@article{21321,
abstract = {The development of cost-effective and high-performance thermoelectric (TE) materials faces significant challenges, particularly in improving the properties of promising copper-based TE materials such as Cu3SbSe4, which are limited by their poor electrical conductivity. This study presents a detailed comparative analysis of three strategies to promote the electrical transport properties of Cu3SbSe4 through Sn doping: conventional Sn atomic doping, surface treatment with SnSe molecular complexes, and blending with SnSe nanocrystals to form nanocomposites, all followed by annealing and hot pressing under identical conditions. Our results reveal that a surface treatment using SnSe molecular complexes significantly enhances TE performance over atomic doping and nanocomposite formation, achieving a power factor of 1.1 mW·m−1·K−2 and a maximum dimensionless figure of merit zT value of 0.80 at 640 K, representing an excellent performance among Cu3SbSe4-based materials produced via solution-processing methods. This work highlights the effectiveness of surface engineering in optimizing the transport properties of nanostructured materials, demonstrating the versatility and cost-efficiency of solution-based technologies in the development of advanced nanostructured materials for application in the field of TE among others.},
author = {Xiao, Shanshan and Zhao, Mingjun and Li, Mingquan and Wan, Shanhong and Genç, Aziz and Huang, Lulu and Chen, Lei and Zhang, Yu and Ibáñez, Maria and Lim, Khak Ho and Hong, Min and Liu, Yu and Cabot, Andreu},
issn = {1998-0000},
journal = {Nano Research},
number = {1},
publisher = {Tsinghua University Press},
title = {{Band and defect engineering in solution-processed nanocrystal building blocks to promote transport properties in nanomaterials: The case of thermoelectric Cu 3SbSe 4}},
doi = {10.26599/nr.2025.94907072},
volume = {18},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21322,
abstract = {Habitat fragmentation poses a significant risk to population survival, causing both demographic stochasticity and genetic drift within local populations to increase, thereby increasing genetic load. Higher load causes population numbers to decline, which reduces the efficiency of selection and further increases load, resulting in a positive feedback that may drive entire populations to extinction. Here, we investigate this eco-evolutionary feedback in a metapopulation consisting of local demes connected via migration, with individuals subject to deleterious mutation at a large number of loci. We first analyze the determinants of load under soft selection, where population sizes are fixed, and then build on this to understand hard selection, where population sizes and load coevolve. We show that under soft selection, very little gene flow (less than one migrant per generation) is enough to prevent fixation of deleterious alleles. By contrast, much higher levels of migration are required to mitigate load and prevent extinction when selection is hard, with critical migration thresholds for metapopulation persistence increasing sharply as the genome-wide deleterious mutation rate becomes comparable to the baseline population growth rate. Moreover, critical migration thresholds are highest if deleterious mutations have intermediate selection coefficients but lower if alleles are predominantly recessive rather than additive (due to more efficient purging of recessive load within local populations). Our analysis is based on a combination of analytical approximations and simulations, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing load and extinction in fragmented populations.},
author = {Olusanya, Oluwafunmilola O and Khudiakova, Kseniia and Sachdeva, Himani},
issn = {1537-5323},
journal = {The American Naturalist},
number = {6},
pages = {617--636},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{Genetic load, eco-evolutionary feedback, and extinction in metapopulations}},
doi = {10.1086/735562},
volume = {205},
year = {2025},
}
@inproceedings{21323,
abstract = {We present a unifying framework for proving the knowledge-soundness of KZG-like polynomial commitment schemes, encompassing both univariate and multivariate variants. By conceptualizing the proof technique of Lipmaa, Parisella, and Siim for the univariate KZG scheme (EUROCRYPT 2024), we present tools and falsifiable hardness assumptions that permit black-box extraction of the multivariate KZG scheme. Central to our approach is the notion of a canonical Proof-of-Knowledge of a Polynomial (PoKoP) of a polynomial commitment scheme, which we use to capture the extractability notion required in constructions of practical zk-SNARKs. We further present an explicit polynomial decomposition lemma for multivariate polynomials, enabling a more direct analysis of interpolating extractors and bridging the gap between univariate and multivariate commitments. Our results provide the first standard-model proofs of extractability for the multivariate KZG scheme and many of its variants under falsifiable assumptions.},
author = {Belohorec, Juraj and Dvořák, Pavel and Hoffmann, Charlotte and Hubáček, Pavel and Mašková, Kristýna and Pastyřík, Martin},
booktitle = {45th Annual International Cryptology Conference},
isbn = {9783032018861},
issn = {1611-3349},
location = {Santa Barbara, CA, United States},
pages = {584--616},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{On extractability of the KZG family of polynomial commitment schemes}},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-032-01887-8_19},
