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We develop a native, GPU-capable, parallel, sparse and differentiable multigrid solver specialized for linear partial differential equations that acts as a module in Mechanistic PDE Networks. Leveraging the PDE solver we propose a discovery architecture that can discovers nonlinear PDEs in complex settings, while being robust to noise. We validate PDE discovery on a number of PDEs including reaction-diffusion and Navier-Stokes equations."}],"publication":"42nd International Conference on Machine Learning","quality_controlled":"1","acknowledgement":"AP. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 101034413.\r\nFL. This research was funded in whole or in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12. For open access purposes, the author has applied a CC BY public\r\ncopyright license to any author accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.","scopus_import":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"checksum":"933cb673fb41416f537278fb990df6c3","file_name":"2025_ICML_Pervez.pdf","file_id":"20827","success":1,"file_size":993381,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2025-12-16T12:21:49Z","date_created":"2025-12-16T12:21:49Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst"}],"citation":{"ama":"Pervez AA, Gavves E, Locatello F. Mechanistic PDE networks for discovery of governing equations. In: <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>. Vol 267. ML Research Press; 2025:48962-48973.","apa":"Pervez, A. A., Gavves, E., &#38; Locatello, F. (2025). Mechanistic PDE networks for discovery of governing equations. In <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i> (Vol. 267, pp. 48962–48973). Vancouver, Canada: ML Research Press.","ieee":"A. A. Pervez, E. Gavves, and F. Locatello, “Mechanistic PDE networks for discovery of governing equations,” in <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, Vancouver, Canada, 2025, vol. 267, pp. 48962–48973.","short":"A.A. Pervez, E. Gavves, F. Locatello, in:, 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 48962–48973.","ista":"Pervez AA, Gavves E, Locatello F. 2025. Mechanistic PDE networks for discovery of governing equations. 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning. ICML: International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR, vol. 267, 48962–48973.","mla":"Pervez, Adeel A., et al. “Mechanistic PDE Networks for Discovery of Governing Equations.” <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, vol. 267, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 48962–73.","chicago":"Pervez, Adeel A, Efstratios Gavves, and Francesco Locatello. “Mechanistic PDE Networks for Discovery of Governing Equations.” In <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, 267:48962–73. ML Research Press, 2025."},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2640-3498"]},"alternative_title":["PMLR"],"date_published":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","department":[{"_id":"FrLo"}],"project":[{"name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program","_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c","grant_number":"101034413","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"a392d8f0-b034-11f1-b88e-d3025c6734f6","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Locatello)","grant_number":"COE12"}],"intvolume":"       267","day":"01","type":"conference","publication_status":"published","arxiv":1,"file_date_updated":"2025-12-16T12:21:49Z","ec_funded":1,"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"oa_version":"Published Version","ddc":["000"],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2502.18377"]},"publisher":"ML Research Press","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://github.com/ alpz/mech-nn-discovery-pde","relation":"software"}]},"OA_place":"publisher","date_created":"2025-12-14T23:02:04Z","title":"Mechanistic PDE networks for discovery of governing equations","article_processing_charge":"No","volume":267,"author":[{"last_name":"Pervez","full_name":"Pervez, Adeel A","id":"fca6d90c-d47f-11ee-bc87-93ff51604981","first_name":"Adeel A"},{"first_name":"Efstratios","last_name":"Gavves","full_name":"Gavves, Efstratios"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683","full_name":"Locatello, Francesco","last_name":"Locatello","id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4","first_name":"Francesco"}],"corr_author":"1","status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2025","page":"48962-48973","date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:17:18Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:20:45Z","page":"e2524109122","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2025","author":[{"last_name":"Svoboda","full_name":"Svoboda, Jakub","id":"130759D2-D7DD-11E9-87D2-DE0DE6697425","first_name":"Jakub","orcid":"0000-0002-1419-3267"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-4561-241X","full_name":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu","last_name":"Chatterjee","id":"2E5DCA20-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Krishnendu"}],"corr_author":"1","status":"public","volume":122,"article_processing_charge":"Yes (in subscription journal)","title":"Promoters of cooperation in evolutionary games","pmid":1,"OA_place":"publisher","date_created":"2025-12-28T23:01:26Z","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","external_id":{"pmid":["41397136"]},"issue":"51","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png"},"ddc":["000"],"oa_version":"Published Version","file_date_updated":"2025-12-29T09:36:50Z","ec_funded":1,"type":"journal_article","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524109122","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       122","day":"15","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"863818","_id":"0599E47C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E","name":"Formal Methods for Stochastic Models: Algorithms and Applications"},{"_id":"4029cfc7-b034-11f1-9e55-88ab2ff3b6ee","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Chatterjee)","grant_number":"COE12"}],"department":[{"_id":"KrCh"}],"APC_amount":"3003,56 EUR","article_type":"original","date_published":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1091-6490"]},"citation":{"apa":"Svoboda, J., &#38; Chatterjee, K. (2025). Promoters of cooperation in evolutionary games. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524109122\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524109122</a>","ieee":"J. Svoboda and K. Chatterjee, “Promoters of cooperation in evolutionary games,” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, vol. 122, no. 51. National Academy of Sciences, p. e2524109122, 2025.","ama":"Svoboda J, Chatterjee K. Promoters of cooperation in evolutionary games. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. 2025;122(51):e2524109122. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524109122\">10.1073/pnas.2524109122</a>","mla":"Svoboda, Jakub, and Krishnendu Chatterjee. “Promoters of Cooperation in Evolutionary Games.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, vol. 122, no. 51, National Academy of Sciences, 2025, p. e2524109122, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524109122\">10.1073/pnas.2524109122</a>.","chicago":"Svoboda, Jakub, and Krishnendu Chatterjee. “Promoters of Cooperation in Evolutionary Games.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524109122\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524109122</a>.","ista":"Svoboda J, Chatterjee K. 2025. Promoters of cooperation in evolutionary games. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 122(51), e2524109122.","short":"J. Svoboda, K. Chatterjee, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 (2025) e2524109122."},"doi":"10.1073/pnas.2524109122","scopus_import":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2025-12-29T09:36:50Z","file_size":2308124,"content_type":"application/pdf","date_created":"2025-12-29T09:36:50Z","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2025_PNAS_Svoboda.pdf","checksum":"dd50b62a1efc28c0133fe9c11dbee53c","success":1,"file_id":"20860"}],"acknowledgement":"J.S. and K.C. were supported by the European Research Council CoG 863818 (ForM-SMArt) and Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12.","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","abstract":[{"text":"Evolutionary games provide a flexible mathematical framework for many problems in biology and social evolution. Prisoners’ dilemma, and in particular, the important special case of donation games, represents social dilemmas where cooperation is mutually beneficial, yet defection is preferred by selfish agents. In evolutionary games on networks, the agents interact over a population structure. The existence of population structures that promote cooperative behavior is a fascinating and active research topic. Previous research establishes structures promoting cooperation in the limit of weak selection where the benefit-to-cost ratio β exceeds 1.5. The existence of such structures for medium and strong selection for 1 < ß < 2 and for weak selection for 1 < ß < 1.5 has been a long-standing open question. First, we answer the open questions in the affirmative: For every selection strength and every ß > 1, we construct networks promoting cooperation. Second, we present a robustness result with respect to β and selection strength: Our structures promote cooperation for a range of these parameter values rather than specific parameter values. Finally, we supplement our theoretical results with simulation results on small population structures that show the effectiveness of our construction over well-studied population structures.","lang":"eng"}],"OA_type":"hybrid","month":"12","oa":1,"_id":"20857"},{"month":"09","_id":"20607","acknowledgement":"I gratefully acknowledge the support of the ISTA Graduate School and the Scientific Service Units of\r\nISTA, whose resources made this work possible—especially the Imaging & Optics Facility, the Lab\r\nSupport Facility, and the Miba Machine Shop. I would like to thank two staff scientists in particular:\r\nRobert Hauschild (Imaging & Optics Facility) and Daniel Balazs (Lab Support Facility), for their\r\nassistance and advice. My PhD was partially funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)\r\n(10.55776/P37169 and 10.55776/COE5).","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"StFr"}],"date_published":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-99078-071-8"],"issn":["2663-337X"]},"citation":{"mla":"Mondal, Soumyadip. <i>Oxygen and Sulfur Redox: Conversion Kinetics and Phase Equilibria</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607\">10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607</a>.","chicago":"Mondal, Soumyadip. “Oxygen and Sulfur Redox: Conversion Kinetics and Phase Equilibria.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607</a>.","short":"S. Mondal, Oxygen and Sulfur Redox: Conversion Kinetics and Phase Equilibria, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.","ista":"Mondal S. 2025. Oxygen and sulfur redox: Conversion kinetics and phase equilibria. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","ieee":"S. Mondal, “Oxygen and sulfur redox: Conversion kinetics and phase equilibria,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.","apa":"Mondal, S. (2025). <i>Oxygen and sulfur redox: Conversion kinetics and phase equilibria</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607</a>","ama":"Mondal S. Oxygen and sulfur redox: Conversion kinetics and phase equilibria. 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607\">10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607</a>"},"doi":"10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"file":[{"relation":"source_file","date_updated":"2025-11-13T16:47:47Z","content_type":"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","file_size":32589295,"date_created":"2025-11-13T16:47:47Z","creator":"smondal","access_level":"closed","file_name":"2025_Mondal_Soumyadip_Thesis.docx","checksum":"b5eed6a3dccb83cd2a8a22e11fd7d867","file_id":"20644"},{"embargo_to":"open_access","file_name":"2025_Mondal_Soumyadip_Thesis.pdf","checksum":"89b1529e0a7b524f46624d73ecadf8cb","embargo":"2026-11-13","file_id":"20645","date_updated":"2025-11-13T16:47:46Z","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":5007370,"access_level":"closed","creator":"smondal","date_created":"2025-11-13T16:47:46Z"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","type":"dissertation","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20607","publication_status":"published","day":"19","project":[{"_id":"8df062be-16d5-11f0-9cad-f559b6612c7e","name":"Singlet oxygen in non-aqueous oxygen redox chemistry","grant_number":"P37169"},{"grant_number":"COE05","_id":"5eaf4378-b033-11f1-b276-f928018a46c1","name":"Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (Freunberger)"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"ddc":["541","543","542"],"doi_confirm":"1","file_date_updated":"2025-11-13T16:47:47Z","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Oxygen and sulfur redox: Conversion kinetics and phase equilibria","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"12065"},{"relation":"part_of_dissertation","status":"public","id":"13044"},{"status":"deleted","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"20437"},{"id":"14687","status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation"}]},"OA_place":"publisher","date_created":"2025-11-07T12:40:54Z","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2025","corr_author":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Soumyadip","id":"d25d21ef-dc8d-11ea-abe3-ec4576307f48","last_name":"Mondal","full_name":"Mondal, Soumyadip"}],"status":"public","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"das_tickbox":"1","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"SSU"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:07:04Z","supervisor":[{"first_name":"Stefan Alexander","id":"A8CA28E6-CE23-11E9-AD2D-EC27E6697425","last_name":"Freunberger","full_name":"Freunberger, Stefan Alexander","orcid":"0000-0003-2902-5319"}],"degree_awarded":"PhD","page":"71"},{"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Prophet inequalities are a central object of study in optimal stopping theory. In the iid model, a gambler sees values in an online fashion, sampled independently from a given distribution. Upon observing each value, the gambler either accepts it as a reward, or irrevocably rejects it and proceeds to observe the next value. The goal of the gambler, who cannot see the future, is to maximise the expected value of the reward while competing against the expectation of a prophet (the offline maximum). In other words, one seeks to maximise the gambler-to-prophet ratio of the expectations. \r\nThis model has been studied with infinite, finite and unknown number of values. When the gambler faces a random number of values, the model is said to have a random horizon. We consider the model in which the gambler is given a priori knowledge of the horizon’s distribution. Alijani et al. (2020) designed a single-threshold algorithm achieving a ratio of 1/2 when the random horizon has an increasing hazard rate and is independent of the values. We prove that with a single threshold, a ratio of 1/2 is actually achievable for several larger classes of horizon distributions, with the largest being known as the 𝒢 class in reliability theory. Moreover, we show that this does not extend to its dual, the  ̅𝒢 class (which includes the decreasing hazard rate class), while it can be extended to low-variance horizons. Finally, we construct the first example of a family of horizons, for which multiple thresholds are necessary to achieve a nonzero ratio. We establish that the Secretary Problem optimal stopping rule provides one such algorithm, paving the way towards the study of the model beyond single-threshold algorithms."