@article{12653,
  abstract     = {Daily streamflow from stations close to five Swiss glaciers is analyzed for trends with the Mann-Kendall test. We consider a common period of record (1974–2004) and longer periods based on data availability. The trend statistical significance is tested on annual and seasonal bases. We also examine changes in precipitation, temperature, and snow cover characteristics. Highly glacierized basins show statistically significant positive trends in annual streamflow caused by increasing streamflow in spring and summer. Trends are more numerous and stronger at lower and mid than at the upper quantiles. The basin characterized by lower glacier coverage, conversely, does not exhibit consistently statistically significant trends. Changes in precipitation are not sufficient to explain the observed streamflow trends. Air temperature sees an increase in mean, minimum, and maximum values at all sites. Variations in the seasonal snow accumulation and ablation process are evident. Solid precipitation is decreasing at all sites and trends may be due to a shift from snowfall into rainfall. Mean snow depth is also decreasing, and its duration is getting shorter because of a decrease in solid precipitation and enhanced melting. Trend magnitude attenuates with longer time series. Contrasting trends are detected for different subperiods in the last 70 years: statistically significant negative trends are observed in the periods 1944–1974 and 1954–1984 for Aletschgletscher, in contrast with the results for the common period. These trends are explained by different rates of ice volume changes, and the sign of trends is clearly related to phases of positive or negative glacier mass balance.},
  author       = {Pellicciotti, Francesca and Bauder, A. and Parola, M.},
  issn         = {1944-7973},
  journal      = {Water Resources Research},
  keywords     = {Water Science and Technology},
  number       = {10},
  publisher    = {American Geophysical Union},
  title        = {{Effect of glaciers on streamflow trends in the Swiss Alps}},
  doi          = {10.1029/2009wr009039},
  volume       = {46},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{1300,
  abstract     = {Motion vision is a major function of all visual systems, yet the underlying neural mechanisms and circuits are still elusive. In the lamina, the first optic neuropile of Drosophila melanogaster, photoreceptor signals split into five parallel pathways, L1-L5. Here we examine how these pathways contribute to visual motion detection by combining genetic block and reconstitution of neural activity in different lamina cell types with whole-cell recordings from downstream motion-sensitive neurons. We find reduced responses to moving gratings if L1 or L2 is blocked; however, reconstitution of photoreceptor input to only L1 or L2 results in wild-type responses. Thus, the first experiment indicates the necessity of both pathways, whereas the second indicates sufficiency of each single pathway. This contradiction can be explained by electrical coupling between L1 and L2, allowing for activation of both pathways even when only one of them receives photoreceptor input. A fundamental difference between the L1 pathway and the L2 pathway is uncovered when blocking L1 or L2 output while presenting moving edges of positive (ON) or negative (OFF) contrast polarity: blocking L1 eliminates the response to moving ON edges, whereas blocking L2 eliminates the response to moving OFF edges. Thus, similar to the segregation of photoreceptor signals in ON and OFF bipolar cell pathways in the vertebrate retina, photoreceptor signals segregate into ON-L1 and OFF-L2 channels in the lamina of Drosophila.},
  author       = {Maximilian Jösch and Schnell, Bettina and Raghu, Shamprasad V and Reiff, Dierk F and Borst, Alexander},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7321},
  pages        = {300 -- 304},
  publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
  title        = {{ON and off pathways in Drosophila motion vision}},
  doi          = {10.1038/nature09545},
  volume       = {468},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{1301,
  abstract     = {Motion vision is essential for navigating through the environment. Due to its genetic amenability, the fruit fly Drosophila has been serving for a lengthy period as a model organism for studying optomotor behavior as elicited by large-field horizontal motion. However, the neurons underlying the control of this behavior have not been studied in Drosophila so far. Here we report the first whole cell recordings from three cells of the horizontal system (HSN, HSE, and HSS) in the lobula plate of Drosophila. All three HS cells are tuned to large-field horizontal motion in a direction-selective way; they become excited by front-to-back motion and inhibited by back-to-front motion in the ipsilateral field of view. The response properties of HS cells such as contrast and velocity dependence are in accordance with the correlation-type model of motion detection. Neurobiotin injection suggests extensive coupling among ipsilateral HS cells and additional coupling to tangential cells that have their dendrites in the contralateral hemisphere of the brain. This connectivity scheme accounts for the complex layout of their receptive fields and explains their sensitivity both to ipsilateral and to contralateral motion. Thus the main response properties of Drosophila HS cells are strikingly similar to the responses of their counterparts in the blowfly Calliphora, although we found substantial differences with respect to their dendritic structure and connectivity. This long-awaited functional characterization of HS cells in Drosophila provides the basis for the future dissection of optomotor behavior and the underlying neural circuitry by combining genetics, physiology, and behavior.},
