[{"citation":{"apa":"Setton, D. J., Greene, J. E., de Graaff, A., Ma, Y. 逸伦, Leja, J., Matthee, J. J., … Williams, C. C. (2025). Little Red Dots at an inflection point: Ubiquitous v-shaped turnover consistently occurs at the Balmer limit. The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae1500","chicago":"Setton, David J., Jenny E. Greene, Anna de Graaff, Yilun 逸伦 Ma, Joel Leja, Jorryt J Matthee, Rachel Bezanson, et al. “Little Red Dots at an Inflection Point: Ubiquitous v-Shaped Turnover Consistently Occurs at the Balmer Limit.” The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae1500.","mla":"Setton, David J., et al. “Little Red Dots at an Inflection Point: Ubiquitous v-Shaped Turnover Consistently Occurs at the Balmer Limit.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 995, no. 1, 118, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae1500.","short":"D.J. Setton, J.E. Greene, A. de Graaff, Y.逸伦 Ma, J. Leja, J.J. Matthee, R. Bezanson, L.A. Boogaard, N.J. Cleri, H. Katz, I. Labbe, M.V. Maseda, I. McConachie, T.B. Miller, S.H. Price, K.A. Suess, P. van Dokkum, B.冰洁 Wang 王, A. Weibel, K.E. Whitaker, C.C. Williams, The Astrophysical Journal 995 (2025).","ieee":"D. J. Setton et al., “Little Red Dots at an inflection point: Ubiquitous v-shaped turnover consistently occurs at the Balmer limit,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 995, no. 1. IOP Publishing, 2025.","ista":"Setton DJ, Greene JE, de Graaff A, Ma Y逸伦, Leja J, Matthee JJ, Bezanson R, Boogaard LA, Cleri NJ, Katz H, Labbe I, Maseda MV, McConachie I, Miller TB, Price SH, Suess KA, van Dokkum P, Wang 王 B冰洁, Weibel A, Whitaker KE, Williams CC. 2025. Little Red Dots at an inflection point: Ubiquitous v-shaped turnover consistently occurs at the Balmer limit. The Astrophysical Journal. 995(1), 118.","ama":"Setton DJ, Greene JE, de Graaff A, et al. Little Red Dots at an inflection point: Ubiquitous v-shaped turnover consistently occurs at the Balmer limit. The Astrophysical Journal. 2025;995(1). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae1500"},"PlanS_conform":"1","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"OA_type":"gold","day":"09","status":"public","DOAJ_listed":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-02-09T06:39:23Z","oa":1,"date_updated":"2026-02-09T06:41:48Z","arxiv":1,"department":[{"_id":"JoMa"}],"publisher":"IOP Publishing","date_published":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"12","type":"journal_article","acknowledgement":"This work is based in part on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. The specific observations analyzed can be accessed via DOI: 10.17909/0esg-h949. All of the data products presented herein were retrieved from the Dawn JWST Archive (DJA). DJA is an initiative of the Cosmic Dawn Center, which is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant No. 140. We express gratitude toward the members of the GTO, GO, and DDT teams, whose public data we utilized in this work.\r\n\r\nSupport for this work was provided by The Brinson Foundation through a Brinson Prize Fellowship grant. Support for program No. 4233 was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127. This research was supported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team project No. 562. D.S. acknowledges helpful conversations with Xiaohui Fan and Jared Siegel that contributed to the quality of this work, in addition to aesthetic sign-off from Stephanie Permut on the colors of figures. T.B.M. was supported by a CIERA fellowship. The work of CCW is supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.","oa_version":"Published Version","intvolume":" 995","article_type":"original","scopus_import":"1","_id":"21057","file":[{"creator":"dernst","success":1,"date_created":"2026-02-09T06:39:23Z","file_name":"2025_AstrophysicalJournal_Setton.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"2a424eb43748a6370ff058c98adb15c6","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2026-02-09T06:39:23Z","file_size":1989640,"file_id":"21163"}],"quality_controlled":"1","ddc":["520"],"has_accepted_license":"1","article_number":"118","date_created":"2026-01-28T15:21:47Z","year":"2025","publication":"The Astrophysical Journal","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/ae1500","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1538-4357"],"issn":["0004-637X"]},"issue":"1","external_id":{"arxiv":["2411.03424"]},"publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"text":"Among the most puzzling early discoveries of JWST are “little red dots” (LRDs), compact red sources that host broad Balmer emission lines, and in many cases exhibit a “V-shaped” change in slope in the rest-optical. The physical properties of LRDs currently have order-of-magnitude uncertainties, because models to explain the continuum of these sources differ immensely. Here, we leverage the complete selection of red sources in the RUBIES program, supplemented with public PRISM spectra, to study the origin of this V shape. By fitting a broken power law with a flexible inflection point, we find that a large fraction of red Hα emitters at 2 < z < 6 exhibit a strong change in slope, and that all strong inflections appear associated with the Balmer limit (0.3645 μm). Using a simple model of a reddened active galactic nucleus (AGN) with an unobscured scattered-light component, we demonstrate that the observed V shape in LRDs is unlikely to occur at any specific wavelength if the entire continuum is dominated by light from a power-law AGN continuum. In contrast, models with an intrinsic feature at the Balmer limit, such as those that are dominated by an evolved stellar population, can produce the observed spectral shapes, provided that a reddened component picks up sufficiently redward of the break. While no model can comfortably explain the full LRD spectral energy distribution, the common inflection location suggests that a single component consistently dominates the rest-frame UV optical in LRDs, and that this component is associated with T ∼ 10^4 K hydrogen.","lang":"eng"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","title":"Little Red Dots at an inflection point: Ubiquitous v-shaped turnover consistently occurs at the Balmer limit","volume":995,"OA_place":"publisher","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"full_name":"Setton, David J.","last_name":"Setton","first_name":"David J."},{"full_name":"Greene, Jenny E.","last_name":"Greene","first_name":"Jenny E."},{"full_name":"de Graaff, Anna","first_name":"Anna","last_name":"de Graaff"},{"full_name":"Ma, Yilun 逸伦","last_name":"Ma","first_name":"Yilun 逸伦"},{"full_name":"Leja, Joel","first_name":"Joel","last_name":"Leja"},{"last_name":"Matthee","first_name":"Jorryt J","full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X"},{"first_name":"Rachel","last_name":"Bezanson","full_name":"Bezanson, Rachel"},{"last_name":"Boogaard","first_name":"Leindert A.","full_name":"Boogaard, Leindert A."},{"full_name":"Cleri, Nikko J.","first_name":"Nikko J.","last_name":"Cleri"},{"full_name":"Katz, Harley","last_name":"Katz","first_name":"Harley"},{"full_name":"Labbe, Ivo","first_name":"Ivo","last_name":"Labbe"},{"full_name":"Maseda, Michael V.","first_name":"Michael V.","last_name":"Maseda"},{"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"McConachie","full_name":"McConachie, Ian"},{"full_name":"Miller, Tim B.","last_name":"Miller","first_name":"Tim B."},{"last_name":"Price","first_name":"Sedona H.","full_name":"Price, Sedona H."},{"full_name":"Suess, Katherine A.","last_name":"Suess","first_name":"Katherine A."},{"last_name":"van Dokkum","first_name":"Pieter","full_name":"van Dokkum, Pieter"},{"last_name":"Wang 王","first_name":"Bingjie 冰洁","full_name":"Wang 王, Bingjie 冰洁"},{"full_name":"Weibel, Andrea","last_name":"Weibel","first_name":"Andrea"},{"last_name":"Whitaker","first_name":"Katherine E.","full_name":"Whitaker, Katherine E."},{"full_name":"Williams, Christina C.","last_name":"Williams","first_name":"Christina C."}]},{"article_processing_charge":"Yes","abstract":[{"text":"Luminous broad Hα emission and red rest-optical spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are the hallmark of compact little red dots (LRDs), implying highly attenuated dusty starbursts and/or obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN). However, the lack of observed far-infrared (FIR) emission has proved difficult to reconcile with the implied attenuated luminosity in these models. Here, we utilize deep new Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array imaging, new and existing JWST/MIRI imaging, and archival Spitzer/Herschel imaging of two of the rest-optically brightest LRDs (z = 3.1 and z = 4.47) to place the strongest constraints on the IR luminosity in LRDs to date. The detections at λrest = 1–4 μm imply flat slopes in the rest-IR, ruling out a contribution from hot (T ≳ 500 K) dust. Similarly, FIR nondetections rule out any appreciable cold (T ≲ 75 K) dust component. Assuming energy balance, these observations are inconsistent with the typical FIR dust emission of dusty starbursts and quasar tori, which usually show a mixture of cold and hot dust. Additionally, our [C ii] nondetections rule out typical dusty starbursts. We compute empirical maximum IR SEDs and find that both LRDs must have log(LIR/L ) 12.2 at the 3σ level. These limits are in tension with the predictions of rest-optical spectrophotometric fits, be they galaxy-only, AGN-only, or composite. It is unlikely that LRDs are highly dust-reddened intrinsically blue sources with a dust temperature distribution that conspires to avoid current observing facilities. Rather, we favor an intrinsically redder LRD SED model that alleviates the need for strong dust attenuation.","lang":"eng"}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2503.02059"]},"publication_status":"published","title":"A confirmed deficit of hot and cold dust emission in the most luminous Little Red Dots","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"full_name":"Setton, David J.","last_name":"Setton","first_name":"David J."},{"full_name":"Greene, Jenny E.","last_name":"Greene","first_name":"Jenny E."},{"last_name":"Spilker","first_name":"Justin S.","full_name":"Spilker, Justin S."},{"last_name":"Williams","first_name":"Christina C.","full_name":"Williams, Christina C."},{"full_name":"Labbé, Ivo","last_name":"Labbé","first_name":"Ivo"},{"first_name":"Yilun 逸伦","last_name":"Ma","full_name":"Ma, Yilun 逸伦"},{"last_name":"Wang","first_name":"Bingjie 冰洁","full_name":"Wang, Bingjie 冰洁"},{"last_name":"Whitaker","first_name":"Katherine E.","full_name":"Whitaker, Katherine E."},{"full_name":"Leja, Joel","last_name":"Leja","first_name":"Joel"},{"full_name":"de Graaff, Anna","last_name":"de Graaff","first_name":"Anna"},{"full_name":"Alberts, Stacey","last_name":"Alberts","first_name":"Stacey"},{"full_name":"Bezanson, Rachel","first_name":"Rachel","last_name":"Bezanson"},{"full_name":"Boogaard, Leindert A.","last_name":"Boogaard","first_name":"Leindert A."},{"full_name":"Brammer, Gabriel","first_name":"Gabriel","last_name":"Brammer"},{"full_name":"Cutler, Sam E.","first_name":"Sam E.","last_name":"Cutler"},{"first_name":"Nikko J.","last_name":"Cleri","full_name":"Cleri, Nikko J."},{"first_name":"Olivia R.","last_name":"Cooper","full_name":"Cooper, Olivia R."