}],"publication":"52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming","quality_controlled":"1","acknowledgement":"We would like to thank José Correa for his precious advice, Bruno Ziliotto and Vasilis Livanos for early conversations. Giambartolomei, Giordano: EPSRC grants EP/W005573/1 and EP/X021696/1. Mallmann-Trenn, Frederik: EPSRC grant EP/W005573/1. Saona, Raimundo: ERC grant CoG 863818 (ForM-SMArt), ANID Chile grant ACT210005, French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) grant ANR-21-CE40-0020 (CONVERGENCE), and Austrian Science Fund (FWF) grant 10.55776/COE12.","_id":"21320","month":"06","oa":1,"OA_type":"gold","conference":{"end_date":"2025-07-11","name":"ICALP: Automata, Languages and Programming","start_date":"2025-07-08","location":"Aarhus, Denmark"},"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"863818","_id":"0599E47C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E","name":"Formal Methods for Stochastic Models: Algorithms and Applications"},{"name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Chatterjee)","_id":"4029cfc7-b034-11f1-9e55-88ab2ff3b6ee","grant_number":"COE12"}],"intvolume":"       334","day":"30","type":"conference","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.87","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"checksum":"960110956c26a5cefadde8e47888bfbe","file_name":"2025_ICALP_Giambartolomei.pdf","file_id":"21331","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":876167,"date_updated":"2026-02-19T07:41:55Z","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","date_created":"2026-02-19T07:41:55Z"}],"alternative_title":["LIPIcs"],"citation":{"short":"G. Giambartolomei, F. Mallmann-Trenn, R.J. Saona Urmeneta, in:, 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025.","ista":"Giambartolomei G, Mallmann-Trenn F, Saona Urmeneta RJ. 2025. IID prophet inequality with random horizon: Going beyond increasing hazard rates. 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming. ICALP: Automata, Languages and Programming, LIPIcs, vol. 334.","mla":"Giambartolomei, Giordano, et al. “IID Prophet Inequality with Random Horizon: Going beyond Increasing Hazard Rates.” <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>, vol. 334, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.87\">10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.87</a>.","chicago":"Giambartolomei, Giordano, Frederik Mallmann-Trenn, and Raimundo J Saona Urmeneta. “IID Prophet Inequality with Random Horizon: Going beyond Increasing Hazard Rates.” In <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>, Vol. 334. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.87\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.87</a>.","ama":"Giambartolomei G, Mallmann-Trenn F, Saona Urmeneta RJ. IID prophet inequality with random horizon: Going beyond increasing hazard rates. In: <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>. Vol 334. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.87\">10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.87</a>","ieee":"G. Giambartolomei, F. Mallmann-Trenn, and R. J. Saona Urmeneta, “IID prophet inequality with random horizon: Going beyond increasing hazard rates,” in <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>, Aarhus, Denmark, 2025, vol. 334.","apa":"Giambartolomei, G., Mallmann-Trenn, F., &#38; Saona Urmeneta, R. J. (2025). IID prophet inequality with random horizon: Going beyond increasing hazard rates. In <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i> (Vol. 334). Aarhus, Denmark: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.87\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.87</a>"},"doi":"10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.87","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9783959773720"]},"date_published":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","department":[{"_id":"KrCh"}],"publisher":"Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik","OA_place":"publisher","date_created":"2026-02-18T10:44:14Z","title":"IID prophet inequality with random horizon: Going beyond increasing hazard rates","article_processing_charge":"No","file_date_updated":"2026-02-19T07:41:55Z","arxiv":1,"ec_funded":1,"ddc":["000"],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"oa_version":"Published Version","external_id":{"arxiv":["2407.11752"]},"date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:25:05Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"volume":334,"author":[{"first_name":"Giordano","last_name":"Giambartolomei","full_name":"Giambartolomei, Giordano"},{"first_name":"Frederik","last_name":"Mallmann-Trenn","full_name":"Mallmann-Trenn, Frederik"},{"first_name":"Raimundo J","last_name":"Saona Urmeneta","full_name":"Saona Urmeneta, Raimundo J","id":"BD1DF4C4-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425","orcid":"0000-0001-5103-038X"}],"status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2025"},{"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2640-3498"]},"citation":{"chicago":"Wu, Diyuan, and Marco Mondelli. “Neural Collapse beyond the Unconstrained Features Model: Landscape, Dynamics, and Generalization in the Mean-Field Regime.” In <i>Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, 267:67499–536. ML Research Press, 2025.","mla":"Wu, Diyuan, and Marco Mondelli. “Neural Collapse beyond the Unconstrained Features Model: Landscape, Dynamics, and Generalization in the Mean-Field Regime.” <i>Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, vol. 267, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 67499–536.","short":"D. Wu, M. Mondelli, in:, Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 67499–67536.","ista":"Wu D, Mondelli M. 2025. Neural collapse beyond the unconstrained features model: Landscape, dynamics, and generalization in the mean-field regime. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning. ICML: International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR, vol. 267, 67499–67536.","apa":"Wu, D., &#38; Mondelli, M. (2025). Neural collapse beyond the unconstrained features model: Landscape, dynamics, and generalization in the mean-field regime. In <i>Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i> (Vol. 267, pp. 67499–67536). Vancouver, Canada: ML Research Press.","ieee":"D. Wu and M. Mondelli, “Neural collapse beyond the unconstrained features model: Landscape, dynamics, and generalization in the mean-field regime,” in <i>Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, Vancouver, Canada, 2025, vol. 267, pp. 67499–67536.","ama":"Wu D, Mondelli M. Neural collapse beyond the unconstrained features model: Landscape, dynamics, and generalization in the mean-field regime. In: <i>Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>. Vol 267. ML Research Press; 2025:67499-67536."},"alternative_title":["PMLR"],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":3994385,"relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2026-02-19T08:28:22Z","date_created":"2026-02-19T08:28:22Z","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"c5ce8b1c83e33dc3a11122f4910deb67","file_name":"2025_ICML_Wu.pdf","file_id":"21337","success":1}],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"MaMo"}],"date_published":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","project":[{"grant_number":"COE12","_id":"74caaef7-b034-11f1-8f2d-e0e993bb422e","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Mondelli)"}],"publication_status":"published","type":"conference","day":"30","intvolume":"       267","oa":1,"month":"07","_id":"21326","OA_type":"gold","conference":{"end_date":"2025-07-19","name":"ICML: International Conference on Machine Learning","start_date":"2025-07-13","location":"Vancouver, Canada"},"publication":"Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning","abstract":[{"text":"Neural Collapse is a phenomenon where the last-layer representations of a well-trained neural network converge to a highly structured geometry. In this paper, we focus on its first (and most basic) property, known as NC1: the within-class variability vanishes. While prior theoretical studies establish the occurrence of NC1 via the data-agnostic unconstrained features model, our work adopts a data-specific perspective, analyzing NC1 in a three-layer neural network, with the first two layers operating in the mean-field regime and followed by a linear layer. In particular, we establish a fundamental connection between NC1 and the loss landscape: we prove that points with small empirical loss and gradient norm (thus, close to being stationary) approximately satisfy NC1, and the closeness to NC1 is controlled by the residual loss and gradient norm. We then show that (i) gradient flow on the mean squared error converges to NC1 solutions with small empirical loss, and (ii) for well-separated data distributions, both NC1 and vanishing test loss are achieved simultaneously. This aligns with the empirical observation that NC1 emerges during training while models attain near-zero test error. Overall, our results demonstrate that NC1 arises from gradient training due to the properties of the loss landscape, and they show the co-occurrence of NC1 and small test error for certain data distributions.","lang":"eng"}],"acknowledgement":"This research was funded in whole or in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12. For the purpose of open access, the authors have applied a CC BY public\r\ncopyright license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. The authors would like to thank Peter Sukenık for general helpful discussions and for pointing out that all the stationary points are approximately proportional in the case without entropic regularization. ","quality_controlled":"1","volume":267,"year":"2025","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","corr_author":"1","author":[{"id":"1a5914c2-896a-11ed-bdf8-fb80621a0635","last_name":"Wu","full_name":"Wu, Diyuan","first_name":"Diyuan"},{"id":"27EB676C-8706-11E9-9510-7717E6697425","last_name":"Mondelli","full_name":"Mondelli, Marco","first_name":"Marco","orcid":"0000-0002-3242-7020"}],"page":"67499-67536","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:25:42Z","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"oa_version":"Published Version","ddc":["000"],"file_date_updated":"2026-02-19T08:28:22Z","arxiv":1,"external_id":{"arxiv":["2501.19104"]},"date_created":"2026-02-18T12:02:45Z","OA_place":"publisher","publisher":"ML Research Press","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Neural collapse beyond the unconstrained features model: Landscape, dynamics, and generalization in the mean-field regime"},{"external_id":{"arxiv":["2504.15960"]},"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"ddc":["000"],"oa_version":"Published Version","arxiv":1,"file_date_updated":"2026-02-18T07:50:56Z","ec_funded":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"The value problem for multiple-environment MDPs with parity objective","OA_place":"publisher","date_created":"2026-02-17T07:49:17Z","publisher":"Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2025","corr_author":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Krishnendu","id":"2E5DCA20-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Chatterjee","full_name":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu","orcid":"0000-0002-4561-241X"},{"full_name":"Doyen, Laurent","last_name":"Doyen","first_name":"Laurent"},{"full_name":"Raskin, Jean-Francois","last_name":"Raskin","first_name":"Jean-Francois"},{"first_name":"Ocan","last_name":"Sankur","full_name":"Sankur, Ocan"}],"status":"public","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:23:50Z","article_number":"150","conference":{"name":"ICALP: Automata, Languages and Programming","end_date":"2025-07-11","location":"Aarhus, Denmark","start_date":"2025-07-08"},"OA_type":"gold","month":"07","oa":1,"_id":"21268","acknowledgement":"Krishnendu Chatterjee: ERC CoG 863818 (ForM-SMArt) and Austrian Science Fund\r\n(FWF) 10.55776/COE12. Jean-François Raskin: PDR Weave project FORM-LEARN-POMDP funded by FNRS and DFG, and the support of the Fondation ULB. Ocan Sankur: ANR BisoUS (ANR-22-CE48-0012) and ANR EpiRL (ANR-22-CE23-0029).","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming","abstract":[{"text":"We consider multiple-environment Markov decision processes (MEMDP), which consist of a finite set of MDPs over the same state space, representing different scenarios of transition structure and probability. The value of a strategy is the probability to satisfy the objective, here a parity objective, in the worst-case scenario, and the value of an MEMDP is the supremum of the values achievable by a strategy.\r\nWe show that deciding whether the value is 1 is a PSPACE-complete problem, and even in P when the number of environments is fixed, along with new insights to the almost-sure winning problem, which is to decide if there exists a strategy with value 1. Pure strategies are sufficient for theses problems, whereas randomization is necessary in general when the value is smaller than 1. We present an algorithm to approximate the value, running in double exponential space. Our results are in contrast to the related model of partially-observable MDPs where all these problems are known to be undecidable.","lang":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"KrCh"}],"date_published":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150","alternative_title":["LIPIcs"],"citation":{"mla":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu, et al. “The Value Problem for Multiple-Environment MDPs with Parity Objective.” <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>, 150, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150\">10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150</a>.","chicago":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu, Laurent Doyen, Jean-Francois Raskin, and Ocan Sankur. “The Value Problem for Multiple-Environment MDPs with Parity Objective.” In <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150</a>.","ista":"Chatterjee K, Doyen L, Raskin J-F, Sankur O. 2025. The value problem for multiple-environment MDPs with parity objective. 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming. ICALP: Automata, Languages and Programming, LIPIcs, , 150.","short":"K. Chatterjee, L. Doyen, J.-F. Raskin, O. Sankur, in:, 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025.","ieee":"K. Chatterjee, L. Doyen, J.-F. Raskin, and O. Sankur, “The value problem for multiple-environment MDPs with parity objective,” in <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>, Aarhus, Denmark, 2025.","apa":"Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L., Raskin, J.-F., &#38; Sankur, O. (2025). The value problem for multiple-environment MDPs with parity objective. In <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>. Aarhus, Denmark: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150</a>","ama":"Chatterjee K, Doyen L, Raskin J-F, Sankur O. The value problem for multiple-environment MDPs with parity objective. In: <i>52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming</i>. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150\">10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9783959773720"]},"scopus_import":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"success":1,"file_id":"21313","file_name":"2025_LIPIcs_Chatterjee.pdf","checksum":"4477a7fd4fbf0ba6c8e9b15683b5a6b8","date_created":"2026-02-18T07:50:56Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2026-02-18T07:50:56Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":1075724}],"type":"conference","publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.150","day":"30","project":[{"grant_number":"863818","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Formal Methods for Stochastic Models: Algorithms and Applications","_id":"0599E47C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E"},{"grant_number":"COE12","_id":"4029cfc7-b034-11f1-9e55-88ab2ff3b6ee","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Chatterjee)"}]},{"publication":"39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","abstract":[{"text":"In many scientific experiments, the data annotating cost constraints the pace for testing novel hypotheses. Yet, modern machine learning pipelines offer a promising solution—provided their predictions yield correct conclusions. We focus on Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences (PPCI), i.e., estimating the treatment effect in an unlabeled target experiment, relying on training data with the same outcome annotated but potentially different treatment or effect modifiers. We first show that conditional calibration guarantees valid PPCI at population level. Then, we introduce a sufficient representation constraint transferring validity across experiments, which we propose to enforce in practice in Deconfounded Empirical Risk Minimization, our new model-agnostic training objective. We validate our method on synthetic and real-world scientific data, solving impossible problem instances for Empirical Risk Minimization even with standard invariance constraints. In particular, for the first time, we achieve valid causal inference on a scientific experiment with complex recording and no human annotations, fine-tuning a foundational model on our similar annotated experiment.","lang":"eng"}],"acknowledgement":"We thank the Causal Learning and Artificial Intelligence group at ISTA for the continuous feedback on the project and valuable discussions. We thank the Social Immunity group at ISTA, particularly Jinook Oh, for the annotation program and Michaela Hoenigsberger for supporting our ecological experiment. Riccardo Cadei is supported by a Google Research Scholar Award and a Google Initiated Gift to Francesco Locatello. This research was funded in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12). It was further partially supported by the ISTA Interdisciplinary Project Committee for the collaborative project “ALED” between Francesco Locatello and Sylvia Cremer. For open access purposes, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any author accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.","quality_controlled":"1","month":"12","oa":1,"_id":"21076","conference":{"start_date":"2025-12-02","location":"San Diego, CA, United States","end_date":"2025-12-07","name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems"},"OA_type":"gold","project":[{"grant_number":"COE12","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Locatello)","_id":"a392d8f0-b034-11f1-b88e-d3025c6734f6"}],"type":"conference","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        38","day":"15","alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"citation":{"ieee":"R. Cadei <i>et al.</i>, “Prediction-powered causal inferences,” in <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38.","apa":"Cadei, R., Demirel, I., De Bartolomeis, P., Lindorfer, L., Cremer, S., Schmid, C., &#38; Locatello, F. (2025). Prediction-powered causal inferences. In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation.","ama":"Cadei R, Demirel I, De Bartolomeis P, et al. Prediction-powered causal inferences. In: <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025.","mla":"Cadei, Riccardo, et al. “Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences.” <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","chicago":"Cadei, Riccardo, Ilker Demirel, Piersilvio De Bartolomeis, Lukas Lindorfer, Sylvia Cremer, Cordelia Schmid, and Francesco Locatello. “Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences.” In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","ista":"Cadei R, Demirel I, De Bartolomeis P, Lindorfer L, Cremer S, Schmid C, Locatello F. 2025. Prediction-powered causal inferences. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38.","short":"R. Cadei, I. Demirel, P. De Bartolomeis, L. Lindorfer, S. Cremer, C. Schmid, F. Locatello, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1049-5258"]},"file":[{"date_created":"2026-01-29T14:35:02Z","creator":"flocatel","access_level":"open_access","file_size":8489023,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2026-01-29T14:35:02Z","file_id":"21077","success":1,"checksum":"92467fa566cd36671a6a3b9e71ae0f71","file_name":"17546_Prediction_Powered_Causa.pdf"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"FrLo"},{"_id":"SyCr"}],"date_published":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","OA_place":"publisher","date_created":"2026-01-29T14:35:11Z","publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Prediction-powered causal inferences","oa_version":"Published Version","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"ddc":["000"],"file_date_updated":"2026-01-29T14:35:02Z","das_tickbox":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:22:52Z","volume":38,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2025","author":[{"first_name":"Riccardo","id":"0fa8b76f-72f0-11ef-b75a-a5da96e5ad6b","last_name":"Cadei","full_name":"Cadei, Riccardo"},{"full_name":"Demirel, Ilker","last_name":"Demirel","first_name":"Ilker"},{"first_name":"Piersilvio","last_name":"De Bartolomeis","full_name":"De Bartolomeis, Piersilvio"},{"first_name":"Lukas","id":"85f0e6d3-06b3-11ec-8982-8c5049fa4455","full_name":"Lindorfer, Lukas","last_name":"Lindorfer"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","first_name":"Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer"},{"last_name":"Schmid","full_name":"Schmid, Cordelia","first_name":"Cordelia"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683","id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4","last_name":"Locatello","full_name":"Locatello, Francesco","first_name":"Francesco"}],"status":"public"},{"type":"conference","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        38","day":"15","project":[{"_id":"a392d8f0-b034-11f1-b88e-d3025c6734f6","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Locatello)","grant_number":"COE12"}],"department":[{"_id":"FrLo"}],"date_published":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1049-5258"]},"citation":{"chicago":"Yao, Dingling, Shimeng Huang, Riccardo Cadei, Kun Zhang, and Francesco Locatello. “The Third Pillar of Causal Analysis? A Measurement Perspective on Causal Representations.” In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","mla":"Yao, Dingling, et al. “The Third Pillar of Causal Analysis? A Measurement Perspective on Causal Representations.” <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","short":"D. Yao, S. Huang, R. Cadei, K. Zhang, F. Locatello, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","ista":"Yao D, Huang S, Cadei R, Zhang K, Locatello F. 2025. The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38.","apa":"Yao, D., Huang, S., Cadei, R., Zhang, K., &#38; Locatello, F. (2025). The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations. In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation.","ieee":"D. Yao, S. Huang, R. Cadei, K. Zhang, and F. Locatello, “The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations,” in <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38.","ama":"Yao D, Huang S, Cadei R, Zhang K, Locatello F. The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations. In: <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025."},"alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"has_accepted_license":"1","acknowledgement":"This research was funded in whole or in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12. For open access purposes, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.\r\n","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","abstract":[{"text":"Causal reasoning and discovery, two fundamental tasks of causal analysis,\r\noften face challenges in applications due to the complexity, noisiness, and highdimensionality of real-world data. Despite recent progress in identifying latent\r\ncausal structures using causal representation learning (CRL), what makes learned\r\nrepresentations useful for causal downstream tasks and how to evaluate them are\r\nstill not well understood. In this paper, we reinterpret CRL using a measurement\r\nmodel framework, where the learned representations are viewed as proxy measurements of the latent causal variables. Our approach clarifies the conditions under\r\nwhich learned representations support downstream causal reasoning and provides\r\na principled basis for quantitatively assessing the quality of representations using\r\na new Test-based Measurement EXclusivity (T-MEX) score. We validate T-MEX\r\nacross diverse causal inference scenarios, including numerical simulations and\r\nreal-world ecological video analysis, demonstrating that the proposed framework\r\nand corresponding score effectively assess the identification of learned representations and their usefulness for causal downstream tasks. Reproducible code can\r\nbe found at https://github.com/shimenghuang/a-measurement-perspective-of-crl.","lang":"eng"}],"OA_type":"green","conference":{"name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems","end_date":"2025-12-07","location":"San Diego, CA, United States","start_date":"2025-12-02"},"month":"12","oa":1,"_id":"21068","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.17708","open_access":"1"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"das_tickbox":"1","date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:21:47Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2025","author":[{"id":"d3e02e50-48a8-11ee-8f62-c108061797fa","last_name":"Yao","full_name":"Yao, Dingling","first_name":"Dingling"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6919-821X","first_name":"Shimeng","id":"989c2a06-fb4e-11ef-a992-ab766442255b","full_name":"Huang, Shimeng","last_name":"Huang"},{"first_name":"Riccardo","full_name":"Cadei, Riccardo","last_name":"Cadei","id":"0fa8b76f-72f0-11ef-b75a-a5da96e5ad6b"},{"last_name":"Zhang","full_name":"Zhang, Kun","first_name":"Kun"},{"first_name":"Francesco","full_name":"Locatello, Francesco","last_name":"Locatello","id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4","orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683"}],"corr_author":"1","status":"public","volume":38,"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://github.com/shimenghuang/a-measurement-perspective-of-crl","relation":"software"}]},"OA_place":"repository","date_created":"2026-01-29T14:24:56Z","publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","external_id":{"arxiv":["2505.17708"]},"oa_version":"Preprint","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"ddc":["000"],"arxiv":1},{"volume":38,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2025","author":[{"first_name":"Berker","id":"8b4bc47f-3200-11ee-973b-8f0e7be21a9f","last_name":"Demirel","full_name":"Demirel, Berker"},{"first_name":"Marco ","last_name":"Fumero","full_name":"Fumero, Marco "},{"orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683","first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Locatello","full_name":"Locatello, Francesco","id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4"}],"corr_author":"1","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.04525"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"das_tickbox":"1","date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:22:16Z","ddc":["000"],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"oa_version":"Preprint","arxiv":1,"external_id":{"arxiv":["2410.04525"]},"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://github.com/berkerdemirel/ORA-OOD-Detection-with-Relative-Angles","relation":"software"}]},"OA_place":"repository","date_created":"2026-01-29T14:26:47Z","publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles","citation":{"ista":"Demirel B, Fumero M, Locatello F. 2025. Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38.","short":"B. Demirel, M. Fumero, F. Locatello, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","mla":"Demirel, Berker, et al. “Out-of-Distribution Detection with Relative Angles.” <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","chicago":"Demirel, Berker, Marco  Fumero, and Francesco Locatello. “Out-of-Distribution Detection with Relative Angles.” In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","ama":"Demirel B, Fumero M, Locatello F. Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles. In: <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025.","ieee":"B. Demirel, M. Fumero, and F. Locatello, “Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles,” in <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38.","apa":"Demirel, B., Fumero, M., &#38; Locatello, F. (2025). Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles. In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1049-5258"]},"alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"FrLo"}],"date_published":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","project":[{"grant_number":"COE12","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Locatello)","_id":"a392d8f0-b034-11f1-b88e-d3025c6734f6"}],"type":"conference","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        38","day":"01","month":"12","oa":1,"_id":"21070","conference":{"end_date":"2025-12-07","name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems","start_date":"2025-12-02","location":"San Diego, CA, United States"},"OA_type":"green","publication":"39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","abstract":[{"text":"Deep learning systems deployed in real-world applications often encounter data that is different from their in-distribution (ID). A reliable model should ideally abstain from making decisions in this out-of-distribution (OOD) setting. Existing state-of-the-art methods primarily focus on feature distances, such as k-th nearest neighbors and distances to decision boundaries, either overlooking or ineffectively using in-distribution statistics. In this work, we propose a novel angle-based metric for OOD detection that is computed relative to the in-distribution structure. We demonstrate that the angles between feature representations and decision boundaries, viewed from the mean of in-distribution features, serve as an effective discriminative factor between ID and OOD data. We evaluate our method on nine ImageNet-pretrained models. Our approach achieves the lowest FPR in 5 out of 9 ImageNet models, obtains the best average FPR overall, and consistently ranking among the top 3 across all evaluated models. Furthermore, we highlight the benefits of contrastive representations by showing strong performance with ResNet SCL and CLIP architectures. Finally, we demonstrate that the scale-invariant nature of our score enables an ensemble strategy via simple score summation. ","lang":"eng"}],"acknowledgement":"This research was funded in whole or in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12. For open access purposes, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.\r\n","quality_controlled":"1"},{"OA_type":"gold","conference":{"name":"DISC: Symposium on Distributed Computing","end_date":"2025-10-31","location":"Berlin, Germany","start_date":"2025-10-27"},"month":"10","oa":1,"_id":"21412","acknowledgement":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu: European Research Council CoG 863818 (ForM-SMArt) and Austrian Science Fund 10.55776/COE12.\r\nKřišťan, Jan Matyáš: Czech Science Foundation Grant no. 24-12046S.\r\nSchmid, Stefan: German Research Foundation (DFG) project ReNO (SPP 2378) from 2023-2027.\r\nSvoboda, Jakub: European Research Council CoG 863818 (ForM-SMArt) and Austrian Science Fund 10.55776/COE12.