meshes}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2509.12059}, year = {2025}, } @unpublished{21697, abstract = {Integrated multimode quantum optics is a promising platform for scalable continuous-variable quantum technologies leveraging multimode squeezing in both the spatial and spectral domains. However, on-chip measurement, routing and processing the relevant ``supermodes'' over which the squeezing resource is distributed still scales quadratically with the number of modes $N$, causing rapid increase in photonic circuit size and number of required measurements. Here, we introduce a variational scheme, relying on self-configuring photonic networks (SCN) that learns and extracts the most-squeezed supermodes sequentially, reducing both the circuit size and the experimental overhead. Using homodyne measurement as a cost function, a sparse SCN discovers the $l\ll N$ most significant supermodes using $O(lN)$ physical elements and optimization steps. We analyze and numerically simulate these architectures for both real-space and frequency-domain implementations, showing a fidelity close to unity between the learned circuit and the supermode decomposition, even in the presence of optical losses and detection noise. In the frequency domain, we show that circuit size can be further reduced by using inverse-designed surrogate networks, which emulate the layers learned thus far. Using two different frequency encoding schemes -- uniformly- and non-uniformly-spaced frequency bins -- we reduce an entire network (learning all $N$ supermodes) to $O(N)$ and even $O(1)$ modulated cavities. Our results point toward chip-scale, resource-efficient quantum processing units and demultiplexers for continuous variable processing in multimode quantum optics, with applications ranging from quantum communication, metrology, and computation.}, author = {Karnieli, Aviv and Mor, Paul-Alexis and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Lustig, Eran and Sloan, Jamison and Vučković, Jelena and Miller, David A. B. and Fan, Shanhui}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Variational processing of multimode squeezed light}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2509.16753}, year = {2025}, } @article{21706, abstract = {Consider a quadratic polynomial Q(ξ1, . . . , ξn) of independent Rademacher random variables ξ1, . . . , ξn. To what extent can Q(ξ1, . . . , ξn) concentrate on a single value? This quadratic version of the classical Littlewood–Offord problem was popularised by Costello, Tao and Vu in their study of symmetric random matrices. In this paper, we obtain an essentially optimal bound for this problem, as conjectured by Nguyen and Vu. Specifically, if Q(ξ1, . . . , ξn) ‘robustly depends on at least m of the ξi’ in the sense that there is no way to pin down the value of Q(ξ1, . . . , ξn) by fixing values for fewer than m of the variables ξi, then we have Pr[Q(ξ1, . . . , ξn) = 0] ≤ O(1/√m). This also implies a similar result in the case where ξ1, . . . , ξn have arbitrary distributions. Our proof combines a number of ideas that may be of independent interest, including an inductive decoupling scheme that reduces quadratic anticoncentration problems to high-dimensional linear anticoncentration problems. Also, one application of our main result is the resolution of a conjecture of Alon, Hefetz, Krivelevich and Tyomkyn related to graph inducibility. }, author = {Kwan, Matthew Alan and Sauermann, Lisa}, issn = {1570-5846}, journal = {Compositio Mathematica}, number = {12}, pages = {3089--3139}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{Resolution of the quadratic Littlewood–Offord problem}}, doi = {10.1112/S0010437X25102789}, volume = {161}, year = {2025}, } @article{21724, abstract = {The next generation of weak-gravitational-lensing surveys has the potential to place stringent constraints on cosmological parameters. However, their analysis is limited by systematics such as the intrinsic alignments of galaxies, which alter weak-lensing convergence and can lead to biases in cosmological parameter estimations. For the first time, in this work, we investigate the impact of intrinsic alignments on non-Gaussian statistics of the weak-lensing field using galaxy shapes derived from the IllustrisTNG hydrodynamical simulation. We create two catalogs of ray-traced convergence maps: one that includes the measured intrinsic shape of each galaxy and another where all galaxies are randomly rotated to eliminate intrinsic alignments. We compare a range of weak-lensing statistics between the two catalogs, including the shear–shear correlation function, the map-level angular power spectrum, one-point, peak count, and minimum distribution functions, and Minkowski functionals. For each statistic, we assess the level of statistical distinguishability between catalogs for a set of future survey angular areas. Our results reveal strong small-scale correlation in the alignment of galaxies and statistically significant boosts in weak-lensing convergence in both positive and negative directions for high-significance peaks and minima, respectively. We note that our analysis is at a fixed number density of ˜ 5 arcmin^-2, drawn from a single realization of initial conditions, and does not include observational uncertainties or supersample covariance contributions. Weak-lensing analyses utilizing non-Gaussian statistics must account for intrinsic alignments to avoid significantly compromised cosmological inferences.