volume = {16005},
year = {2025},
}
@inproceedings{21325,
abstract = {Test-time training (TTT) methods explicitly update the weights of a model to adapt to the specific test instance, and they have found success in a variety of settings, including most recently language modeling and reasoning. To demystify this success, we investigate a gradient-based TTT algorithm for in-context learning, where we train a transformer model on the in-context demonstrations provided in the test prompt. Specifically, we provide a comprehensive theoretical characterization of linear transformers when the update rule is a single gradient step. Our theory (i) delineates the role of alignment between pretraining distribution and target task, (ii) demystifies how TTT can alleviate distribution shift, and (iii) quantifies the sample complexity of TTT including how it can significantly reduce the eventual sample size required for in-context learning. As our empirical contribution, we study the benefits of TTT for TabPFN, a tabular foundation model. In line with our theory, we demonstrate that TTT significantly reduces the required sample size for tabular classification (3 to 5 times fewer) unlocking substantial inference efficiency with a negligible training cost.},
author = {Gozeten, Halil Alperen and Ildiz, Muhammed Emrullah and Zhang, Xuechen and Soltanolkotabi, Mahdi and Mondelli, Marco and Oymak, Samet},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning},
issn = {2640-3498},
location = {Vancouver, Canada},
pages = {20266--20295},
publisher = {ML Research Press},
title = {{Test-time training provably improves transformers as in-context learners}},
volume = {267},
year = {2025},
}
@inproceedings{21327,
abstract = {Proteins exist as a dynamic ensemble of multiple conformations, and these motions are often crucial for their functions. However, current structure prediction methods predominantly yield a single conformation, overlooking the conformational heterogeneity revealed by diverse experimental modalities. Here, we present a framework for building experiment-grounded protein structure generative models that infer conformational ensembles consistent with measured experimental data. The key idea is to treat stateof-the-art protein structure predictors (e.g., AlphaFold3) as sequence-conditioned structural priors, and cast ensemble modeling as posterior inference of protein structures given experimental measurements. Through extensive real-data experiments, we demonstrate the generality of our method to incorporate a variety of experimental measurements. In particular, our framework uncovers previously unmodeled conformational heterogeneity from crystallographic densities, and generates high-accuracy NMR ensembles orders of magnitude faster than the status quo. Notably, we demonstrate that our ensembles outperform AlphaFold3 (Abramson et al., 2024) and sometimes better fit experimental data than publicly deposited structures to the Protein Data Bank (PDB, Burley et al. (2017)). We believe that this approach will unlock building predictive models that fully embrace experimentally observed conformational diversity.},
author = {Maddipatla, Sai A and Sellam, Nadav E and Bojan, Meital I and Vedula, Sanketh and Schanda, Paul and Marx, Ailie and Bronstein, Alexander},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning},
issn = {2640-3498},
location = {Vancouver, Canada},
pages = {42366 -- 42393},
publisher = {ML Research Press},
title = {{Inverse problems with experiment-guided AlphaFold}},
volume = {267},
year = {2025},
}
@inproceedings{21328,
abstract = {Multi-index models provide a popular framework to investigate the learnability of functions with low-dimensional structure and, also due to their connections with neural networks, they have been object of recent intensive study. In this paper, we focus on recovering the subspace spanned by the signals via spectral estimators – a family of methods routinely used in practice, often as a warm-start for iterative algorithms. Our main technical contribution is a precise asymptotic characterization of the performance of spectral methods, when sample size and input dimension grow proportionally and the dimension p of the space to recover is fixed. Specifically, we locate the top-p eigenvalues of the spectral matrix and establish the overlaps between the corresponding eigenvectors (which give the spectral estimators) and a basis of the signal subspace. Our analysis unveils a phase transition phenomenon in which, as the sample complexity grows, eigenvalues escape from the bulk of the spectrum and, when that happens, eigenvectors recover directions of the desired subspace. The precise characterization we put forward enables the optimization of the data preprocessing, thus allowing to identify the spectral estimator that requires the minimal sample size for weak recovery.},
author = {Kovačević, Filip and Yihan, Zhang and Mondelli, Marco},
booktitle = {Proceedings of 38th Conference on Learning Theory},
issn = {2640-3498},
location = {Lyon, France},
pages = {3354--3404},
publisher = {ML Research Press},
title = {{Spectral estimators for multi-index models: Precise asymptotics and optimal weak recovery}},
volume = {291},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21413,
abstract = {We present a general framework for applying learning algorithms and heuristical guidance to the verification of Markov decision processes (MDPs).
