@article{18438,
  abstract     = {Partial matching of geometric structures is important in computer vision, pattern recognition and shape analysis applications. The problem consists of matching similar parts of shapes that may be dissimilar as a whole. Recently, it was proposed to consider partial similarity as a multi-criterion optimization problem trying to simultaneously maximize the similarity and the significance of the matching parts. A major challenge in that framework is providing a quantitative measure of the significance of a part of an object. Here, we define the significance of a part of a shape by its discriminative power with respect do a given shape database — that is, the uniqueness of the part. We define a point-wise significance density using a statistical weighting approach similar to the term frequency-inverse document frequency (tf-idf) weighting employed in search engines. The significance measure of a given part is obtained by integrating over this density. Numerical experiments show that the proposed approach produces intuitive significant parts, and demonstrate an improvement in the performance of partial matching between shapes. },
  author       = {Bronstein, Alexander and Bronstein, Michael M. and Carmon, Yair and Kimmel, Ron},
  issn         = {1882-6695},
  journal      = {IPSJ Transactions on Computer Vision and Applications},
  pages        = {105--114},
  publisher    = {Information Processing Society of Japan},
  title        = {{Partial similarity of shapes using a statistical significance measure}},
  doi          = {10.2197/ipsjtcva.1.105},
  volume       = {1},
  year         = {2009},
}

@inproceedings{18726,
  abstract     = {The high sensitivity of JWST will open a new window on the end of the cosmological dark ages. Small stellar clusters, with a stellar mass of several × 106 M⊙, and low-mass black holes (BHs), with a mass of several $× 105 M⊙ should be directly detectable out to redshift z = 10, and individual supernovae (SNe) and gamma ray burst GRB afterglows are bright enough to be visible beyond this redshift. Dense primordial gas, in the process of collapsing from large scales to form protogalaxies, may also be possible to image through diffuse recombination line emission, possibly even before stars or BHs are formed. In this article, I discuss the key physical processes that are expected to have determined the sizes of the first star–clusters and black holes, and the prospect of studying these objects by direct detections with JWST and with other instruments. The direct light emitted by the very first stellar clusters and intermediate-mass black holes at z > 10 will likely fall below JWST’s detection threshold. However, JWST could reveal a decline at the faint-end of the high-redshift luminosity function, and thereby shed light on radiative and other feedback effects that operate at these early epochs. JWST will also have the sensitivity to detect individual SNe from beyond z = 10. In a dedicated survey lasting for several weeks, thousands of SNe could be detected at z > 6, with a redshift distribution extending to the formation of the very first stars at z ≳ 15. Using these SNe as tracers may be the only method to map out the earliest stages of the cosmic star–formation history. Finally, we point out that studying the earliest objects at high redshift will also offer a new window on the primordial power spectrum, on ∼100 times smaller scales than probed by current large-scale structure data.},
  author       = {Haiman, Zoltán},
  booktitle    = {Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings},
  isbn         = {9781402094569},
  issn         = {1570-6605},
  pages        = {385--418},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Observing the first stars and black holes}},
  doi          = {10.1007/978-1-4020-9457-6_15},
  year         = {2009},
}

@inbook{18735,
  abstract     = {The high sensitivity of JWST will open a new window on the end of the cosmological dark ages. Small stellar clusters, with a stellar mass of several × 106 M⊙, and low-mass black holes (BHs), with a mass of several $× 105 M⊙ should be directly detectable out to redshift z = 10, and individual supernovae (SNe) and gamma ray burst GRB afterglows are bright enough to be visible beyond this redshift. Dense primordial gas, in the process of collapsing from large scales to form protogalaxies, may also be possible to image through diffuse recombination line emission, possibly even before stars or BHs are formed. In this article, I discuss the key physical processes that are expected to have determined the sizes of the first star–clusters and black holes, and the prospect of studying these objects by direct detections with JWST and with other instruments. The direct light emitted by the very first stellar clusters and intermediate-mass black holes at z > 10 will likely fall below JWST’s detection threshold. However, JWST could reveal a decline at the faint-end of the high-redshift luminosity function, and thereby shed light on radiative and other feedback effects that operate at these early epochs. JWST will also have the sensitivity to detect individual SNe from beyond z = 10. In a dedicated survey lasting for several weeks, thousands of SNe could be detected at z > 6, with a redshift distribution extending to the formation of the very first stars at z ≳ 15. Using these SNe as tracers may be the only method to map out the earliest stages of the cosmic star–formation history. Finally, we point out that studying the earliest objects at high redshift will also offer a new window on the primordial power spectrum, on ∼100 times smaller scales than probed by current large-scale structure data.},