},{"last_name":"Dayal","first_name":"Pratika","full_name":"Dayal, Pratika"},{"full_name":"Fujimoto, Seiji","first_name":"Seiji","last_name":"Fujimoto"},{"first_name":"Lukas J.","last_name":"Furtak","full_name":"Furtak, Lukas J."},{"full_name":"Goulding, Andy D.","first_name":"Andy D.","last_name":"Goulding"},{"full_name":"Hirschmann, Michaela","last_name":"Hirschmann","first_name":"Michaela"},{"last_name":"Kokorev","first_name":"Vasily","full_name":"Kokorev, Vasily"},{"full_name":"Maseda, Michael V.","first_name":"Michael V.","last_name":"Maseda"},{"last_name":"McConachie","first_name":"Ian","full_name":"McConachie, Ian"},{"full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","first_name":"Jorryt J","last_name":"Matthee"},{"full_name":"Miller, Tim B.","last_name":"Miller","first_name":"Tim B."},{"full_name":"Naidu, Rohan P.","last_name":"Naidu","first_name":"Rohan P."},{"first_name":"Pascal A.","last_name":"Oesch","full_name":"Oesch, Pascal A."},{"full_name":"Pan, Richard","first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Pan"},{"last_name":"Price","first_name":"Sedona H.","full_name":"Price, Sedona H."},{"last_name":"Suess","first_name":"Katherine A.","full_name":"Suess, Katherine A."},{"full_name":"Weaver, John R.","first_name":"John R.","last_name":"Weaver"},{"first_name":"Mengyuan","last_name":"Xiao","full_name":"Xiao, Mengyuan"},{"last_name":"Zhang","first_name":"Yunchong","full_name":"Zhang, Yunchong"},{"full_name":"Zitrin, Adi","last_name":"Zitrin","first_name":"Adi"}],"volume":991,"OA_place":"publisher","file":[{"date_updated":"2026-02-09T07:10:29Z","file_size":1394204,"access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","checksum":"799518db92ded4e166df4234195af998","file_id":"21165","success":1,"creator":"dernst","file_name":"2025_AstrophysicalJournalLetters_Setton.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","date_created":"2026-02-09T07:10:29Z"}],"quality_controlled":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","ddc":["520"],"year":"2025","date_created":"2026-01-28T15:23:00Z","article_number":"L10","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-8213"],"issn":["2041-8205"]},"doi":"10.3847/2041-8213/ade78b","publication":"The Astrophysical Journal Letters","oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2026-02-09T07:10:29Z","DOAJ_listed":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"09","date_published":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","publisher":"IOP Publishing","department":[{"_id":"JoMa"}],"arxiv":1,"date_updated":"2026-02-09T07:14:08Z","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","intvolume":" 991","acknowledgement":"Support for this work was provided by The Brinson Foundation through a Brinson Prize Fellowship grant. D.S. acknowledges Zhengrong Li for kindly sharing model dust SEDs, Tim Rawle for helping with accessing archival Herschel Lensing Survey data, and Xiaohui Fan for helpful conversations that steered the direction of this work. This Letter makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2024.00826.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. This work is based in part on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute (DOI: 10.17909/m7ks-wg55), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with program #6761.\r\n\r\nSupport for this work was provided by NSF/AAG #2306950. Support for this work for R.P.N. was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51515.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. This work has received funding from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00072, as well as from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) through project grant 200020_207349. The Cosmic Dawn Center is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant DNRF140. A.Z. acknowledges support by grant No. 2020750 from the United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) and grant No. 2109066 from the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) and by the Israel Science Foundation grant No. 864/23. The work of C.C.W. is supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. S.A. acknowledges support from the JWST Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) Science Team Lead, grant 80NSSC18K0555, from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center to the University of Arizona.","type":"journal_article","_id":"21058","scopus_import":"1","PlanS_conform":"1","citation":{"ista":"Setton DJ, Greene JE, Spilker JS, Williams CC, Labbé I, Ma Y逸伦, Wang B冰洁, Whitaker KE, Leja J, de Graaff A, Alberts S, Bezanson R, Boogaard LA, Brammer G, Cutler SE, Cleri NJ, Cooper OR, Dayal P, Fujimoto S, Furtak LJ, Goulding AD, Hirschmann M, Kokorev V, Maseda MV, McConachie I, Matthee JJ, Miller TB, Naidu RP, Oesch PA, Pan R, Price SH, Suess KA, Weaver JR, Xiao M, Zhang Y, Zitrin A. 2025. A confirmed deficit of hot and cold dust emission in the most luminous Little Red Dots. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 991, L10.","ama":"Setton DJ, Greene JE, Spilker JS, et al. A confirmed deficit of hot and cold dust emission in the most luminous Little Red Dots. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2025;991. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ade78b","ieee":"D. J. Setton et al., “A confirmed deficit of hot and cold dust emission in the most luminous Little Red Dots,” The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 991. IOP Publishing, 2025.","short":"D.J. Setton, J.E. Greene, J.S. Spilker, C.C. Williams, I. Labbé, Y.逸伦 Ma, B.冰洁 Wang, K.E. Whitaker, J. Leja, A. de Graaff, S. Alberts, R. Bezanson, L.A. Boogaard, G. Brammer, S.E. Cutler, N.J. Cleri, O.R. Cooper, P. Dayal, S. Fujimoto, L.J. Furtak, A.D. Goulding, M. Hirschmann, V. Kokorev, M.V. Maseda, I. McConachie, J.J. Matthee, T.B. Miller, R.P. Naidu, P.A. Oesch, R. Pan, S.H. Price, K.A. Suess, J.R. Weaver, M. Xiao, Y. Zhang, A. Zitrin, The Astrophysical Journal Letters 991 (2025).","mla":"Setton, David J., et al. “A Confirmed Deficit of Hot and Cold Dust Emission in the Most Luminous Little Red Dots.” The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 991, L10, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ade78b.","chicago":"Setton, David J., Jenny E. Greene, Justin S. Spilker, Christina C. Williams, Ivo Labbé, Yilun 逸伦 Ma, Bingjie 冰洁 Wang, et al. “A Confirmed Deficit of Hot and Cold Dust Emission in the Most Luminous Little Red Dots.” The Astrophysical Journal Letters. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ade78b.","apa":"Setton, D. J., Greene, J. E., Spilker, J. S., Williams, C. C., Labbé, I., Ma, Y. 逸伦, … Zitrin, A. (2025). A confirmed deficit of hot and cold dust emission in the most luminous Little Red Dots. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ade78b"},"OA_type":"gold","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"status":"public","day":"12"},{"PlanS_conform":"1","citation":{"mla":"Mascia, Sara, et al. “Little Impact of Mergers and Galaxy Morphology on the Production and Escape of Ionizing Photons in the Early Universe.” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 701, A122, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553760.","apa":"Mascia, S., Pentericci, L., Llerena, M., Calabrò, A., Matthee, J. J., Flury, S., … Wilkins, S. (2025). Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe. Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202553760","chicago":"Mascia, Sara, L. Pentericci, M. Llerena, A. Calabrò, Jorryt J Matthee, S. Flury, F. Pacucci, et al. “Little Impact of Mergers and Galaxy Morphology on the Production and Escape of Ionizing Photons in the Early Universe.” Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202553760.","ista":"Mascia S, Pentericci L, Llerena M, Calabrò A, Matthee JJ, Flury S, Pacucci F, Jaskot A, Amorín RO, Bhatawdekar R, Castellano M, Cleri N, Costantin L, Davis K, Di Cesare C, Dickinson M, Fontana A, Guo Y, Giavalisco M, Holwerda BW, Hu W, Huertas-Company M, Jung I, Kartaltepe J, Kashino D, Koekemoer AM, Lucas RA, Lotz J, Napolitano L, Jogee S, Wilkins S. 2025. Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 701, A122.","ama":"Mascia S, Pentericci L, Llerena M, et al. Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2025;701. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553760","short":"S. Mascia, L. Pentericci, M. Llerena, A. Calabrò, J.J. Matthee, S. Flury, F. Pacucci, A. Jaskot, R.O. Amorín, R. Bhatawdekar, M. Castellano, N. Cleri, L. Costantin, K. Davis, C. Di Cesare, M. Dickinson, A. Fontana, Y. Guo, M. Giavalisco, B.W. Holwerda, W. Hu, M. Huertas-Company, I. Jung, J. Kartaltepe, D. Kashino, A.M. Koekemoer, R.A. Lucas, J. Lotz, L. Napolitano, S. Jogee, S. Wilkins, Astronomy & Astrophysics 701 (2025).","ieee":"S. Mascia et al., “Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 701. EDP Sciences, 2025."},"project":[{"name":"Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization","grant_number":"101076224","_id":"bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea"}],"status":"public","day":"01","OA_type":"diamond","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"09","date_published":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","arxiv":1,"department":[{"_id":"JoMa"}],"publisher":"EDP Sciences","date_updated":"2026-02-09T07:33:46Z","oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2026-02-09T07:28:08Z","DOAJ_listed":"1","_id":"21060","scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","intvolume":" 701","type":"journal_article","acknowledgement":"This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with programs GTO 1243, ERS 1345, DDT 2750, and GTO 1180, 1181, 3215, 1210, 1286. Funded by the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. We acknowledge support from the INAF Large Grant 2022 “Extragalactic Surveys with JWST” (PI Pentericci). We acknowledge support from INAF Mini-grant “Reionization and Fundamental Cosmology with High-Redshift Galaxies” and from PRIN 2022 MUR project 2022CB3PJ3 - First Light And Galaxy aSsembly (FLAGS) funded by the European Union – Next Generation EU. RA acknowledges support of Grant PID2023-147386NB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU, and the Severo Ochoa grant CEX2021-001131-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103. The project that gave rise to these results received the support of a fellowship from the “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434). The fellowship code is LCF/BQ/PR24/12050015. LC acknowledges support from grants PID2022-139567NB-I00 and PIB2021-127718NB-I00 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”.","has_accepted_license":"1","ddc":["520"],"corr_author":"1","file":[{"creator":"dernst","success":1,"file_name":"2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_Mascia.