\r\nYeo, Michelle: MOE-T2EP20122-0014 (Data-Driven Distributed Algorithms).","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing","abstract":[{"text":"Payment channel networks (PCNs) are a promising technology that alleviates blockchain scalability by shifting the transaction load from the blockchain to the PCN. Nevertheless, the network topology has to be carefully designed to maximise the transaction throughput in PCNs. Additionally, users in PCNs also have to make optimal decisions on which transactions to forward and which to reject to prolong the lifetime of their channels. In this work, we consider an input sequence of transactions over p parties. Each transaction consists of a transaction size, source, and target, and can be either accepted or rejected (entailing a cost). The goal is to design a PCN topology among the p cooperating parties, along with the channel capacities, and then output a decision for each transaction in the sequence to minimise the cost of creating and augmenting channels, as well as the cost of rejecting transactions. Our main contribution is an 𝒪(p) approximation algorithm for the problem with p parties. We further show that with some assumptions on the distribution of transactions, we can reduce the approximation ratio to 𝒪(√p). We complement our theoretical analysis with an empirical study of our assumptions and approach in the context of the Lightning Network.","lang":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"KrCh"}],"date_published":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","citation":{"ama":"Chatterjee K, Křišťan JM, Schmid S, Svoboda J, Yeo MX. Boosting payment channel network liquidity with topology optimization and transaction selection. In: <i>39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing</i>. Vol 356. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23\">10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23</a>","apa":"Chatterjee, K., Křišťan, J. M., Schmid, S., Svoboda, J., &#38; Yeo, M. X. (2025). Boosting payment channel network liquidity with topology optimization and transaction selection. In <i>39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing</i> (Vol. 356). Berlin, Germany: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23</a>","ieee":"K. Chatterjee, J. M. Křišťan, S. Schmid, J. Svoboda, and M. X. Yeo, “Boosting payment channel network liquidity with topology optimization and transaction selection,” in <i>39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing</i>, Berlin, Germany, 2025, vol. 356.","short":"K. Chatterjee, J.M. Křišťan, S. Schmid, J. Svoboda, M.X. Yeo, in:, 39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025.","ista":"Chatterjee K, Křišťan JM, Schmid S, Svoboda J, Yeo MX. 2025. Boosting payment channel network liquidity with topology optimization and transaction selection. 39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing. DISC: Symposium on Distributed Computing, LIPIcs, vol. 356, 23.","mla":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu, et al. “Boosting Payment Channel Network Liquidity with Topology Optimization and Transaction Selection.” <i>39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing</i>, vol. 356, 23, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23\">10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23</a>.","chicago":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu, Jan Matyáš Křišťan, Stefan Schmid, Jakub Svoboda, and Michelle X Yeo. “Boosting Payment Channel Network Liquidity with Topology Optimization and Transaction Selection.” In <i>39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing</i>, Vol. 356. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23</a>."},"alternative_title":["LIPIcs"],"doi":"10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1868-8969"],"isbn":["9783959774024"]},"scopus_import":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"checksum":"8e3d1594365df60163d9df22158a37b1","file_name":"2025_DISC_Chatterjee.pdf","file_id":"21418","success":1,"file_size":1130069,"content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2026-03-09T11:51:59Z","relation":"main_file","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2026-03-09T11:51:59Z"}],"type":"conference","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.23","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       356","day":"22","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"863818","_id":"0599E47C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E","name":"Formal Methods for Stochastic Models: Algorithms and Applications"},{"grant_number":"COE12","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Chatterjee)","_id":"4029cfc7-b034-11f1-9e55-88ab2ff3b6ee"}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2508.14524"],"cryptoeprintid":["2025/1484"]},"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"ddc":["000"],"oa_version":"Published Version","arxiv":1,"file_date_updated":"2026-03-09T11:51:59Z","ec_funded":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Boosting payment channel network liquidity with topology optimization and transaction selection","OA_place":"publisher","date_created":"2026-03-08T23:01:46Z","publisher":"Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2025","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-4561-241X","first_name":"Krishnendu","id":"2E5DCA20-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Chatterjee","full_name":"Chatterjee, Krishnendu"},{"full_name":"Křišťan, Jan Matyáš","last_name":"Křišťan","first_name":"Jan Matyáš"},{"last_name":"Schmid","full_name":"Schmid, Stefan","first_name":"Stefan"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-1419-3267","last_name":"Svoboda","full_name":"Svoboda, Jakub","id":"130759D2-D7DD-11E9-87D2-DE0DE6697425","first_name":"Jakub"},{"first_name":"Michelle X","full_name":"Yeo, Michelle X","last_name":"Yeo","id":"2D82B818-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0009-0001-3676-4809"}],"status":"public","volume":356,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:27:09Z","article_number":"23","cryptoeprintid":1},{"publication_status":"published","type":"conference","day":"01","intvolume":"       267","project":[{"grant_number":"COE12","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Lampert)","_id":"d8f03aaa-b035-11f1-8588-d5147fa879e0"}],"department":[{"_id":"ChLa"},{"_id":"MoHe"}],"date_published":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","citation":{"ama":"Scott JA, Lampert C, Saulpic D. Differentially private federated k-means clustering with server-side data. In: <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>. Vol 267. ML Research Press; 2025:53757-53790.","ieee":"J. A. Scott, C. Lampert, and D. Saulpic, “Differentially private federated k-means clustering with server-side data,” in <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, Vancouver, Canada, 2025, vol. 267, pp. 53757–53790.","apa":"Scott, J. A., Lampert, C., &#38; Saulpic, D. (2025). Differentially private federated k-means clustering with server-side data. In <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i> (Vol. 267, pp. 53757–53790). Vancouver, Canada: ML Research Press.","ista":"Scott JA, Lampert C, Saulpic D. 2025. Differentially private federated k-means clustering with server-side data. 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning. ICML: International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR, vol. 267, 53757–53790.","short":"J.A. Scott, C. Lampert, D. Saulpic, in:, 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 53757–53790.","chicago":"Scott, Jonathan A, Christoph Lampert, and David Saulpic. “Differentially Private Federated K-Means Clustering with Server-Side Data.” In <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, 267:53757–90. ML Research Press, 2025.","mla":"Scott, Jonathan A., et al. “Differentially Private Federated K-Means Clustering with Server-Side Data.” <i>42nd International Conference on Machine Learning</i>, vol. 267, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 53757–90."},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2640-3498"]},"alternative_title":["PMLR"],"has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":746612,"date_updated":"2025-12-16T12:38:29Z","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","date_created":"2025-12-16T12:38:29Z","checksum":"815b32b463023ca21e569c2158745c15","file_name":"2025_ICML_Scott.pdf","file_id":"20829","success":1}],"scopus_import":"1","acknowledgement":"This research was funded in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [10.55776/COE12] and supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of ISTA through resources provided by Scientific Computing (SciComp).\r\n","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"42nd International Conference on Machine Learning","abstract":[{"text":"Clustering is a cornerstone of data analysis that is particularly suited to identifying coherent subgroups or substructures in unlabeled data, as are generated continuously in large amounts these days. However, in many cases traditional clustering methods are not applicable, because data are increasingly being produced and stored in a distributed way, e.g. on edge devices, and privacy concerns prevent it from being transferred to a central server. To address this challenge, we present FedDP-KMeans, a new algorithm for \r\n-means clustering that is fully-federated as well as differentially private. Our approach leverages (potentially small and out-of-distribution) server-side data to overcome the primary challenge of differentially private clustering methods: the need for a good initialization. Combining our initialization with a simple federated DP-Lloyds algorithm we obtain an algorithm that achieves excellent results on synthetic and real-world benchmark tasks. We also provide a theoretical analysis of our method that provides bounds on the convergence speed and cluster identification success.","lang":"eng"}],"OA_type":"gold","conference":{"start_date":"2025-07-13","location":"Vancouver, Canada","end_date":"2025-07-19","name":"ICML: International Conference on Machine Learning"},"oa":1,"month":"05","_id":"20819","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:26:12Z","page":"53757-53790","year":"2025","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","corr_author":"1","author":[{"last_name":"Scott","full_name":"Scott, Jonathan A","id":"e499926b-f6e0-11ea-865d-9c63db0031e8","first_name":"Jonathan A"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8622-7887","first_name":"Christoph","last_name":"Lampert","full_name":"Lampert, Christoph","id":"40C20FD2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"David","id":"f8e48cf0-b0ff-11ed-b0e9-b4c35598f964","full_name":"Saulpic, David","last_name":"Saulpic"}],"volume":267,"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Differentially private federated k-means clustering with server-side data","date_created":"2025-12-14T23:02:05Z","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"21198"}]},"OA_place":"publisher","publisher":"ML Research Press","external_id":{"arxiv":["2506.05408"]},"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"ddc":["000"],"oa_version":"Published Version","file_date_updated":"2025-12-16T12:38:29Z","arxiv":1},{"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"oa_version":"Preprint","date_created":"2026-02-10T08:20:59Z","OA_place":"repository","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"21198","relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public"}]},"title":"Federated learning with unlabeled clients: Personalization can happen in low dimensions","article_processing_charge":"No","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Hossein","id":"653bd8b6-f394-11eb-9cf6-c0bbf6cd78d4","full_name":"Zakerinia, Hossein","last_name":"Zakerinia","orcid":"0009-0007-3977-6462"},{"first_name":"Jonathan A","id":"e499926b-f6e0-11ea-865d-9c63db0031e8","last_name":"Scott","full_name":"Scott, Jonathan A"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8622-7887","first_name":"Christoph","id":"40C20FD2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Lampert","full_name":"Lampert, Christoph"}],"corr_author":"1","year":"2025","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","article_number":"2505.15579","date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:26:12Z","das_tickbox":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.15579","open_access":"1"}],"_id":"21207","oa":1,"month":"05","OA_type":"green","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Personalized federated learning has emerged as a popular approach to training on devices holding statistically heterogeneous data, known as clients. However, most existing approaches require a client to have labeled data for training or finetuning in order to obtain their own personalized model. In this paper we address this by proposing FLowDUP, a novel method that is able to generate a personalized model using only a forward pass with unlabeled data. The generated model parameters reside in a low-dimensional subspace, enabling efficient communication and computation. FLowDUP's learning objective is theoretically motivated by our new transductive multi-task PAC-Bayesian generalization bound, that provides performance guarantees for unlabeled clients. The objective is structured in such a way that it allows both clients with labeled data and clients with only unlabeled data to contribute to the training process. To supplement our theoretical results we carry out a thorough experimental evaluation of FLowDUP, demonstrating strong empirical performance on a range of datasets with differing sorts of statistically heterogeneous clients. Through numerous ablation studies, we test the efficacy of the individual components of the method."}],"publication":"arXiv","citation":{"chicago":"Zakerinia, Hossein, Jonathan A Scott, and Christoph Lampert. “Federated Learning with Unlabeled Clients: Personalization Can Happen in Low Dimensions.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579</a>.","mla":"Zakerinia, Hossein, et al. “Federated Learning with Unlabeled Clients: Personalization Can Happen in Low Dimensions.” <i>ArXiv</i>, 2505.15579, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579\">10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579</a>.","ista":"Zakerinia H, Scott JA, Lampert C. Federated learning with unlabeled clients: Personalization can happen in low dimensions. arXiv, 2505.15579.","short":"H. Zakerinia, J.A. Scott, C. Lampert, ArXiv (n.d.).","apa":"Zakerinia, H., Scott, J. A., &#38; Lampert, C. (n.d.). Federated learning with unlabeled clients: Personalization can happen in low dimensions. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579</a>","ieee":"H. Zakerinia, J. A. Scott, and C. Lampert, “Federated learning with unlabeled clients: Personalization can happen in low dimensions,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","ama":"Zakerinia H, Scott JA, Lampert C. Federated learning with unlabeled clients: Personalization can happen in low dimensions. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579\">10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579</a>"},"doi":"10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579","date_published":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","department":[{"_id":"ChLa"}],"day":"21","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2505.15579","publication_status":"draft","type":"preprint"},{"page":"159016-159028","date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:40:20Z","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-4798","open_access":"1"}],"das_tickbox":"0","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"volume":38,"author":[{"last_name":"Cyffers","full_name":"Cyffers, Edwige Audrey Lucienne","id":"20d4c299-977a-11ef-ae55-98b15ac64a57","first_name":"Edwige Audrey Lucienne"}],"corr_author":"1","status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","supplementarymaterial":"yes","year":"2025","publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","OA_place":"publisher","date_created":"2026-09-06T22:01:59Z","title":"Setting ε is not the issue in differential privacy","article_processing_charge":"No","oa_version":"Published Version","project":[{"name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Lampert)","_id":"d8f03aaa-b035-11f1-8588-d5147fa879e0","grant_number":"COE12"}],"intvolume":"        38","day":"02","type":"conference","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-4798","publication_status":"published","scopus_import":"1","alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"doi":"10.52202/085713-4798","citation":{"chicago":"Cyffers, Edwige Audrey Lucienne. “Setting ε Is Not the Issue in Differential Privacy.” In <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, 38:159016–28. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-4798\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-4798</a>.","mla":"Cyffers, Edwige Audrey Lucienne. “Setting ε Is Not the Issue in Differential Privacy.” <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 159016–28, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-4798\">10.52202/085713-4798</a>.","short":"E.A.L. Cyffers, in:, 39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 159016–159028.","ista":"Cyffers EAL. 2025. Setting ε is not the issue in differential privacy. 39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38, 159016–159028.","ieee":"E. A. L. Cyffers, “Setting ε is not the issue in differential privacy,” in <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38, pp. 159016–159028.","apa":"Cyffers, E. A. L. (2025). Setting ε is not the issue in differential privacy. In <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38, pp. 159016–159028). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-4798\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-4798</a>","ama":"Cyffers EAL. Setting ε is not the issue in differential privacy. In: <i>39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025:159016-159028. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-4798\">10.52202/085713-4798</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1049-5258"],"isbn":["9798331338275"]},"date_published":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","department":[{"_id":"ChLa"}],"abstract":[{"text":"This position paper argues that setting the privacy budget in differential privacy should not be viewed as an important limitation of differential privacy compared to alternative methods for privacy-preserving machine learning. The so-called problem of interpreting the privacy budget is often presented as a major hindrance to the wider adoption of differential privacy in real-world deployments and is sometimes used to promote alternative mitigation techniques for data protection. We believe this misleads decision-makers into choosing unsafe methods. We argue that the difficulty in interpreting privacy budgets does not stem from the definition of differential privacy itself, but from the intrinsic difficulty of estimating privacy risks in context, a challenge that any rigorous method for privacy risk assessment face. Moreover, we claim that any sound method for estimating privacy risks should, given the current state of research, be expressible within the differential privacy framework or justify why it cannot.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","researchdata_availability":"no","quality_controlled":"1","acknowledgement":"This research was funded in whole by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12. I thank\r\nAlberto Naibo for the discussion and his invitation to \"Logique, droit, IA : penser les algorithmes\"\r\ncolloquium. I thank Simone Bombari for the discussions. I thank EurIPS for the active poster session.","_id":"22823","month":"12","oa":1,"conference":{"name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems","end_date":"2025-12-07","location":"San Diego, CA, United States","start_date":"2025-12-02"},"OA_type":"gold"},{"publication":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","researchdata_availability":"no","abstract":[{"text":"We propose Joint Moment Estimation (JME), a method for continually and privately estimating both the first and second moments of a data stream with reduced noise compared to naive approaches. JME supports the matrix mechanism and exploits a joint sensitivity analysis to identify a privacy regime in which the second-moment estimation incurs no additional privacy cost, thereby improving accuracy while maintaining privacy. We demonstrate JME’s effectiveness in two applications: estimating the running mean and covariance matrix for Gaussian density estimation and model training with DP-Adam.","lang":"eng"}],"acknowledgement":"We thank Monika Henzinger for her valuable feedback and insightful discussions on earlier versions\r\nof this draft. We are also grateful to Mher Safaryan for his contributions to discussions on DP-Adam.\r\nAdditionally, we thank Ryan McKenna for suggesting Joint Clipping as a baseline.\r\nJalaj Upadhyay’s research was funded by the Rutgers Decanal Grant no. 302918, NSF CNS 2433628,\r\nGoogle Research Scholar Award, and Google Seed Fund Grant. A part of this work was done while\r\nvisiting the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA).\r\nNikita Kalinin’s research was funded in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [10.55776/COE12]","quality_controlled":"1","month":"12","oa":1,"_id":"22828","OA_type":"free access","conference":{"location":"San Diego, CA, United States","name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems"},"project":[{"_id":"d8f03aaa-b035-11f1-8588-d5147fa879e0","name":"Bilateral Artificial Intelligence (Lampert)","grant_number":"COE12"}],"type":"conference","publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924","intvolume":"        38","day":"02","alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"doi":"10.52202/085713-1924","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9798331338275"],"issn":["1049-5258"]},"citation":{"ama":"Kalinin N, Upadhyay J, Lampert C. Continual release moment estimation with differential privacy. In: <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025:64002-64047. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924\">10.52202/085713-1924</a>","ieee":"N. Kalinin, J. Upadhyay, and C. Lampert, “Continual release moment estimation with differential privacy,” in <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38, pp. 64002–64047.","apa":"Kalinin, N., Upadhyay, J., &#38; Lampert, C. (2025). Continual release moment estimation with differential privacy. In <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38, pp. 64002–64047). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924</a>","short":"N. Kalinin, J. Upadhyay, C. Lampert, in:, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 64002–64047.","ista":"Kalinin N, Upadhyay J, Lampert C. 2025. Continual release moment estimation with differential privacy. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38, 64002–64047.","mla":"Kalinin, Nikita, et al. “Continual Release Moment Estimation with Differential Privacy.” <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025, pp. 64002–47, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924\">10.52202/085713-1924</a>.","chicago":"Kalinin, Nikita, Jalaj Upadhyay, and Christoph Lampert. “Continual Release Moment Estimation with Differential Privacy.” In <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, 38:64002–47. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924\">https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924</a>."},"scopus_import":"1","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"ChLa"}],"date_published":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","OA_place":"publisher","date_created":"2026-09-06T22:02:00Z","publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Continual release moment estimation with differential privacy","oa_version":"Published Version","page":"64002-64047","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.52202/085713-1924","open_access":"1"}],"das_tickbox":"0","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-09-16T07:40:56Z","volume":38,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","supplementarymaterial":"no","year":"2025","corr_author":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Nikita","id":"4b14526e-14d2-11ed-ba64-c14c9553d137","full_name":"Kalinin, Nikita","last_name":"Kalinin"},{"first_name":"Jalaj","last_name":"Upadhyay","full_name":"Upadhyay, Jalaj"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8622-7887","last_name":"Lampert","full_name":"Lampert, Christoph","id":"40C20FD2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Christoph"}],"status":"public"},{"intvolume":"       698","day":"01","type":"journal_article","publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963","scopus_import":"1","file":[{"relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2025-06-25T08:38:02Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":7106568,"date_created":"2025-06-25T08:38:02Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","file_name":"2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_Britavskiy.pdf","checksum":"53a9f290cb1f468895e0d4446e0020f0","success":1,"file_id":"19901"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202452963","citation":{"mla":"Britavskiy, N., et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of Early B-Type Supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698, A40, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>.","chicago":"Britavskiy, N., L. Mahy, D. J. Lennon, L. R. Patrick, H. Sana, J. I. Villaseñor, T. Shenar, et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of Early B-Type Supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>.","ista":"Britavskiy N, Mahy L, Lennon DJ, Patrick LR, Sana H, Villaseñor JI, Shenar T, Bodensteiner J, Bernini-Peron M, Berlanas SR, Bowman DM, Crowther PA, De Mink SE, Evans CJ, Götberg YLL, Holgado G, Johnston C, Keszthelyi Z, Klencki J, Langer N, Mandel I, Menon A, Moe M, Oskinova LM, Pauli D, Pawlak M, Ramachandran V, Renzo M, Sander AAC, Schneider FRN, Schootemeijer A, Sen K, Simón-Díaz S, Van Loon JT, Vink JS. 2025. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 698, A40.","short":"N. Britavskiy, L. Mahy, D.J. Lennon, L.R. Patrick, H. Sana, J.I. Villaseñor, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, M. Bernini-Peron, S.R. Berlanas, D.M. Bowman, P.A. Crowther, S.E. De Mink, C.J. Evans, Y.L.L. Götberg, G. Holgado, C. Johnston, Z. Keszthelyi, J. Klencki, N. Langer, I. Mandel, A. Menon, M. Moe, L.M. Oskinova, D. Pauli, M. Pawlak, V. Ramachandran, M. Renzo, A.A.C. Sander, F.R.N. Schneider, A. Schootemeijer, K. Sen, S. Simón-Díaz, J.T. Van Loon, J.S. Vink, Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics 698 (2025).","ieee":"N. Britavskiy <i>et al.</i>, “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud,” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698. EDP Sciences, 2025.","apa":"Britavskiy, N., Mahy, L., Lennon, D. J., Patrick, L. R., Sana, H., Villaseñor, J. I., … Vink, J. S. (2025). Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>","ama":"Britavskiy N, Mahy L, Lennon DJ, et al. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2025;698. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1432-0746"],"issn":["0004-6361"]},"article_type":"original","date_published":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Context. The blue supergiant (BSG) domain contains a large variety of stars whose past and future evolutionary paths are still highly uncertain. Since binary interaction plays a crucial role in the fate of massive stars, investigating the multiplicity among BSGs helps shed light on the fate of such objects.\r\nAims. We aim to estimate the binary fraction of a large sample of BSGs in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) within the Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) survey. In total, we selected 262 targets with spectral types B0-B3 and luminosity classes I-II.\r\n\r\nMethods. This work is based on spectroscopic data collected by the FLAMES instrument, mounted on the Very Large Telescope, which gathered nine epochs over three months. Our spectroscopic analysis for each target includes the individual and peak-to-peak radial velocity measurements, an investigation of the line profile variability, and a periodogram analysis to search for possible short- and long-period binaries.\r\n\r\nResults. By applying a 20 km s−1 threshold on the peak-to-peak radial velocities above which we would consider the star to be binary, the resulting observed spectroscopic binary fraction for our BSG sample is 23 ± 3%. An independent analysis of line profile variability reveals 11 (plus 5 candidates) double-lined spectroscopic binaries and 32 (plus 41 candidates) single-lined spectroscopic binaries. Based on these results, we estimated the overall observed binary fraction in this sample to be 34 ± 3%, which is close to the computed intrinsic binary fraction of 40 ± 4%. In addition, we derived reliable orbital periods for 41 spectroscopic binaries and potential binary candidates, among which there are 17 eclipsing binaries, including 20 SB1 and SB2 systems with periods of less than 10 days. We reported a significant drop in the binary fraction of BSGs with spectral types later than B2 and effective temperatures less than 18 kK, which could indicate the end of the main sequence phase in this temperature regime. We found no metallicity dependence in the binary fraction of BSGs, compared to existing spectroscopic surveys of the Galaxy and Large Magellanic Cloud.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","researchdata_availability":"no","quality_controlled":"1","acknowledgement":"We thank the anonymous referee for helpful comments that have improved the manuscript. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 101164755/METAL) and was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 2434/24. NB acknowledges support from the Belgian federal government grant for Ukrainian postdoctoral researchers (contract UF/2022/10). TS acknowledges support by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 0603225041. DP acknowledges financial support from the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) grant FKZ 50OR2005 and the FWO junior postdoctoral fellowship No. 1256225N. DMB gratefully acknowledges UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) in the form of a Frontier Research grant under the UK government’s ERC Horizon Europe funding guarantee (SYMPHONY; PI Bowman; grant number: EP/Y031059/1), and a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (PI Bowman; grant number: URF\\R1\\231631). KS is funded by the National Science Center (NCN), Poland, under grant number OPUS 2021/41/B/ST9/00757. IM acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGav), through project number CE230100016. JIV acknowledges support from the European Research Council through ERC Advanced Grant No. 101054731. SS-D, and GH acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities (MICIU) through the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) through grants PID2021-122397NB-C21, and the Severo Ochoa Program 2020-2023 (CEX2019-000920-S).","_id":"19841","month":"06","oa":1,"OA_type":"diamond","article_number":"A40","date_updated":"2026-09-16T09:10:41Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"das_tickbox":"1","isi":1,"volume":698,"author":[{"last_name":"Britavskiy","full_name":"Britavskiy, N.","first_name":"N."},{"last_name":"Mahy","full_name":"Mahy, L.","first_name":"L."},{"first_name":"D. J.","last_name":"Lennon","full_name":"Lennon, D. J."},{"first_name":"L. R.","full_name":"Patrick, L. R.","last_name":"Patrick"},{"full_name":"Sana, H.","last_name":"Sana","first_name":"H."},{"first_name":"J. I.","last_name":"Villaseñor","full_name":"Villaseñor, J. I."},{"first_name":"T.","full_name":"Shenar, T.","last_name":"Shenar"},{"first_name":"J.","full_name":"Bodensteiner, J.","last_name":"Bodensteiner"},{"last_name":"Bernini-Peron","full_name":"Bernini-Peron, M.","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Berlanas","full_name":"Berlanas, S. R.","first_name":"S. R."},{"last_name":"Bowman","full_name":"Bowman, D. M.","first_name":"D. M."},{"last_name":"Crowther","full_name":"Crowther, P. A.","first_name":"P. A."