  author       = {Haiman, Zoltán},
  booktitle    = {Astrophysics in the Next Decade},
  editor       = {Thronson, Harley A. and Stiavelli, Massimo and Tielens, Alexander},
  isbn         = {9781402094569},
  issn         = {1570-6605},
  pages        = {385--418},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Observing the First Stars and Black Holes}},
  doi          = {10.1007/978-1-4020-9457-6_15},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{12654,
  abstract     = {We investigate the transferability of an enhanced temperature-index melt model that was developed and tested on Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, in the 2001 season. The model’s empirical parameters (temperature factor, TF, and shortwave radiation factor, SRF) are recalibrated for: (1) other locations on Haut Glacier d’Arolla; (2) subperiods of distinct meteorological conditions; (3) different years on Haut Glacier d’Arolla; and (4) other glaciers in different years. The model parameters are optimized against simulations of an energy-balance model validated against ablation observations. Results are compared with those obtained with the original parameters. The model works very well when applied to other sites, seasons and glaciers, with the exception of overcast conditions. Differences are due to underestimation of high melt rates. The parameter values are associated with the prevailing energy-balance conditions, showing that high SRF are obtained on clear-sky days, whereas higher TF are typical of locations where glacier winds prevail and turbulent fluxes are high. We also provide a range of parameters clearly associated with the site’s location and its meteorological characteristics that could help to assign parameter values to sites where few data are available.},
  author       = {Carenzo, Marco and Pellicciotti, Francesca and Rimkus, Stefan and Burlando, Paolo},
  issn         = {1727-5652},
  journal      = {Journal of Glaciology},
  number       = {190},
  pages        = {258--274},
  publisher    = {Cambridge University Press},
  title        = {{Assessing the transferability and robustness of an enhanced temperature-index glacier-melt model}},
  doi          = {10.3189/002214309788608804},
  volume       = {55},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{12655,
  abstract     = {We discuss the inclusion of the subsurface heat-conduction flux into the calculation of the energy balance and ablation at the glacier–atmosphere interface. Data from automatic weather stations are used to force an energy-balance model at several locations on alpine glaciers and at one site in the dry Andes of central Chile. The heat-conduction flux is computed using a two-layer scheme, assuming that 36% of the net shortwave radiation is absorbed by the surface layer and that the rest penetrates into the snowpack. We compare simulations conducted with and without subsurface heat flux. Results show that assuming a surface temperature of zero degrees leads to a larger overestimation of melt at the sites in the accumulation area (10.4–13.3%) than in the ablation area (0.5–2.8%), due to lower air temperatures and the presence of snow. The difference between simulations with and without heat conduction is also high at the beginning and end of the ablation season (up to 29% for the first 15 days of the season), when air temperatures are lower and snow covers the glacier surface, while they are of little importance during periods of sustained melt at all the locations investigated.},
  author       = {Pellicciotti, Francesca and Carenzo, Marco and Helbing, Jakob and Rimkus, Stefan and Burlando, Paolo},
  issn         = {1727-5644},
  journal      = {Annals of Glaciology},
  number       = {50},
  pages        = {16--24},
  publisher    = {International Glaciological Society},
  title        = {{On the role of subsurface heat conduction in glacier energy-balance modelling}},
  doi          = {10.3189/172756409787769555},
  volume       = {50},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{1302,
  abstract     = {The nervous system of seeing animals derives information about optic flow in two subsequent steps. First, local motion vectors are calculated from moving retinal images, and second, the spatial distribution of these vectors is analyzed on the dendrites of large downstream neurons. In dipteran flies, this second step relies on a set of motion-sensitive lobula plate tangential cells (LPTCs), which have been studied in great detail in large fly species. Yet, studies on neurons that convey information to LPTCs and neuroanatomical investigations that enable a mechanistic understanding of the underlying dendritic computations in LPTCs are rare. We investigated the subcellular distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on two sets of LPTCs: vertical system (VS) and horizontal system (HS) cells in Drosophila melanogaster. In this paper, we describe that both cell types express Dα7-type nAChR subunits specifically on higher order dendritic branches, similar to the expression of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. These findings support a model in which directional selectivity of LPTCs is achieved by the dendritic integration of excitatory, cholinergic, and inhibitory GABA-ergic input from local motion detectors with opposite preferred direction. Nonetheless, whole-cell recordings in mutant flies without Dα7 nAChRs revealed that direction selectivity of VS and HS cells is largely retained. In addition, mutant LPTCs were responsive to acetylcholine and remaining nAChR receptors were labeled by α-bungarotoxin. These results in LPTCs with genetically manipulated excitatory input synapses suggest a robust cellular implementation of dendritic processing that warrants direction selectivity. The underlying mechanism that ensures appropriate nAChR-mediated synaptic currents and the functional implications of separate sets or heteromultimeric nAChRs can now be addressed in this system.},
