@article{19018, abstract = {The online semi-random graph process is a one-player game which starts with the empty graph on n vertices. At every round, a player (called Builder) is presented with a vertex v chosen uniformly at random and independently from previous rounds, and constructs an edge of their choice that is incident to v. Inspired by recent advances on the semi-random graph process, we define a family of generalized online semi-random models. We analyse a particular instance that shares similar features with the original semi-random graph process and determine the hitting times of the classical graph properties minimum degree k,k-connectivity, containment of a perfect matching, a Hamiltonian cycle and an H-factor for a fixed graph H possessing an additional tree-like property. Along the way, we derive a few consequences of the famous Aldous-Broder algorithm that may be of independent interest.}, author = {Burova, Sofiya and Lichev, Lyuben}, issn = {0195-6698}, journal = {European Journal of Combinatorics}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{The semi-random tree process}}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejc.2025.104120}, volume = {126}, year = {2025}, } @article{19023, abstract = {Alcohol consumption is an important risk factor for multiple diseases. It is typically assessed via self-report, which is open to measurement error through recall bias. Instead, molecular data such as blood-based DNA methylation (DNAm) could be used to derive a more objective measure of alcohol consumption by incorporating information from cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites known to be linked to the trait. Here, we explore the epigenetic architecture of self-reported weekly units of alcohol consumption in the Generation Scotland study. We first create a blood-based epigenetic score (EpiScore) of alcohol consumption using elastic net penalized linear regression. We explore the effect of pre-filtering for CpG features ahead of elastic net, as well as differential patterns by sex and by units consumed in the last week relative to an average week. The final EpiScore was trained on 16,717 individuals and tested in four external cohorts: the Lothian Birth Cohorts (LBC) of 1921 and 1936, the Sister Study, and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (total N across studies > 10,000). The maximum Pearson correlation between the EpiScore and self-reported alcohol consumption within cohort ranged from 0.41 to 0.53. In LBC1936, higher EpiScore levels had significant associations with poorer global brain imaging metrics, whereas self-reported alcohol consumption did not. Finally, we identified two novel CpG loci via a Bayesian penalized regression epigenome-wide association study of alcohol consumption. Together, these findings show how DNAm can objectively characterize patterns of alcohol consumption that associate with brain health, unlike self-reported estimates.}, author = {Bernabeu, Elena and Chybowska, Aleksandra D. and Kresovich, Jacob K. and Suderman, Matthew and Mccartney, Daniel L. and Hillary, Robert F. and Corley, Janie and Valdés-Hernández, Maria Del C. and Maniega, Susana Muñoz and Bastin, Mark E. and Wardlaw, Joanna M. and Xu, Zongli and Sandler, Dale P. and Campbell, Archie and Harris, Sarah E. and Mcintosh, Andrew M. and Taylor, Jack A. and Yousefi, Paul and Cox, Simon R. and Evans, Kathryn L. and Robinson, Matthew Richard and Vallejos, Catalina A. and Marioni, Riccardo E.}, issn = {1868-7083}, journal = {Clinical Epigenetics}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Blood-based epigenome-wide association study and prediction of alcohol consumption}}, doi = {10.1186/s13148-025-01818-y}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, } @article{19024, abstract = {Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs), phase-separating solutions of water soluble but mutually immiscible molecular species, offer fascinating prospects for selective partitioning, purification, and extraction. Here, we formulate a general Brownian dynamics based coarse-grained simulation model for an ATPS of two water soluble but mutually immiscible polymer species. Including additional solute species into the model is straightforward, which enables capturing the assembly and partitioning response of, e.g., nanoparticles (NPs), additional macromolecular species, or impurities in the ATPS. We demonstrate that the simulation model captures satisfactorily the phase separation, partitioning, and interfacial properties of an actual ATPS using a model ATPS in which a polymer mixture of dextran and polyethylene glycol (PEG) phase separates, and magnetic NPs selectively partition into one of the two polymeric phases. Phase separation and NP partitioning are characterized both via the computational model and experimentally, under different conditions. The simulation model captures the trends observed in the experimental system and quantitatively links the partitioning behavior to the component species interactions. Finally, the simulation model reveals that the ATPS interface fluctuations in systems with magnetic NPs as a partitioned species can be controlled by the magnetic field at length scales much smaller than those probed experimentally to date.