@article{19565, abstract = {Measuring distances in a multidimensional setting is a challenging problem, which appears in many fields of science and engineering. In this paper, to measure the distance between two multivariate distributions, we introduce a new measure of discrepancy which is scale invariant and which, in the case of two independent copies of the same distribution, and after normalization, coincides with the scaling invariant multidimensional version of the Gini index recently proposed in [P. Giudici, E. Raffinetti and G. Toscani, Measuring multidimensional inequality: A new proposal based on the Fourier transform, preprint (2024), arXiv:2401.14012 ]. A byproduct of the analysis is an easy-to-handle discrepancy metric, obtained by application of the theory to a pair of Gaussian multidimensional densities. The obtained metric does improve the standard metrics, based on the mean squared error, as it is scale invariant. The importance of this theoretical finding is illustrated by means of a real problem that concerns measuring the importance of Environmental, Social and Governance factors for the growth of small and medium enterprises. }, author = {Auricchio, Gennaro and Brigati, Giovanni and Giudici, Paolo and Toscani, Giuseppe}, issn = {1793-6314}, journal = {Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences}, number = {5}, pages = {1267--1296}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing}, title = {{Multivariate Gini-type discrepancies}}, doi = {10.1142/s0218202525500174}, volume = {35}, year = {2025}, } @article{19566, abstract = {Purpose: Optic nerve crush (ONC) is a model for studying optic nerve trauma. Unilateral ONC induces massive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in the affected eye, leading to vision loss within a month. A common assumption has been that the non-injured contralateral eye is unaffected due to the minimal retino-retinal projections of the RGCs at the chiasm. Yet, recently, microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, have shown a responsive phenotype in the contralateral eye after ONC. Whether RGC loss accompanies this phenotype is still controversial. Methods: Using the available RGCode algorithm and developing our own RGC-Quant deep-learning-based tool, we quantify RGC's total number and density across the entire retina after ONC. Results: We confirm a short-term microglia response in the contralateral eye after ONC, but this did not affect the microglia number. Furthermore, we cannot confirm the previously reported RGC loss between naïve and contralateral retinas 5 weeks after ONC induction across the commonly used Cx3cr1creERT2 and C57BL6/J mouse models. Neither sex nor the direct comparison of the RGC markers Brn3a and RBPMS, with Brn3a co-labeling, on average, 89% of the RBPMS+-cells, explained this discrepancy, suggesting that the early microglia-responsive phenotype does not have immediate consequences on the RGC number. Conclusions: Our results corroborate that unilateral optic nerve injury elicits a microglial response in the uninjured contralateral eye but without RGC loss. Therefore, the contralateral eye should be treated separately and not as an ONC control.}, author = {Schoot Uiterkamp, Florianne E and Maes, Margaret E and Alamalhoda, Mohammad and Firoozi, Arsalan and Colombo, Gloria and Siegert, Sandra}, issn = {1552-5783}, journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science}, number = {3}, publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology}, title = {{Optic nerve crush does not induce retinal ganglion cell loss in the contralateral eye}}, doi = {10.1167/iovs.66.3.49}, volume = {66}, year = {2025}, } @article{19585, abstract = {Air quality in northern South America faces significant challenges due to insufficient high-resolution emission inventories and sparse atmospheric studies. This study addresses these gaps by developing a novel framework that integrates high-resolution nighttime light data from SDGSAT-1 and multisource remote sensing datasets with deep learning techniques to downscale emission inventories. The refined inventories are coupled with meteorological inputs into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-Chem) model, enabling precise simulation of pollutant dynamics. Validated against ground measurements from Colombia's SISAIRE monitoring network, demonstrates significant improvements in spatiotemporal accuracy, particularly for particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) with error reductions of 22–30 % and correlation coefficients increasing from 0.68 to 0.85. These findings underscore the critical role of satellite-enhanced inventories in resolving localized emission patterns and seasonal variability, such as dry-season PM₁₀ spikes (150 % increase from wildfires). The framework provides policymakers with actionable insights to prioritize mitigation in rapidly urbanizing regions and manage transboundary pollution. By bridging data scarcity gaps, this replicable methodology offers transformative potential for global air quality management and public health protection, advocating for expanded ground monitoring networks and real-time satellite data integration in future applications.