}, author = {Lee, Max E. and Haiman, Zoltán and Pandey, Shivam and Genel, Shy}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {1}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, title = {{The effect of intrinsic alignments on weak-lensing statistics in hydrodynamical simulations}}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae1ca7}, volume = {996}, year = {2025}, } @article{21727, abstract = {We present a comprehensive analysis of the MIRI Extremely Red Object Virgil, a Lyα emitter at zspec = 6.6379 ± 0.0035 with the photometric properties of a Little Red Dot. Leveraging new JWST/MIRI imaging from the MIDIS and PAHSPECS programs, we confirm Virgil’s extraordinary nature among galaxies in JADES/GOODS-South, exhibiting a strikingly red NIRCam-to-MIRI color (F444W–F1500W = 2.84 ± 0.04 mag). Deep NIRSpec/PRISM spectroscopy from the OASIS program offers key insights into the host galaxy, revealing properties of an average star-forming galaxy during Cosmic Reionization, such as a subsolar metallicity, low-to-moderate dust content, and a relatively high ionization parameter and electron temperature. By estimating the star formation rate of Virgil from UV and Hα, we find evidence that the galaxy is either entering or fading out of a bursty episode. Although line-ratio diagnostics employed at high z would classify Virgil as an active galactic nucleus (AGN), this classification becomes ambiguous once redshift evolution is considered. Nonetheless, Virgil occupies the same parameter space as recently confirmed AGNs at similar redshifts. The new deep MIRI data at 15 μm reinforce the AGN nature of Virgil, as inferred from multiple spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting codes. Virgil’s rising infrared SED and UV excess resemble those of Dust-Obscured Galaxies (DOGs) studied with Spitzer at Cosmic Noon, particularly blue-excess HotDOGs. Our results highlight the need for a multiwavelength approach incorporating MIRI to uncover such extreme sources at z ≳ 6 and to shed light on the interplay between galaxy evolution and early black hole growth during Cosmic Reionization.}, author = {Rinaldi, Pierluigi and Pérez-González, Pablo G. and Rieke, George H. and Lyu, Jianwei and D’Eugenio, Francesco and Wu, Zihao and Carniani, Stefano and Looser, Tobias J. and Shivaei, Irene and Boogaard, Leindert A. and Diaz-Santos, Tanio and Colina, Luis and Östlin, Göran and Alberts, Stacey and Álvarez-Márquez, Javier and Annuziatella, Marianna and Aravena, Manuel and Bhatawdekar, Rachana and Bunker, Andrew J. and Caputi, Karina I. and Charlot, Stéphane and Crespo Gómez, Alejandro and Curti, Mirko and Eckart, Andreas and Gillman, Steven and Hainline, Kevin and Kumari, Nimisha and Hjorth, Jens and Iani, Edoardo and Inami, Hanae and Ji, Zhiyuan and Johnson, Benjamin D. and Jones, Gareth C. and Labiano, Álvaro and Maiolino, Roberto and Melinder, Jens and Moutard, Thibaud and Peissker, Florian and Rieke, Marcia and Robertson, Brant and Scholtz, Jan and Tacchella, Sandro and Van Der Werf, Paul P. and Walter, Fabian and Williams, Christina C. and Willott, Chris and Witstok, Joris and Übler, Hannah and Zhu, Yongda}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {1}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, title = {{Deciphering the nature of Virgil: An obscured active galactic nucleus lurking within an apparently normal Lyα emitter during cosmic reionization}}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae089c}, volume = {994}, year = {2025}, } @article{21768, abstract = {Let F∈Z[x1,…,xn] be a homogeneous form of degree d≥2, and V∗F the singular locus of the hypersurface {x∈AnC:F(x)=0}. A longstanding result of Birch states that there is a non-trivial integral solution to the equation F(x1,…,xn)=0 provided n>dimV∗F+(d−1)2d, and there is a non-singular solution in R and Qp for all primes p. We give a different formulation of this result. More precisely, we replace dimV∗F with a quantity HF defined in terms of the Hessian matrix of F. This quantity satisfies 0≤HF≤dimV∗F; therefore, we improve on the aforementioned result of Birch if HF}, author = {Ignatyev, Yuri and Papadopoulos, Stavros and Soretić, Mateja and Yeung, Jake and Lin, Tzi-Yang and Tanaka, Elly M and Peshkin, Leonid and Levine, Ariel J and Gabitto, Mariano I and Sweeney, Lora Beatrice Jaeger}, booktitle = {bioRxiv}, title = {{Innovations in spinal cord cell type heterogeneity across vertebrate evolution}}, doi = {10.1101/2025.10.09.680955}, year = {2025}, }