  author       = {Schnell, Bettina and Jösch, Maximilian A and Förstner, Friedrich and Raghu, Shamprasad and Otsuna, Hideo and Ito, Kei and Borst, Alexander and Reiff, Dierk},
  issn         = {1522-1598},
  journal      = {Journal of Neurophysiology},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {1646 -- 1657},
  publisher    = {American Physiological Society},
  title        = {{Processing of horizontal optic flow in three visual interneurons of the Drosophila brain}},
  doi          = {10.1152/jn.00950.2009},
  volume       = {103},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{2095,
  abstract     = {This paper describes a passive stereo system for capturing the 3D geometry of a face in a single-shot under standard light sources. The system is low-cost and easy to deploy. Results are submillimeter accurate and commensurate with those from state-ofthe-art systems based on active lighting, and the models meet the quality requirements of a demanding domain like the movie industry. Recovered models are shown for captures from both high-end cameras in a studio setting and from a consumer binocular-stereo camera, demonstrating scalability across a spectrum of camera deployments, and showing the potential for 3D face modeling to move beyond the professional arena and into the emerging consumer market in stereoscopic photography. Our primary technical contribution is a modification of standard stereo refinement methods to capture pore-scale geometry, using a qualitative approach that produces visually realistic results. The second technical contribution is a calibration method suited to face capture systems. The systemic contribution includes multiple demonstrations of system robustness and quality. These include capture in a studio setup, capture off a consumer binocular-stereo camera, scanning of faces of varying gender and ethnicity and age, capture of highly-transient facial expression, and scanning a physical mask to provide ground-truth validation.},
  author       = {Beeler, Thabo and Bernd Bickel and Beardsley, Paul A and Sumner, Bob and Groß, Markus S},
  journal      = {ACM Transactions on Graphics},
  number       = {4},
  publisher    = {ACM},
  title        = {{High-quality single-shot capture of facial geometry}},
  doi          = {10.1145/1778765.1778777},
  volume       = {29},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{2096,
  abstract     = {Point-based graphics has gained much attention as an alternative to polygon-based approaches because of its simplicity and flexibility. However, current point-based techniques do not provide a sufficient rendering quality for translucent materials such as human skin. In this paper, we propose a point-based framework with subsurface scattering of light, which is important to create the soft and semi-translucent appearance of human skin. To accurately simulate subsurface scattering in multilayered materials, we present splat-based diffusion to apply a linear combination of several Gaussian basis functions to each splat in object space. Compared to existing point-based approaches, our method offers a significantly improved visual quality in rendering human faces and provides a similar visual quality to polygon-based rendering using the texture space diffusion technique. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in rendering scanned faces realistically.},
  author       = {Kim, Hyeonjoong and Bernd Bickel and Groß, Markus S and Choi, Soomi},
  journal      = {Science in China, Series F: Information Sciences},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {911 -- 919},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Subsurface scattering using splat-based diffusion in point-based rendering}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s11432-010-0068-y},
  volume       = {53},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{2097,
  abstract     = {This paper introduces a data-driven process for designing and fabricating materials with desired deformation behavior. Our process starts with measuring deformation properties of base materials. For each base material we acquire a set of example deformations, and we represent the material as a non-linear stress-strain relationship in a finite-element model. We have validated our material measurement process by comparing simulations of arbitrary stacks of base materials with measured deformations of fabricated material stacks. After material measurement, our process continues with designing stacked layers of base materials. We introduce an optimization process that finds the best combination of stacked layers that meets a user's criteria specified by example deformations. Our algorithm employs a number of strategies to prune poor solutions from the combinatorial search space. We demonstrate the complete process by designing and fabricating objects with complex heterogeneous materials using modern multi-material 3D printers.},