}, author = {Scacchi, Alberto and Rigoni, Carlo and Haataja, Mikko and Timonen, Jaakko V.I. and Sammalkorpi, Maria}, issn = {1095-7103}, journal = {Journal of Colloid and Interface Science}, pages = {1135--1146}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{A coarse-grained model for aqueous two-phase systems: Application to ferrofluids}}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2025.01.256}, volume = {686}, year = {2025}, } @article{19025, abstract = {A complete understanding of the central stars of planetary nebulae (CSPNe) remains elusive. Over the past several decades, time-series photometry of CSPNe has yielded significant results including, but not limited to, discoveries of nearly 100 binary systems, insights into pulsations and winds in young white dwarfs, and studies of stars undergoing very late thermal pulses. We have undertaken a systematic study of optical photometric variability of cataloged CSPNe, using the light curves from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). By applying appropriate variability metrics, we arrive at a list of 94 highly variable CSPN candidates. Based on the timescales of the light-curve activity, we classify the variables broadly into short- and long-timescale variables. In this first paper in this series, we focus on the former, which is the majority class comprising 83 objects. We report periods for six sources for the first time, and recover several known periodic variables. Among the aperiodic sources, most exhibit a jitter around a median flux with a stable amplitude, and a few show outbursts. We draw attention to WeSb 1, which shows a different kind of variability: prominent deep and aperiodic dips, resembling transits from a dust/debris disk. We find strong evidence for a binary nature of WeSb 1 (possibly an F-type subgiant companion). The compactness of the emission lines and inferred high electron densities make WeSb 1 a candidate for either an EGB 6-type planetary nucleus, or a symbiotic system inside an evolved planetary nebula, both of which are rare objects. To demonstrate further promise with ZTF, we report three additional newly identified periodic sources that do not appear in the list of highly variable sources. Finally, we also introduce a two-dimensional metric space defined by the von Neumann statistics and Pearson Skew and demonstrate its effectiveness in identifying unique variables of astrophysical interest, like WeSb 1.}, author = {Bhattacharjee, Soumyadeep and Kulkarni, S. R. and Kong, Albert K.H. and Tam, M. S. and Bond, Howard E. and El-Badry, Kareem and Caiazzo, Ilaria and Chornay, Nicholas and Graham, Matthew J. and Rodriguez, Antonio C. and Zeimann, Gregory R. and Fremling, Christoffer and Drake, Andrew J. and Werner, Klaus and Rodriguez, Hector and Prince, Thomas A. and Laher, Russ R. and Chen, Tracy X. and Riddle, Reed}, issn = {0004-6280}, journal = {Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific}, number = {2}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, title = {{Variability of central stars of planetary nebulae with the zwicky transient facility. I. Methods, short-timescale variables, and the unusual nucleus of WeSb 1}}, doi = {10.1088/1538-3873/ada702}, volume = {137}, year = {2025}, } @article{19026, abstract = {The back-action damping of mechanical motion by electromagnetic radiation is typically overwhelmed by internal loss channels unless demanding experimental ingredients such as superconducting resonators, high-quality optical cavities, or large magnetic fields are employed. Here we demonstrate the first room temperature, cavity-free, all-electric device where back-action damping exceeds internal loss, enabled by a mechanically compliant parallel-plate capacitor with a nanoscale plate separation and an aspect ratio exceeding 1,000. The device has 4 orders of magnitude lower insertion loss than a comparable commercial quartz crystal and achieves a position imprecision rivaling optical interferometers. With the help of a back-action isolation scheme, we observe radiative cooling of mechanical motion by a remote cryogenic load. This work provides a technologically accessible route to high-precision sensing, transduction, and signal processing.