},{"first_name":"S. E.","full_name":"De Mink, S. E.","last_name":"De Mink"},{"first_name":"C. J.","full_name":"Evans, C. J.","last_name":"Evans"},{"last_name":"Götberg","full_name":"Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter","id":"d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d","first_name":"Ylva Louise Linsdotter","orcid":"0000-0002-6960-6911"},{"last_name":"Holgado","full_name":"Holgado, G.","first_name":"G."},{"first_name":"C.","last_name":"Johnston","full_name":"Johnston, C."},{"last_name":"Keszthelyi","full_name":"Keszthelyi, Z.","first_name":"Z."},{"last_name":"Klencki","full_name":"Klencki, J.","first_name":"J."},{"full_name":"Langer, N.","last_name":"Langer","first_name":"N."},{"first_name":"I.","last_name":"Mandel","full_name":"Mandel, I."},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Menon","full_name":"Menon, A."},{"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Moe","full_name":"Moe, M."},{"first_name":"L. M.","full_name":"Oskinova, L. M.","last_name":"Oskinova"},{"first_name":"D.","full_name":"Pauli, D.","last_name":"Pauli"},{"last_name":"Pawlak","full_name":"Pawlak, M.","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Ramachandran","full_name":"Ramachandran, V.","first_name":"V."},{"full_name":"Renzo, M.","last_name":"Renzo","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"A. A.C.","full_name":"Sander, A. A.C.","last_name":"Sander"},{"full_name":"Schneider, F. R.N.","last_name":"Schneider","first_name":"F. R.N."},{"last_name":"Schootemeijer","full_name":"Schootemeijer, A.","first_name":"A."},{"full_name":"Sen, K.","last_name":"Sen","first_name":"K."},{"full_name":"Simón-Díaz, S.","last_name":"Simón-Díaz","first_name":"S."},{"full_name":"Van Loon, J. T.","last_name":"Van Loon","first_name":"J. T."},{"first_name":"J. S.","last_name":"Vink","full_name":"Vink, J. S."}],"status":"public","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","supplementarymaterial":"no","year":"2025","publisher":"EDP Sciences","OA_place":"publisher","date_created":"2025-06-15T22:01:29Z","title":"Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud","article_processing_charge":"Yes","file_date_updated":"2025-06-25T08:38:02Z","arxiv":1,"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"ddc":["520"],"oa_version":"Published Version","external_id":{"arxiv":["2502.12239"],"isi":["001497903100019"]}},{"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"oa_version":"Published Version","ddc":["520"],"file_date_updated":"2025-06-10T07:00:38Z","arxiv":1,"external_id":{"isi":["001494033100007"],"arxiv":["2412.05356"]},"date_created":"2025-06-08T22:01:22Z","OA_place":"publisher","publisher":"EDP Sciences","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity","volume":697,"isi":1,"supplementarymaterial":"no","year":"2025","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","status":"public","author":[{"last_name":"Hovis-Afflerbach","full_name":"Hovis-Afflerbach, B.","first_name":"B."},{"first_name":"Ylva Louise Linsdotter","last_name":"Götberg","full_name":"Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter","id":"d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d","orcid":"0000-0002-6960-6911"},{"full_name":"Schootemeijer, A.","last_name":"Schootemeijer","first_name":"A."},{"full_name":"Klencki, J.","last_name":"Klencki","first_name":"J."},{"first_name":"A. L.","full_name":"Strom, A. L.","last_name":"Strom"},{"full_name":"Ludwig, B. A.","last_name":"Ludwig","first_name":"B. A."},{"first_name":"M. R.","full_name":"Drout, M. R.","last_name":"Drout"}],"corr_author":"1","article_number":"A239","das_tickbox":"0","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-09-16T09:06:06Z","oa":1,"month":"05","_id":"19797","OA_type":"diamond","researchdata_availability":"no","publication":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Stars stripped of their hydrogen-rich envelopes through binary interaction are thought to be responsible for both hydrogen-poor supernovae and the hard ionizing radiation observed in low-Z galaxies. A population of these stars was recently observed for the first time, but their prevalence remains unknown. In preparation for such measurements, we estimate the mass distribution of hot, stripped stars using a population synthesis code that interpolates over detailed single and binary stellar evolution tracks. We predict that for a constant star formation rate of 1 M⊙/yr and regardless of metallicity, a scalable model population contains ∼30 000 stripped stars with mass Mstrip > 1 M⊙ and ∼4000 stripped stars that are sufficiently massive to explode (Mstrip > 2.6 M⊙). Below Mstrip = 5 M⊙, the distribution is metallicity-independent and can be described by a power law with the exponent α ∼ −2. At higher masses and lower metallicity (Z ≲ 0.002), the mass distribution exhibits a drop. This originates from the prediction, frequently seen in evolutionary models, that massive low-metallicity stars do not expand substantially until central helium burning or later and therefore cannot form long-lived stripped stars. With weaker line-driven winds at low metallicity, this suggests that neither binary interaction nor wind mass loss can efficiently strip massive stars at low metallicity. As a result, a “helium-star desert” emerges around Mstrip = 15 M⊙ at Z = 0.002, covering an increasingly large mass range with decreasing metallicity. We note that these high-mass stars are those that potentially boost a galaxy’s He+-ionizing radiation and that participate in the formation of merging black holes. This “helium-star desert” therefore merits further study."}],"acknowledgement":"We thank the anonymous referee for providing a constructive report. We thank Tomer Shenar and Selma de Mink for the interesting discussions that helped us improve the content of Sect. 4. Thank you to Jorick Vink and Andreas Sander for helpful discussions about wind driving. BHA thanks the Caltech Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) program and Peter Adams for supporting this project in memory of Alain Porter and Arthur R. Adams. BHA thanks Gwen Rudie for organizing the Carnegie Astrophysics Summer Student Internship (CASSI) program and all the staff at Carnegie Observatories who help to support this program. BHA also thanks Laura Jaliff, Sal Wanying Fu, Ivanna Escala, Johanna Teske, Tony Piro, Brian Lorenz, and Peter Senchyna for their mentorship during this project. Computing resources used for this work were made possible by a grant from the Ahmanson Foundation. We thank the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science for support, including Chris Burns for help with computations. This work used computing resources provided by Northwestern University and the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA). This research was supported in part through the computational resources and staff contributions provided for the Quest high performance computing facility at Northwestern University which is jointly supported by the Office of the Provost, the Office for Research, and Northwestern University Information Technology. MRD acknowledges support from the NSERC through grant RGPIN-2019-06186, the Canada Research Chairs Program, and the Dunlap Institute at the University of Toronto. BHA is supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-2234667.","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ieee":"B. Hovis-Afflerbach <i>et al.</i>, “The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity,” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 697. EDP Sciences, 2025.","apa":"Hovis-Afflerbach, B., Götberg, Y. L. L., Schootemeijer, A., Klencki, J., Strom, A. L., Ludwig, B. A., &#38; Drout, M. R. (2025). The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185</a>","ama":"Hovis-Afflerbach B, Götberg YLL, Schootemeijer A, et al. The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2025;697. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185\">10.1051/0004-6361/202453185</a>","chicago":"Hovis-Afflerbach, B., Ylva Louise Linsdotter Götberg, A. Schootemeijer, J. Klencki, A. L. Strom, B. A. Ludwig, and M. R. Drout. “The Mass Distribution of Stars Stripped in Binaries: The Effect of Metallicity.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185</a>.","mla":"Hovis-Afflerbach, B., et al. “The Mass Distribution of Stars Stripped in Binaries: The Effect of Metallicity.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 697, A239, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185\">10.1051/0004-6361/202453185</a>.","short":"B. Hovis-Afflerbach, Y.L.L. Götberg, A. Schootemeijer, J. Klencki, A.L. Strom, B.A. Ludwig, M.R. Drout, Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics 697 (2025).","ista":"Hovis-Afflerbach B, Götberg YLL, Schootemeijer A, Klencki J, Strom AL, Ludwig BA, Drout MR. 2025. The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 697, A239."},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1432-0746"],"issn":["0004-6361"]},"doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202453185","has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"file_size":6378030,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2025-06-10T07:00:38Z","date_created":"2025-06-10T07:00:38Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","checksum":"caa92beb22ab3146a75c5b03e926de1f","file_name":"2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_HovisAfflerbach.pdf","file_id":"19799","success":1}],"scopus_import":"1","department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"date_published":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453185","type":"journal_article","day":"01","intvolume":"       697"},{"title":"MWC656 Analysis","article_processing_charge":"No","publisher":"Repository","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The HST spectra obtained for MWC656 and spectral data used for comparison in the publication.\r\nThis DOI is provided by the MAST archive at Space Telescope Science Institute"}],"date_created":"2026-09-16T08:51:40Z","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","status":"public","id":"22816"}]},"OA_place":"repository","OA_type":"green","_id":"22933","oa":1,"oa_version":"None","ddc":["520"],"month":"07","day":"05","date_updated":"2026-09-16T08:56:13Z","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96","type":"research_data_reference","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96","open_access":"1"}],"status":"public","date_published":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","author":[{"full_name":"Mueller-Horn, Johanna","last_name":"Mueller-Horn","first_name":"Johanna"}],"year":"2025","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"citation":{"ama":"Mueller-Horn J. MWC656 Analysis. 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96\">10.17909/cfms-dg96</a>","ieee":"J. Mueller-Horn, “MWC656 Analysis.” Repository, 2025.","apa":"Mueller-Horn, J. (2025). MWC656 Analysis. Repository. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96\">https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96</a>","short":"J. Mueller-Horn, (2025).","ista":"Mueller-Horn J. 2025. MWC656 Analysis, Repository, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96\">10.17909/cfms-dg96</a>.","chicago":"Mueller-Horn, Johanna. “MWC656 Analysis.” Repository, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96\">https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96</a>.","mla":"Mueller-Horn, Johanna. <i>MWC656 Analysis</i>. Repository, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17909/cfms-dg96\">10.17909/cfms-dg96</a>."},"doi":"10.17909/cfms-dg96"},{"citation":{"ista":"Bodensteiner J, Shenar T, Sana H, Britavskiy N, Crowther PA, Langer N, Lennon DJ, Mahy L, Patrick LR, Villaseñor JI, Abdul-Masih M, Bowman DM, De Koter A, De Mink SE, Deshmukh K, Fabry M, Gilkis A, Götberg YLL, Holgado G, Izzard RG, Janssens S, Kalari VM, Keszthelyi Z, Kubát J, Mandel I, Maravelias G, Oskinova LM, Pauli D, Ramachandran V, Rocha DF, Renzo M, Sander AAC, Schneider FRN, Schootemeijer A, Sen K, Stoop M, Toonen S, Van Loon JT, Valli R, Vigna-Gómez A, Vink JS, Wang C, Xu XT. 2025. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 698, A38.","short":"J. Bodensteiner, T. Shenar, H. Sana, N. Britavskiy, P.A. Crowther, N. Langer, D.J. Lennon, L. Mahy, L.R. Patrick, J.I. Villaseñor, M. Abdul-Masih, D.M. Bowman, A. De Koter, S.E. De Mink, K. Deshmukh, M. Fabry, A. Gilkis, Y.L.L. Götberg, G. Holgado, R.G. Izzard, S. Janssens, V.M. Kalari, Z. Keszthelyi, J. Kubát, I. Mandel, G. Maravelias, L.M. Oskinova, D. Pauli, V. Ramachandran, D.F. Rocha, M. Renzo, A.A.C. Sander, F.R.N. Schneider, A. Schootemeijer, K. Sen, M. Stoop, S. Toonen, J.T. Van Loon, R. Valli, A. Vigna-Gómez, J.S. Vink, C. Wang, X.T. Xu, Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics 698 (2025).","chicago":"Bodensteiner, J., T. Shenar, H. Sana, N. Britavskiy, P. A. Crowther, N. Langer, D. J. Lennon, et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity Properties of Oe and Be Stars.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623</a>.","mla":"Bodensteiner, J., et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity Properties of Oe and Be Stars.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698, A38, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452623</a>.","ama":"Bodensteiner J, Shenar T, Sana H, et al. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2025;698. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452623</a>","apa":"Bodensteiner, J., Shenar, T., Sana, H., Britavskiy, N., Crowther, P. A., Langer, N., … Xu, X. T. (2025). Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623</a>","ieee":"J. Bodensteiner <i>et al.</i>, “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars,” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698. EDP Sciences, 2025."},"doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202452623","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1432-0746"],"issn":["0004-6361"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"checksum":"51d79c82f6030180fb7c5d7ba01b2da8","file_name":"2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_Bodensteiner.pdf","file_id":"19866","success":1,"file_size":2404827,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2025-06-23T07:54:57Z","date_created":"2025-06-23T07:54:57Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst"}],"scopus_import":"1","department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"date_published":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","publication_status":"published","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452623","type":"journal_article","day":"01","intvolume":"       698","oa":1,"month":"06","_id":"19844","OA_type":"diamond","researchdata_availability":"no","publication":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Context. Rapidly rotating classical OBe stars have been proposed as the products of binary interactions, and the fraction of Be stars with compact companions implies that at least some are. However, to constrain the interaction physics spinning up the OBe stars, a large sample of homogeneously analyzed OBe stars with well-determined binary characteristics and orbital parameters are required.\r\n\r\nAims. We investigated the multiplicity properties of a sample of 18 Oe, 62 Be, and two Of?p stars observed within the BLOeM survey in the Small Magellanic Cloud. We analyzed the first nine epochs of spectroscopic observations obtained over approximately three months in 2023.\r\n\r\nMethods. Radial velocities (RVs) of all stars were measured using cross-correlation based on different sets of absorption and emission lines. Applying commonly used binarity criteria, we classified objects as binaries, binary candidates, and apparently single (RV stable) objects. We further inspected the spectra for double-lined spectroscopic binaries and cross-matched with catalogs of X-ray sources and photometric binaries.