  author       = {Bernd Bickel and Bac̈her, Moritz and Otaduy, Miguel A and Lee, Hyunho R and Pfister, Hanspeter and Groß, Markus S and Matusik, Wojciech},
  journal      = {ACM Transactions on Graphics},
  number       = {4},
  publisher    = {ACM},
  title        = {{Design and fabrication of materials with desired deformation behavior}},
  doi          = {10.1145/1778765.1778800},
  volume       = {29},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{2124,
  abstract     = {We develop a theory of Malliavin calculus for Banach space-valued random variables. Using radonifying operators instead of symmetric tensor products we extend the Wiener-Itô isometry to Banach spaces. In the white noise case we obtain two sided Lp-estimates for multiple stochastic integrals in arbitrary Banach spaces. It is shown that the Malliavin derivative is bounded on vector-valued Wiener-Itô chaoses. Our main tools are decoupling inequalities for vector-valued random variables. In the opposite direction we use Meyer's inequalities to give a new proof of a decoupling result for Gaussian chaoses in UMD Banach spaces.},
  author       = {Jan Maas},
  journal      = {Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {383 -- 398},
  publisher    = {Academic Press},
  title        = {{Malliavin calculus and decoupling inequalities in Banach spaces}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.jmaa.2009.08.041},
  volume       = {363},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{2194,
  abstract     = {We develop an analytic model of vector correlations in rotationally inelastic atom-diatom collisions and test it against the much examined Ar-NO (X2Π) system. Based on the Fraunhofer scattering of matter waves, the model furnishes complex scattering amplitudes needed to evaluate the polarization moments characterizing the quantum stereodynamics. The analytic polarization moments are found to be in an excellent agreement with experimental results and with close-coupling calculations available at thermal energies. The model reveals that the stereodynamics is governed by diffraction from the repulsive core of the Ar-NO potential, which can be characterized by a single Legendre moment.},
  author       = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Friedrich, Břetislav},
  journal      = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {1038 -- 1041},
  publisher    = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
  title        = {{An analytic model of the stereodynamics of rotationally inelastic molecular collisions}},
  doi          = {10.1039/B920899B },
  volume       = {12},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{2195,
  abstract     = {Following upon our recent work on vector correlations in the Ar-NO collisions [Lemeshko and Friedrich, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 1038 (2010)], we compare model results with close-coupling calculations for a range of channels and collision energies for the He-NO system. The striking agreement between the model and exact polarization moments indicates that the stereodynamics of rotationally inelastic atom-molecule collisions at thermal energies is governed by diffraction of matter waves from a two-dimensional repulsive core of the atom-molecule potential. Furthermore, the model polarization moments characterizing the He-NO, He- O2, He-OH, and He-CaH stereodynamics are found to coalesce into a single, distinctive pattern, which can serve as a &quot;fingerprint&quot; to identify diffraction-driven stereodynamics in future work. },
  author       = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Jambrina, Pablo G and De Miranda, Marcelo P and Friedrich, Břetislav},
  journal      = {Journal of Chemical Physics},
  number       = {16},
  publisher    = {American Institute of Physics},
  title        = {{Communications: When diffraction rules the stereodynamics of rotationally inelastic collisions}},
  doi          = {10.1063/1.3386530},
  volume       = {132},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{2196,