}, author = {Puglia, Denise and Odessey, Rachel H and Burns, Peter and Luhmann, Niklas and Schmid, Silvan and Higginbotham, Andrew P}, issn = {1530-6992}, journal = {Nano Letters}, number = {7}, pages = {2749--2755}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Room temperature, cavity-free capacitive strong coupling to mechanical motion}}, doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c05796}, volume = {25}, year = {2025}, } @article{19027, abstract = {Stochastic PDEs of fluctuating hydrodynamics are a powerful tool for the description of fluctuations in many-particle systems. In this paper, we develop and analyze a multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) scheme for the Dean–Kawasaki equation, a pivotal representative of this class of SPDEs. We prove analytically and demonstrate numerically that our MLMC scheme provides a significant reduction in computational cost (with respect to a standard Monte Carlo method) in the simulation of the Dean–Kawasaki equation. Specifically, we link this reduction in cost to having a sufficiently large average particle density and show that sizeable cost reductions can be obtained even when we have solutions with regions of low density. Numerical simulations are provided in the two-dimensional case, confirming our theoretical predictions. Our results are formulated entirely in terms of the law of distributions rather than in terms of strong spatial norms: this crucially allows for MLMC speed-ups altogether despite the Dean–Kawasaki equation being highly singular.}, author = {Cornalba, Federico and Fischer, Julian L}, issn = {1095-7170}, journal = {SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis}, number = {1}, pages = {262--287}, publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics}, title = {{Multilevel Monte Carlo methods for the Dean–Kawasaki equation from fluctuating hydrodynamics}}, doi = {10.1137/23M1617345}, volume = {63}, year = {2025}, } @misc{19033, abstract = {This data set contains the simulation input files, scripts, and figures data belonging to the publication Alberto Scacchi, Carlo Rigoni, Mikko P. Haataja, Jakko V. I. Timonen, and Maria Sammalkorpi, "A Coarse-grained Model for Aqueous Two-phase Systems: Application to Ferrofluids", Journal of Colloids and Interface Science (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.01.256.}, author = {Scacchi, Alberto}, publisher = {Fairdata}, title = {{2025_SCACCHI_JCIS}}, doi = {10.23729/4fb80194-cdb2-4f49-94f4-f8a87b8e29c1}, year = {2025}, } @article{19035, abstract = {Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) are widely recognized as playing a significant role in turbulence dynamics since they can control the transport of mass, momentum or heat. However, the methods used to identify these structures are often based on ambiguous definitions and arbitrary thresholding. While LCSs theory provides precise and frame-indifferent mathematical definitions of coherent structures, some of the commonly used extraction algorithms employed in the literature are still case-specific and involve user-defined parameters. In this study, we present a new, unsupervised extraction algorithm that enables the extraction of rotational LCSs based on Lagrangian average vorticity deviation from an arbitrary 3D velocity field. The algorithm utilizes two alternative methods for the identification of the LCS core (ridge): an unsupervised clustering method and a streamline-based method. In a subsequent step, the ridge curve is parametrized through a pruning procedure of minimum spanning tree graphs. To assess the effectiveness of the algorithm, we test it on two cases: (i) direct numerical simulations of forced homogeneous and isotropic turbulence and (ii) three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry experiments of a turbulent gravity current.}, author = {Neamtu-Halic, Marius M. and Brizzolara, Stefano and Haller, George and Holzner, Markus}, issn = {0045-7930}, journal = {Computers & Fluids}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Unsupervised extraction of rotational Lagrangian coherent structures}}, doi = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2025.106558}, volume = {290}, year = {2025}, } @article{19036, abstract = {Neuronal processing of external sensory input is shaped by internally generated top–down information. In the neocortex, top–down projections primarily target layer 1, which contains NDNF (neuron-derived neurotrophic factor)-expressing interneurons and the dendrites of pyramidal cells. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that NDNF interneurons shape cortical computations in an unconventional, layer-specific way, by exerting presynaptic inhibition on synapses in layer 1 while leaving synapses in deeper layers unaffected. We first confirm experimentally that in the auditory cortex, synapses from somatostatin-expressing (SOM) onto NDNF neurons are indeed modulated by ambient Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Shifting to a computational model, we then show that this mechanism introduces a distinct mutual inhibition motif between NDNF interneurons and the synaptic outputs of SOM interneurons. This motif can control inhibition in a layer-specific way and introduces competition between NDNF and SOM interneurons for dendritic inhibition onto pyramidal cells on different timescales. NDNF interneurons can thereby control cortical information flow by redistributing dendritic inhibition from fast to slow timescales and by gating different sources of dendritic inhibition.