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","date_created":"2026-02-09T07:28:08Z","date_updated":"2026-02-09T07:28:08Z","file_size":9994234,"checksum":"990e384ca19e14b35296712d3b9e2919","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","file_id":"21166"}],"quality_controlled":"1","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202553760","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1432-0746"],"issn":["0004-6361"]},"publication":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","year":"2025","date_created":"2026-01-28T15:24:24Z","article_number":"A122","title":"Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe","article_processing_charge":"No","abstract":[{"text":"Compact, star-forming galaxies with high star formation rate surface densities (ΣSFR) are often efficient Lyman continuum (LyC) emitters at z ≤ 4.5, likely because intense stellar feedback creates low-density channels that allow photons to escape. Irregular or disturbed morphologies, such as those resulting from mergers, can also facilitate LyC escape by creating anisotropic gas distributions. We investigated the influence of galaxy morphology on LyC production and escape at redshifts 5 ≤ z ≤ 7 using observations from various James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) surveys. Our sample consists of 436 sources, which are predominantly low-mass (∼10^8.15 M\f), star-forming galaxies with ionizing photon efficiency (ξion) values consistent with canonical expectations. Since direct measurements of fesc are not possible during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), we predicted fesc for high-redshift galaxies by applying survival analysis to a subsample of LyC emitters from the Low-Redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), selected to be direct analogs of reionization-era galaxies. We find that these galaxies exhibit, on average, modest predicted escape fractions (∼0.04). In addition, we evaluated the correlation between morphological features and LyC emission. Our findings indicate that neither ξion nor the predicted fesc values show a significant correlation with the presence of merger signatures. This suggests that in low-mass galaxies at z ≥ 5, strong morphological disturbances are not the primary mechanism driving LyC emission and leakage. Instead, compactness and star formation activity likely play a more pivotal role in regulating LyC escape. ","lang":"eng"}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2501.08268"]},"publication_status":"published","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"id":"edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29","full_name":"Mascia, Sara","first_name":"Sara","last_name":"Mascia"},{"full_name":"Pentericci, L.","last_name":"Pentericci","first_name":"L."},{"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Llerena","full_name":"Llerena, M."},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Calabrò","full_name":"Calabrò, A."},{"full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","first_name":"Jorryt J","last_name":"Matthee"},{"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Flury","full_name":"Flury, S."},{"full_name":"Pacucci, F.","last_name":"Pacucci","first_name":"F."},{"full_name":"Jaskot, A.","first_name":"A.","last_name":"Jaskot"},{"full_name":"Amorín, R. O.","first_name":"R. O.","last_name":"Amorín"},{"full_name":"Bhatawdekar, R.","last_name":"Bhatawdekar","first_name":"R."},{"last_name":"Castellano","first_name":"M.","full_name":"Castellano, M."},{"first_name":"N.","last_name":"Cleri","full_name":"Cleri, N."},{"first_name":"L.","last_name":"Costantin","full_name":"Costantin, L."},{"full_name":"Davis, K.","last_name":"Davis","first_name":"K."},{"id":"2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb","full_name":"Di Cesare, Claudia","first_name":"Claudia","last_name":"Di Cesare"},{"full_name":"Dickinson, M.","first_name":"M.","last_name":"Dickinson"},{"full_name":"Fontana, A.","first_name":"A.","last_name":"Fontana"},{"full_name":"Guo, Y.","last_name":"Guo","first_name":"Y."},{"last_name":"Giavalisco","first_name":"M.","full_name":"Giavalisco, M."},{"first_name":"B. W.","last_name":"Holwerda","full_name":"Holwerda, B. W."},{"full_name":"Hu, W.","first_name":"W.","last_name":"Hu"},{"full_name":"Huertas-Company, M.","first_name":"M.","last_name":"Huertas-Company"},{"full_name":"Jung, Intae","first_name":"Intae","last_name":"Jung"},{"full_name":"Kartaltepe, J.","last_name":"Kartaltepe","first_name":"J."},{"first_name":"D.","last_name":"Kashino","full_name":"Kashino, D."},{"full_name":"Koekemoer, A. M.","first_name":"A. M.","last_name":"Koekemoer"},{"last_name":"Lucas","first_name":"R. A.","full_name":"Lucas, R. A."},{"full_name":"Lotz, J.","first_name":"J.","last_name":"Lotz"},{"full_name":"Napolitano, L.","last_name":"Napolitano","first_name":"L."},{"last_name":"Jogee","first_name":"S.","full_name":"Jogee, S."},{"full_name":"Wilkins, S.","last_name":"Wilkins","first_name":"S."}],"OA_place":"publisher","volume":701},{"article_processing_charge":"Yes","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Detecting the first generation of stars, Population III (Pop III), has been a long-standing goal in astrophysics, yet they remain elusive even in the JWST era. Here we present a novel NIRCam-based selection method for Pop III galaxies, and carefully validate it through completeness and contamination simulations. We systematically search ≃ 500 arcmin2 across JWST legacy fields for Pop III candidates, including GLIMPSE, which, assisted by gravitational lensing, has produced JWST’s deepest NIRCam imaging thus far. We discover one promising Pop III galaxy candidate (GLIMPSE-16043) at z=6.50 -0.24 +0.03, a moderately lensed galaxy (µ = + 2.9 -0.2 +0.1) with an intrinsic UV magnitude of MUV= -15.89 -0.14 +0.12. It exhibits key Pop III features: strong Hα emission (rest-frame EW 2810 ± 550 Å); a Balmer jump; no dust (UV slope β = −2.34 ± 0.36); and undetectable metal lines (e.g., [O III]; [O III]/Hβ < 0.44), implying a gas-phase metallicity of Zgas/Z⊙ < 0.5%. These properties indicate the presence of a nascent, metal-deficient young stellar population (<5 Myr) with a stellar mass of ≃105 M⊙. Intriguingly, this source deviates significantly from the extrapolated UV–metallicity relation derived from recent JWST observations at z = 4–10, consistent with UV enhancement by a top-heavy Pop III initial mass function or the presence of an extremely metal-poor active galactic nucleus. We also derive the first observational constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃ 6–7. The volume density of GLIMPSE-16043 (≈10^−4 cMpc−3) is in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions, independently reinforcing its plausibility. This study demonstrates the power of our novel NIRCam method to finally reveal distant galaxies even more pristine than the Milky Way’s most metal-poor satellites, thereby promising to bring us closer to the first generation of stars than we have ever been before."}],"title":"GLIMPSE: An ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃ 6–7","author":[{"first_name":"Seiji","last_name":"Fujimoto","full_name":"Fujimoto, Seiji"},{"full_name":"Naidu, Rohan P.","last_name":"Naidu","first_name":"Rohan P."},{"full_name":"Chisholm, John","last_name":"Chisholm","first_name":"John"},{"full_name":"Atek, Hakim","last_name":"Atek","first_name":"Hakim"},{"full_name":"Endsley, Ryan","last_name":"Endsley","first_name":"Ryan"},{"full_name":"Kokorev, Vasily","first_name":"Vasily","last_name":"Kokorev"},{"first_name":"Lukas J.","last_name":"Furtak","full_name":"Furtak, Lukas J."},{"last_name":"Pan","first_name":"Richard","full_name":"Pan, Richard"},{"full_name":"Liu, Boyuan","last_name":"Liu","first_name":"Boyuan"},{"full_name":"Bromm, Volker","last_name":"Bromm","first_name":"Volker"},{"full_name":"Venditti, Alessandra","first_name":"Alessandra","last_name":"Venditti"},{"full_name":"Visbal, Eli","first_name":"Eli","last_name":"Visbal"},{"full_name":"Sarmento, Richard","first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Sarmento"},{"first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Weibel","full_name":"Weibel, Andrea"},{"first_name":"Pascal A.","last_name":"Oesch","full_name":"Oesch, Pascal A."},{"first_name":"Gabriel","last_name":"Brammer","full_name":"Brammer, Gabriel"},{"full_name":"Schaerer, Daniel","first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Schaerer"},{"last_name":"Adamo","first_name":"Angela","full_name":"Adamo, Angela"},{"full_name":"Berg, Danielle A.","last_name":"Berg","first_name":"Danielle A."},{"first_name":"Rachel","last_name":"Bezanson","full_name":"Bezanson, Rachel"},{"last_name":"Bouwens","first_name":"Rychard","full_name":"Bouwens, Rychard"},{"last_name":"Chemerynska","first_name":"Iryna","full_name":"Chemerynska, Iryna"},{"full_name":"Claeyssens, Adélaïde","first_name":"Adélaïde","last_name":"Claeyssens"},{"last_name":"Dessauges-Zavadsky","first_name":"Miroslava","full_name":"Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava"},{"last_name":"Frebel","first_name":"Anna","full_name":"Frebel, Anna"},{"full_name":"Korber, Damien","first_name":"Damien","last_name":"Korber"},{"full_name":"Labbe, Ivo","last_name":"Labbe","first_name":"Ivo"},{"full_name":"Marques-Chaves, Rui","first_name":"Rui","last_name":"Marques-Chaves"},{"first_name":"Jorryt J","last_name":"Matthee","full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X"},{"full_name":"McQuinn, Kristen B. W.","last_name":"McQuinn","first_name":"Kristen B. W."},{"full_name":"Muñoz, Julian B.","first_name":"Julian B.","last_name":"Muñoz"},{"first_name":"Priyamvada","last_name":"Natarajan","full_name":"Natarajan, Priyamvada"},{"full_name":"Saldana-Lopez, Alberto","first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Saldana-Lopez"},{"first_name":"Katherine A.","last_name":"Suess","full_name":"Suess, Katherine A."},{"full_name":"Volonteri, Marta","first_name":"Marta","last_name":"Volonteri"},{"full_name":"Zitrin, Adi","last_name":"Zitrin","first_name":"Adi"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","volume":989,"OA_place":"publisher","file":[{"file_id":"21167","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"9e08e77ce6d818fafd074e2b6c30bc43","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2026-02-09T07:57:01Z","file_size":14405059,"date_created":"2026-02-09T07:57:01Z","file_name":"2025_AstrophysicalJournal_Fujimoto.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"creator":"dernst"}],"quality_controlled":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","ddc":["520"],"date_created":"2026-01-28T15:25:17Z","year":"2025","article_number":"46","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1538-4357"],"issn":["0004-637X"]},"doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/ade9a1","publication":"The Astrophysical Journal","DOAJ_listed":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-02-09T07:57:01Z","oa":1,"date_published":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","month":"08","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-09T08:11:01Z","department":[{"_id":"JoMa"}],"publisher":"IOP Publishing","oa_version":"Published Version","intvolume":" 989","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","acknowledgement":"We are grateful to the CEERS, PRIMER, JOF, UNCOVER, and GLIMPSE teams for developing their NIRCam surveys, and to the various JWST and HST surveys acknowledged in Section 3 that enabled our search. We thank Kimihiko Nakajima and Kohei Inayoshi for sharing Pop III and/or AGN templates, Steven Finkelstein for comments on the completeness and contamination rate simulation, Aaron Yung for SEDs of simulated galaxies, Joel Leja, Ben Johnson, and Sandro Tacchella for advise on SED fitting, and Takashi Kojima and Hiroto Yanagisawa for discussions.