\r\n\r\nResults. We classify 14 OBe stars as binaries, and an additional 11 as binary candidates. The two Of?p stars are apparently single. We find two more objects that are most likely currently interacting binaries. Without those, the observed binary fraction for the remaining OBe sample of 78 stars is fobs+candOBe = 0.18 ± 0.04 (fobs+candOBe = 0.32±0.05 including candidates). This binary fraction is less than half of that measured for OB stars in BLOeM. Combined with the lower fraction of SB2s, this suggests that OBe stars do indeed have fundamentally different present-day binary properties than OB stars. We find no evidence for OBe binaries with massive compact companions, in contrast to expectations from binary population synthesis.\r\n\r\nConclusions. Our results support the binary scenario as an important formation channel for OBe stars, as post-interaction binaries may have been disrupted or the stripped companions of OBe stars are harder to detect. Further observations are required to characterize the detected binaries, their orbital parameters, and the nature of their companions."}],"acknowledgement":"The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe research and innovation programme (grant agreement numbers 772225: MULTIPLES, and 945806) and is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2181/1-390900948 (the Heidelberg STRUCTURES Excellence Cluster). DMB gratefully acknowledges funding from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) in the form of a Frontier Research grant under the UK government’s ERC Horizon Europe funding guarantee (SYMPHONY; grant number: EP/Y031059/1), and a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF; grant number: URF\\R1\\231631). RGI is funded by STFC grant ST/Y002350/1 as part of the BRIDGCE UK network, and thanks IReNA colleagues for stimulating discussions. Z.K. acknowledges support from JSPS Kakenhi Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (23K19071). IM acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for GravitationalWave Discovery (OzGrav), through project number CE230100016. DP acknowledges financial support by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) grant FKZ 50OR2005. DFR is thankful for the support of CAPES-Br and FAPERJ/DSC-10 (SEI-260003/001630/2023). AACS and VR are supported by the German Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Project-ID 445674056 (Emmy Noether Research Group SA4064/1-1, PI Sander). AACS and VR are further supported by funding from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science as part of the Excellence Strategy of the German Federal and State Governments. JIV acknowledges support from the European Research Council for the ERC Advanced Grant 101054731. LRP acknowledges support from grant PID2022-140483NB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. GH acknowledges support from grants PID2021-122397NB-C21/PID2022-136640NB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/FEDER/10.13039/501100011033. J.K. thanks for the support of a grant GA CR 22-34467S. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 101164755/METAL) and was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 2434/24.","quality_controlled":"1","volume":698,"isi":1,"supplementarymaterial":"yes","year":"2025","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","status":"public","author":[{"full_name":"Bodensteiner, J.","last_name":"Bodensteiner","first_name":"J."},{"full_name":"Shenar, T.","last_name":"Shenar","first_name":"T."},{"full_name":"Sana, H.","last_name":"Sana","first_name":"H."},{"first_name":"N.","last_name":"Britavskiy","full_name":"Britavskiy, N."},{"first_name":"P. A.","last_name":"Crowther","full_name":"Crowther, P. A."},{"full_name":"Langer, N.","last_name":"Langer","first_name":"N."},{"full_name":"Lennon, D. J.","last_name":"Lennon","first_name":"D. J."},{"last_name":"Mahy","full_name":"Mahy, L.","first_name":"L."},{"last_name":"Patrick","full_name":"Patrick, L. R.","first_name":"L. R."},{"full_name":"Villaseñor, J. I.","last_name":"Villaseñor","first_name":"J. I."},{"first_name":"M.","full_name":"Abdul-Masih, M.","last_name":"Abdul-Masih"},{"full_name":"Bowman, D. M.","last_name":"Bowman","first_name":"D. M."},{"full_name":"De Koter, A.","last_name":"De Koter","first_name":"A."},{"full_name":"De Mink, S. E.","last_name":"De Mink","first_name":"S. E."},{"last_name":"Deshmukh","full_name":"Deshmukh, K.","first_name":"K."},{"last_name":"Fabry","full_name":"Fabry, M.","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"A.","full_name":"Gilkis, A.","last_name":"Gilkis"},{"id":"d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d","full_name":"Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter","last_name":"Götberg","first_name":"Ylva Louise Linsdotter","orcid":"0000-0002-6960-6911"},{"first_name":"G.","full_name":"Holgado, G.","last_name":"Holgado"},{"full_name":"Izzard, R. G.","last_name":"Izzard","first_name":"R. G."},{"last_name":"Janssens","full_name":"Janssens, S.","first_name":"S."},{"first_name":"V. M.","last_name":"Kalari","full_name":"Kalari, V. M."},{"first_name":"Z.","full_name":"Keszthelyi, Z.","last_name":"Keszthelyi"},{"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Kubát","full_name":"Kubát, J."},{"full_name":"Mandel, I.","last_name":"Mandel","first_name":"I."},{"last_name":"Maravelias","full_name":"Maravelias, G.","first_name":"G."},{"full_name":"Oskinova, L. M.","last_name":"Oskinova","first_name":"L. M."},{"first_name":"D.","last_name":"Pauli","full_name":"Pauli, D."},{"first_name":"V.","last_name":"Ramachandran","full_name":"Ramachandran, V."},{"first_name":"D. F.","last_name":"Rocha","full_name":"Rocha, D. F."},{"last_name":"Renzo","full_name":"Renzo, M.","first_name":"M."},{"full_name":"Sander, A. A.C.","last_name":"Sander","first_name":"A. A.C."},{"full_name":"Schneider, F. R.N.","last_name":"Schneider","first_name":"F. R.N."},{"last_name":"Schootemeijer","full_name":"Schootemeijer, A.","first_name":"A."},{"first_name":"K.","last_name":"Sen","full_name":"Sen, K."},{"last_name":"Stoop","full_name":"Stoop, M.","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Toonen","full_name":"Toonen, S.","first_name":"S."},{"first_name":"J. T.","full_name":"Van Loon, J. T.","last_name":"Van Loon"},{"first_name":"R.","last_name":"Valli","full_name":"Valli, R."},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Vigna-Gómez","full_name":"Vigna-Gómez, A."},{"last_name":"Vink","full_name":"Vink, J. S.","first_name":"J. S."},{"last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, C.","first_name":"C."},{"first_name":"X. T.","last_name":"Xu","full_name":"Xu, X. T."}],"article_number":"A38","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"das_tickbox":"1","date_updated":"2026-09-16T09:14:49Z","ddc":["520"],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"oa_version":"Published Version","file_date_updated":"2025-06-23T07:54:57Z","arxiv":1,"external_id":{"isi":["001497903100011"],"arxiv":["2502.02641"]},"date_created":"2025-06-15T22:01:30Z","OA_place":"publisher","publisher":"EDP Sciences","article_processing_charge":"Yes","title":"Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars"},{"article_processing_charge":"Yes","title":"Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants","OA_place":"publisher","date_created":"2025-06-15T22:01:29Z","publisher":"EDP Sciences","external_id":{"arxiv":["2502.02644"],"isi":["001497903100028"]},"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"ddc":["520"],"oa_version":"Published Version","file_date_updated":"2025-06-23T07:09:38Z","arxiv":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"das_tickbox":"1","date_updated":"2026-09-16T09:11:14Z","article_number":"A39","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","supplementarymaterial":"no","year":"2025","author":[{"last_name":"Patrick","full_name":"Patrick, L. R.","first_name":"L. R."},{"first_name":"D. J.","last_name":"Lennon","full_name":"Lennon, D. J."},{"full_name":"Najarro, F.","last_name":"Najarro","first_name":"F."},{"first_name":"T.","full_name":"Shenar, T.","last_name":"Shenar"},{"full_name":"Bodensteiner, J.","last_name":"Bodensteiner","first_name":"J."},{"first_name":"H.","last_name":"Sana","full_name":"Sana, H."},{"first_name":"P. A.","last_name":"Crowther","full_name":"Crowther, P. A."},{"first_name":"N.","full_name":"Britavskiy, N.","last_name":"Britavskiy"},{"last_name":"Langer","full_name":"Langer, N.","first_name":"N."},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Schootemeijer","full_name":"Schootemeijer, A."},{"full_name":"Evans, C. J.","last_name":"Evans","first_name":"C. J."},{"first_name":"L.","full_name":"Mahy, L.","last_name":"Mahy"},{"first_name":"Ylva Louise Linsdotter","last_name":"Götberg","full_name":"Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter","id":"d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d","orcid":"0000-0002-6960-6911"},{"full_name":"De Mink, S. E.","last_name":"De Mink","first_name":"S. E."},{"last_name":"Schneider","full_name":"Schneider, F. R.N.","first_name":"F. R.N."},{"full_name":"O’Grady, A. J.G.","last_name":"O’Grady","first_name":"A. J.G."},{"last_name":"Villaseñor","full_name":"Villaseñor, J. I.","first_name":"J. I."},{"first_name":"M.","full_name":"Bernini-Peron, M.","last_name":"Bernini-Peron"},{"first_name":"D. M.","full_name":"Bowman, D. M.","last_name":"Bowman"},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"De Koter","full_name":"De Koter, A."},{"first_name":"K.","last_name":"Deshmukh","full_name":"Deshmukh, K."},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Gilkis","full_name":"Gilkis, A."},{"first_name":"G.","last_name":"González-Torà","full_name":"González-Torà, G."},{"first_name":"V. M.","last_name":"Kalari","full_name":"Kalari, V. M."},{"full_name":"K̃Eszthelyi, Z.","last_name":"K̃Eszthelyi","first_name":"Z."},{"last_name":"Mandel","full_name":"Mandel, I.","first_name":"I."},{"first_name":"A.","full_name":"Menon, A.","last_name":"Menon"},{"full_name":"Moe, M.","last_name":"Moe","first_name":"M."},{"full_name":"Oskinova, L. M.","last_name":"Oskinova","first_name":"L. M."},{"first_name":"D.","full_name":"Pauli, D.","last_name":"Pauli"},{"full_name":"Renzo, M.","last_name":"Renzo","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"A. A.C.","last_name":"Sander","full_name":"Sander, A. A.C."},{"last_name":"Sen","full_name":"Sen, K.","first_name":"K."},{"full_name":"Stoop, M.","last_name":"Stoop","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Van Loon","full_name":"Van Loon, J. T.","first_name":"J. T."},{"last_name":"Toonen","full_name":"Toonen, S.","first_name":"S."},{"last_name":"Tramper","full_name":"Tramper, F.","first_name":"F."},{"first_name":"J. S.","full_name":"Vink, J. S.","last_name":"Vink"},{"first_name":"C.","full_name":"Wang, C.","last_name":"Wang"}],"status":"public","volume":698,"isi":1,"acknowledgement":"We thank Sipra Hota for kindly sharing the SMC UVIT catalogue prior to publication. LRP, FN. and FT acknowledge support by grants PID2019-105552RB-C41 and PID2022-137779OB-C41 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. LRP acknowledges support from grant PID2022-140483NB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. TS acknowledges support by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 0603225041. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement numbers 772225: MULTIPLES). DMB gratefully acknowledges support from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) in the form of a Frontier Research grant under the UK government’s ERC Horizon Europe funding guarantee (SYMPHONY; grant number: EP/Y031059/1), and a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (grant number: URF\\R1\\231631). GGT is supported by the German Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Project-ID 496854903 (SA4064/2-1, PI Sander). AACS is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) in the form of an Emmy Noether Research Group – Project-ID 445674056 (SA4064/1-1, PI Sander). GGT and AACS further acknowledges support from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science as part of the Excellence Strategy of the German Federal and State Governments. This paper benefited from discussions at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern through ISSI International Team project 512 (Multiwavelength View on Massive Stars in the Era of Multimessenger Astronomy). DP acknowledges financial support by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) grant FKZ 50OR2005. JIV acknowledges support from the European Research Council for the ERC Advanced Grant 101054731. PAC is supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council research grant ST/V000853/1 (PI. V. Dhillon). JSV is supported by Science and Technology Facilities Council funding under grant number ST/V000233/1. DFR is thankful for the support of the CAPES-Br and FAPERJ/DSC-10 (SEI-260003/001630/2023). This work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 945806) and is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2181/1-390900948 (the Heidelberg STRUCTURES Excellence Cluster).","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","researchdata_availability":"no","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Given the uncertain evolutionary status of blue supergiant stars, their multiplicity properties hold vital clues to better understand their origin and evolution. As part of The Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign in the Small Magellanic Cloud, we present a multi-epoch spectroscopic survey of 128 supergiant stars of spectral type B5–F5, which roughly correspond to initial masses in the 6–30 M⊙ range. The observed binary fraction for the B5–9 supergiants is 25 ± 6% (10 ± 4%) and 5 ± 2% (0%) for the A–F stars, which were found using a radial-velocity (RV) variability threshold of 5 km s−1 (10 km s−1) as a criterion for binarity. Accounting for observational biases, we find an intrinsic multiplicity fraction of less than 18% for the B5–9 stars and 8−7+9% for the AF stars, for the orbital periods up to 103.5 days and mass ratios (q) in the 0.1 < q < 1 range. The large stellar radii of these supergiant stars prevent short orbital periods, but we demonstrate that this effect alone cannot explain our results. We assessed the spectra and RV time series of the detected binary systems and find that only a small fraction display convincing solutions. We conclude that the multiplicity fractions are compromised by intrinsic stellar variability, such that the true multiplicity fraction may be significantly smaller. Our main conclusions from comparing the multiplicity properties of the B5–9- and AF-type supergiants to that of their less evolved counterparts is that such stars cannot be explained by a direct evolution from the main sequence. Furthermore, by comparing their multiplicity properties to red supergiant stars, we conclude that the AF supergiant stars are neither progenitors nor descendants of red supergiants."}],"OA_type":"diamond","month":"06","oa":1,"_id":"19842","type":"journal_article","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       698","day":"01","department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"article_type":"original","date_published":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1432-0746"],"issn":["0004-6361"]},"doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202452949","citation":{"ama":"Patrick LR, Lennon DJ, Najarro F, et al. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2025;698. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452949</a>","ieee":"L. R. Patrick <i>et al.</i>, “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants,” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698. EDP Sciences, 2025.","apa":"Patrick, L. R., Lennon, D. J., Najarro, F., Shenar, T., Bodensteiner, J., Sana, H., … Wang, C. (2025). Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949</a>","ista":"Patrick LR, Lennon DJ, Najarro F, Shenar T, Bodensteiner J, Sana H, Crowther PA, Britavskiy N, Langer N, Schootemeijer A, Evans CJ, Mahy L, Götberg YLL, De Mink SE, Schneider FRN, O’Grady AJG, Villaseñor JI, Bernini-Peron M, Bowman DM, De Koter A, Deshmukh K, Gilkis A, González-Torà G, Kalari VM, K̃Eszthelyi Z, Mandel I, Menon A, Moe M, Oskinova LM, Pauli D, Renzo M, Sander AAC, Sen K, Stoop M, Van Loon JT, Toonen S, Tramper F, Vink JS, Wang C. 2025. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 698, A39.","short":"L.R. Patrick, D.J. Lennon, F. Najarro, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, H. Sana, P.A. Crowther, N. Britavskiy, N. Langer, A. Schootemeijer, C.J. Evans, L. Mahy, Y.L.L. Götberg, S.E. De Mink, F.R.N. Schneider, A.J.G. O’Grady, J.I. Villaseñor, M. Bernini-Peron, D.M. Bowman, A. De Koter, K. Deshmukh, A. Gilkis, G. González-Torà, V.M. Kalari, Z. K̃Eszthelyi, I. Mandel, A. Menon, M. Moe, L.M. Oskinova, D. Pauli, M. Renzo, A.A.C. Sander, K. Sen, M. Stoop, J.T. Van Loon, S. Toonen, F. Tramper, J.S. Vink, C. Wang, Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics 698 (2025).","mla":"Patrick, L. R., et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The Multiplicity Properties and Evolution of BAF-Type Supergiants.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698, A39, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949\">10.1051/0004-6361/202452949</a>.","chicago":"Patrick, L. R., D. J. Lennon, F. Najarro, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, H. Sana, P. A. Crowther, et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The Multiplicity Properties and Evolution of BAF-Type Supergiants.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452949</a>."},"scopus_import":"1","file":[{"file_name":"2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_Patrick.pdf","checksum":"93a907bf48da7e2ba7d75b53ea6011f5","success":1,"file_id":"19863","date_updated":"2025-06-23T07:09:38Z","relation":"main_file","file_size":2130448,"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-06-23T07:09:38Z"}],"has_accepted_license":"1"},{"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.12488"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"das_tickbox":"1","date_updated":"2026-09-16T10:03:32Z","page":"1337-1346","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","year":"2025","supplementarymaterial":"no","author":[{"last_name":"Sana","full_name":"Sana, H.","first_name":"H."},{"first_name":"T.","last_name":"Shenar","full_name":"Shenar, T."},{"last_name":"Bodensteiner","full_name":"Bodensteiner, J.","first_name":"J."},{"first_name":"N.","full_name":"Britavskiy, N.","last_name":"Britavskiy"},{"last_name":"Langer","full_name":"Langer, N.","first_name":"N."},{"full_name":"Lennon, D. J.","last_name":"Lennon","first_name":"D. J."},{"first_name":"L.","full_name":"Mahy, L.","last_name":"Mahy"},{"full_name":"Mandel, I.","last_name":"Mandel","first_name":"I."},{"last_name":"De Mink","full_name":"De Mink, S. E.","first_name":"S. E."},{"first_name":"L. R.","last_name":"Patrick","full_name":"Patrick, L. R."},{"first_name":"J. I.","last_name":"Villaseñor","full_name":"Villaseñor, J. I."},{"full_name":"Dirickx, M.","last_name":"Dirickx","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Abdul-Masih","full_name":"Abdul-Masih, M.","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"L. A.","last_name":"Almeida","full_name":"Almeida, L. A."},{"first_name":"F.","full_name":"Backs, F.","last_name":"Backs"},{"full_name":"Berlanas, S. R.","last_name":"Berlanas","first_name":"S. R."},{"full_name":"Bernini-Peron, M.","last_name":"Bernini-Peron","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"D. M.","last_name":"Bowman","full_name":"Bowman, D. M."},{"full_name":"Bronner, V. A.","last_name":"Bronner","first_name":"V. A."},{"full_name":"Crowther, P. A.","last_name":"Crowther","first_name":"P. A."},{"full_name":"Deshmukh, K.","last_name":"Deshmukh","first_name":"K."},{"first_name":"C. J.","last_name":"Evans","full_name":"Evans, C. J."},{"full_name":"Fabry, M.","last_name":"Fabry","first_name":"M."},{"full_name":"Gieles, M.","last_name":"Gieles","first_name":"M."},{"full_name":"Gilkis, A.","last_name":"Gilkis","first_name":"A."},{"full_name":"González-Torà, G.","last_name":"González-Torà","first_name":"G."},{"first_name":"G.","full_name":"Gräfener, G.","last_name":"Gräfener"},{"full_name":"Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter","last_name":"Götberg","id":"d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d","first_name":"Ylva Louise Linsdotter","orcid":"0000-0002-6960-6911"},{"full_name":"Hawcroft, C.","last_name":"Hawcroft","first_name":"C."},{"full_name":"Hénault-Brunet, V.","last_name":"Hénault-Brunet","first_name":"V."},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Herrero","full_name":"Herrero, A."},{"full_name":"Holgado, G.","last_name":"Holgado","first_name":"G."},{"first_name":"R. G.","last_name":"Izzard","full_name":"Izzard, R. G."},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"De Koter","full_name":"De Koter, A."},{"full_name":"Janssens, S.","last_name":"Janssens","first_name":"S."},{"last_name":"Johnston","full_name":"Johnston, C.","first_name":"C."},{"last_name":"Josiek","full_name":"Josiek, J.","first_name":"J."},{"full_name":"Justham, S.","last_name":"Justham","first_name":"S."},{"first_name":"V. M.","last_name":"Kalari","full_name":"Kalari, V. M."},{"last_name":"Klencki","full_name":"Klencki, J.","first_name":"J."},{"full_name":"Kubát, J.","last_name":"Kubát","first_name":"J."},{"first_name":"B.","last_name":"Kubátová","full_name":"Kubátová, B."},{"first_name":"R. R.","last_name":"Lefever","full_name":"Lefever, R. R."},{"last_name":"Van Loon","full_name":"Van Loon, J. Th","first_name":"J. Th"},{"last_name":"Ludwig","full_name":"Ludwig, B.","first_name":"B."},{"last_name":"Mackey","full_name":"Mackey, J.","first_name":"J."},{"first_name":"J.","full_name":"Maíz Apellániz, J.","last_name":"Maíz Apellániz"},{"first_name":"G.","full_name":"Maravelias, G.","last_name":"Maravelias"},{"first_name":"P.","full_name":"Marchant, P.","last_name":"Marchant"},{"full_name":"Mazeh, T.","last_name":"Mazeh","first_name":"T."},{"last_name":"Menon","full_name":"Menon, A.","first_name":"A."},{"last_name":"Moe","full_name":"Moe, M.","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Najarro","full_name":"Najarro, F.","first_name":"F."},{"full_name":"Oskinova, L. M.","last_name":"Oskinova","first_name":"L. M."},{"last_name":"Ovadia","full_name":"Ovadia, R.","first_name":"R."},{"first_name":"D.","full_name":"Pauli, D.","last_name":"Pauli"},{"full_name":"Pawlak, M.","last_name":"Pawlak","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"V.","full_name":"Ramachandran, V.","last_name":"Ramachandran"},{"last_name":"Renzo","full_name":"Renzo, M.","first_name":"M."},{"full_name":"Rocha, D. F.","last_name":"Rocha","first_name":"D. F."},{"last_name":"Sander","full_name":"Sander, A. A.C.","first_name":"A. A.C."},{"full_name":"Schneider, F. R.N.","last_name":"Schneider","first_name":"F. R.N."},{"full_name":"Schootemeijer, A.","last_name":"Schootemeijer","first_name":"A."},{"last_name":"Schösser","full_name":"Schösser, E. C.","first_name":"E. C."},{"first_name":"C.","full_name":"Schürmann, C.","last_name":"Schürmann"},{"first_name":"K.","last_name":"Sen","full_name":"Sen, K."},{"last_name":"Shahaf","full_name":"Shahaf, S.","first_name":"S."},{"last_name":"Simón-Díaz","full_name":"Simón-Díaz, S.","first_name":"S."},{"first_name":"L. A.C.","last_name":"Van Son","full_name":"Van Son, L. A.C."},{"full_name":"Stoop, M.","last_name":"Stoop","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Toonen","full_name":"Toonen, S."},{"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Tramper","full_name":"Tramper, F."},{"full_name":"Valli, R.","last_name":"Valli","first_name":"R."},{"first_name":"A.","full_name":"Vigna-Gómez, A.","last_name":"Vigna-Gómez"},{"last_name":"Vink","full_name":"Vink, J. S.","first_name":"J. S."},{"last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, C.","first_name":"C."},{"first_name":"R.","last_name":"Willcox","full_name":"Willcox, R."}],"status":"public","volume":9,"isi":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity","OA_place":"repository","date_created":"2025-09-14T22:01:32Z","publisher":"Springer Nature","external_id":{"isi":["001568077900001"],"arxiv":["2509.12488"]},"oa_version":"Preprint","arxiv":1,"type":"journal_article","fulldoi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"         9","day":"02","department":[{"_id":"YlGo"}],"article_type":"original","date_published":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","citation":{"ista":"Sana H, Shenar T, Bodensteiner J, Britavskiy N, Langer N, Lennon DJ, Mahy L, Mandel I, De Mink SE, Patrick LR, Villaseñor JI, Dirickx M, Abdul-Masih M, Almeida LA, Backs F, Berlanas SR, Bernini-Peron M, Bowman DM, Bronner VA, Crowther PA, Deshmukh K, Evans CJ, Fabry M, Gieles M, Gilkis A, González-Torà G, Gräfener G, Götberg YLL, Hawcroft C, Hénault-Brunet V, Herrero A, Holgado G, Izzard RG, De Koter A, Janssens S, Johnston C, Josiek J, Justham S, Kalari VM, Klencki J, Kubát J, Kubátová B, Lefever RR, Van Loon JT, Ludwig B, Mackey J, Maíz Apellániz J, Maravelias G, Marchant P, Mazeh T, Menon A, Moe M, Najarro F, Oskinova LM, Ovadia R, Pauli D, Pawlak M, Ramachandran V, Renzo M, Rocha DF, Sander AAC, Schneider FRN, Schootemeijer A, Schösser EC, Schürmann C, Sen K, Shahaf S, Simón-Díaz S, Van Son LAC, Stoop M, Toonen S, Tramper F, Valli R, Vigna-Gómez A, Vink JS, Wang C, Willcox R. 2025. A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity. Nature Astronomy. 9, 1337–1346.","short":"H. Sana, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, N. Britavskiy, N. Langer, D.J. Lennon, L. Mahy, I. Mandel, S.E. De Mink, L.R. Patrick, J.I. Villaseñor, M. Dirickx, M. Abdul-Masih, L.A. Almeida, F. Backs, S.R. Berlanas, M. Bernini-Peron, D.M. Bowman, V.A. Bronner, P.A. Crowther, K. Deshmukh, C.J. Evans, M. Fabry, M. Gieles, A. Gilkis, G. González-Torà, G. Gräfener, Y.L.L. Götberg, C. Hawcroft, V. Hénault-Brunet, A. Herrero, G. Holgado, R.G. Izzard, A. De Koter, S. Janssens, C. Johnston, J. Josiek, S. Justham, V.M. Kalari, J. Klencki, J. Kubát, B. Kubátová, R.R. Lefever, J.T. Van Loon, B. Ludwig, J. Mackey, J. Maíz Apellániz, G. Maravelias, P. Marchant, T. Mazeh, A. Menon, M. Moe, F. Najarro, L.M. Oskinova, R. Ovadia, D. Pauli, M. Pawlak, V. Ramachandran, M. Renzo, D.F. Rocha, A.A.C. Sander, F.R.N. Schneider, A. Schootemeijer, E.C. Schösser, C. Schürmann, K. Sen, S. Shahaf, S. Simón-Díaz, L.A.C. Van Son, M. Stoop, S. Toonen, F. Tramper, R. Valli, A. Vigna-Gómez, J.S. Vink, C. Wang, R. Willcox, Nature Astronomy 9 (2025) 1337–1346.","chicago":"Sana, H., T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, N. Britavskiy, N. Langer, D. J. Lennon, L. Mahy, et al. “A High Fraction of Close Massive Binary Stars at Low Metallicity.” <i>Nature Astronomy</i>. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x</a>.","mla":"Sana, H., et al. “A High Fraction of Close Massive Binary Stars at Low Metallicity.” <i>Nature Astronomy</i>, vol. 9, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 1337–46, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x\">10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x</a>.","ama":"Sana H, Shenar T, Bodensteiner J, et al. A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity. <i>Nature Astronomy</i>. 2025;9:1337-1346. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x\">10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x</a>","apa":"Sana, H., Shenar, T., Bodensteiner, J., Britavskiy, N., Langer, N., Lennon, D. J., … Willcox, R. (2025). A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity. <i>Nature Astronomy</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x</a>","ieee":"H. Sana <i>et al.</i>, “A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity,” <i>Nature Astronomy</i>, vol. 9. Springer Nature, pp. 1337–1346, 2025."},"doi":"10.1038/s41550-025-02610-x","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2397-3366"]},"scopus_import":"1","acknowledgement":"Based on data collected at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) under programme ID 112.25R7. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe research and innovation programme (grant agreement numbers 772225: MULTIPLES, 772086: ASSESS and 945806: TEL-STARS, ADG101054731: Stellar-BHs-SDSS-V, and 101164755: METAL). This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 0603225041. We acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (research grant ST/V000853/1 and ST/V000233/1), UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and the UK government’s ERC Horizon Europe funding guarantee (grant number EP/Y031059/1), a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (grant number URF\\R1\\231631), a Royal Society–Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship, the German Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Project-ID 496854903, 445674056 and 443790621, Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2181/1-390900948), the Klaus Tschira Foundation, the JSPS Kakenhi Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (23K19071) and international fellowships (at the Graduate school of Science, Tokyo University), the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav; project number CE230100016), the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) grants FKZ 50OR2005 and 50OR2306, Agencia Española de Investigación (AEI) of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia Innovación y Universidades (MICIU) and the European Regional Development Fund, FEDER and Severo Ochoa Programme (grants PID2021-122397NB-C21 and CEX2019-000920-S), the NextGeneration EU/PRTR and MIU (UNI/551/2021) trough grant Margarita Salas-UL, the CAPES-Br and FAPERJ/DSC-10 (SEI-260003/001630/2023), MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 by ‘ERDF A way of making Europe’ (grants PID2019-105552RB-C41 and PID2022-137779OB-C41, PID2021-125485NB-C22, CEX2019-000918-M) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (State Agency for Research of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation) and SGR-2021-01069 (AGAUR), the Spanish Government Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (10.13 039/501 100 011 033; grant PID2022-136 640 NB-C22), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC; grant 2022-AEP 005), the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (BEKKER fellowship BPN/BEK/2022/1/00106) and National Science Center (NCN, Poland; grant number OPUS 2021/41/B/ST9/00757), the ‘La Caixa’ Foundation (ID 100010434) under the fellowship code LCF/BQ/PI23/11970035, the Research foundation Flanders (FWO) PhD fellowship under project 11E1721N and senior postdoctoral fellowship under number 12ZY523N, and the Netherlands Research Council NWO (VIDI 203.061 grant).","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Nature Astronomy","researchdata_availability":"no","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"At high metallicity, a majority of massive stars have at least one close stellar companion. The evolution of such binaries is subject to strong interaction processes, which heavily impact the characteristics of their life-ending supernova and compact remnants. For the low-metallicity environments of high-redshift galaxies, constraints on the multiplicity properties of massive stars over the separation range leading to binary interaction are crucially missing. Here we show that the presence of massive stars in close binaries is ubiquitous, even at low metallicity. Using the Very Large Telescope, we obtained multi-epoch radial velocity measurements of a representative sample of 139 massive O-type stars across the Small Magellanic Cloud, which has a metal content of about one-fifth of the solar value. We find that 45% of them show radial velocity variations that demonstrate that they are members of close binary systems, and predominantly have orbital periods shorter than 1 year. Correcting for observational biases indicates that at least 70+11−6 %  of the O stars in our sample are in close binaries, and that at least 68+7\r\n−8% of all O stars interact with a companion star during their lifetime. We found no evidence supporting a statistically significant trend of the multiplicity properties with metallicity. Our results indicate that multiplicity and binary interactions govern the evolution of massive stars and determine their cosmic feedback and explosive fates."}],"OA_type":"green","month":"09","oa":1,"_id":"20352"}]