}, author = {Antezana-Lopez, Franz and Casallas Garcia, Alejandro and Zhou, Guanhua and Zhang, Kai and Jing, Guifei and Ali, Aamir and Lopez-Barrera, Ellie and Belalcazar, Luis Carlos and Rojas, Nestor and Jiang, Hongzhi}, issn = {1879-0704}, journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{High-resolution anthropogenic emission inventories with deep learning in northern South America}}, doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2025.114761}, volume = {324}, year = {2025}, } @article{19593, abstract = {Prenatal immune challenges pose significant risks to human embryonic brain and eye development. However, our knowledge about the safe usage of anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy is still limited. While human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSC)-derived brain organoid models have started to explore functional consequences upon viral stimulation, these models commonly lack microglia, which are susceptible to and promote inflammation. Furthermore, microglia are actively involved in neuronal development. Here, we generate hIPSC-derived microglia precursor cells and assemble them into retinal organoids. Once the outer plexiform layer forms, these hIPSC-derived microglia (iMG) fully integrate into the retinal organoids. Since the ganglion cell survival declines by this time in 3D-retinal organoids, we adapted the model into 2D and identify that the improved ganglion cell number significantly decreases only with iMG presence. In parallel, we applied the immunostimulant POLY(I:C) to mimic a fetal viral infection. While POLY(I:C) exposure alters the iMG phenotype, it does not hinder their interaction with ganglion cells. Furthermore, iMG significantly enhance the supernatant’s inflammatory secretome and increase retinal cell proliferation. Simultaneous exposure with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen dampens POLY(I:C)-mediated changes of the iMG phenotype and ameliorates cell proliferation. Remarkably, while POLY(I:C) disrupts neuronal calcium dynamics independent of iMG, ibuprofen rescues this effect only if iMG are present. Mechanistically, ibuprofen targets the enzymes cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX1/PTGS1 and COX2/PTGS2) simultaneously, from which iMG mainly express COX1. Selective COX1 blockage fails to restore the calcium peak amplitude upon POLY(I:C) stimulation, suggesting ibuprofen’s beneficial effect depends on the presence and interplay of COX1 and COX2. These findings underscore the importance of microglia in the context of prenatal immune challenges and provide insight into the mechanisms by which ibuprofen exerts its protective effects during embryonic development.}, author = {Hübschmann, Verena and Korkut, Medina and Venturino, Alessandro and Maya-Arteaga, Juan Pablo and Siegert, Sandra}, issn = {1742-2094}, journal = {Journal of Neuroinflammation}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Microglia determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen action in human retinal organoids}}, doi = {10.1186/s12974-025-03366-x}, volume = {22}, year = {2025}, } @article{19594, abstract = {In this issue of Developmental Cell, Lee et al. identify a pivotal role for glutathione (GSH) in plant regeneration, a vital biological process enabling plants to regrow tissues and organs after injury. Applying single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and live imaging, the authors demonstrate that GSH, released upon tissue damage, accelerates cell-cycle transitions, particularly shortening the G1 phase, thereby facilitating efficient organ regeneration.