  abstract     = {We evaluate the shifts imparted to vibrational and rotational levels of a linear molecule by a nonresonant laser field at intensities of up to 10 12 W/cm2. Both types of shift are found to be either positive or negative, depending on the initial rotational state acted upon by the field. An adiabatic field-molecule interaction imparts a rotational energy shift which is negative and exceeds the concomitant positive vibrational shift by a few orders of magnitude. The rovibrational states are thus pushed downward in such a field. A nonresonant pulsed laser field that interacts nonadiabatically with the molecule is found to impart rotational and vibrational shifts of the same order of magnitude. The nonadiabatic energy transfer occurs most readily at a pulse duration which amounts to about a tenth of the molecule's rotational period and vanishes when the sudden regime is attained for shorter pulses. We applied our treatment to the much-studied 87Rb2 molecule in the last bound vibrational levels of its lowest singlet and triplet electronic states. Our calculations indicate that 15 and 1.5 ns laser pulses of an intensity in excess of 5 × 109 W/cm2 are capable of dissociating the molecule due to the vibrational shift. Lesser shifts can be used to fine-tune the rovibrational levels and thereby affect collisional resonances by the nonresonant light. The energy shifts due to laser intensities of 109 W/cm2 may be discernible spectroscopically, with a 10 MHz resolution.},
  author       = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Friedrich, Břetislav},
  journal      = {Journal of Physical Chemistry A},
  number       = {36},
  pages        = {9848 -- 9854},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Fine-tuning molecular energy levels by nonresonant laser pulses}},
  doi          = {10.1021/jp1032299},
  volume       = {114},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{2197,
  abstract     = {We present an analytic model of the refractive index for matter waves propagating through atomic or molecular gases. The model, which combines the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) treatment of the long-range attraction with the Fraunhofer model treatment of the short-range repulsion, furnishes a refractive index in compelling agreement with recent experiments of Jacquey [Phys. Rev. Lett.PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.98.240405 98, 240405 (2007)] on Li atom matter waves passing through dilute noble gases. We show that the diffractive contribution, which arises from scattering by a two-dimensional &quot;hard core&quot; of the potential, is essential for obtaining a correct imaginary part of the refractive index.},
  author       = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Friedrich, Břetislav},
  journal      = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics},
  number       = {2},
  publisher    = {American Physical Society},
  title        = {{Multiple scattering of matter waves: An analytic model of the refractive index for atomic and molecular gases}},
  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevA.82.022711},
  volume       = {82},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{13409,
  abstract     = {The immobilization of molecular switches onto inorganic supports has recently become a hot topic as it can give rise to novel hybrid materials in which the properties of the two components are mutually enhanced. Even more attractive is the concept of “transferring” the switchable characteristics of single layers of organic molecules onto the underlying inorganic components, rendering them responsive to external stimuli as well. Of the various molecular switches studied, azobenzene (AB) has arguably attracted most attention due to its simple molecular structure, and because its “trigger” (light) is a noninvasive one, it can be delivered instantaneously, and into a precise location. In order to fully realize its potential, however, it is necessary to immobilize AB onto solid supports. It is the goal of this manuscript to comprehensively yet concisely review such hybrid systems which comprise AB forming well-defined self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on planar and curved (colloidal and nanoporous) inorganic surfaces. I discuss methods to immobilize AB derivatives onto surfaces, strategies to ensure efficient AB isomerization, ways to monitor the switching process, properties of these switchable hybrid materials, and, last but not least, their emerging applications.},
  author       = {Klajn, Rafal},
  issn         = {1365-3075},
  journal      = {Pure and Applied Chemistry},
  keywords     = {General Chemical Engineering, General Chemistry},
  number       = {12},
  pages        = {2247--2279},
  publisher    = {De Gruyter},
  title        = {{Immobilized azobenzenes for the construction of photoresponsive materials}},
  doi          = {10.1351/pac-con-10-09-04},
  volume       = {82},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{13410,
  abstract     = {A range (Au, Pt, Pd) of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) has been prepared and functionalized with (a) redox-active stalks containing tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) units, (b) [2]pseudorotaxanes formed between these stalks and cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) rings, and (c) bistable [2]rotaxane molecules where the dumbbell component contains a 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) unit, as well as a TTF unit, encircled by a CBPQT4+ ring. It transpires that the molecules present in (a) and (c) and the supermolecules described in (b) retain their switching characteristics, previously observed in solution, when they are immobilized onto MNPs. Moreover, their oxidation potentials depend on the fraction, χ, of the molecules or supermolecules