@article{19502, abstract = {Alkali dimers, Ak2, located on the surface of a helium nanodroplet, are set into rotation through the polarizability interaction with a nonresonant 1-ps-long laser pulse. The time-dependent degree of alignment is recorded using femtosecond-probe-pulse-induced Coulomb explosion into a pair of Ak+ fragment ions. The results, obtained for Na2, K2, and Rb2 in both the ground state 11Σ+g and the lowest-lying triplet state 13Σ+u, exhibit distinct, periodic revivals with a gradually decreasing amplitude. The dynamics differ from that expected for dimers had they behaved as free rotors. Numerically, we solve the time-dependent rotational Schrödinger equation, including an effective mean-field potential to describe the interaction between the dimer and the droplet. The experimental and simulated alignment dynamics agree well and their comparison enables us to determine the effective rotational constants of the alkali dimers with the exception of Rb2(13Σ+u) that only exhibits a prompt alignment peak but no subsequent revivals. For Na2(13Σ+u), K2(11Σ+g), K2(13Σ+u) and Rb2(11Σ+g), the alignment dynamics are well-described by a 2D rotor model. We ascribe this to a significant confinement of the internuclear axis of these dimers, induced by the orientation-dependent droplet-dimer interaction, to the tangential plane of their residence point on the droplet.}, author = {Kristensen, Henrik H. and Kranabetter, Lorenz and Ghazaryan, Areg and Schouder, Constant A. and Hansen, Emil and Jensen, Frank and Zillich, Robert E. and Lemeshko, Mikhail and Stapelfeldt, Henrik}, issn = {2469-9934}, journal = {Physical Review A}, number = {3}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Nonadiabatic laser-induced alignment dynamics of alkali-metal dimers on the surface of a helium droplet}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.111.033114}, volume = {111}, year = {2025}, } @article{19503, abstract = {A tantalizing open problem, posed independently by Stiebitz in 1995 and by Alon in 1996 and again in 2006, asks whether for every pair of integers s,t≥1 there exists a finite number F(s,t) such that the vertex set of every digraph of minimum out-degree at least F(s,t) can be partitioned into non-empty parts A and B such that the subdigraphs induced on A and B have minimum out-degree at least s and t , respectively. In this short note, we prove that if F(2,2) exists, then all the numbers F(s,t) with s,t≥1 exist and satisfy F(s,t)=Θ(s+t) . In consequence, the problem of Alon and Stiebitz reduces to the case s=t=2 . Moreover, the numbers F(s,t) with s,t≥2 either all exist and grow linearly, or all of them do not exist.}, author = {Christoph, Micha and Petrova, Kalina H and Steiner, Raphael}, issn = {1469-2163}, journal = {Combinatorics Probability and Computing}, number = {4}, pages = {559--564}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{A note on digraph splitting}}, doi = {10.1017/S0963548325000045}, volume = {34}, year = {2025}, } @article{19504, abstract = {Observational studies have shown that galaxy disks were already in place in the first few billion years of the Universe. The early disks detected so far, with typical half-light radii of 3 kpc at stellar masses around 1011 M⊙ for redshift z ≈ 3, are significantly smaller than today’s disks with similar masses, which is in agreement with expectations from current galaxy models. Here we report observations of a giant disk at z = 3.25, when the Universe was only two billion years old, with a half-light radius of 9.6 kpc and stellar mass of (math formular). This galaxy is larger than any other kinematically confirmed disks at similar epochs and is surprisingly similar to today’s largest disks with regard to size and mass. James Webb Space Telescope imaging and spectroscopy reveal its spiral morphology and a rotational velocity consistent with a local Tully–Fisher relationship. Multiwavelength observations show that it lies in an exceptionally dense environment, where the galaxy number density is more than ten times higher than the cosmic average and mergers are frequent. The discovery of such a giant disk suggests the presence of favourable physical conditions for large-disk formation in dense environments in the early Universe, which may include efficient accretion of gas carrying coherent angular momentum and non-destructive mergers between exceptionally gas-rich progenitor galaxies.