}, author = {Benková, Eva}, issn = {1878-1551}, journal = {Developmental Cell}, number = {8}, pages = {1137--1139}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Unlocking plant regeneration: The role for glutathione}}, doi = {10.1016/j.devcel.2025.03.012}, volume = {60}, year = {2025}, } @article{19595, abstract = {We investigate the locality of magnetic response in polycyclic aromatic molecules using a novel deep-learning approach. Our method employs graph neural networks (GNNs) with a graph-of-rings representation to predict nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) in the space around the molecule. We train a series of models, each time reducing the size of the largest molecules used in training. The accuracy of prediction remains high (MAE < 0.5 ppm), even when training the model only on molecules with up to four rings, thus providing strong evidence for the locality of magnetic response. To overcome the known problem of generalization of GNNs, we implement a k-hop expansion strategy and succeed in achieving accurate predictions for molecules with up to 15 rings (almost 4 times the size of the largest training example). Our findings have implications for understanding the magnetic response in complex molecules and demonstrate a promising approach to overcoming GNN scalability limitations. Furthermore, the trained models enable rapid characterization, without the need for more expensive DFT calculations.}, author = {Davidson, Yair and Philipp, Aviad and Chakraborty, Sabyasachi and Bronstein, Alexander and Gershoni-Poranne, Renana}, issn = {1089-7690}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics}, number = {14}, publisher = {AIP Publishing}, title = {{How local is “local”? Deep learning reveals locality of the induced magnetic field of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons}}, doi = {10.1063/5.0257558}, volume = {162}, year = {2025}, } @article{19596, abstract = {We report the spectroscopic discovery of a massive quiescent galaxy at zspec = 7.29 ± 0.01, just ∼700 Myr after the big bang. RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7 was selected from public JWST/NIRCam and MIRI imaging from the PRIMER survey and observed with JWST/NIRSpec as part of RUBIES. The NIRSpec/PRISM spectrum reveals one of the strongest Balmer breaks observed thus far at z > 6, with no emission lines but tentative Balmer and Ca absorption features, as well as a Lyman break. Simultaneous modeling of the NIRSpec/PRISM spectrum and NIRCam and MIRI photometry (spanning 0.9–18 μm) shows that the galaxy formed a stellar mass of (math. formular) before z ∼ 8 and ceased forming stars 50–100 Myr prior to the time of observation, resulting in log (sSFR/Gyr- 1) < -1 . We measure a small physical size of (math formular) , which implies a high stellarmass surface density within the effective radius of (math formular) comparable to the highest densities measured in quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 2–5. The 3D stellar-mass density profile of RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7 is remarkably similar to the central densities of local massive ellipticals, suggesting that at least some of their cores may have already been in place at z > 7. The discovery of RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7 has strong implications for galaxy formation models: the estimated number density of quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 7 is >100 × larger than predicted from any model to date, indicating that quiescent galaxies have formed earlier than previously expected. }, author = {Weibel, Andrea and De Graaff, Anna and Setton, David J. and Miller, Tim B. and Oesch, Pascal A. and Brammer, Gabriel and Lagos, Claudia D.P. and Whitaker, Katherine E. and Williams, Christina C. and Baggen, Josephine F.W. and Bezanson, Rachel and Boogaard, Leindert A. and Cleri, Nikko J. and Greene, Jenny E. and Hirschmann, Michaela and Hviding, Raphael E. and Kuruvanthodi, Adarsh and Labbé, Ivo and Leja, Joel and Maseda, Michael V. and Matthee, Jorryt J and Mcconachie, Ian and Naidu, Rohan P. and Roberts-Borsani, Guido and Schaerer, Daniel and Suess, Katherine A. and Valentino, Francesco and Van Dokkum, Pieter and Wang, Bingjie}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {1}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, title = {{RUBIES reveals a massive quiescent galaxy at z = 7.3}}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/adab7a}, volume = {983}, year = {2025}, } @article{19597, abstract = {Superconductor–semiconductor hybrid systems play a crucial role in realizing nanoscale quantum devices, including hybrid qubits, Majorana bound states, and Kitaev chains. For such hybrid devices, subgap states play a prominent role in their operation. In this paper, we study these subgap states via Coulomb and tunneling spectroscopy through a superconducting island defined in a semiconductor nanowire fully coated by a superconductor. We systematically explore regimes ranging from an almost decoupled island to the open configuration. In the weak-coupling regime, the experimental observations are very similar in the absence of a magnetic field and when one flux quantum pierces the superconducting shell. Conversely, in the strong-coupling regime, significant distinctions emerge between the two cases. We attribute this distinct behavior to the existence of subgap states at one flux quantum, which become observable only for sufficiently strong coupling to the leads. We support our interpretation using a simple model to describe transport through the island. Our study highlights the importance of studying a broad range of tunnel couplings for understanding the rich physics of hybrid devices.