The primary goal of our techniques is to improve performance by avoiding an exhaustive exploration of the state space, instead focussing on particularly relevant areas of the system, guided by heuristics. Our work builds on the previous results of Br{á}zdil et al., significantly extending it as well as refining several details and fixing errors.
The presented framework focuses on probabilistic reachability, which is a core problem in verification, and is instantiated in two distinct scenarios.
The first assumes that full knowledge of the MDP is available, in particular precise transition probabilities. It performs a heuristic-driven partial exploration of the model, yielding precise lower and upper bounds on the required probability. The second tackles the case where we may only sample the MDP without knowing the exact transition dynamics. Here, we obtain probabilistic guarantees, again in terms of both the lower and upper bounds, which provides efficient stopping criteria for the approximation. In particular, the latter is an extension of statistical model-checking (SMC) for unbounded properties in MDPs. In contrast to other related approaches, we do not restrict our attention to time-bounded (finite-horizon) or discounted properties, nor assume any particular structural properties of the MDP.},
author = {Brázdil, Tomáš and Chatterjee, Krishnendu and Chmelik, Martin and Forejt, Vojtěch and Kretinsky, Jan and Kwiatkowska, Marta and Meggendorfer, Tobias and Parker, David and Ujma, Mateusz},
issn = {2751-4838},
journal = {TheoretiCS},
publisher = {TheoretiCS Foundation},
title = {{Learning algorithms for verification of Markov decision processes}},
doi = {10.46298/theoretics.25.10},
volume = {4},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21431,
abstract = {Several optical experiments have shown that in magnetic materials, the principal axes of response tensors can rotate as an odd function of an applied magnetic field. Here we offer a microscopic explanation of this effect, and we propose a closely related dc transport phenomenon—an off-diagonal symmetric conductivity, linear and odd in a magnetic field, which we refer to as linear magnetoconductivity (LMC). Although LMC has the same functional dependence on a magnetic field as the Hall effect, its origin is fundamentally different: LMC requires time-reversal symmetry to be broken even before a magnetic field is applied, and is therefore a sensitive probe of magnetism. We demonstrate LMC in three different ways: via a tight-binding toy model, a density functional theory calculation on MnPSe3, and a semiclassical treatment. The third approach identifies two distinct mechanisms yielding LMC: momentum-dependent band magnetization and Berry curvature. Finally, we propose an experimental geometry suitable for detecting LMC, and we demonstrate its applicability using Landauer-Büttiker simulations. Our results emphasize the importance of measuring the full conductivity tensor in magnetic materials, and they introduce LMC as a new transport probe of symmetry.},
author = {Sunko, Veronika and Liu, C. and Vila, M. and Na, I. and Tang, Y. and Kozii, V. and Griffin, S. M. and Moore, J. E. and Orenstein, J.},
issn = {2469-9969},
journal = {Physical Review B},
number = {13},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
title = {{Linear magnetoconductivity as a probe of time-reversal symmetry breaking}},
doi = {10.1103/33ns-8gwj},
volume = {112},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21432,
abstract = {The interplay between symmetry and topology in magnetic materials makes it possible to engineer exotic phases and technologically useful properties. A key requirement for these pursuits is achieving control over local crystallographic and magnetic structure, usually through sample morphology (such as synthesis of bulk crystals versus thin films) and application of magnetic or electric fields. Here we show that V1/3NbS2 can be crystallized in two ordered superlattices, distinguished by the periodicity of out-of-plane magnetic intercalants. Whereas one of these structures is metallic and displays the hallmarks of altermagnetism, the other superlattice, which has not been isolated before in this family of intercalation compounds, is a semimetallic noncollinear antiferromagnet that may enable access to topologically nontrivial properties. This observation of an unconventional superlattice structure establishes a powerful route for tailoring the tremendous array of magnetic and electronic behaviors hosted in related materials and may expand their use in low-power spintronic or topological quantum devices.},
author = {Fender, Shannon S. and Schnitzer, Noah and Fang, Wuzhang and Bhatt, Lopa and Huang, Dingbin and Malik, Amani and Gonzalez, Oscar and Sunko, Veronika and Xie, Lilia S. and Muller, David A. and Orenstein, Joseph and Ping, Yuan and Goodge, Berit H. and Bediako, D. Kwabena},