}, author = {Wang, Weichen and Cantalupo, Sebastiano and Pensabene, Antonio and Galbiati, Marta and Travascio, Andrea and Steidel, Charles C. and Maseda, Michael V. and Pezzulli, Gabriele and De Beer, Stephanie and Fossati, Matteo and Fumagalli, Michele and Gallego, Sofia G. and Lazeyras, Titouan and Mackenzie, Ruari and Matthee, Jorryt J and Nanayakkara, Themiya and Quadri, Giada}, issn = {2397-3366}, journal = {Nature Astronomy}, pages = {710--719}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{A giant disk galaxy two billion years after the Big Bang}}, doi = {10.1038/s41550-025-02500-2}, volume = {9}, year = {2025}, } @article{19505, abstract = {In this paper, we introduce and study the primitive equations with non-isothermal turbulent pressure and transport noise. They are derived from the Navier–Stokes equations by employing stochastic versions of the Boussinesq and the hydrostatic approximations. The temperature dependence of the turbulent pressure can be seen as a consequence of an additive noise acting on the small vertical dynamics. For such a model we prove global well-posedness in H^1 where the noise is considered in both the Itô and Stratonovich formulations. Compared to previous variants of the primitive equations, the one considered here presents a more intricate coupling between the velocity field and the temperature. The corresponding analysis is seriously more involved than in the deterministic setting. Finally, the continuous dependence on the initial data and the energy estimates proven here are new, even in the case of isothermal turbulent pressure.}, author = {Agresti, Antonio and Hieber, Matthias and Hussein, Amru and Saal, Martin}, issn = {1050-5164}, journal = {Annals of Applied Probability}, number = {1}, pages = {635--700}, publisher = {Institute of Mathematical Statistics}, title = {{The stochastic primitive equations with nonisothermal turbulent pressure}}, doi = {10.1214/24-AAP2124}, volume = {35}, year = {2025}, } @article{19506, abstract = {Hippocampal reactivation of waking neuronal assemblies in sleep is a key initial step of systems consolidation. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether reactivated assemblies are static or whether they reorganize gradually over prolonged sleep. We tracked reactivated CA1 assembly patterns over ∼20 h of sleep/rest periods and related them to assemblies seen before or after in a spatial learning paradigm using rats. We found that reactivated assembly patterns were gradually transformed and started to resemble those seen in the subsequent recall session. Periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) had antagonistic roles: whereas NREM accelerated the assembly drift, REM countered it. Moreover, only a subset of rate-changing pyramidal cells contributed to the drift, whereas stable-firing-rate cells maintained unaltered reactivation patterns. Our data suggest that prolonged sleep promotes the spontaneous reorganization of spatial assemblies, which can contribute to daily cognitive map changes or encoding new learning situations.}, author = {Bollmann, Lars and Baracskay, Peter and Stella, Federico and Csicsvari, Jozsef L}, issn = {1097-4199}, journal = {Neuron}, number = {9}, pages = {1446--1459.e6}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Sleep stages antagonistically modulate reactivation drift}}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2025.02.025}, volume = {113}, year = {2025}, } @article{19507, abstract = {The epidermis provides a protective barrier against hostile environments. However, our knowledge of how this barrier forms during development and is subsequently maintained remains incomplete. The infundibulum is a cylindrical epidermal tissue compartment that serves as an outlet for hair follicles protruding from the skin and the excretion of the sebaceous glands that are essential for proper skin function. In this study, we applied quantitative fate mapping to address how infundibulum are maintained during adulthood. We demonstrate that progenitors build and maintain tissues through stochastic cell fate choices. Long-term analysis identified a preferential transient contribution from cells initially located at the bottom of the structure to the maintenance of the tissue, with bursts of local progenitor expansion associated with the phases of hair growth. Beyond providing compartment-wide insights into progenitor cell dynamics in infundibulum, these findings demonstrate how spatiotemporal regulation controls transient progenitor dominance.}, author = {Andersen, Marianne S. and Ulyanchenko, Svetlana and Schweiger, Pawel J. and Hannezo, Edouard B and Simons, Benjamin D. and Jensen, Kim B.