}, author = {Valentini, Marco and Souto, Rubén Seoane and Borovkov, Maksim and Krogstrup, Peter and Meir, Yigal and Leijnse, Martin and Danon, Jeroen and Katsaros, Georgios}, issn = {2643-1564}, journal = {Physical Review Research}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Subgap transport in superconductor-semiconductor hybrid islands: Weak and strong coupling regimes}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023022}, volume = {7}, year = {2025}, } @article{19598, abstract = {We establish universal Gaussian fluctuations for the mesoscopic linear eigenvalue statistics in the vicinity of the cusp-like singularities of the limiting spectral density for Wigner-type random matrices. Prior to this work, the linear eigenvalue statistics at the cusp-like singularities were not studied in any ensemble. Our analysis covers not only the exact cusps but the entire transitionary regime from the square-root singularity at a regular edge through the sharp cusp to the bulk. We identify a new one-parameter family of functionals that govern the limiting bias and variance, continuously interpolating between the previously known formulas in the bulk and at a regular edge. Since cusps are the only possible singularities besides the regular edges, our result gives a complete description of the linear eigenvalue statistics in all regimes.}, author = {Riabov, Volodymyr}, issn = {1432-2064}, journal = {Probability Theory and Related Fields}, pages = {1183--1237}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Linear Eigenvalue statistics at the cusp}}, doi = {10.1007/s00440-025-01373-w}, volume = {193}, year = {2025}, } @article{19599, abstract = {Advances in nickel catalysis have significantly broadened the synthetic chemists’ toolbox, particularly through methodologies leveraging paramagnetic nickel species via photoredox catalysis or electrochemistry. Key to these reactions is the oxidation state modulation of nickel via single-electron transfer events. Recent mechanistic studies indicate that C(sp2)–heteroatom bond formations proceed through NiI/NiIII cycles. Related C(sp2)–C(sp3) cross-couplings operate via the photocatalytic generation of C-centered radicals and a catalytic cycle that involves Ni0, NiI, and NiIII species. Here, we show that light-mediated nickel-catalyzed C(sp2)–C(sp3) bond formations can be carried out without using exogenous photoredox catalysts but with a photoactive ligand. In a pursuit of expanding the scope of C(sp2)–heteroatom couplings using donor–acceptor ligands, we identified a photoactive nickel complex capable of catalyzing cross-couplings between aryl halides and benzyltrifluoroborate salts. Mechanistic investigations provide evidence that transmetalation between a photochemically generated NiI species and the organoboron compound is the key catalytic step in a NiI/NiIII catalytic cycle under these conditions.}, author = {Anghileri, Lucia and Baunis, Haralds and Bena, Aleksander and Giannoudis, Christos and Burke, John H. and Reischauer, Susanne and Merschjann, Christoph and Wallick, Rachel F. and Al Said, Tarek and Adams, Callum E and Simionato, Gianluca and Kovalenko, Sergey and Dell’Amico, Luca and Van Der Veen, Renske M. and Pieber, Bartholomäus}, issn = {1520-5126}, journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society}, number = {16}, pages = {13169–13179}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Evidence for a unifying NiI/NiIII mechanism in light-mediated cross-coupling catalysis}}, doi = {10.1021/jacs.4c16050}, volume = {147}, year = {2025}, } @inproceedings{19600, abstract = {In this work, we explore route discovery in private payment channel networks. We first determine what “ideal" privacy for a routing protocol means in this setting. We observe that protocols achieving this strong privacy definition exist by leveraging Multi-Party Computation but they are inherently inefficient as they must involve the entire network. We then present protocols with weaker privacy guarantees but much better efficiency (involving only a small fraction of the nodes). The core idea is that both sender and receiver gossip a message which propagates through the network, and the moment any node in the network receives both messages, a path is found. In our first protocol the message is always sent to all neighbouring nodes with a delay