}, author = {Naumann, Laura B and Hertäg, Loreen and Müller, Jennifer and Letzkus, Johannes J. and Sprekeler, Henning}, issn = {1091-6490}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {4}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, title = {{Layer-specific control of inhibition by NDNF interneurons}}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2408966122}, volume = {122}, year = {2025}, } @article{19037, abstract = {We present a novel, portable sensor platform that enables concurrent monitoring of surface mass and charge density variations at thin biointerfaces. This platform combines a coplanar-gated field-effect transistor (FET) architecture with grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance (SPR), yielding an integrated disposable sensor chip prepared by nanoimprint and maskless photolithography techniques. The sensor chip design is suitable for scalable production and relies on reduced graphene oxide (rGO), serving as the FET’s semiconductor material for the electronic readout, and a metallic gate electrode surface that is corrugated with a multi-diffractive structure for optical probing with resonantly excited surface plasmons. Together with its integration in a compact instrumentation this results in a form factor optimized solution for dual-mode investigations without compromising the optical or electronic sensor performance. A poly-L-lysine (PLL) – based thin linker layer was deployed at the sensor surface to covalently attach azide-conjugated biomolecules by using incorporated “clickable” dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) moieties. Interestingly, the dual-mode measurements allow elucidating the role of the globular nature of the PLL chains when increasing the density of DBCO attached to their backbone, leading to PLL folding and internalization of DBCO moieties, and thus reducing the coupling yield for the used DNA oligomers. We envision that this platform can be employed to studying a range of other biointerface architectures and biomolecular interaction phenomena, which are inherently tied to mass and charge density variations.}, author = {Hasler, Roger and Livio, Pietro A. and Bozdogan, Anil and Fossati, Stefan and Hageneder, Simone and Montes-García, Verónica and Movilli, Jacopo and Moazzenzade, Taghi and Loohuis, Luna and Reiner-Rozman, Ciril and Tamayo, Adrián and Fiedler, Christine and Ibáñez, Maria and Kleber, Christoph and Huskens, Jurriaan and Dostalek, Jakub and Samorì, Paolo and Knoll, Wolfgang}, issn = {1558-1748}, journal = {IEEE Sensors Journal}, number = {7}, pages = {10521--10529}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{Dual electronic and optical monitoring of biointerfaces by a grating-structured coplanar-gated field-effect transistor}}, doi = {10.1109/jsen.2025.3533113}, volume = {25}, year = {2025}, } @inproceedings{19038, abstract = {Differentially private weighted prefix sum under continual observation is a crucial component in the production-level deployment of private next-word prediction for Gboard, which, according to Google, has over a billion users. More specifically, Google uses a differentially private mechanism to sum weighted gradients in its private follow-the-regularized leader algorithm. Apart from efficiency, the additive error of the private mechanism is crucial as multiplied with the square root of the model’s dimension d (with d ranging up to 10 trillion, for example, Switch Transformers or M6-10T), it determines the accuracy of the learning system. So, any improvement in leading constant matters significantly in practice. In this paper, we show a novel connection between mechanisms for continual weighted prefix sum and a concept in representation theory known as the group matrix introduced in correspondence between Dedekind and Frobenius (Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1897) and generalized by Schur (Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 1904). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of group algebra in the analysis of differentially private algorithms. Using this connection, we analyze a class of matrix norms known as factorization norms that give upper and lower bounds for the additive error under general ℓp-norms of the matrix mechanism. This allows us to give 1. the first efficient factorization that matches the best-known non-constructive upper bound on the factorization norm by Mathias (SIAM Journal of Matrix Analysis and Applications, 1993) for the matrix used in Google’s deployment, and also improves on the previous best-known constructive bound of Fichtenberger, Henzinger, and Upadhyay (ICML 2023) and Henzinger, Upadhyay, and Upadhyay (SODA 2023); thereby, partially resolving an open question in operator theory, 2. the first upper bound on the additive error for a large class of weight functions for weighted prefix sum problems, including the sliding window matrix (Bolot, Fawaz, Muthukrishnan, Nikolov, and Taft (ICDT 2013). We also improve the bound on factorizing the striped matrix used for outputting a synthetic graph that approximates all cuts (Fichtenberger, Henzinger, and Upadhyay (ICML 2023)); 3. a general improved upper bound on the factorization norms that depend on algebraic properties of the weighted sum matrices and that applies to a more general class of weighting functions than the ones considered in Henzinger, Upadhyay, and Upadhyay (SODA 2024). Using the known connection between these factorization norms and the ℓp-error of continual weighted sum, we give an upper bound on the ℓp-error for the continual weighted sum problem for p ≥ 2.}, author = {Henzinger, Monika H and Upadhyay, Jalaj}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2025 Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms}, isbn = {979-833131200-8}, issn = {1071-9040}, location = {New Orleans, LA, United States}, pages = {2951 -- 2970}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {{Improved differentially private continual observation using group algebra}}, doi = {10.1137/1.9781611978322.95}, volume = {5}, year = {2025}, } @article{19039, abstract = {We consider fluctuations of the largest eigenvalues of the random matrix model A + UBU∗ where A and B are N × N deterministic Hermitian (or symmetric) matrices and U is a Haar-distributed unitary (or orthogonal) matrix. We prove that the largest eigenvalue weakly converges to the GUE (or GOE) Tracy–Widom distribution, under mild assumptions on A and B to guarantee that the density of states of the model decays as square root around the upper edge. Our proof is based on the comparison of the Green function along the Dyson Brownian motion starting from the matrix A + UBU∗ and ending at time N−1/3+o(1). As a byproduct of our proof, we also prove an optimal local law for the Dyson Brownian motion up to the constant time scale.}, author = {Ji, Hong Chang and Park, Jaewhi}, issn = {0091-1798}, journal = {The Annals of Probability}, number = {1}, pages = {239 -- 298}, publisher = {Institute of Mathematical Statistics}, title = {{Tracy-Widom limit for free sum of random matrices}}, doi = {10.1214/24-aop1705}, volume = {53}, year = {2025}, } @article{19054, abstract = {This work concerns asymptotical stabilisation phenomena occurring in the moduli space of sections of certain algebraic families over a smooth projective curve, whenever the generic fibre of the family is a smooth projective Fano variety, or not far from being Fano. We describe the expected behaviour of the class, in a ring of motivic integration, of the moduli space of sections of given numerical class. Up to an adequate normalisation, it should converge, when the class of the sections goes arbitrarily far from the boundary of the dual of the effective cone, to an effective element given by a motivic Euler product. Such a principle can be seen as an analogue for rational curves of the Batyrev-Manin-Peyre principle for rational points. The central tool of this article is the property of equidistribution of curves. We show that this notion does not depend on the choice of a model of the generic fibre, and that equidistribution of curves holds for smooth projective split toric varieties. As an application, we study the Batyrev-Manin-Peyre principle for curves on a certain kind of twisted products.}, author = {Faisant, Loïs}, issn = {1944-7833}, journal = {Algebra & Number Theory}, pages = {883--965}, publisher = {Mathematical Sciences Publishers}, title = {{Motivic distribution of rational curves and twisted products of toric varieties}}, doi = {10.2140/ant.2025.19.883}, volume = {19}, year = {2025}, } @unpublished{19055, abstract = {Using the formalism of Cox rings and universal torsors, we prove a decomposition of the Grothendieck motive of the moduli space of morphisms from an arbitrary smooth projective curve to a Mori Dream Space (MDS). For the simplest cases of MDS, that of toric varieties, we use this decomposition to prove an instance of the motivic Batyrev--Manin--Peyre principle for curves satisfying tangency conditions with respect to the boundary divisors, often called Campana curves.