on the surface of the nanoparticles. A variation in χ affects the oxidation potentials of the TTF units to the extent that switching can be subjected to fine tuning as a result. Specifically, increasing χ results in positive shifts (i) in the oxidation potentials of the TTF unit in (a)−(c) and (ii) the reduction potentials of the CBPQT4+ rings in (c). These shifts can be attributed to an increase in the electrostatic potential surrounding the MNPs. Both the magnitude and the direction of these shifts are reproduced by a model, based on the Poisson−Boltzmann equation coupled with charge-regulating boundary conditions. Furthermore, the kinetics of relaxation from the metastable state coconformation (MSCC) to the ground-state coconformation (GSCC) of the bistable [2]rotaxane molecules also depends on χ, as well as on the nanoparticle diameter. Increasing either of these parameters accelerates the rate of relaxation from the MSCC to the GSCC. This rate is a function of (i) the activation energy for the relaxation process associated with the bistable [2]rotaxane molecules in solution and (ii) the electrostatic potential surrounding the MNPs. The electrostatic potential depends on (i) the diameter of the MNPs, (ii) the amount of the bistable [2]rotaxane molecules on the surface of the MNPs, and (iii) the equilibrium distribution of the CBPQT4+ rings between the DNP and TTF recognition sites in the GSCC. This electrostatic potential has also been quantified using the Poisson−Boltzmann equation, leading to faithful estimates of the rate constants.},
  author       = {Coskun, Ali and Wesson, Paul J. and Klajn, Rafal and Trabolsi, Ali and Fang, Lei and Olson, Mark A. and Dey, Sanjeev K. and Grzybowski, Bartosz A. and Stoddart, J. Fraser},
  issn         = {1520-5126},
  journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
  keywords     = {Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Biochemistry, General Chemistry, Catalysis},
  number       = {12},
  pages        = {4310--4320},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Molecular-mechanical switching at the nanoparticle−solvent interface: Practice and theory}},
  doi          = {10.1021/ja9102327},
  volume       = {132},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{13411,
  abstract     = {Photoresponsive gold nanoparticles dispersed in a solid/frozen matrix provide a basis for sensors that “remember” whether the sample has ever exceeded the melting temperature of the matrix. The operation of these sensors rests on the ability to photoinduce metastable electric dipoles on NP surfaces – upon melting, these dipoles drive NP aggregation, precipitation, and crosslinking. These events are manifested by a pronounced color change.},
  author       = {Klajn, Rafal and Browne, Kevin P. and Soh, Siowling and Grzybowski, Bartosz A.},
  issn         = {1613-6829},
  journal      = {Small},
  keywords     = {Biomaterials, Biotechnology, General Materials Science, General Chemistry},
  number       = {13},
  pages        = {1385--1387},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  title        = {{Nanoparticles that “remember” temperature}},
  doi          = {10.1002/smll.200902272},
  volume       = {6},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{13412,
  abstract     = {Nanoparticles (NPs) and molecular/supramolecular switches have attracted considerable interest during the past decade on account of their unique properties and prominent roles in the fields of organic chemistry and materials science. Materials derived from the combination of these two components are now emerging in the literature. This critical review evaluates materials which comprise NPs functionalised with well-defined self-assembled monolayers of molecular and supramolecular switches. We draw attention to the fact that immobilisation of switches on NPs does not, in general, hamper their switching ability, although it can impart new properties on the supporting particles. This premise leads us to the discussion of systems in which switching on the surfaces of NPs can be used to modulate reversibly a range of NP properties—optical, fluorescent, electrical, magnetic—as well as the controlled release of small molecules. Finally, we discuss examples in which molecular switches direct reversible self-assembly of NPs (308 references).},
  author       = {Klajn, Rafal and Stoddart, J. Fraser and Grzybowski, Bartosz A.},
  issn         = {1460-4744},
  journal      = {Chemical Society Reviews},
  keywords     = {General Chemistry},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {2203--2237},
  publisher    = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
  title        = {{Nanoparticles functionalised with reversible molecular and supramolecular switches}},
  doi          = {10.1039/b920377j},
  volume       = {39},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{1465,
  abstract     = {We prove a generating function formula for the Betti numbers of Nakajima quiver varieties. We prove that it is a q-deformation of the Weyl-Kac character formula. In particular this implies that the constant term of the polynomial counting the number of absolutely indecomposable representations of a quiver equals the multiplicity of a certain weight in the corresponding Kac-Moody algebra, which was conjectured by Kac in 1982.},