proportional to the fees of that edge. In our second protocol the message is only sent to one neighbour chosen randomly with a probability proportional to its degree. We additionally propose a more realistic notion of privacy in order to measure the privacy leakage of our protocols in practice. Our realistic notion of privacy challenges an adversary that join the network with a fixed budget to create channels to guess the sender and receiver of a transaction upon receiving messages from our protocols. Simulations of our protocols on the Lightning network topology (for random transactions and uniform fees) show that 1) forming edges with high degree nodes is a more effective attack strategy for the adversary, 2) there is a tradeoff between the number of nodes involved in our protocols (privacy) and the optimality of the discovered path, and 3) our protocols involve a very small fraction of the network on average.}, author = {Avarikioti, Zeta and Bastankhah, Mahsa and Maddah-Ali, Mohammad Ali and Pietrzak, Krzysztof Z and Svoboda, Jakub and Yeo, Michelle X}, booktitle = {Computer Security. ESORICS 2024 International Workshops}, isbn = {9783031823480}, issn = {1611-3349}, location = {Bydgoszcz, Poland}, pages = {207--223}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Route discovery in private payment channel networks}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-82349-7_15}, volume = {15263}, year = {2025}, } @article{19601, abstract = {In land plants, the signalling molecule auxin profoundly controls growth and development, chiefly through a transcriptional response system. The auxin response is mediated by modulating the activity of DNA-binding auxin response factor (ARF) proteins. The concentrations and stoichiometry of the competing A- and B-class ARFs define cells’ capacity for auxin response. In the minimal auxin response system of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, both A- and B-ARFs are unstable, but the underlying mechanisms, developmental relevance and evolutionary history of this instability are unknown. Here we identify a minimal motif that is necessary for MpARF2 (B-class) degradation and show that it is critical for development and the auxin response. Through comparative analysis and motif swaps among all ARF classes in extant algae and land plants, we infer that the emergence of ARF instability probably occurred in the ancestor of the A- and B-ARF clades and, therefore, preceded or coincided with the origin of the auxin response system.}, author = {De Roij, Martijn and Hernández García, Jorge and Das, Shubhajit and Borst, Jan Willem and Weijers, Dolf}, issn = {2055-0278}, journal = {Nature Plants}, pages = {717--724}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{ARF degradation defines a deeply conserved step in auxin response}}, doi = {10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1}, volume = {11}, year = {2025}, } @article{19602, abstract = {N4-methylcytosine (4mC) is an important DNA modification in prokaryotes, but its relevance and even its presence in eukaryotes have been mysterious. Here we show that spermatogenesis in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha involves two waves of extensive DNA methylation reprogramming. First, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) expands from transposons to the entire genome. Notably, the second wave installs 4mC throughout genic regions, covering over 50% of CG sites in sperm. 4mC requires a methyltransferase (MpDN4MT1a) that is specifically expressed during late spermiogenesis. Deletion of MpDN4MT1a alters the sperm transcriptome, causes sperm swimming and fertility defects, and impairs post-fertilization development. Our results reveal extensive 4mC in a eukaryote, identify a family of eukaryotic methyltransferases, and elucidate the biological functions of 4mC in reproductive development, thereby expanding the repertoire of functional eukaryotic DNA modifications.}, author = {Walker, James and Zhang, Jingyi and Liu, Yalin and Xu, Shujuan and Yu, Yiming and Vickers, Martin and Ouyang, Weizhi and Tálas, Judit and Dolan, Liam and Nakajima, Keiji and Feng, Xiaoqi}, issn = {1097-4172}, journal = {Cell}, number = {11}, pages = {2890--2906.e14}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Extensive N4 cytosine methylation is essential for Marchantia sperm function}}, doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.014}, volume = {188}, year = {2025}, } @article{19603, abstract = {MaxCut is a classical NP-complete problem and a crucial building block in many combinatorial algorithms. The famousEdwards-Erdös bound states that any connected graph on n vertices with m edges contains a cut of size at least m/2 + n−1/4 . Crowston, Jones and Mnich [Algorithmica, 2015] showed that the MaxCut problem on simple connected graphs admits an FPT algorithm, where the parameter k is the difference between the desired cut size c and the lower bound given by the Edwards-Erdös bound. This was later improved by Etscheid and Mnich [Algorithmica, 2017] to run in parameterized linear time, i.e., f (k) · O(m). We improve upon this result in two ways: Firstly, we extend the algorithm to work also for multigraphs (alternatively, graphs with positive integer weights). Secondly, we change the parameter; instead of the difference to the Edwards-Erdös bound, we use the difference to the Poljak-Turzík bound. The Poljak-Turzík bound states that any weighted graph G has a cut of weight at least w(G)/2 + wMSF (G)/4 , where w(G) denotes the total weight of G, and wMSF (G) denotes the weight of its minimum spanning forest. In connected simple graphs the two bounds are equivalent, but for multigraphs the Poljak-Turzík bound can be larger and thus yield a smaller parameter k. Our algorithm also runs in parameterized linear time, i.e., f (k) · O(m + n).}, author = {Lill, Jonas and Petrova, Kalina H and Weber, Simon}, issn = {1432-0541}, journal = {Algorithmica}, pages = {983--1007}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Linear-time MaxCut in multigraphs parameterized above the Poljak-Turzík bound}}, doi = {10.1007/s00453-025-01306-y}, volume = {87}, year = {2025}, } @article{19617, abstract = {In this article, we propose a method for generating single microwave photons in superconducting circuits. We theoretically show that pure single microwave photons can be generated on demand and tuned over a large frequency band by making use of Landau-Zener transitions under a rapid sweep of a control parameter. We devise a protocol that enables fast control of the frequency of the emitted photon over two octaves, without requiring extensive calibration. Additionally, we make theoretical estimates of the generation efficiency, tunability, purity, and linewidth of the photons emitted using this method for both charge- and flux-qubit-based architectures. We also provide estimates of the optimal device parameters required for these architectures to realize the device.}, author = {Hawaldar, Samarth and Khaire, Siddhi Satish and Delsing, Per and Suri, Baladitya}, issn = {2331-7019}, journal = {Physical Review Applied}, number = {4}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{On-demand single-microwave-photon source in a superconducting circuit with wideband frequency tunability}}, doi = {10.1103/physrevapplied.23.044042}, volume = {23}, year = {2025}, } @article{19621, abstract = {In this paper we obtain a complete description of all indecomposable characters (central positive-definite functions) of inductive limits of the symmetric groups under block diagonal embedding. As a corollary we obtain the full classification of the isomorphism classes of these inductive limits.}, author = {Nessonov, Nikolay and Ngo, Nhok T}, issn = {1088-4165}, journal = {Representation Theory}, number = {8}, pages = {256--288}, publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, title = {{Indecomposable characters of inductive limits of symmetric groups}}, doi = {10.1090/ert/689}, volume = {29}, year = {2025}, } @misc{19623, abstract = {Persistent revivals recently observed in Rydberg atom simulators have challenged our understanding of thermalization and attracted much interest to the concept of quantum many-body scars (QMBSs). QMBSs are non-thermal highly excited eigenstates that coexist with typical eigenstates in the spectrum of many-body Hamiltonians, and have since been reported in multiple theoretical models, including the so-called PXP model, approximately realized by Rydberg simulators. At the same time, questions of how common QMBSs are and in what models they are physically realized remain open. In this Letter, we demonstrate that QMBSs exist in a broader family of models that includes and generalizes PXP to longer-range constraints and states with different periodicity. We show that in each model, multiple QMBS families can be found. Each of them relies on a different approximate 𝔰𝔲⁡(2) algebra, leading to oscillatory dynamics in all cases. However, in contrast to the PXP model, their observation requires launching dynamics from weakly entangled initial states rather than from a product state. QMBSs reported here may be experimentally probed using Rydberg atom simulator in the regime of longer-range Rydberg blockades.