\r\n\r\nWe made extensive use of the DAWN JWST Archive for various comparisons presented in this paper. Some of the data products presented herein were retrieved from the Dawn JWST Archive (DJA). DJA is an initiative of the Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), which is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant DNRF140. The prism spectra used in this paper were observed as part of the following programs, and we are grateful to these teams for helping build the rich spectroscopic legacy of JWST: 1180, 1181, 1210, 1286, 3215 (A. J. Bunker et al. 2024; F. D’Eugenio et al. 2024); 1211–1215 (M. V. Maseda et al. 2024); 1345 (S. L. Finkelstein et al. 2024); 1433 (T. Y.-Y. Hsiao et al. 2024); 1747 (G. Roberts-Borsani et al. 2025); 2028 (X. Wang et al. 2024); 2073 (PI: J. Hennawi); 2198 (L. Barrufet et al. 2025); 2282 (L. D. Bradley et al. 2023); 2561 (R. Bezanson et al. 2024; S. H. Price et al. 2024); 2565 (T. Nanayakkara et al. 2023); 2750 (P. Arrabal Haro et al. 2023b); 2756 (PI: W. Chen); 2767 (C. C. Williams et al. 2023); 3073 (M. Castellano et al. 2024); 4106 (PI: E. Nelson); 4233 (A. de Graaff et al. 2025); 4446 (B. L. Frye et al. 2024); 4557 (PI: H. Yan); 6541 (PI: E. Egami); 6585 (PI: D. Coulter).\r\n\r\nThis work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. The specific observations can be accessed via doi: 10.17909/xpxt-a441. These observations include data associated with program No. 03293. Support for program No. 03293 was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127.\r\n\r\nThis project has received funding from NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51505.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555. This work has received funding from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract No. MB22.00072, as well as from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) through project grant 200020_207349. The Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant DNRF140. H.A. and I.C. acknowledge support from CNES, focused on the JWST mission, and the Programme National Cosmology and Galaxies (PNCG) of CNRS/INSU with INP and IN2P3, co-funded by CEA and CNES. I.C. acknowledges funding support from the Initiative Physique des Infinis (IPI), a research training program of the Idex SUPER at Sorbonne Université. A.Z. acknowledges support by grant No. 2020750 from the United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) and grant No. 2109066 from the United States National Science Foundation (NSF); and by the Israel Science Foundation grant No. 864/23. P.N. acknowledges support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the John Templeton Foundation that fund the black hole Initiative (BHI) at Harvard University, where she serves as one of the PIs. B.L. acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2181/1—390900948 (the Heidelberg STRUCTURES Excellence Cluster). Y.S. and G.M. have received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 833925, project STAREX).","scopus_import":"1","_id":"21061","citation":{"chicago":"Fujimoto, Seiji, Rohan P. Naidu, John Chisholm, Hakim Atek, Ryan Endsley, Vasily Kokorev, Lukas J. Furtak, et al. “GLIMPSE: An Ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III Galaxy Candidate and First Constraints on the Pop III UV Luminosity Function at z ≃ 6–7.” The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade9a1.","apa":"Fujimoto, S., Naidu, R. P., Chisholm, J., Atek, H., Endsley, R., Kokorev, V., … Zitrin, A. (2025). GLIMPSE: An ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃ 6–7. The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade9a1","mla":"Fujimoto, Seiji, et al. “GLIMPSE: An Ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III Galaxy Candidate and First Constraints on the Pop III UV Luminosity Function at z ≃ 6–7.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 989, 46, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade9a1.","short":"S. Fujimoto, R.P. Naidu, J. Chisholm, H. Atek, R. Endsley, V. Kokorev, L.J. Furtak, R. Pan, B. Liu, V. Bromm, A. Venditti, E. Visbal, R. Sarmento, A. Weibel, P.A. Oesch, G. Brammer, D. Schaerer, A. Adamo, D.A. Berg, R. Bezanson, R. Bouwens, I. Chemerynska, A. Claeyssens, M. Dessauges-Zavadsky, A. Frebel, D. Korber, I. Labbe, R. Marques-Chaves, J.J. Matthee, K.B.W. McQuinn, J.B. Muñoz, P. Natarajan, A. Saldana-Lopez, K.A. Suess, M. Volonteri, A. Zitrin, The Astrophysical Journal 989 (2025).","ieee":"S. Fujimoto et al., “GLIMPSE: An ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃ 6–7,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 989. IOP Publishing, 2025.","ista":"Fujimoto S, Naidu RP, Chisholm J, Atek H, Endsley R, Kokorev V, Furtak LJ, Pan R, Liu B, Bromm V, Venditti A, Visbal E, Sarmento R, Weibel A, Oesch PA, Brammer G, Schaerer D, Adamo A, Berg DA, Bezanson R, Bouwens R, Chemerynska I, Claeyssens A, Dessauges-Zavadsky M, Frebel A, Korber D, Labbe I, Marques-Chaves R, Matthee JJ, McQuinn KBW, Muñoz JB, Natarajan P, Saldana-Lopez A, Suess KA, Volonteri M, Zitrin A. 2025. GLIMPSE: An ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃ 6–7. The Astrophysical Journal. 989, 46.","ama":"Fujimoto S, Naidu RP, Chisholm J, et al. GLIMPSE: An ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃ 6–7. The Astrophysical Journal. 2025;989. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade9a1"},"PlanS_conform":"1","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"OA_type":"gold","status":"public","day":"04"},{"year":"2025","date_created":"2026-01-28T15:25:42Z","article_number":"246","issue":"2","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/ade886","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0004-637X"],"eissn":["1538-4357"]},"publication":"The Astrophysical Journal","corr_author":"1","file":[{"file_id":"21168","date_updated":"2026-02-09T08:20:14Z","file_size":6237415,"access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","checksum":"a49fbed72f2ff9c0b13129acb6f44f9d","file_name":"2025_AstrophysicalJournal_Matthee.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","date_created":"2026-02-09T08:20:14Z","success":1,"creator":"dernst"}],"quality_controlled":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","ddc":["520"],"author":[{"first_name":"Jorryt J","last_name":"Matthee","full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X"},{"last_name":"Naidu","first_name":"Rohan P.","full_name":"Naidu, Rohan P."},{"first_name":"Gauri","last_name":"Kotiwale","full_name":"Kotiwale, Gauri","id":"1438afc8-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-cd4a75d66875"},{"full_name":"Furtak, Lukas J.","last_name":"Furtak","first_name":"Lukas J."},{"full_name":"Kramarenko, Ivan","orcid":"0000-0001-5346-6048","id":"9a9394cb-3200-11ee-973b-f5ba2a8b16e4","first_name":"Ivan","last_name":"Kramarenko"},{"full_name":"Mackenzie, Ruari","first_name":"Ruari","last_name":"Mackenzie"},{"last_name":"Greene","first_name":"Jenny","full_name":"Greene, Jenny"},{"last_name":"Adamo","first_name":"Angela","full_name":"Adamo, Angela"},{"full_name":"Bouwens, Rychard J.","last_name":"Bouwens","first_name":"Rychard J."},{"last_name":"Di Cesare","first_name":"Claudia","id":"2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb","full_name":"Di Cesare, Claudia"},{"first_name":"Anna-Christina","last_name":"Eilers","full_name":"Eilers, Anna-Christina"},{"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"de Graaff","full_name":"de Graaff, Anna"},{"full_name":"Heintz, Kasper E.","first_name":"Kasper E.","last_name":"Heintz"},{"full_name":"Kashino, Daichi","last_name":"Kashino","first_name":"Daichi"},{"last_name":"Maseda","first_name":"Michael V.","full_name":"Maseda, Michael V."},{"full_name":"Tacchella, Sandro","first_name":"Sandro","last_name":"Tacchella"},{"full_name":"Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto","id":"018f0249-0e87-11f0-b167-cbce08fbd541","orcid":"0000-0001-5586-6950","first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Torralba Torregrosa"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","OA_place":"publisher","volume":988,"article_processing_charge":"Yes","abstract":[{"text":"JWST observations have unveiled faint active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at high redshift that provide insights into the formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs). However, disentangling their stellar from AGN light is challenging. Here, we use an empirical approach to infer the average stellar mass of five faint broad-line (BL) Hα emitters at z = 4–5 with BH masses ≈6 × 10^6 M⊙, with a method independent of their spectral energy distribution (SED). We use the deep JWST/NIRcam grism survey “All the Little Things” to measure the overdensities around BL-Hα emitters and around a spectroscopic reference sample of ∼300 galaxies. In our reference sample, we find that megaparsec-scale overdensity correlates with stellar mass. Their large-scale environments suggest that BL-Hα emitters are hosted by galaxies with stellar masses ≈5 × 10^7 M⊙, ≈40 times lower than those inferred from galaxy-only SED fits. Adding measurements around more luminous z ≈ 6 AGNs, we find tentative correlations between line width, BH mass, and the overdensity, suggestive of a steep BH to halo mass relation. The main implications are (1) when BH masses are taken at face value, we confirm extremely high BH to stellar mass ratios of ≈10%, (2) the galaxies of low stellar mass that host growing SMBHs are in tension with typical hydrodynamical simulations, except those without feedback, (3) a 1% duty cycle implied by the host mass hints at super-Eddington accretion, (4) the masses are at odds with an interpretation of the line broadening in terms of high stellar density, (5) our results imply a luminosity-dependent diversity of galaxy masses, environments, and SEDs among AGN samples.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","external_id":{"arxiv":["2412.02846"]},"title":"Environmental evidence for overly massive Black Holes in low-mass galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo mass relation at z ∼ 5","OA_type":"gold","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"status":"public","day":"29","PlanS_conform":"1","citation":{"ieee":"J. J. Matthee et al., “Environmental evidence for overly massive Black Holes in low-mass galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo mass relation at z ∼ 5,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 988, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2025.","short":"J.J. Matthee, R.P. Naidu, G. Kotiwale, L.J. Furtak, I. Kramarenko, R. Mackenzie, J. Greene, A. Adamo, R.J. Bouwens, C. Di Cesare, A.-C. Eilers, A. de Graaff, K.E. Heintz, D. Kashino, M.V. Maseda, S. Tacchella, A. Torralba Torregrosa, The Astrophysical Journal 988 (2025).","ista":"Matthee JJ, Naidu RP, Kotiwale G, Furtak LJ, Kramarenko I, Mackenzie R, Greene J, Adamo A, Bouwens RJ, Di Cesare C, Eilers A-C, de Graaff A, Heintz KE, Kashino D, Maseda MV, Tacchella S, Torralba Torregrosa A. 2025. Environmental evidence for overly massive Black Holes in low-mass galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo mass relation at z ∼ 5. The Astrophysical Journal. 988(2), 246.","ama":"Matthee JJ, Naidu RP, Kotiwale G, et al. Environmental evidence for overly massive Black Holes in low-mass galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo mass relation at z ∼ 5. The Astrophysical Journal. 2025;988(2). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade886","chicago":"Matthee, Jorryt J, Rohan P. Naidu, Gauri Kotiwale, Lukas J. Furtak, Ivan Kramarenko, Ruari Mackenzie, Jenny Greene, et al. “Environmental Evidence for Overly Massive Black Holes in Low-Mass Galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo Mass Relation at z ∼ 5.” The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade886.","apa":"Matthee, J. J., Naidu, R. P., Kotiwale, G., Furtak, L. J., Kramarenko, I., Mackenzie, R., … Torralba Torregrosa, A. (2025). Environmental evidence for overly massive Black Holes in low-mass galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo mass relation at z ∼ 5. The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade886","mla":"Matthee, Jorryt J., et al. “Environmental Evidence for Overly Massive Black Holes in Low-Mass Galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo Mass Relation at z ∼ 5.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 988, no. 2, 246, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade886."},"project":[{"_id":"bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea","grant_number":"101076224","name":"Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization"}],"article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","intvolume":" 988","acknowledgement":"We thank the referee for their constructive comments that helped to improve the paper. We thank Junyao Li for sharing model output shown in Figure 13, Rob Crain for sharing results from the ONLYAGN EAGLE model shown in Figure 15, and Adi Zitrin for comments. This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with programs # 3516. Funded by the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. We acknowledge funding from JWST program GO-3516. Support for this work was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51515.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. A.A. acknowledges support by the Swedish research council Vetenskapsrådet (2021-05559).","type":"journal_article","_id":"21062","scopus_import":"1","oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2026-02-09T08:20:14Z","DOAJ_listed":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"07","date_published":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","arxiv":1,"department":[{"_id":"JoMa"}],"publisher":"IOP Publishing","date_updated":"2026-02-09T08:22:01Z"},{"title":"Mapping dusty galaxy growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in submm galaxy HDF850.1 and the surrounding overdense structures","page":"788-808","article_processing_charge":"Yes","abstract":[{"text":"We report the detection of a 13σ Hα emission line from HDF850.1 at z = 5.188 ± 0.001 using the FRESCO (First Reionization Era SpectroscopicallyComplete Observations) NIRCam F444W grism observations. Detection of Hα in HDF850.1 is noteworthy, given its high far-infrared (IR) luminosity, substantial dust obscuration, and the historical challenges in deriving its redshift.\r\nHDF850.1 shows a clear detection in the F444W imaging data, distributed between a northern and southern component, mirroring that seen in [C II] from the Plateau de Bure Interferometer. Modelling the spectral energy distribution of each component separately, we find that the northern component has a higher mass, star formation rate (SFR), and dust extinction than the southern component. The observed Hα emission appears to arise entirely from the less-obscured southern component and shows a similar \u0004v∼ + 130 km s −1 velocity offset to that seen for [C II] relative to the source systemic redshift. Leveraging Hα-derived redshiftsfrom FRESCO observations, we find that HDF850.1 isforming in one of the richest environments identified to date at z > 5, with 100 z = 5.17–5.20 galaxies distributed across 13 smaller structures and a ∼(15 cMpc)3 volume. Based on the evolution of analogous structures in cosmological simulations, the z = 5.17–5.20 structures seem likely to collapse into\r\na single > 1014M cluster by z ∼ 0. Comparing galaxy properties forming within this overdensity with those outside, we find the masses, SFRs, and UV luminosities inside the overdensity to be clearly higher. The prominence of Hα line emission from HDF850.1 and other known highly obscured z > 5 galaxies illustrates the potential of NIRCam-grism programs to map both\r\nthe early build-up of IR-luminous galaxies and overdense structures.","lang":"eng"}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2309.04525"]},"publication_status":"published","author":[{"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Herard-Demanche","full_name":"Herard-Demanche, Thomas"},{"full_name":"Bouwens, Rychard J","last_name":"Bouwens","first_name":"Rychard J"},{"full_name":"Oesch, Pascal A","first_name":"Pascal A","last_name":"Oesch"},{"full_name":"Naidu, Rohan P","last_name":"Naidu","first_name":"Rohan P"},{"last_name":"Decarli","first_name":"Roberto","full_name":"Decarli, Roberto"},{"last_name":"Nelson","first_name":"Erica J","full_name":"Nelson, Erica J"},{"first_name":"Gabriel","last_name":"Brammer","full_name":"Brammer, Gabriel"},{"first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Weibel","full_name":"Weibel, Andrea"},{"last_name":"Xiao","first_name":"Mengyuan","full_name":"Xiao, Mengyuan"},{"full_name":"Stefanon, Mauro","first_name":"Mauro","last_name":"Stefanon"},{"first_name":"Fabian","last_name":"Walter","full_name":"Walter, Fabian"},{"first_name":"Jorryt J","last_name":"Matthee","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720","full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J"},{"last_name":"Meyer","first_name":"Romain A","full_name":"Meyer, Romain A"},{"full_name":"Wuyts, Stijn","first_name":"Stijn","last_name":"Wuyts"},{"full_name":"Reddy, Naveen","last_name":"Reddy","first_name":"Naveen"},{"first_name":"Lucie","last_name":"Rowland","full_name":"Rowland, Lucie"},{"full_name":"van Leeuwen, Ivana","first_name":"Ivana","last_name":"van Leeuwen"},{"first_name":"Pablo Arrabal","last_name":"Haro","full_name":"Haro, Pablo Arrabal"},{"first_name":"Helmut","last_name":"Dannerbauer","full_name":"Dannerbauer, Helmut"},{"full_name":"Shapley, Alice E","last_name":"Shapley","first_name":"Alice E"},{"full_name":"Chisholm, John","first_name":"John","last_name":"Chisholm"},{"full_name":"van Dokkum, Pieter","last_name":"van Dokkum","first_name":"Pieter"},{"last_name":"Labbe","first_name":"Ivo","full_name":"Labbe, Ivo"},{"full_name":"Illingworth, Garth","first_name":"Garth","last_name":"Illingworth"},{"full_name":"Schaerer, Daniel","last_name":"Schaerer","first_name":"Daniel"},{"full_name":"Shivaei, Irene","last_name":"Shivaei","first_name":"Irene"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","OA_place":"publisher","volume":537,"has_accepted_license":"1","ddc":["520"],"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"success":1,"creator":"dernst","date_created":"2026-02-09T08:39:19Z","file_name":"2025_MonthlyNoticesRAS_HerardDemanche.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","checksum":"4cbade43244eaa8b60bb05a90ae613da","file_size":2787493,"date_updated":"2026-02-09T08:39:19Z","file_id":"21169"}],"issue":"2","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1365-2966"],"issn":["0035-8711"]},"doi":"10.1093/mnras/staf030","publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","year":"2025","date_created":"2026-01-28T15:25:53Z","month":"02","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_published":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","publisher":"Oxford University Press","arxiv":1,"department":[{"_id":"JoMa"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-09T08:50:55Z","oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2026-02-09T08:39:19Z","DOAJ_listed":"1","_id":"21063","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","intvolume":" 537","type":"journal_article","acknowledgement":"We are grateful to Roberto Neri and collaborators for providing us with spatially resolved information on both the dust-continuum and [C ii] line emission from their high spatial resolution PdBI observations. This project was made possible in part by the Leiden University Fund/Bouwens Astrophysics Fund. RJB acknowledges support from NWO grants 600.065.140.11N211 (vrij competitie) and TOP grant TOP1.16.057. The Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant no. 140. Cloud-based data processing and file storage for this work is provided by the AWS Cloud Credits for Research program. Support for this work was provided by NASA through grant JWST-GO-01895 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5–26555. RPN acknowledges funding from JWST programs GO-1933 and GO-2279. Support for this work was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51515.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555. MS acknowledges support from the CIDEGENT/2021/059 grant, from project PID2019-109592GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación. This study forms part of the Astrophysics and High Energy Physics programme and was supported by MCIN with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and by Generalitat Valenciana under the project n. ASFAE/2022/025. RAM acknowledges support from the ERC Advanced Grant 740246 (Cosmic_Gas) and the Swiss National Science Foundation through project grant 200020_207349.\r\n\r\nThis work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA JWST. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5–03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with program no. 1895.\r\n\r\nThis paper made use of several publicly available software packages. We are indebted to the respective authors for their work: ipython (Pérez & Granger 2007), matplotlib (Hunter 2007), numpy (Oliphant 2006), scipy (Virtanen et al. 2020), jupyter (Kluyver et al. 2016), astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018), grizli (v1.7.11; Brammer 2018; Brammer et al. 2022), eazy (Brammer, van Dokkum & Coppi 2008), and SExtractor (Bertin & Arnouts 1996).","PlanS_conform":"1","citation":{"mla":"Herard-Demanche, Thomas, et al. “Mapping Dusty Galaxy Growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in Submm Galaxy HDF850.1 and the Surrounding Overdense Structures.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 537, no. 2, Oxford University Press, 2025, pp. 788–808, doi:10.1093/mnras/staf030.","chicago":"Herard-Demanche, Thomas, Rychard J Bouwens, Pascal A Oesch, Rohan P Naidu, Roberto Decarli, Erica J Nelson, Gabriel Brammer, et al. “Mapping Dusty Galaxy Growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in Submm Galaxy HDF850.1 and the Surrounding Overdense Structures.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf030.","apa":"Herard-Demanche, T., Bouwens, R. J., Oesch, P. A., Naidu, R. P., Decarli, R., Nelson, E. J., … Shivaei, I. (2025). Mapping dusty galaxy growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in submm galaxy HDF850.1 and the surrounding overdense structures. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf030","ista":"Herard-Demanche T, Bouwens RJ, Oesch PA, Naidu RP, Decarli R, Nelson EJ, Brammer G, Weibel A, Xiao M, Stefanon M, Walter F, Matthee JJ, Meyer RA, Wuyts S, Reddy N, Rowland L, van Leeuwen I, Haro PA, Dannerbauer H, Shapley AE, Chisholm J, van Dokkum P, Labbe I, Illingworth G, Schaerer D, Shivaei I. 2025. Mapping dusty galaxy growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in submm galaxy HDF850.1 and the surrounding overdense structures. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 537(2), 788–808.","ama":"Herard-Demanche T, Bouwens RJ, Oesch PA, et al. Mapping dusty galaxy growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in submm galaxy HDF850.1 and the surrounding overdense structures. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2025;537(2):788-808. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf030","ieee":"T. Herard-Demanche et al., “Mapping dusty galaxy growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in submm galaxy HDF850.1 and the surrounding overdense structures,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 537, no. 2. Oxford University Press, pp. 788–808, 2025.","short":"T. Herard-Demanche, R.J. Bouwens, P.A. Oesch, R.P. Naidu, R. Decarli, E.J. Nelson, G. Brammer, A. Weibel, M. Xiao, M. Stefanon, F. Walter, J.J. Matthee, R.A. Meyer, S. Wuyts, N. Reddy, L. Rowland, I. van Leeuwen, P.A. Haro, H. Dannerbauer, A.E. Shapley, J. Chisholm, P. van Dokkum, I. Labbe, G. Illingworth, D. Schaerer, I. Shivaei, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 537 (2025) 788–808."},"day":"01","status":"public","OA_type":"gold","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"}},{"citation":{"mla":"Montagna, Francesco, et al. “Score Matching through the Roof: Linear, Nonlinear, and Latent Variables Causal Discovery.” Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, vol. 275, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 552–605.","chicago":"Montagna, Francesco, Philipp Faller, Patrik Blöbaum, Elke Kirschbaum, and Francesco Locatello. “Score Matching through the Roof: Linear, Nonlinear, and Latent Variables Causal Discovery.” In Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, 275:552–605. ML Research Press, 2025.","apa":"Montagna, F., Faller, P., Blöbaum, P., Kirschbaum, E., & Locatello, F. (2025). Score matching through the roof: Linear, nonlinear, and latent variables causal discovery. In Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning (Vol. 275, pp. 552–605). Lausanne, Switzerland: ML Research Press.","ama":"Montagna F, Faller P, Blöbaum P, Kirschbaum E, Locatello F. Score matching through the roof: Linear, nonlinear, and latent variables causal discovery. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning. Vol 275. ML Research Press; 2025:552-605.","ista":"Montagna F, Faller P, Blöbaum P, Kirschbaum E, Locatello F. 2025. Score matching through the roof: Linear, nonlinear, and latent variables causal discovery. Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning. CLeaR: Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, PMLR, vol. 275, 552–605.","ieee":"F. Montagna, P. Faller, P. Blöbaum, E. Kirschbaum, and F. Locatello, “Score matching through the roof: Linear, nonlinear, and latent variables causal discovery,” in Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2025, vol. 275, pp. 552–605.","short":"F. Montagna, P. Faller, P. Blöbaum, E. Kirschbaum, F. Locatello, in:, Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 552–605."},"OA_type":"gold","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"alternative_title":["PMLR"],"day":"01","status":"public","oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2026-01-29T14:17:48Z","month":"05","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_published":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","publisher":"ML Research Press","department":[{"_id":"FrLo"}],"arxiv":1,"date_updated":"2026-02-10T11:54:02Z","oa_version":"Published Version","intvolume":" 275","type":"conference","acknowledgement":"Philipp M. Faller was supported by a doctoral scholarship of the Studienstiftung des deutschen\r\nVolkes (German Academic Scholarship Foundation). This work has been supported by AFOSR,\r\ngrant n. FA8655-20-1-7035. FM is supported by Programma Operativo Nazionale ricerca e innovazione 2014-2020. We thank Atalanti A. Mastakouri, Kun Zhang and Haoyue Dai for the insightful discussions.","_id":"21066","corr_author":"1","file":[{"checksum":"f2bc44b2320667d4049b3518b1f2fe5d","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","file_size":1739334,"date_updated":"2026-01-29T14:17:48Z","file_id":"21067","creator":"flocatel","success":1,"date_created":"2026-01-29T14:17:48Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"montagna25a.pdf"}],"quality_controlled":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://proceedings.mlr.press/v275/montagna25a.html"}],"ddc":["000"],"conference":{"location":"Lausanne, Switzerland","end_date":"2025-05-09","start_date":"2025-05-07","name":"CLeaR: Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning"},"year":"2025","date_created":"2026-01-29T14:19:09Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2640-3498"]},"publication":"Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning","page":"552-605","article_processing_charge":"No","abstract":[{"text":"Causal discovery from observational data holds great promise, but existing methods rely on strong assumptions about the underlying causal structure, often requiring full observability of all relevant variables. We tackle these challenges by leveraging the score function ∇logp(X)\r\n of observed variables for causal discovery and propose the following contributions. First, we generalize the existing results of identifiability with the score to additive noise models with minimal requirements on the causal mechanisms. Second, we establish conditions for inferring causal relations from the score even in the presence of hidden variables; this result is two-faced: we demonstrate the score’s potential as an alternative to conditional independence tests to infer the equivalence class of causal graphs with hidden variables, and we provide the necessary conditions for identifying direct causes in latent variable models. Building on these insights, we propose a flexible algorithm for causal discovery across linear, nonlinear, and latent variable models, which we empirically validate.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","external_id":{"arxiv":["2407.18755"]},"title":"Score matching through the roof: Linear, nonlinear, and latent variables causal discovery","author":[{"last_name":"Montagna","first_name":"Francesco","full_name":"Montagna, Francesco"},{"full_name":"Faller, Philipp","last_name":"Faller","first_name":"Philipp"},{"full_name":"Blöbaum, Patrik","last_name":"Blöbaum","first_name":"Patrik"},{"full_name":"Kirschbaum, Elke","first_name":"Elke","last_name":"Kirschbaum"},{"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Locatello","orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683","id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4","full_name":"Locatello, Francesco"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","OA_place":"publisher","volume":275},{"scopus_import":"1","_id":"21089","type":"conference","acknowledgement":"This work was supported in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) SFB project SpyCoDe 10.55776/F85 and by the ERC Advanced Grant VAMOS 101020093.","intvolume":" 360","oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2026-02-11T09:35:04Z","publisher":"Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik","arxiv":1,"department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"date_published":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","month":"12","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-02-11T09:33:20Z","oa":1,"day":"09","status":"public","alternative_title":["LIPIcs"],"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"OA_type":"gold","ec_funded":1,"project":[{"name":"Interface Theory for Security and Privacy","grant_number":"F8502","_id":"34a1b658-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c75229f0241e"},{"grant_number":"101020093","_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d","name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"citation":{"short":"M. Chalupa, T.A. Henzinger, A.A. Oliveira da Costa, in:, 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025, p. 20:1-20:18.","ieee":"M. Chalupa, T. A. Henzinger, and A. A. Oliveira da Costa, “Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics,” in 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, Pilani, India, 2025, vol. 360, p. 20:1-20:18.","ama":"Chalupa M, Henzinger TA, Oliveira da Costa AA. Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics. In: 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science. Vol 360. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik; 2025:20:1-20:18. doi:10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20","ista":"Chalupa M, Henzinger TA, Oliveira da Costa AA. 2025. Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics. 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science. FSTTCS: Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, LIPIcs, vol. 360, 20:1-20:18.","chicago":"Chalupa, Marek, Thomas A Henzinger, and Ana A Oliveira da Costa. “Flavors of Quantifiers in Hyperlogics.” In 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, 360:20:1-20:18. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20.","apa":"Chalupa, M., Henzinger, T. A., & Oliveira da Costa, A. A. (2025). Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics. In 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (Vol. 360, p. 20:1-20:18). Pilani, India: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20","mla":"Chalupa, Marek, et al. “Flavors of Quantifiers in Hyperlogics.” 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 360, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025, p. 20:1-20:18, doi:10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20."},"volume":360,"OA_place":"publisher","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"first_name":"Marek","last_name":"Chalupa","id":"87e34708-d6c6-11ec-9f5b-9391e7be2463","full_name":"Chalupa, Marek"},{"last_name":"Henzinger","first_name":"Thomas A","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724"},{"full_name":"Oliveira da Costa, Ana A","id":"8b282559-50b0-11ef-861e-d6ace0d92e9b","first_name":"Ana A","last_name":"Oliveira da Costa"}],"title":"Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics","external_id":{"arxiv":["2510.12298"]},"publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Hypertrace logic is a sorted first-order logic with separate sorts for time and execution traces. Its formulas specify hyperproperties, which are properties relating multiple traces. In this work, we extend hypertrace logic by introducing trace quantifiers that range over the set of all possible traces. In this extended logic, formulas can quantify over two kinds of trace variables: constrained trace variables, which range over a fixed set of traces defined by the model, and unconstrained trace variables, which can be assigned to any trace. In comparison, hyperlogics such as HyperLTL have only constrained trace quantifiers. We use hypertrace logic to study how different quantifier patterns affect the decidability of the satisfiability problem. We prove that hypertrace logic without constrained trace quantifiers is equivalent to monadic second-order logic of one successor (S1S), and therefore satisfiable, and that the trace-prefixed fragment (all trace quantifiers precede all time quantifiers) is equivalent to HyperQPTL. Moreover, we show that all hypertrace formulas where the only alternation between constrained trace quantifiers is from an existential to a universal quantifier are equisatisfiable to formulas without constraints on their trace variables and, therefore, decidable as well. Our framework allows us to study also time-prefixed hyperlogics, for which we provide new decidability and undecidability results."