}, issn = {1523-1747}, journal = {Journal of Investigative Dermatology}, number = {9}, pages = {2191--2202.e5}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Spatiotemporal switches in progenitor cell fate govern upper hair follicle growth and maintenance}}, doi = {10.1016/j.jid.2025.01.034}, volume = {145}, year = {2025}, } @article{19508, abstract = {We consider random two-player zero-sum dynamic games with perfect information on a class of infinite directed graphs. Starting from a fixed vertex, the players take turns to move a token along the edges of the graph. Every vertex is assigned a payoff known in advance by both players. Every time the token visits a vertex, Player 2 pays Player 1 the corresponding payoff. We consider a distribution over such games by assigning i.i.d. payoffs to the vertices. On the one hand, for acyclic directed graphs of bounded degree and sub-exponential expansion, we show that, when the duration of the game tends to infinity, the value converges almost surely to a constant at an exponential rate dominated in terms of the expansion. On the other hand, for the infinite d-ary tree (that does not fall into the previous class of graphs), we show convergence at a double-exponential rate.}, author = {Attia, Luc and Lichev, Lyuben and Mitsche, Dieter and Saona Urmeneta, Raimundo J and Ziliotto, Bruno}, issn = {2153-0793}, journal = {Dynamic Games and Applications}, pages = {1517--1535}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Random zero-sum dynamic games on infinite directed graphs}}, doi = {10.1007/s13235-025-00636-4}, volume = {15}, year = {2025}, } @article{19529, abstract = {NRF2 is a transcription factor responsible for coordinating the expression of over a thousand cytoprotective genes. Although NRF2 is constitutively expressed, its stability is modulated by the redox-sensitive protein KEAP1 and other conditional binding partner regulators. The new era of NRF2 research has highlighted the cooperation between NRF2 and PIN1 in modifying its cytoprotective effect. Despite numerous studies, the understanding of the PIN1-NRF2 interaction remains limited. Herein, we described the binding interaction of PIN1 and three different 14-mer long phospho-peptides mimicking NRF2 protein using computer-based, biophysical, and biochemical approaches. According to our computational analyses, the residues positioned in the WW domain of PIN1 (Ser16, Arg17, Ser18, Tyr23, Ser32, Gln33, and Trp34) were found to be crucial for PIN1-NRF2 interactions. Biophysical FP assays were used to verify the computational prediction. The data demonstrated that Pintide, a peptide predominantly interacting with the PIN1 WW-domain, led to a significant reduction in the binding affinity of the NRF2 mimicking peptides. Moreover, we evaluated the impact of known PIN1 inhibitors (juglone, KPT-6566, and EGCG) on the PIN1-NRF2 interaction. Among the inhibitors, KPT-6566 showed the most potent inhibitory effect on PIN1-NRF2 interaction within an IC50 range of 0.3–1.4 µM. Furthermore, our mass spectrometry analyses showed that KPT-6566 appeared to covalently modify PIN1 via conjugate addition, rather than disulfide exchange of the sulfonyl-acetate moiety. Altogether, such inhibitors would also be highly valuable molecular probes for further investigation of PIN1 regulation of NRF2 in the cellular context and potentially pave the way for drug molecules that specifically inhibit the cytoprotective effects of NRF2 in cancer.}, author = {Ozleyen, Adem and Duran, Gizem Nur and Dönmez, Serhat and Ozbil, Mehmet and Doveston, Richard G. and Tumer, Tugba Boyunegmez}, issn = {2045-2322}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Identification and inhibition of PIN1-NRF2 protein–protein interactions through computational and biophysical approaches}}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-89342-0}, volume = {15}, year = {2025}, } @article{19531, abstract = {In standard quantum electrodynamics (QED), the so-called non-minimal (Pauli) coupling is suppressed for elementary particles and has no physical implications. Here, we show that the Pauli term naturally appears in a known family of Dirac materials—the lead-halide perovskites, suggesting a novel playground for the study of analog QED effects. We outline measurable manifestations of the Pauli term in the phenomena pertaining to (i) relativistic corrections to bound states (ii) the Klein paradox, and (iii) spin effects in scattering. In particular, we demonstrate that (a) the binding energy of an electron in the vicinity of a positively charged defect is noticeably decreased due to the polarizability of lead ions and the appearance of a Darwin-like term, (b) strong spin-orbit coupling due to the Pauli term affects the exciton states, and (c) scattering of an electron off an energy barrier with broken mirror symmetry produces spin polarization in the outgoing current. Our study adds to the understanding of quantum phenomena in lead-halide perovskites and paves the way for tabletop simulations of analog Dirac-Pauli equations.