  author       = {Raghu, Shamprasad V and Maximilian Jösch and Sigrist, Stephan J and Borst, Alexander and Reiff, Dierk F},
  journal      = {Journal of Neurogenetics},
  number       = {1-2},
  pages        = {200 -- 209},
  publisher    = {Informa Healthcare},
  title        = {{Synaptic organization of lobula plate tangential cells in Drosophila: Dα7 cholinergic receptors}},
  doi          = {10.1080/01677060802471684},
  volume       = {23},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{1983,
  abstract     = {During many cellular processes such as cell division, polarization and motility, the plasma membrane does not only represent a passive physical barrier, but also provides a highly dynamic platform for the interplay between lipids, membrane binding proteins and cytoskeletal elements. Even though many regulators of these interactions are known, their mutual interdependence appears to be highly complex and difficult to study in a living cell. Over the past few years, in vitro studies on membrane-cytoskeleton interactions using biomimetic membranes turned out to be extremely helpful to get better mechanistic insight into the dynamics of these processes. In this review, we discuss some of the recent developments using in vitro assays to dissect the role of the players involved: lipids in the membrane, proteins binding to membranes and proteins binding to membrane proteins. We also summarize advantages and disadvantages of supported lipid bilayers as model membrane.},
  author       = {Martin Loose and Schwille, Petra },
  journal      = {Journal of Structural Biology},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {143 -- 151},
  publisher    = {Academic Press},
  title        = {{Biomimetic membrane systems to study cellular organization}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.jsb.2009.03.016},
  volume       = {168},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{1984,
  abstract     = {In animal and plant cells, mitotic chromatin locally generates microtubules that self-organize into a mitotic spindle, and its dimensions and bipolar symmetry are essential for accurate chromosome segregation. By immobilizing microscopic chromatin-coated beads on slide surfaces using a microprinting technique, we have examined the effect of chromatin on the dimensions and symmetry of spindles in Xenopus laevis cytoplasmic extracts. While circular spots with diameters around 14-18 μm trigger bipolar spindle formation, larger spots generate an incorrect number of poles. We also examined lines of chromatin with various dimensions. Their length determined the number of poles that formed, with a 6 × 18 μm rectangular patch generating normal spindle morphology. Around longer lines, multiple poles formed and the structures were disorganized. While lines thinner than 10 μm generated symmetric structures, thicker lines induced the formation of asymmetric structures where all microtubules are on the same side of the line. Our results show that chromatin defines spindle shape and orientation. For a video summary of this article, see the PaperFlick file available with the online Supplemental Data.},
  author       = {Dinarina, Ana and Pugieux, Céline and Corral, Maria M and Martin Loose and Spatz, Joachim P and Karsenti, Éric and Nédélec, François J},
  journal      = {Cell},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {502 -- 513},
  publisher    = {Cell Press},
  title        = {{Chromatin shapes the mitotic spindle}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.027},
  volume       = {138},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{2067,
  author       = {Beatriz Vicoso and Charlesworth, Brian},
  journal      = {Genetics},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1699 -- 1701},
  publisher    = {Genetics Society of America},
  title        = {{Recombination rates may affect the ratio of X to autosomal noncoding polymorphism in African populations of Drosophila melanogaster}},
  doi          = {10.1534/genetics.108.098004},
  volume       = {181},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{2068,
  abstract     = {In Drosophila, there is a consistent deficit of male-biased genes on the X chromosome. It has been suggested that male-biased genes may evolve from initially unbiased genes as a result of increased expression levels in males. If transcription rates are limited, a large increase in expression in the testis may be harder to achieve for single-copy X-linked genes than for autosomal genes, because they are already hypertranscribed due to dosage compensation. This hypothesis predicts that the larger the increase in expression required to make a male-biased gene, the lower the chance of this being achievable if it is located on the X chromosome. Consequently, highly expressed male-biased genes should be located on the X chromosome less often than lowly expressed male-biased genes. This pattern is observed in our analysis of publicly available data, where microarray data or EST data are used to detect male-biased genes in D. melanogaster and to measure their expression levels. This is consistent with the idea that limitations in transcription rates may prevent male-biased genes from accumulating on the X chromosome.},
  author       = {Beatriz Vicoso and Charlesworth, Brian},