}, author = {Faisant, Loïs}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Motivic counting of rational curves with tangency conditions via universal torsors}}, doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2502.11704}, year = {2025}, } @article{19065, abstract = {The identification of the parameters of a neural network from finite samples of input-output pairs is often referred to as the teacher-student model, and this model has represented a popular framework for understanding training and generalization. Even if the problem is NP-complete in the worst case, a rapidly growing literature – after adding suitable distributional assumptions – has established finite sample identification of two-layer networks with a number of neurons (math. formula), D being the input dimension. For the range (math. formula) the problem becomes harder, and truly little is known for networks parametrized by biases as well. This paper fills the gap by providing efficient algorithms and rigorous theoretical guarantees of finite sample identification for such wider shallow networks with biases. Our approach is based on a two-step pipeline: first, we recover the direction of the weights, by exploiting second order information; next, we identify the signs by suitable algebraic evaluations, and we recover the biases by empirical risk minimization via gradient descent. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.}, author = {Fornasier, Massimo and Klock, Timo and Mondelli, Marco and Rauchensteiner, Michael}, issn = {1096-603X}, journal = {Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Efficient identification of wide shallow neural networks with biases}}, doi = {10.1016/j.acha.2025.101749}, volume = {77}, year = {2025}, } @article{19066, abstract = {We present a sample of 1956 individual stellar clumps at redshift 0.7 < z < 10, detected with JWST/NIRCam in 476 galaxies lensed by the galaxy cluster Abell2744. The lensed clumps present magnifications ranging between μ = 1.8 and μ = 300. We perform simultaneous size-photometry estimates in 20 JWST/NIRCam median and broad-band filters from 0.7 to 5 μm. Spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting analyses enable us to recover the physical properties of the clumps. The majority of the clumps are spatially resolved and have effective radii in the range Reff = 10–700 pc. We restrict this first study to the 1751 post-reionization era clumps with redshift < 5.5. We find a significant evolution of the average clump ages, star formation rates (SFRs), SFR surface densities, and metallicity with increasing redshift, while median stellar mass and stellar mass surface densities are similar in the probed redshift range. We observe a strong correlation between the clump properties and the properties of their host galaxies, with more massive galaxies hosting more massive and older clumps. We find that clumps closer to their host galactic centre are on average more massive, while their ages do not show clear sign of migration. We find that clumps at cosmic noon sample the upper-mass end of the mass function to higher masses than at z > 3, reflecting the rapid increase towards the peak of the cosmic star formation history. We conclude that the results achieved over the studied redshift range are in agreement with expectation of in situ clump formation scenario from large-scale disc fragmentation. }, author = {Claeyssens, Adélaïde and Adamo, Angela and Messa, Matteo and Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava and Richard, Johan and Kramarenko, Ivan and Matthee, Jorryt J and Naidu, Rohan P.}, issn = {1365-2966}, journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society}, number = {3}, pages = {2535--2558}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{Tracing star formation across cosmic time at tens of parsec-scales in the lensing cluster field Abell 2744}}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/staf058}, volume = {537}, year = {2025}, } @article{19067, abstract = {Modern experimental methods enable the creation of self-assembly building blocks with tunable interactions, but optimally exploiting this tunability for the self-assembly of desired structures remains an important challenge. Many studies of this inverse problem start with the so-called fully addressable limit, where every particle in a target structure is different. This leads to clear design principles that often result in high assembly yield, but it is not a scalable approach—at some point, one must grapple with “reusing” building blocks, which lowers the degree of addressability and may cause a multitude of off-target structures to form, complicating the design process. Here, we solve a key obstacle preventing robust inverse design in the “semiaddressable regime” by developing a highly efficient algorithm that enumerates all structures that can be formed from a given set of building blocks. By combining this with established partition-function-based yield calculations, we show that it is almost always possible to find economical semiaddressable designs where the entropic gain from reusing building blocks outweighs the presence of off-target structures and even increases the yield of the target. Thus, not only does our enumeration algorithm enable robust and scalable inverse design in the semiaddressable regime, our results demonstrate that it is possible to operate in this regime while maintaining the level of control often associated with full addressability.