}, author = {Shiva Kumar, Abhishek and Maslov, Mikhail and Lemeshko, Mikhail and Volosniev, Artem and Alpichshev, Zhanybek}, issn = {2397-4648}, journal = {npj Quantum Materials}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Massive Dirac-Pauli physics in lead-halide perovskites}}, doi = {10.1038/s41535-025-00754-7}, volume = {10}, year = {2025}, } @phdthesis{19540, abstract = {This thesis deals with several different models for complex quantum mechanical systems and is structured in three main parts. In Part I, we study mean field random matrices as models for quantum Hamiltonians. Our focus lies on proving concentration estimates for resolvents of random matrices, so-called local laws, mostly in the setting of multiple resolvents. These estimates have profound consequences for eigenvector overlaps and thermalization problems. More concretely, we obtain, e.g., the optimal eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) uniformly in the spectrum for Wigner matrices, an optimal lower bound on non-Hermitian eigenvector overlaps, and prethermalization for deformed Wigner matrices. In order to prove our novel multi-resolvent local laws, we develop and devise two main methods, the static Psi-method and the dynamical Zigzag strategy. In Part II, we study Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory, the standard mean field microscopic theory of superconductivity. We focus on asymptotic formulas for the characteristic critical temperature and energy gap of a superconductor and prove universality of their ratio in various physical regimes. Additionally, we investigate multi-band superconductors and show that inter-band coupling effects can only enhance the critical temperature. In Part III, we study quantum lattice systems. On the one hand, we show a strong version of the local-perturbations-perturb-locally (LPPL) principle for the ground state of weakly interacting quantum spin systems with a uniform on-site gap. On the other hand, we introduce a notion of a local gap and rigorously justify response theory and the Kubo formula under the weakened assumption of a local gap. Additionally, we discuss two classes of problems which do not fit into the three main parts of the thesis. These are deformational rigidity of Liouville metrics on the torus and relativistic toy models of particle creation via interior-boundary-conditions (IBCs). }, author = {Henheik, Sven Joscha}, isbn = {978-3-99078-057-2}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {720}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Modeling complex quantum systems : Random matrices, BCS theory, and quantum lattice systems}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-19540}, year = {2025}, } @unpublished{19546, abstract = {We study the sensitivity of the eigenvectors of random matrices, showing that even small perturbations make the eigenvectors almost orthogonal. More precisely, we consider two deformed Wigner matrices $W+D_1$, $W+D_2$ and show that their bulk eigenvectors become asymptotically orthogonal as soon as $\mathrm{Tr}(D_1-D_2)^2\gg 1$, or their respective energies are separated on a scale much bigger than the local eigenvalue spacing. Furthermore, we show that quadratic forms of eigenvectors of $W+D_1$, $W+D_2$ with any deterministic matrix $A\in\mathbf{C}^{N\times N}$ in a specific subspace of codimension one are of size $N^{-1/2}$. This proves a generalization of the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis to eigenvectors belonging to two different spectral families.}, author = {Cipolloni, Giorgio and Erdös, László and Henheik, Sven Joscha and Kolupaiev, Oleksii}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Eigenvector decorrelation for random matrices}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2410.10718}, year = {2025}, } @article{19548, abstract = {We consider the BCS energy gap „.T / (essentially given by „.T /  .T; p/, the BCS order parameter) at all temperatures 0  T  Tc up to the critical one, Tc, and show that, in the limit of weak coupling, the ratio „.T /=Tc is given by a universal function of the relative temperature T =Tc. On the one hand, this recovers a recent result by Langmann and Triola [Phys. Rev. B 108 (2023), no. 10, article no. 104503] on three-dimensional s-wave superconductors for temperatures bounded uniformly away from Tc. On the other hand, our result lifts these restrictions, as we consider arbitrary spatial dimensions d 2 ¹1; 2; 3º, discuss superconductors with non-zero angular momentum (primarily in two dimensions), and treat the perhaps physically most interesting (due to the occurrence of the superconducting phase transition) regime of temperatures close to Tc. ​ .