}, author = {Desaules, Jean-Yves Marc}, keywords = {quantum many-body scars, non-equilibrium physics, Rydberg atoms}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Research Data for "Quantum Many-Body Scars beyond the PXP Model in Rydberg Simulators"}}, doi = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:19623}, year = {2025}, } @article{19625, abstract = {We introduce operator-valued twisted Araki–Woods algebras. These are operator-valued versions of a class of second quantization algebras that includes q-Gaussian and q-Araki–Woods algebras and also generalize Shlyakhtenko’s von Neumann algebras generated by operator-valued semicircular variables. We develop a disintegration theory that reduces the isomorphism type of operator-valued twisted Araki–Woods algebras over type I factors to the scalar-valued case. Moreover, these algebras come with a natural weight, and we characterize its modular theory. We also give sufficient criteria that guarantee the factoriality of these algebras.}, author = {Kumar, R. Rahul and Wirth, Melchior}, issn = {1432-0916}, journal = {Communications in Mathematical Physics}, number = {5}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Operator-valued twisted Araki–Woods algebras}}, doi = {10.1007/s00220-025-05285-7}, volume = {406}, year = {2025}, } @article{19626, abstract = {Active regulation of gene expression, orchestrated by complex interactions of activators and repressors at promoters, controls the fate of organisms. In contrast, basal expression at uninduced promoters is considered to be a dynamically inert mode of nonfunctional “promoter leakiness,” merely a byproduct of transcriptional regulation. Here, we investigate the basal expression mode of the mar operon, the main regulator of intrinsic multiple antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli, and link its dynamic properties to the noncanonical, yet highly conserved start codon of marR across Enterobacteriaceae. Real-time, single-cell measurements across tens of generations reveal that basal expression consists of rare stochastic gene expression pulses, which maximize variability in wildtype and, surprisingly, transiently accelerate cellular elongation rates. Competition experiments show that basal expression confers fitness advantages to wildtype across several transitions between exponential and stationary growth by shortening lag times. The dynamically rich basal expression of the mar operon has likely been evolutionarily maintained for its role in growth homeostasis of Enterobacteria within the gut environment, thereby allowing other ancillary gene regulatory roles to evolve, e.g., control of costly-to-induce multidrug efflux pumps. Understanding the complex selection forces governing genetic systems involved in intrinsic multidrug resistance is crucial for effective public health measures.}, author = {Jain, Kirti and Hauschild, Robert and Bochkareva, Olga and Römhild, Roderich and Tkačik, Gašper and Guet, Calin C}, issn = {1091-6490}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {15}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, title = {{Pulsatile basal gene expression as a fitness determinant in bacteria}}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2413709122}, volume = {122}, year = {2025}, } @article{19627, abstract = {Differentially private gradient descent (DP-GD) is a popular algorithm to train deep learning models with provable guarantees on the privacy of the training data. In the last decade, the problem of understanding its performance cost with respect to standard GD has received remarkable attention from the research community, which formally derived upper bounds on the excess population risk RP in different learning settings. However, existing bounds typically degrade with over-parameterization, i.e., as the number of parameters p gets larger than the number of training samples n -- a regime which is ubiquitous in current deep-learning practice. As a result, the lack of theoretical insights leaves practitioners without clear guidance, leading some to reduce the effective number of trainable parameters to improve performance, while others use larger models to achieve better results through scale. In this work, we show that in the popular random features model with quadratic loss, for any sufficiently large p , privacy can be obtained for free, i.e., |RP|=o(1) , not only when the privacy parameter ε has constant order, but also in the strongly private setting ε=o(1) . This challenges the common wisdom that over-parameterization inherently hinders performance in private learning.}, author = {Bombari, Simone and Mondelli, Marco}, issn = {1091-6490}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {15}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, title = {{Privacy for free in the overparameterized regime}}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2423072122}, volume = {122}, year = {2025}, }