issn = {1520-5126},
journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
number = {36},
pages = {32315--32320},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Unconventional superlattice ordering in intercalated transition metal dichalcogenide V1/3NbS2}},
doi = {10.1021/jacs.5c07385},
volume = {147},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21433,
abstract = {Altermagnets, magnetic materials with zero magnetization and spin-split band structure, have gained tremendous attention recently for their rich physics and potential applications. Here, we report on a microscopic tight-binding model that unveils a unique coupling between orbitals and spins in 𝑑-wave altermagnets, which gives rise to momentum-dependent and spin-selective optical absorption. This coupling promotes the controlled optical excitation of up or down spins depending on the polarization direction of linearly polarized light. Such an effect originates from the coupling of orbitals to the sublattice degree of freedom through the crystal field, which is then coupled to spins through the antiferromagnetic interaction. Our crystal field analysis, which is general to any type of altermagnet, helps understand the onset of altermagnetism from a microscopic point of view, and we use our results to propose clear magneto-optical signatures of our predictions. Our findings shine light on the interplay between orbitals and spins in altermagnets, thus paving the way towards novel orbitronic and optospintronic devices.},
author = {Vila, Marc and Sunko, Veronika and Moore, Joel E.},
issn = {2469-9969},
journal = {Physical Review B},
number = {2},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
title = {{Orbital-spin locking and its optical signatures in altermagnets}},
doi = {10.1103/bzzy-ngcs},
volume = {112},
year = {2025},
}
@unpublished{21434,
abstract = {Goldstone modes acquire a frequency gap in the presence of perturbations that break the underlying continuous symmetry. Here, we study the response of a spin-based Goldstone mode to strain and magnetic field in the broken helix, a multi-$\textbf{Q}$ phase of EuIn$_2$As$_2$. Optical polarimetry with spatial and temporal resolution allows us to access information about both the structure and frequency of optically excited spin-wave modes under different strain conditions. We observe nearly uniform spin precession characteristic of a Goldstone mode only when magnetic field dominates over strain. In this regime, the frequency depends linearly on the applied field. A symmetry analysis for predicting the mode frequency near zero field demonstrates that the observed scaling is of the lowest allowed order. This work thus demonstrates the connections between magnetic symmetries and the frequency dependence of the Goldstone mode in an external field, and illustrates the power of our technique for studying the dynamics of complex magnets.},
author = {Alex Liebman-Pelaez, Alex Liebman-Pelaez and Garratt, Samuel J. and Sunko, Veronika and Sun, Yue and Soh, Jian R. and Prabhakaran, Dharmalingam and Boothroyd, Andrew T. and Orenstein, Joseph},
booktitle = {arXiv},
title = {{Goldstone mode of the broken helix in U(1) magnet EuIn2As2}},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2501.09084},
year = {2025},
}
@unpublished{21435,
abstract = {Multiferroic materials, in which electric polarization and magnetic order coexist and couple, offer rich opportunities for both fundamental discovery and technology. However, multiferroicity remains rare due to conflicting electronic requirements for ferroelectricity and magnetism. One route to circumvent this challenge is to exploit the noncollinear ordering of spin cycloids, whose symmetry permits the emergence of polar order. In this work, we introduce another pathway to multiferroic order in which strain generates polarization in materials that host nonpolar spin spirals. To demonstrate this phenomenon, we chose the spin spiral in the well-studied helimagnet Cr1/3NbS2. To detect the induced polarization, we introduce the technique of magnetoelectric birefringence (MEB), an optical probe that enables spatially-resolved and unambiguous detection of polar order. By combining MEB imaging with strain engineering, we confirm the onset of a polar vector at the magnetic transition, establishing strained Cr1/3NbS2 as a type-II multiferroic.},
author = {Sun, Y. and Ahn, Y. and Sapkota, D. and Arachchige, H. S. and Xue, R. and Mozaffari, S. and Mandrus, D. G. and Zhao, L. and Orenstein, J. and Sunko, Veronika},
booktitle = {arXiv},
title = {{Strain-induced multiferroicity in Cr1/3NbS2}},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2510.11619},
year = {2025},
}
@inproceedings{21474,