}, author = {Henheik, Sven Joscha and Lauritsen, Asbjørn Bækgaard}, issn = {1664-0403}, journal = {Journal of Spectral Theory}, number = {1}, pages = {305–352}, publisher = {EMS Press}, title = {{Universal behavior of the BCS energy gap}}, doi = {10.4171/JST/540}, volume = {15}, year = {2025}, } @unpublished{19552, abstract = {Particle creation terms in quantum Hamiltonians are usually ultraviolet divergent and thus mathematically ill defined. A rather novel way of solving this problem is based on imposing so-called interior-boundary conditions on the wave function. Previous papers showed that this approach works in the non-relativistic regime, but particle creation is mostly relevant in the relativistic case after all. In flat relativistic space-time (that is, neglecting gravity), the approach was previously found to work only for certain somewhat artificial cases. Here, as a way of taking gravity into account, we consider curved space-time, specifically the super-critical Reissner-Nordstr\"om space-time, which features a naked timelike singularity. We find that the interior-boundary approach works fully in this setting; in particular, we prove rigorously the existence of well-defined, self-adjoint Hamiltonians with particle creation at the singularity, based on interior-boundary conditions. We also non-rigorously analyze the asymptotic behavior of the Bohmian trajectories and construct the corresponding Bohm-Bell process of particle creation, motion, and annihilation. The upshot is that in quantum physics, a naked space-time singularity need not lead to a breakdown of physical laws, but on the contrary allows for boundary conditions governing what comes out of the singularity and thereby removing the ultraviolet divergence.}, author = {Henheik, Sven Joscha and Poudyal, Bipul and Tumulka, Roderich}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{How a space-time singularity helps remove the ultraviolet divergence problem}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2409.00677}, year = {2025}, } @article{19554, abstract = {In 1981, Karp and Sipser proved a law of large numbers for the matching number of a sparse Erdős–Rényi random graph, in an influential paper pioneering the so-called differential equation method for analysis of random graph processes. Strengthening this classical result, and answering a question of Aronson, Frieze and Pittel, we prove a central limit theorem in the same setting: the fluctuations in the matching number of a sparse random graph are asymptotically Gaussian. Our new contribution is to prove this central limit theorem in the subcritical and critical regimes, according to a celebrated algorithmic phase transition first observed by Karp and Sipser. Indeed, in the supercritical regime, a central limit theorem has recently been proved in the PhD thesis of Kreačić, using a stochastic generalisation of the differential equation method (comparing the so-called Karp–Sipser process to a system of stochastic differential equations). Our proof builds on these methods, and introduces new techniques to handle certain degeneracies present in the subcritical and critical cases. Curiously, our new techniques lead to a non-constructive result: we are able to characterise the fluctuations of the matching number around its mean, despite these fluctuations being much smaller than the error terms in our best estimates of the mean. We also prove a central limit theorem for the rank of the adjacency matrix of a sparse random graph.}, author = {Glasgow, Margalit and Kwan, Matthew Alan and Sah, Ashwin and Sawhney, Mehtaab}, issn = {1469-7750}, journal = {Journal of the London Mathematical Society}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{A central limit theorem for the matching number of a sparse random graph}}, doi = {10.1112/jlms.70101}, volume = {111}, year = {2025}, } @article{19555, abstract = {The charged arginine side chain is unique in determining many innate properties of proteins, contributing to stability and interaction surfaces, and directing allosteric regulation and enzymatic catalysis. NMR experiments can be used to reveal these processes at the molecular level, but it often requires selective insertion of carbon-13, nitrogen-15, and deuterium at defined atomic positions. We introduce a method to endow arginine residues with defined isotope patterns, combining synthetic organic chemistry and cell-based protein overexpression. The resulting proteins feature NMR active spin systems with optimized relaxation pathways leading to simplified NMR spectra with a sensitive response to changes in the chemical environment of the nuclei observed.