  journal      = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {576 -- 583},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{The deficit of male-biased genes on the D. melanogaster X chromosome is expression-dependent: A consequence of dosage compensation?}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s00239-009-9235-4},
  volume       = {68},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{2069,
  abstract     = {Current models of X-linked and autosomal evolutionary rates often assume that the effective population size of the X chromosome (NeX) is equal to three-quarters of the autosomal population size (NeA). However, polymorphism studies of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans suggest that there are often significant deviations from this value. We have computed fixation rates of beneficial and deleterious mutations at X-linked and autosomal sites when this occurs. We find that NeX/NeA is a crucial parameter for the rates of evolution of X-linked sites compared to autosomal sites. Faster-X evolution due to the fixation of beneficial mutations can occur under a much wider range of levels of dominance when NeX/N eA > 3/4. We also examined various parameters that are known to influence the rates of evolution at X-linked and autosomal sites, such as different mutation rates in males and females and mutations that are sexually antagonistic, to determine which cases can lead to faster-X evolution. We show that, when the rate of nonsynonymous evolution is normalized by the rate of neutral evolution, a sex difference in mutation rate has no influence on the conditions for faster-X evolution.},
  author       = {Beatriz Vicoso and Charlesworth, Brian},
  journal      = {Evolution},
  number       = {9},
  pages        = {2413 -- 2426},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Effective population size and the faster-X effect: An extended model}},
  doi          = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00719.x},
  volume       = {63},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{2070,
  abstract     = {In many eukaryotic organisms, gender is determined by a pair of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Degeneration of the non-recombining Y chromosome is a general facet of sex chromosome evolution. Selective pressure to restore expression levels of X-linked genes relative to autosomes accompanies Y-chromosome degeneration, thus driving the evolution of dosage compensation mechanisms. This review focuses on evolutionary aspects of dosage compensation, in light of recent advances in comparative and functional genomics that have substantially increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of dosage compensation and how it evolved. We review processes involved in sex chromosome evolution, and discuss the dynamic interaction between Y degeneration and the acquisition of dosage compensation. We compare mechanisms of dosage compensation and the origin of dosage compensation genes between different taxa and comment on sex chromosomes that apparently lack compensation mechanisms. Finally, we discuss how dosage compensation systems can also influence the evolution of well-established sex chromosomes.},
  author       = {Beatriz Vicoso and Bachtrog, Doris},
  journal      = {Chromosome Research},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {585 -- 602},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Progress and prospects toward our understanding of the evolution of dosage compensation}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s10577-009-9053-y},
  volume       = {17},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{1971,
  abstract     = {Complex I plays a central role in cellular energy production, coupling electron transfer between NADH and quinone to proton translocation. The mechanism of this highly efficient enzyme is currently unknown. Mitochondrial complex I is a major source of reactive oxygen species, which may be one of the causes of aging. Dysfunction of complex I is implicated in many human neurodegenerative diseases. We have determined several x-ray structures of the oxidized and reduced hydrophilic domain of complex I from Thermus thermophilus at up to 3.1 Å resolution. The structures reveal the mode of interaction of complex I with NADH, explaining known kinetic data and providing implications for the mechanism of reactive oxygen species production at the flavin site of complex I. Bound metals were identified in the channel at the interface with the frataxin-like subunit Nqo15, indicating possible iron-binding sites. Conformational changes upon reduction of the complex involve adjustments in the nucleotide-binding pocket, as well as small but significant shifts of several α-helices at the interface with the membrane domain. These shifts are likely to be driven by the reduction of nearby iron-sulfur clusters N2 and N6a/b. Cluster N2 is the electron donor to quinone and is coordinated by unique motif involving two consecutive (tandem) cysteines. An unprecedented "on/off switch" (disconnection) of coordinating bonds between the tandem cysteines and this cluster was observed upon reduction. Comparison of the structures suggests a novel mechanism of coupling between electron transfer and proton translocation, combining conformational changes and protonation/deprotonation of tandem cysteines.},
  author       = {Berrisford, John M and Leonid Sazanov},
  journal      = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},
  number       = {43},
  pages        = {29773 -- 29783},
  publisher    = {American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