  author       = {Tamas Hausel},
  journal      = {Inventiones Mathematicae},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {21 -- 37},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Kac's conjecture from Nakajima quiver varieties}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s00222-010-0241-3},
  volume       = {181},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{1466,
  abstract     = {In Hausel et al. (2008) [10] we presented a conjecture generalizing the Cauchy formula for Macdonald polynomial. This conjecture encodes the mixed Hodge polynomials of the character varieties of representations of the fundamental group of a punctured Riemann surface of genus g. We proved several results which support this conjecture. Here we announce new results which are consequences of those in Hausel et al. (2008) [10].},
  author       = {Tamas Hausel and Letellier, Emmanuel and Rodríguez Villegas, Fernando},
  journal      = {Comptes Rendus Mathematique},
  number       = {3-4},
  pages        = {131 -- 135},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Topology of character varieties and representations of quivers}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.crma.2010.01.025},
  volume       = {348},
  year         = {2010},
}

@inbook{1468,
  abstract     = {This chapter surveys the motivations, related results, and progress made towards the following problem, raised by Hitchin in 1995: What is the space of L2 harmonic forms on the moduli space of Higgs bundles on a Riemann surface?},
  author       = {Tamas Hausel},
  booktitle    = {The Many Facets of Geometry: A Tribute to Nigel Hitchin},
  publisher    = {Oxford University Press},
  title        = {{S-Duality in HyperkäHler Hodge Theory}},
  doi          = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534920.003.0016},
  year         = {2010},
}

@inbook{14983,
  abstract     = {This chapter tackles a difficult challenge: presenting signal processing material to non-experts. This chapter is meant to be comprehensible to people who have some math background, including a course in linear algebra and basic statistics, but do not specialize in mathematics, engineering, or related fields. Some formulas assume the reader is familiar with matrices and basic matrix operations, but not more advanced material. Furthermore, we tried to make the chapter readable even if you skip the formulas. Nevertheless, we include some simple methods to demonstrate the basics of adaptive data processing, then we proceed with some advanced methods that are fundamental in adaptive signal processing, and are likely to be useful in a variety of applications. The advanced algorithms are also online available [30]. In the second part, these techniques are applied to some real-world BCI data.},
  author       = {Schlögl, Alois and Vidaurre, Carmen and Müller, Klaus-Robert},
  booktitle    = {Brain-Computer Interfaces},
  editor       = {Graimann, Bernhard and Pfurtscheller, Gert and Allison, Brendan},
  isbn         = {9783642020902},
  issn         = {1612-3018},
  pages        = {331--355},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Adaptive Methods in BCI Research - An Introductory Tutorial}},
  doi          = {10.1007/978-3-642-02091-9_18},
  year         = {2010},
}

@article{1970,
  abstract     = {Complex I is the first enzyme of the respiratory chain and has a central role in cellular energy production, coupling electron transfer between NADH and quinone to proton translocation by an unknown mechanism. Dysfunction of complex I has been implicated in many human neurodegenerative diseases. We have determined the structure of its hydrophilic domain previously. Here, we report the α-helical structure of the membrane domain of complex I from Escherichia coli at 3.9 Å resolution. The antiporter-like subunits NuoL/M/N each contain 14 conserved transmembrane (TM) helices. Two of them are discontinuous, as in some transporters. Unexpectedly, subunit NuoL also contains a 110-Å long amphipathic α-helix, spanning almost the entire length of the domain. Furthermore, we have determined the structure of the entire complex I from Thermus thermophilus at 4.5 Å resolution. The L-shaped assembly consists of the α-helical model for the membrane domain, with 63 TM helices, and the known structure of the hydrophilic domain. The architecture of the complex provides strong clues about the coupling mechanism: the conformational changes at the interface of the two main domains may drive the long amphipathic α-helix of NuoL in a piston-like motion, tilting nearby discontinuous TM helices, resulting in proton translocation.},
  author       = {Efremov, Rouslan G and Baradaran, Rozbeh  and Leonid Sazanov},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7297},
  pages        = {441 -- 445},
  publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
  title        = {{The architecture of respiratory complex I}},
  doi          = {10.1038/nature09066},
  volume       = {465},
  year         = {2010},
}