abstract = {Rendering novel, relit views of a human head, given a monocular portrait image as input, is an inherently underconstrained problem. The traditional graphics solution is to explicitly decompose the input image into geometry, material and lighting via differentiable rendering; but this is constrained by the multiple assumptions and approximations of the underlying models and parameterizations of these scene components. We propose 3DPR, an image-based relighting model that leverages generative priors learnt from multi-view One-Light-at-A-Time (OLAT) images captured in a light stage. We introduce a new diverse and large-scale multi-view 4K OLAT dataset of 139 subjects to learn a high-quality prior over the distribution of high-frequency face reflectance. We leverage the latent space of a pre-trained generative head model that provides a rich prior over face geometry learnt from in-the-wild image datasets. The input portrait is first embedded in the latent manifold of such a model through an encoder-based inversion process. Then a novel triplane-based reflectance network trained on our lightstage data is used to synthesize high-fidelity OLAT images to enable image-based relighting. Our reflectance network operates in the latent space of the generative head model, crucially enabling a relatively small number of lightstage images to train the reflectance model. Combining the generated OLATs according to a given HDRI environment maps yields physically accurate environmental relighting results. Through quantitative and qualitative evaluations, we demonstrate that 3DPR outperforms previous methods, particularly in preserving identity and in capturing lighting effects such as specularities, self-shadows, and subsurface scattering.},
author = {Rao, Pramod and Meka, Abhimitra and Zhou, Xilong and Fox, Gereon and Mallikarjun, B. R. and Zhan, Fangneng and Weyrich, Tim and Bickel, Bernd and Pfister, Hanspeter and Matusik, Wojciech and Beeler, Thabo and Elgharib, Mohamed and Habermann, Marc and Theobalt, Christian},
booktitle = {Proceedings SIGGRAPH Asia 2025 Conference Papers 2025},
isbn = {9798400721373},
location = {Hong Kong, Hong Kong},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
title = {{3DPR: Single image 3D portrait relighting with generative priors}},
doi = {10.1145/3757377.3763962},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21515,
abstract = {The property of a physical system is highly dependent on its dimensionality. Topological physics in three or more dimensions exhibits rich phenomena without lower-dimensional counterparts. In this paper, the authors propose a scheme to implement such high-dimensional topological physics in a single photonic ring resonator, where the model of interest can be arbitrarily high dimensional and arbitrarily multi-band. The frequency modes in the resonator, coupled via electro-optic modulation, are used to create a high-dimensional lattice, and the spatial modes are used as the pseudo-spin degree of freedom within each lattice site. The band structure of the model can be measured from the transmission spectrum of the ring resonator. The authors numerically demonstrate as examples a three-dimensional, two-band model and a five-dimensional, four-band model. This paper establishes a versatile and programmable platform for high-dimensional topological physics, paving the way for its experimental studies and future applications.},
author = {Cheng, Dali and Wang, Heming and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Zhong, Janet and Fan, Shanhui},
issn = {2950-6360},
journal = {Newton},
number = {7},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Creating high-dimensional topological physics using a single ring resonator}},
doi = {10.1016/j.newton.2025.100163},
volume = {1},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21521,
abstract = {Fast-emitting scintillators are essential for advanced diagnostic techniques, yet many suffer from low radiation attenuation. This trade-off is particularly pronounced in polymer scintillators, which, despite their fast emission, exhibit low density and low atomic numbers, limiting the radiation attenuation factor, resulting in low detection efficiency. Here, we overcome this limitation by creating a heterostructure scintillator of alternating nanometric layers, combining fast light-emitting polymer scintillator layers and transparent stopping layers with a high radiation attenuation factor. The nanolayer thicknesses are tuned to optimize the penetration depth of recoil electrons in active emissive layers, maximizing the conversion of X-rays to visible light. This design increases light output by up to 1.5 times and enhances imaging resolution by a factor of 2 compared to homogeneous polymer scintillators due to the ability to use thinner samples. These results demonstrate the potential of heterostructure scintillators as next-generation detector materials, overcoming the limitations of homogeneous scintillators.},