}, author = {Hübl, Maximilian and Goodrich, Carl Peter}, issn = {1079-7114}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, number = {5}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Accessing semiaddressable self-assembly with efficient structure enumeration}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.058204}, volume = {134}, year = {2025}, } @article{19068, abstract = {Whether or not the neuron emits a spike in response to stimulation by an excitatory current pulse is determined by a strength-duration curve (SDC) for the pulse parameters. The SDC is a dependence of the minimal pulse amplitude required to elicit the spiking response on either the pulse duration or its decay time. Excitatory neurons affect the others through pulses of excitatory postsynaptic current. A simple yet plausible approximation for the time course of such a pulse is the alpha function, with linear rise at the start and exponential decay at the end. However, an exact analytical SDC for this case is hitherto not known, even for the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron, the simplest spiking neuron model used in practice. We have obtained general SDC equations for the LIF neuron. Using the Lambert W function — a widely-implemented special function, we have found the exact analytical SDC for the spiking response of the LIF neuron stimulated by an excitatory current pulse in the form of the alpha function. To compare results in a unified way, we have also derived the analytical SDCs for (i) rectangular pulse, (ii) ascending ramp pulse, and (iii) instantly rising and exponentially decaying pulse. In the limit of no leakage, we show that the SDC is reduced to the classical hyperbola for all considered cases.}, author = {Paraskevov, Alexander}, issn = {2590-0374}, journal = {Results in Applied Mathematics}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Analytical strength-duration curve for the spiking response of the LIF neuron to an alpha-function-shaped excitatory current pulse}}, doi = {10.1016/j.rinam.2025.100548}, volume = {25}, year = {2025}, } @article{19069, abstract = {Context. The hydrogen Lyman-alpha (Lyα) line, the brightest rest-frame ultraviolet line of high-redshift galaxies, exhibits a large variety of shapes, which is due to factors at different scales, from the interstellar medium to the intergalactic medium (IGM). Aims. The aim of this work is to provide a systematic inventory and classification of the spectral shapes of Lyα emission lines to better understand the general population of high-redshift Lyα emitting galaxies (LAEs). Methods. Using the unprecedentedly deep data from the MUSE eXtremely Deep Field (MXDF; up to 140 hour exposure time), we selected 477 galaxies observed in the ∼2.8−6.6 redshift range, 15 of which have a systemic redshift from nebular lines. We developed a method to classify Lyα emission lines in four spectral and three spatial categories by combining a pure spectral analysis with a narrow-band image analysis. We measured spectral properties, such as the peak separation and the blue-to-total flux ratio for the double-peaked galaxies. Results. To ensure a robust sample for statistical analysis, we define two unbiased subsets, inclusive and restrictive, by applying thresholds for signal-to-noise ratio, peak separation, and Lyα luminosity, yielding a final unbiased sample of 206 galaxies. Our analysis reveals that between 32% and 51% of the galaxies exhibit double-peaked profiles, with peak separations ranging from 150 km s−1 to nearly 1600 km s−1. The fraction of double-peaked galaxies seems to evolve dependently with the Lyα luminosity, while we do not see a severe decrease in this fraction with redshift, which is expected given the IGM attenuation at high redshift. An artificial increase in the number of double-peaked galaxies at the highest redshifts may cause the observation of a plateau instead of a decrease. A notable number of these double-peaked profiles show blue-dominated spectra, suggesting unique gas dynamics and inflow characteristics in some high-redshift galaxies. The consequent fraction of blue-dominated spectra needs to be confirmed by obtaining new systemic redshift measurements. Among the double-peaked galaxies, 4% are spurious detections, that is, the blue and red peaks do not come from the same spatial location. Around 20% out of the 477 sources of the parent sample lie in a complex environment, meaning there are other clumps or galaxies at the same redshift within a distance of 30 kpc. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the double-peaked LAE fraction may trace the evolution of IGM attenuation, but the faintest galaxies must be observed at high redshift. We also need more data to confirm the trend seen at low redshift. In addition, it is crucial to obtain secure systemic redshifts for LAEs to better constrain the nature of the Lyα double-peaked lines. Statistical samples of double-peaked and triple-peaked galaxies are a promising probe of the evolution of the physical properties of galaxies across cosmic time.}, author = {Vitte, Eloïse and Verhamme, Anne and Hibon, Pascale and Leclercq, Floriane and Alcalde Pampliega, Belén and Kerutt, Josephine and Kusakabe, Haruka and Matthee, Jorryt J and Guo, Yucheng and Bacon, Roland and Maseda, Michael and Richard, Johan and Pharo, John and Schaye, Joop and Boogaard, Leindert and Nanayakkara, Themiya and Contini, Thierry}, issn = {1432-0746}, journal = {Astronomy & Astrophysics}, publisher = {EDP Sciences}, title = {{The MUSE eXtremely Deep Field: Classifying the spectral shapes of Ly α -emitting galaxies}}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/202450426}, volume = {694}, year = {2025}, } @article{19070, abstract = {Context. Recent observations suggest a significant and rapid buildup of dust in galaxies at high redshift (z > 4); this presents new challenges to our understanding of galaxy formation in the early Universe. Although our understanding of the physics of dust production and destruction in a galaxy’s interstellar medium (ISM) is improving, investigating the baryonic processes in the early universe remains a complex task owing to the inherent degeneracies in cosmological simulations and chemical evolution models. Aims. In this work we characterized the evolution of 98 z ∼ 5 star-forming galaxies observed as part of the ALMA Large Program ALPINE by constraining the physical processes underpinning the gas and dust production, consumption, and destruction in their ISM. Methods. We made use of chemical evolution models to simultaneously reproduce the observed dust and gas content of our galaxies, obtained respectively from spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting and ionized carbon measurements. For each galaxy we constrained the initial gas mass, gas inflows and outflows, and efficiencies of dust growth and destruction. We tested these models with both the canonical Chabrier and a top-heavy initial mass function (IMF); the latter allowed rapid dust production on shorter timescales. Results. We successfully reproduced the gas and dust content in most of the older galaxies (≳600 Myr) regardless of the assumed IMF, predicting dust production primarily through Type II supernovae (SNe) and no dust growth in the ISM, as well as moderate inflow of primordial gas. In the case of intermediate-age galaxies (300−600 Myr), we reproduced the gas and dust content through Type II SNe and dust growth in ISM, though we observed an overprediction of dust mass in older galaxies, potentially indicating an unaccounted dust destruction mechanism and/or an overestimation of the observed dust masses. The number of young galaxies (≲300 Myr) reproduced, increases for models assuming top-heavy IMF but with maximal prescriptions of dust production. Galactic outflows are required (up to a mass-loading factor of 2) to reproduce the observed gas and dust mass, and to recover the decreasing trend of gas and dust over stellar mass with age. Assuming the Chabrier IMF, models are able to reproduce ∼65% of the total sample, while with top-heavy IMF the fraction increases to ∼93%, alleviating the tension between the observations and the models. Observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will allow us to remove degeneracies in the diverse intrinsic properties of these galaxies (e.g., star formation histories and metallicity), thereby refining our models.}, author = {Sawant, P. and Nanni, A. and Romano, M. and Donevski, D. and Bruzual, G. and Ysard, N. and Lemaux, B. C. and Inami, H. and Calura, F. and Pozzi, F. and Małek, K. and Junais, J. and Boquien, M. and Faisst, A. L. and Hamed, M. and Ginolfi, M. and Zamorani, G. and Lorenzon, G. and Molina, J. and Bardelli, S. and Ibar, E. and Vergani, D. and Di Cesare, Claudia and Béthermin, M. and Burgarella, D. and Cassata, P. and Dessauges-Zavadsky, M. and D'Onghia, E. and Dubois, Y. and Magdis, G. E. and Mendez-Hernandez, H.}, issn = {1432-0746}, journal = {Astronomy & Astrophysics}, publisher = {EDP Sciences}, title = {{The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Unveiling the baryon evolution in the interstellar medium of z ∼ 5 star-forming galaxies}}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/202451542}, volume = {694}, year = {2025}, }