}, author = {Rohden, Darja and Toscano, Giorgia and Schanda, Paul and Lichtenecker, Roman J.}, issn = {1521-3765}, journal = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, number = {24}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{Synthesis of selectively 13C/2H/15N- labeled arginine to probe protein conformation and interaction by NMR spectroscopy}}, doi = {10.1002/chem.202500408}, volume = {31}, year = {2025}, } @phdthesis{19557, author = {Schwarz, Lena A}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {124}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Mapping developmental dynamics of autism spectrum disorder mouse models at single-cell resolution}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-19557}, year = {2025}, } @article{19565, abstract = {Measuring distances in a multidimensional setting is a challenging problem, which appears in many fields of science and engineering. In this paper, to measure the distance between two multivariate distributions, we introduce a new measure of discrepancy which is scale invariant and which, in the case of two independent copies of the same distribution, and after normalization, coincides with the scaling invariant multidimensional version of the Gini index recently proposed in [P. Giudici, E. Raffinetti and G. Toscani, Measuring multidimensional inequality: A new proposal based on the Fourier transform, preprint (2024), arXiv:2401.14012 ]. A byproduct of the analysis is an easy-to-handle discrepancy metric, obtained by application of the theory to a pair of Gaussian multidimensional densities. The obtained metric does improve the standard metrics, based on the mean squared error, as it is scale invariant. The importance of this theoretical finding is illustrated by means of a real problem that concerns measuring the importance of Environmental, Social and Governance factors for the growth of small and medium enterprises. }, author = {Auricchio, Gennaro and Brigati, Giovanni and Giudici, Paolo and Toscani, Giuseppe}, issn = {1793-6314}, journal = {Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences}, number = {5}, pages = {1267--1296}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing}, title = {{Multivariate Gini-type discrepancies}}, doi = {10.1142/s0218202525500174}, volume = {35}, year = {2025}, } @article{19566, abstract = {Purpose: Optic nerve crush (ONC) is a model for studying optic nerve trauma. Unilateral ONC induces massive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in the affected eye, leading to vision loss within a month. A common assumption has been that the non-injured contralateral eye is unaffected due to the minimal retino-retinal projections of the RGCs at the chiasm. Yet, recently, microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, have shown a responsive phenotype in the contralateral eye after ONC. Whether RGC loss accompanies this phenotype is still controversial. Methods: Using the available RGCode algorithm and developing our own RGC-Quant deep-learning-based tool, we quantify RGC's total number and density across the entire retina after ONC. Results: We confirm a short-term microglia response in the contralateral eye after ONC, but this did not affect the microglia number. Furthermore, we cannot confirm the previously reported RGC loss between naïve and contralateral retinas 5 weeks after ONC induction across the commonly used Cx3cr1creERT2 and C57BL6/J mouse models. Neither sex nor the direct comparison of the RGC markers Brn3a and RBPMS, with Brn3a co-labeling, on average, 89% of the RBPMS+-cells, explained this discrepancy, suggesting that the early microglia-responsive phenotype does not have immediate consequences on the RGC number. Conclusions: Our results corroborate that unilateral optic nerve injury elicits a microglial response in the uninjured contralateral eye but without RGC loss. Therefore, the contralateral eye should be treated separately and not as an ONC control.