author = {Be’er, Orr and Shultzman, Avner and Strassberg, Rotem and Dosovitskiy, Georgy and Veber, Noam and Schuetz, Roman and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Kaminer, Ido and Bekenstein, Yehonadav},
issn = {1530-6992},
journal = {Nano Letters},
keywords = {Scintillator, Heterostructure, Thin film, X-ray imaging, X-ray detector},
number = {9},
pages = {3422--3429},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Heterostructure nanoscintillator for matching radiation absorbing layers with fast light-emitting layers}},
doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c05353},
volume = {25},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21524,
abstract = {In X-ray tubes, more than 99% of the kilowatts of power supplied to generate X-rays via bremsstrahlung is lost as heat in the anode. Therefore, thermal management is a critical barrier to the development of more powerful X-ray tubes with higher brightness and spatial coherence, which are needed to translate imaging modalities such as phase-contrast imaging to the clinic. In rotating anode X-ray tubes, the most common design, thermal radiation is a bottleneck that prevents efficient cooling of the anode─the hottest part of the device by far. We predict that nanophotonic patterning of the anode of an X-ray tube enhances heat dissipation via thermal radiation, enabling it to operate at higher powers without an increase in temperature. The focal spot size, which is related to the spatial coherence of generated X-rays, can also be reduced at a constant temperature. A major advantage of our “nanophotonic thermal management” approach is that in principle, it allows complete control over the spectrum and direction of thermal radiation, which can lead to optimal thermal routing and improved performance.},
author = {Pajovic, Simo and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Choi, Seou and Kooi, Steven E. and Gupta, Rajiv and Zalis, Michael E. and Čelanović, Ivan and Soljačić, Marin},
issn = {1936-086X},
journal = {ACS Nano},
keywords = {X-ray tubes, thermal management, nanophotonics, thermal radiation, X-ray imaging, high-temperature},
number = {35},
pages = {31363--31370},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Nanophotonic thermal management in X-ray tubes}},
doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c05186},
volume = {19},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21530,
abstract = {Metasurfaces, ultrathin structures composed of subwavelength optical elements, have revolutionized light manipulation by enabling precise control over electromagnetic waves’ amplitude, phase, polarization, and spectral properties. Concurrently, computational imaging leverages algorithms to reconstruct images from optically processed signals, overcoming the limitations of traditional imaging systems. This Perspective explores the synergistic integration of metaoptics and computational imaging, “metaoptic computational imaging”, which combines the physical wavefront shaping ability of metasurfaces with advanced computational algorithms to enhance imaging performance beyond conventional limits. We discuss how metaoptic computational imaging addresses the inherent limitations of single-layer metasurfaces in achieving multifunctionality without compromising efficiency. By treating metasurfaces as physical preconditioners and codesigning them with reconstruction algorithms through end-to-end (inverse) design, it is possible to jointly optimize the optical hardware and computational software. Advanced applications and new frontiers in the field enabled by metaoptic computational imaging are highlighted, including phase imaging and quantum state measurement.},
author = {Roques-Carmes, Charles and Wang, Kai and Yang, Yuanmu and Majumdar, Arka and Lin, Zin},
issn = {2330-4022},
journal = {ACS Photonics},
keywords = {nanophotonics, metasurfaces, computational imaging, inverse design},
number = {4},
pages = {1722--1733},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Metaoptic computational imaging}},
doi = {10.1021/acsphotonics.4c02266},
volume = {12},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21531,
abstract = {Entanglement is a unique feature of quantum mechanics. In coupled systems of light and matter, entanglement manifests itself in the linear superposition of multipartite quantum states (e.g., parametrized by the multiple spatial, spectral, or temporal degrees of freedom of a light field). In bipartite systems, the Schmidt decomposition provides a modal decomposition of the entanglement structure over independent, separable states. Although ubiquitous as a mathematical tool to describe and measure entanglement, there exists no general efficient experimental method to decompose a bipartite quantum state onto its Schmidt modes. Here, we propose a method that relies on bipartite self-configuring optics that automatically ``learns'' the Schmidt decomposition of an arbitrary pure quantum state. Our method is agnostic to the degrees of freedom over which quantum entanglement is distributed and can reconstruct the Schmidt modes and values by variational optimization of the network's output powers or coincidences. We illustrate our method with numerical examples of spectral entanglement analysis for biphotons generated via spontaneous parametric down conversion and provide experimental guidelines for its realization, including the influence of losses and impurities. Our method provides a versatile and scalable way of analyzing entanglement in bipartite integrated quantum photonic systems. },