}],"article_processing_charge":"No","page":"20:1-20:18","publication":"45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science","doi":"10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20","date_created":"2026-01-29T15:39:15Z","year":"2025","ddc":["000"],"conference":{"name":"FSTTCS: Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science","start_date":"2025-12-17","location":"Pilani, India","end_date":"2025-12-19"},"has_accepted_license":"1","quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"file_id":"21213","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"8188ee5c7b14193d48eeb655e9bbdc47","relation":"main_file","file_size":933970,"date_updated":"2026-02-11T09:33:20Z","date_created":"2026-02-11T09:33:20Z","file_name":"2025_LIPIcS_Chalupa.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"creator":"dernst"}],"corr_author":"1"},{"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.20711"}],"conference":{"start_date":"2025-09-15","name":"RV: Runtime Verification","location":"Graz, Austria","end_date":"2025-09-19"},"corr_author":"1","quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0302-9743"],"eisbn":["9783032054357"],"eissn":["1611-3349"]},"doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1","publication":"25th International Conference on Runtime Verification","year":"2025","date_created":"2026-01-29T16:01:41Z","title":"Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective","page":"1-21","article_processing_charge":"No","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Fairness in AI is traditionally studied as a static property evaluated once, over a fixed dataset. However, real-world AI systems operate sequentially, with outcomes and environments evolving over time. This paper proposes a framework for analysing fairness as a runtime property. Using a minimal yet expressive model based on sequences of coin tosses with possibly evolving biases, we study the problems of monitoring and enforcing fairness expressed in either toss outcomes or coin biases. Since there is no one-size-fits-all solution for either problem, we provide a summary of monitoring and enforcement strategies, parametrised by environment dynamics, prediction horizon, and confidence thresholds. For both problems, we present general results under simple or minimal assumptions. We survey existing solutions for the monitoring problem for Markovian and additive dynamics, and existing solutions for the enforcement problem in static settings with known dynamics."}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2507.20711"]},"publication_status":"published","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"first_name":"Filip","last_name":"Cano Cordoba","full_name":"Cano Cordoba, Filip","id":"708cad98-e86a-11ef-8098-bdae2d7c6af1","orcid":"0000-0002-0783-904X"},{"last_name":"Henzinger","first_name":"Thomas A","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8974-2542","id":"8121a2d0-dc85-11ea-9058-af578f3b4515","full_name":"Kueffner, Konstantin","first_name":"Konstantin","last_name":"Kueffner"}],"OA_place":"repository","volume":16087,"citation":{"mla":"Cano Cordoba, Filip, et al. “Algorithmic Fairness: A Runtime Perspective.” 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, vol. 16087, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 1–21, doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1.","chicago":"Cano Cordoba, Filip, Thomas A Henzinger, and Konstantin Kueffner. “Algorithmic Fairness: A Runtime Perspective.” In 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, 16087:1–21. Springer Nature, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1.","apa":"Cano Cordoba, F., Henzinger, T. A., & Kueffner, K. (2025). Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. In 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification (Vol. 16087, pp. 1–21). Graz, Austria: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1","ista":"Cano Cordoba F, Henzinger TA, Kueffner K. 2025. Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. RV: Runtime Verification, LNCS, vol. 16087, 1–21.","ama":"Cano Cordoba F, Henzinger TA, Kueffner K. Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. In: 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. Vol 16087. Springer Nature; 2025:1-21. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1","ieee":"F. Cano Cordoba, T. A. Henzinger, and K. Kueffner, “Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective,” in 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Graz, Austria, 2025, vol. 16087, pp. 1–21.","short":"F. Cano Cordoba, T.A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, in:, 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 1–21."},"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software","_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d","grant_number":"101020093"}],"alternative_title":["LNCS"],"status":"public","day":"13","OA_type":"green","ec_funded":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"09","date_published":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"arxiv":1,"publisher":"Springer Nature","date_updated":"2026-02-16T11:57:00Z","oa":1,"_id":"21090","intvolume":" 16087","oa_version":"Preprint","type":"conference","acknowledgement":"This work is supported by the European Research Council under Grant No.: ERC-2020-AdG 101020093."},{"page":"54-72","article_processing_charge":"No","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Neural certificates have emerged as a powerful tool in cyber-physical systems control, providing witnesses of correctness. These certificates, such as barrier functions, often learned alongside control policies, once verified, serve as mathematical proofs of system safety. However, traditional formal verification of their defining conditions typically faces scalability challenges due to exhaustive state-space exploration. To address this challenge, we propose a lightweight runtime monitoring framework that integrates real-time verification and does not require access to the underlying control policy. Our monitor observes the system during deployment and performs on-the-fly verification of the certificate over a lookahead region to ensure safety within a finite prediction horizon. We instantiate this framework for ReLU-based control barrier functions and demonstrate its practical effectiveness in a case study. Our approach enables timely detection of safety violations and incorrect certificates with minimal overhead, providing an effective but lightweight alternative to the static verification of the certificates."}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2507.11987"]},"publication_status":"published","title":"Formal verification of neural certificates done dynamically","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724","last_name":"Henzinger","first_name":"Thomas A"},{"full_name":"Kueffner, Konstantin","id":"8121a2d0-dc85-11ea-9058-af578f3b4515","orcid":"0000-0001-8974-2542","first_name":"Konstantin","last_name":"Kueffner"},{"full_name":"Yu, Zhengqi","orcid":"0000-0002-4993-773X","id":"20aa2ae8-f2f1-11ed-bbfa-8205053f1342","first_name":"Zhengqi","last_name":"Yu"}],"OA_place":"repository","volume":16087,"corr_author":"1","quality_controlled":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.11987"}],"conference":{"start_date":"2025-09-15","name":"RV: Runtime Verification","location":"Graz, Austria","end_date":"2025-09-19"},"year":"2025","date_created":"2026-01-29T16:03:01Z","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_4","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0302-9743"],"eisbn":["9783032054357"],"eissn":["1611-3349"]},"publication":"25th International Conference on Runtime Verification","oa":1,"month":"09","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_published":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","arxiv":1,"department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature","date_updated":"2026-02-16T11:53:25Z","oa_version":"Preprint","intvolume":" 16087","type":"conference","acknowledgement":"This work is supported by the European Research Council under Grant No.: ERC-2020-AdG 101020093.","_id":"21091","citation":{"short":"T.A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, E. Yu, in:, 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 54–72.","ieee":"T. A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, and E. Yu, “Formal verification of neural certificates done dynamically,” in 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Graz, Austria, 2025, vol. 16087, pp. 54–72.","ista":"Henzinger TA, Kueffner K, Yu E. 2025. Formal verification of neural certificates done dynamically. 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. RV: Runtime Verification, LNCS, vol. 16087, 54–72.","ama":"Henzinger TA, Kueffner K, Yu E. Formal verification of neural certificates done dynamically. In: 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. Vol 16087. Springer Nature; 2025:54-72. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_4","chicago":"Henzinger, Thomas A, Konstantin Kueffner, and Emily Yu. “Formal Verification of Neural Certificates Done Dynamically.” In 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, 16087:54–72. Springer Nature, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_4.","apa":"Henzinger, T. A., Kueffner, K., & Yu, E. (2025). Formal verification of neural certificates done dynamically. In 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification (Vol. 16087, pp. 54–72). Graz, Austria: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_4","mla":"Henzinger, Thomas A., et al. “Formal Verification of Neural Certificates Done Dynamically.” 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, vol. 16087, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 54–72, doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_4."},"project":[{"name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101020093","_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d"}],"ec_funded":1,"OA_type":"green","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"status":"public","day":"13"},{"oa":1,"date_updated":"2026-02-16T11:56:38Z","arxiv":1,"publisher":"Springer Nature","department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"date_published":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"09","type":"conference","acknowledgement":"This work is supported by the European Research Council under Grant No.: ERC-2020-AdG 101020093.","oa_version":"Preprint","intvolume":" 16087","_id":"21092","project":[{"name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101020093","_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d"}],"citation":{"apa":"Henzinger, T. A., Kueffner, K., Singh, V., & Sun, I. (2025). Alignment monitoring. In 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification (Vol. 16087, pp. 140–159). Graz, Austria: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9","chicago":"Henzinger, Thomas A, Konstantin Kueffner, Vasu Singh, and I Sun. “Alignment Monitoring.” In 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, 16087:140–59. Springer Nature, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9.","mla":"Henzinger, Thomas A., et al. “Alignment Monitoring.” 