}, author = {Schoot Uiterkamp, Florianne E and Maes, Margaret E and Alamalhoda, Mohammad and Firoozi, Arsalan and Colombo, Gloria and Siegert, Sandra}, issn = {1552-5783}, journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science}, number = {3}, publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology}, title = {{Optic nerve crush does not induce retinal ganglion cell loss in the contralateral eye}}, doi = {10.1167/iovs.66.3.49}, volume = {66}, year = {2025}, } @article{19585, abstract = {Air quality in northern South America faces significant challenges due to insufficient high-resolution emission inventories and sparse atmospheric studies. This study addresses these gaps by developing a novel framework that integrates high-resolution nighttime light data from SDGSAT-1 and multisource remote sensing datasets with deep learning techniques to downscale emission inventories. The refined inventories are coupled with meteorological inputs into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-Chem) model, enabling precise simulation of pollutant dynamics. Validated against ground measurements from Colombia's SISAIRE monitoring network, demonstrates significant improvements in spatiotemporal accuracy, particularly for particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) with error reductions of 22–30 % and correlation coefficients increasing from 0.68 to 0.85. These findings underscore the critical role of satellite-enhanced inventories in resolving localized emission patterns and seasonal variability, such as dry-season PM₁₀ spikes (150 % increase from wildfires). The framework provides policymakers with actionable insights to prioritize mitigation in rapidly urbanizing regions and manage transboundary pollution. By bridging data scarcity gaps, this replicable methodology offers transformative potential for global air quality management and public health protection, advocating for expanded ground monitoring networks and real-time satellite data integration in future applications.}, author = {Antezana-Lopez, Franz and Casallas Garcia, Alejandro and Zhou, Guanhua and Zhang, Kai and Jing, Guifei and Ali, Aamir and Lopez-Barrera, Ellie and Belalcazar, Luis Carlos and Rojas, Nestor and Jiang, Hongzhi}, issn = {1879-0704}, journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{High-resolution anthropogenic emission inventories with deep learning in northern South America}}, doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2025.114761}, volume = {324}, year = {2025}, } @article{19593, abstract = {Prenatal immune challenges pose significant risks to human embryonic brain and eye development. However, our knowledge about the safe usage of anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy is still limited. While human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSC)-derived brain organoid models have started to explore functional consequences upon viral stimulation, these models commonly lack microglia, which are susceptible to and promote inflammation. Furthermore, microglia are actively involved in neuronal development. Here, we generate hIPSC-derived microglia precursor cells and assemble them into retinal organoids. Once the outer plexiform layer forms, these hIPSC-derived microglia (iMG) fully integrate into the retinal organoids. Since the ganglion cell survival declines by this time in 3D-retinal organoids, we adapted the model into 2D and identify that the improved ganglion cell number significantly decreases only with iMG presence. In parallel, we applied the immunostimulant POLY(I:C) to mimic a fetal viral infection. While POLY(I:C) exposure alters the iMG phenotype, it does not hinder their interaction with ganglion cells. Furthermore, iMG significantly enhance the supernatant’s inflammatory secretome and increase retinal cell proliferation. Simultaneous exposure with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen dampens POLY(I:C)-mediated changes of the iMG phenotype and ameliorates cell proliferation. Remarkably, while POLY(I:C) disrupts neuronal calcium dynamics independent of iMG, ibuprofen rescues this effect only if iMG are present. Mechanistically, ibuprofen targets the enzymes cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX1/PTGS1 and COX2/PTGS2) simultaneously, from which iMG mainly express COX1. Selective COX1 blockage fails to restore the calcium peak amplitude upon POLY(I:C) stimulation, suggesting ibuprofen’s beneficial effect depends on the presence and interplay of COX1 and COX2. These findings underscore the importance of microglia in the context of prenatal immune challenges and provide insight into the mechanisms by which ibuprofen exerts its protective effects during embryonic development.}, author = {Hübschmann, Verena and Korkut, Medina and Venturino, Alessandro and Maya-Arteaga, Juan Pablo and Siegert, Sandra}, issn = {1742-2094}, journal = {Journal of Neuroinflammation}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Microglia determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen action in human retinal organoids}}, doi = {10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x}, volume = {22}, year = {2025}, }