  title        = {{Structural basis for the mechanism of respiratory complex I}},
  doi          = {10.1074/jbc.M109.032144},
  volume       = {284},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{110,
  abstract     = {In order to better understand magnetic reconnection and particle acceleration in solar flares, we compare the RHESSI hard X-ray (HXR) footpoint motions of three flares with a detailed study of the corresponding topology given by a Magnetic Charge Topology model. We analyze the relationship between the footpoint motions and topological spine lines and find that the examined footpoint sources move along spine lines. We present a three-dimensional topological model in which this movement can be understood. As reconnection proceeds, flux is transferred between the reconnecting domains, causing the separator to move. The movement of the separator\'s chromospheric ends, identified with the HXR footpoints, is along those spine lines on which the separator ends.},
  author       = {Des Jardins, Angela and Canfield, Richard and Longcope, Dana and Fordyce, Crystal and Waitukaitis, Scott R},
  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {1628 -- 1636},
  publisher    = {IOP Publishing Ltd.},
  title        = {{Reconnection in three dimensions: The role of spines in three eruptive flares}},
  doi          = {10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1628},
  volume       = {693},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{111,
  abstract     = {Thin streams of liquid commonly break up into characteristic droplet patterns owing to the surface-tension-driven PlateauRayleigh instability 1-3. Very similar patterns are observed when initially uniform streams of dry granular material break up into clusters of grains4-6, even though flows of macroscopic particles are considered to lack surface tension7,8. Recent studies on freely falling granular streams tracked fluctuations in the stream profile9, but the clustering mechanism remained unresolved because the full evolution of the instability could not be observed. Here we demonstrate that the cluster formation is driven by minute, nanoNewton cohesive forces that arise from a combination of van der Waals interactions and capillary bridges between nanometre-scale surface asperities. Our experiments involve high-speed video imaging of the granular stream in the co-moving frame, control over the properties of the grain surfaces and the use of atomic force microscopy to measure grain-grain interactions. The cohesive forces that we measure correspond to an equivalent surface tension five orders of magnitude below that, of ordinary liquids. We find that, the shapes of these weakly cohesive, non-thermal clusters of macroscopic particles closely resemble droplets resulting from thermally induced rupture of liquid nanojets 10-12.},
  author       = {Royer, John and Evans, Daniel and Oyarte, Loreto and Guo, Qiti and Kapit, Eliot and Möbius, Matthias and Waitukaitis, Scott R and Jaeger, Heinrich},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7250},
  pages        = {1110 -- 1113},
  publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
  title        = {{High-speed tracking of rupture and clustering in freely falling granular streams}},
  doi          = {10.1038/nature08115},
  volume       = {459},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{11103,
  abstract     = {Over the last decade, the nuclear envelope (NE) has emerged as a key component in the organization and function of the nuclear genome. As many as 100 different proteins are thought to specifically localize to this double membrane that separates the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Selective portals through the NE are formed at sites where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are fused, and the coincident assembly of ∼30 proteins into nuclear pore complexes occurs. These nuclear pore complexes are essential for the control of nucleocytoplasmic exchange. Many of the NE and nuclear pore proteins are thought to play crucial roles in gene regulation and thus are increasingly linked to human diseases.},
  author       = {HETZER, Martin W and Wente, Susan R.},
  issn         = {1534-5807},
  journal      = {Developmental Cell},
  keywords     = {Developmental Biology, Cell Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {606--616},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Border control at the nucleus: Biogenesis and organization of the nuclear membrane and pore complexes}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.devcel.2009.10.007},
  volume       = {17},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{11105,
  abstract     = {Nuclear-pore complexes (NPCs) are large protein channels that span the nuclear envelope (NE), which is a double membrane that encloses the nuclear genome of eukaryotes. Each of the typically 2,000–4,000 pores in the NE of vertebrate cells is composed of multiple copies of 30 different proteins known as nucleoporins. The evolutionarily conserved NPC proteins have the well-characterized function of mediating the transport of molecules between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm. Mutations in nucleoporins are often linked to specific developmental defects and disease, and the resulting phenotypes are usually interpreted as the consequences of perturbed nuclear transport activity. However, recent evidence suggests that NPCs have additional functions in chromatin organization and gene regulation, some of which might be independent of nuclear transport. Here, we review the transport-dependent and transport-independent roles of NPCs in the regulation of nuclear function and gene expression.},