author = {Roques-Carmes, Charles and Karnieli, Aviv and Miller, David A. B. and Fan, Shanhui},
issn = {2330-4022},
journal = {ACS Photonics},
keywords = {integrated photonics, spontaneous parametric down conversion, entanglement, quantum teleportation, reconfigurable optics},
number = {6},
pages = {3285--3294},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Automated modal analysis of entanglement with bipartite self-configuring optics}},
doi = {10.1021/acsphotonics.5c00813},
volume = {12},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21536,
abstract = {Scintillators have been widely used in X-ray imaging due to their ability to convert high-energy radiation into visible light, making them essential for applications such as medical imaging and high-energy physics. Recent advances in the artificial structuring of scintillators offer new opportunities for improving the energy resolution of scintillator-based X-ray detectors. Here, we present a three-bin energy-resolved X-ray imaging framework based on a three-layer multicolor scintillator used in conjunction with a physics-aware image postprocessing algorithm. The multicolor scintillator is able to preserve X-ray energy information through the combination of emission wavelength multiplexing and energy-dependent isolation of X-ray absorption in specific layers. The dominant emission color and the radius of the spot measured by the detector are used to infer the incident X-ray energy based on prior knowledge of the energy-dependent absorption profiles of the scintillator stack. Through ab initio Monte Carlo simulations, we show that our approach can achieve an energy reconstruction accuracy of 49.7%, which is only 2% below the maximum accuracy achievable with realistic scintillators. We apply our framework to medical phantom imaging simulations where we demonstrate that it can effectively differentiate iodine and gadolinium-based contrast agents from bone, muscle, and soft tissue.},
author = {Min, Seokhwan and Choi, Seou and Pajovic, Simo and Vaidya, Sachin and Rivera, Nicholas and Fan, Shanhui and Soljačić, Marin and Roques-Carmes, Charles},
issn = {2047-7538},
journal = {Light: Science & Applications},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{End-to-end design of multicolor scintillators for enhanced energy resolution in X-ray imaging}},
doi = {10.1038/s41377-025-01836-8},
volume = {14},
year = {2025},
}
@article{21541,
abstract = {Scintillators convert X-ray energy into visible light and are critical for imaging technologies. Their widespread use relies on scalable, high-quality manufacturing methods. Nanophotonic scintillators, featuring wavelength-scale nanostructures, can offer improved emission properties such as higher light yield, shorter decay times, and enhanced directionality. However, achieving scalable fabrication of these structures remains challenging. Here, we present a scalable fabrication method for large-area nanophotonic scintillators based on the self-assembly of chalcogenide glass photonic crystals. This technique enables the production of nanophotonic scintillators over wafer-scale areas, achieving a six-fold enhancement in light yield compared to unpatterned scintillators. By studying surface nanofabrication disorder, we show its impact on imaging performance and provide a route towards scintillation enhancements without compromising resolution. We demonstrate the practical applicability of our nanophotonic scintillators through X-ray imaging of biological and inorganic specimens. Our results could enable the industrial implementation of a new generation of nanophotonic-enhanced scintillators.},
author = {Martin-Monier, Louis and Pajovic, Simo and Abebe, Muluneh G. and Chen, Joshua and Vaidya, Sachin and Min, Seokhwan and Choi, Seou and Kooi, Steven E. and Maes, Bjorn and Hu, Juejun and Soljačić, Marin and Roques-Carmes, Charles},
issn = {2041-1723},
journal = {Nature Communications},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
title = {{Large-scale self-assembled nanophotonic scintillators for X-ray imaging}},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-60953-5},
volume = {16},
year = {2025},
}