  author       = {Capelson, Maya and HETZER, Martin W},
  issn         = {1469-3178},
  journal      = {EMBO reports},
  keywords     = {Genetics, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry},
  number       = {7},
  pages        = {697--705},
  publisher    = {EMBO},
  title        = {{The role of nuclear pores in gene regulation, development and disease}},
  doi          = {10.1038/embor.2009.147},
  volume       = {10},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{11106,
  abstract     = {Formation of the nuclear envelope (NE) around segregated chromosomes occurs by the reshaping of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a reservoir for disassembled nuclear membrane components during mitosis. In this study, we show that inner nuclear membrane proteins such as lamin B receptor (LBR), MAN1, Lap2β, and the trans-membrane nucleoporins Ndc1 and POM121 drive the spreading of ER membranes into the emerging NE via their capacity to bind chromatin in a collaborative manner. Despite their redundant functions, decreasing the levels of any of these trans-membrane proteins by RNAi-mediated knockdown delayed NE formation, whereas increasing the levels of any of them had the opposite effect. Furthermore, acceleration of NE formation interferes with chromosome separation during mitosis, indicating that the time frame over which chromatin becomes membrane enclosed is physiologically relevant and regulated. These data suggest that functionally distinct classes of chromatin-interacting membrane proteins, which are present at nonsaturating levels, collaborate to rapidly reestablish the nuclear compartment at the end of mitosis.},
  author       = {Anderson, Daniel J. and Vargas, Jesse D. and Hsiao, Joshua P. and HETZER, Martin W},
  issn         = {1540-8140},
  journal      = {Journal of Cell Biology},
  keywords     = {Cell Biology},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {183--191},
  publisher    = {Rockefeller University Press},
  title        = {{Recruitment of functionally distinct membrane proteins to chromatin mediates nuclear envelope formation in vivo}},
  doi          = {10.1083/jcb.200901106},
  volume       = {186},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{11107,
  abstract     = {Nucleocytoplasmic transport occurs exclusively through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) embedded in pores formed by inner and outer nuclear membrane fusion. The mechanism for de novo pore and NPC biogenesis remains unclear. Reticulons (RTNs) and Yop1/DP1 are conserved membrane protein families required to form and maintain the tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the postmitotic nuclear envelope. In this study, we report that members of the RTN and Yop1/DP1 families are required for nuclear pore formation. Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae prp20-G282S and nup133Δ NPC assembly mutants revealed perturbations in Rtn1–green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Yop1-GFP ER distribution and colocalization to NPC clusters. Combined deletion of RTN1 and YOP1 resulted in NPC clustering, nuclear import defects, and synthetic lethality with the additional absence of Pom34, Pom152, and Nup84 subcomplex members. We tested for a direct role in NPC biogenesis using Xenopus laevis in vitro assays and found that anti-Rtn4a antibodies specifically inhibited de novo nuclear pore formation. We hypothesize that these ER membrane–bending proteins mediate early NPC assembly steps.},
  author       = {Dawson, T. Renee and Lazarus, Michelle D. and HETZER, Martin W and Wente, Susan R.},
  issn         = {1540-8140},
  journal      = {Journal of Cell Biology},
  keywords     = {Cell Biology},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {659--675},
  publisher    = {Rockefeller University Press},
  title        = {{ER membrane–bending proteins are necessary for de novo nuclear pore formation}},
  doi          = {10.1083/jcb.200806174},
  volume       = {184},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{11108,
  abstract     = {In dividing cells, nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) disassemble during mitosis and reassemble into the newly forming nuclei. However, the fate of nuclear pores in postmitotic cells is unknown. Here, we show that NPCs, unlike other nuclear structures, do not turn over in differentiated cells. While a subset of NPC components, like Nup153 and Nup50, are continuously exchanged, scaffold nucleoporins, like the Nup107/160 complex, are extremely long-lived and remain incorporated in the nuclear membrane during the entire cellular life span. Besides the lack of nucleoporin expression and NPC turnover, we discovered an age-related deterioration of NPCs, leading to an increase in nuclear permeability and the leaking of cytoplasmic proteins into the nucleus. Our finding that nuclear “leakiness” is dramatically accelerated during aging and that a subset of nucleoporins is oxidatively damaged in old cells suggests that the accumulation of damage at the NPC might be a crucial aging event.},
  author       = {D'Angelo, Maximiliano A. and Raices, Marcela and Panowski, Siler H. and HETZER, Martin W},
  issn         = {0092-8674},
  journal      = {Cell},
  keywords     = {General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {284--295},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Age-dependent deterioration of nuclear pore complexes causes a loss of nuclear integrity in postmitotic cells}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.037},
  volume       = {136},
  year         = {2009},
}