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, vol. 16087, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 140–59, doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9.","short":"T.A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, V. Singh, I. Sun, in:, 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 140–159.","ieee":"T. A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, V. Singh, and I. Sun, “Alignment monitoring,” in 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Graz, Austria, 2025, vol. 16087, pp. 140–159.","ama":"Henzinger TA, Kueffner K, Singh V, Sun I. Alignment monitoring. In: 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. Vol 16087. Springer Nature; 2025:140-159. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9","ista":"Henzinger TA, Kueffner K, Singh V, Sun I. 2025. Alignment monitoring. 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. RV: Runtime Verification, LNCS, vol. 16087, 140–159."},"OA_type":"green","ec_funded":1,"day":"13","status":"public","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2508.00021"]},"publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Formal verification provides assurances that a probabilistic system satisfies its specification—conditioned on the system model being aligned with reality. We propose alignment monitoring to watch that this assumption is justified. We consider a probabilistic model well aligned if it accurately predicts the behaviour of an uncertain system in advance. An alignment score measures this by quantifying the similarity between the model’s predicted and the system’s (unknown) actual distributions. An alignment monitor observes the system at runtime; at each point in time it uses the current state and the model to predict the next state. After the next state is observed, the monitor updates the verdict, which is a high-probability interval estimate for the true alignment score. We utilize tools from sequential forecasting to construct our alignment monitors. Besides a monitor for measuring the expected alignment score, we introduce a differential alignment monitor, designed for comparing two models, and a weighted alignment monitor, which permits task-specific alignment monitoring. We evaluate our monitors experimentally on the PRISM benchmark suite. They are fast, memory-efficient, and detect misalignment early."}],"article_processing_charge":"No","page":"140-159","title":"Alignment monitoring","volume":16087,"OA_place":"repository","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"last_name":"Henzinger","first_name":"Thomas A","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724"},{"full_name":"Kueffner, Konstantin","orcid":"0000-0001-8974-2542","id":"8121a2d0-dc85-11ea-9058-af578f3b4515","last_name":"Kueffner","first_name":"Konstantin"},{"id":"4DAE2708-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Singh, Vasu","first_name":"Vasu","last_name":"Singh"},{"full_name":"Sun, I","last_name":"Sun","first_name":"I"}],"quality_controlled":"1","corr_author":"1","conference":{"location":"Graz, Austria","end_date":"2025-09-19","name":"RV: Runtime Verification","start_date":"2025-09-15"},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.00021","open_access":"1"}],"date_created":"2026-01-29T16:03:43Z","year":"2025","publication":"25th International Conference on Runtime Verification","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0302-9743"],"eisbn":["9783032054357"],"eissn":["1611-3349"]},"doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9"},{"oa":1,"date_published":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"09","date_updated":"2026-02-16T11:59:20Z","department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature","arxiv":1,"intvolume":" 16087","oa_version":"Preprint","acknowledgement":"This work was supported in part by the ERC-2020-AdG 101020093 and in part by the FWF-2022-SFB F8502 (SPyCoDe).","type":"conference","_id":"21093","citation":{"mla":"Chalupa, Marek, et al. “Monitoring Hypernode Logic over Infinite Domains.” 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, vol. 16087, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 417–37, doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23.","chicago":"Chalupa, Marek, Thomas A Henzinger, and Ana A Oliveira da Costa. “Monitoring Hypernode Logic over Infinite Domains.” In 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, 16087:417–37. Springer Nature, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23.","apa":"Chalupa, M., Henzinger, T. A., & Oliveira da Costa, A. A. (2025). Monitoring hypernode logic over infinite domains. In 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification (Vol. 16087, pp. 417–437). Graz, Austria: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23","ama":"Chalupa M, Henzinger TA, Oliveira da Costa AA. Monitoring hypernode logic over infinite domains. In: 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. Vol 16087. Springer Nature; 2025:417-437. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23","ista":"Chalupa M, Henzinger TA, Oliveira da Costa AA. 2025. Monitoring hypernode logic over infinite domains. 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. RV: Runtime Verification, LNCS, vol. 16087, 417–437.","ieee":"M. Chalupa, T. A. Henzinger, and A. A. Oliveira da Costa, “Monitoring hypernode logic over infinite domains,” in 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Graz, Austria, 2025, vol. 16087, pp. 417–437.","short":"M. Chalupa, T.A. Henzinger, A.A. Oliveira da Costa, in:, 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 417–437."},"project":[{"_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d","grant_number":"101020093","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software"},{"_id":"34a1b658-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c75229f0241e","grant_number":"F8502","name":"Interface Theory for Security and Privacy"}],"ec_funded":1,"OA_type":"green","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"status":"public","day":"13","article_processing_charge":"No","page":"417-437","publication_status":"published","external_id":{"arxiv":["2508.02301"]},"abstract":[{"text":"We propose a monitoring approach for hyperproperties where the system’s observations range over infinite domains. The specifications are given as formulas of symbolic hypernode logic, an extension of earlier versions of hypernode logic that supports events with data. We demonstrate how to translate terms of symbolic hypernode logic into multi-tape symbolic transducers and we present a monitoring algorithm for universally quantified formulas that is based on this translation. We evaluate our approach against the previous approach for monitoring hypernode logic, and we also compare it to other monitors for hyperproperties.","lang":"eng"}],"title":"Monitoring hypernode logic over infinite domains","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"id":"87e34708-d6c6-11ec-9f5b-9391e7be2463","full_name":"Chalupa, Marek","last_name":"Chalupa","first_name":"Marek"},{"full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Henzinger","first_name":"Thomas A"},{"full_name":"Oliveira da Costa, Ana A","id":"8b282559-50b0-11ef-861e-d6ace0d92e9b","first_name":"Ana A","last_name":"Oliveira da Costa"}],"OA_place":"repository","volume":16087,"corr_author":"1","quality_controlled":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.02301"}],"conference":{"name":"RV: Runtime Verification","start_date":"2025-09-15","location":"Graz, Austria","end_date":"2025-09-19"},"date_created":"2026-01-29T16:04:31Z","year":"2025","publication_identifier":{"eisbn":["9783032054357"],"issn":["0302-9743"],"eissn":["1611-3349"]},"doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23","publication":"25th International Conference on Runtime Verification"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"12","date_published":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","department":[{"_id":"ZoHa"}],"arxiv":1,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:02:39Z","oa":1,"DOAJ_listed":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-02-10T06:56:37Z","_id":"21121","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","intvolume":" 995","type":"journal_article","acknowledgement":"This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with programs GO #1967 and GO #3859. The specific observations analyzed can be accessed via DOI: 10.17909/719q-cn32. Support for these programs was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127. This work was supported by World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan. This work used computing resources at Kavli IPMU. J.S. is supported by JSPS KAKENHI (JP22H01262). M.O. is supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant No. 24K22894. Y.M. was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant No. 21H04494. M.V. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Independent Research Fund Denmark via grant numbers DFF 8021-00130 and 3103-00146 and from the Carlsberg Foundation via grant CF23-0417. S.E.I.B. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Emmy Noether grant number BO 5771/1-1. K.I. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12073003, 11721303, 11991052). K.I. acknowledges support under the grant PID2022-136827NB-C44 provided by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 / FEDER, UE. A.L. acknowledges support from PRIN MUR 2022— Project “2022935STW.” J.T.S. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—project number 518006966. F.W. acknowledges support from NSF award AST-2513040. M.H. acknowledges support from the FNS under the SNSF starting grant 218032. B.T. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 950533) and from the Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, which is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy—EXC 2094—390783311.","PlanS_conform":"1","citation":{"apa":"Silverman, J. D., Li, J., Ding, X., Onoue, M., Strauss, M. A., Matsuoka, Y., … Yang, J. (2025). SHELLQs–JWST perspective on the intrinsic mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at z > 6. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c","chicago":"Silverman, John David, Junyao Li, Xuheng Ding, Masafusa Onoue, Michael A. Strauss, Yoshiki Matsuoka, Takuma Izumi, et al. “SHELLQs–JWST Perspective on the Intrinsic Mass Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies at z > 6.” The Astrophysical Journal Letters. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c.","mla":"Silverman, John David, et al. “SHELLQs–JWST Perspective on the Intrinsic Mass Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies at z > 6.” The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 995, no. 2, L67, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c.","short":"J.D. Silverman, J. Li, X. Ding, M. Onoue, M.A. Strauss, Y. Matsuoka, T. Izumi, K. Jahnke, T. Treu, M. Volonteri, C.L. Phillips, I.T. Andika, K. Aoki, J. Arita, S. Baba, S.E.I. Bosman, A.-C. Eilers, X. Fan, S. Fujimoto, M. Habouzit, Z. Haiman, M. Imanishi, K. Inayoshi, K. Iwasawa, N. Kashikawa, T. Kawaguchi, C.-H. Lee, A. Lupi, T. Nagao, J.-T. Schindler, M. Schramm, K. Shimasaku, Y. Toba, B. Trakhtenbrot, H. Umehata, M. Vestergaard, F. Walter, F. Wang, J. Yang, The Astrophysical Journal Letters 995 (2025).","ieee":"J. D. Silverman et al., “SHELLQs–JWST perspective on the intrinsic mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at z > 6,” The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 995, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2025.","ama":"Silverman JD, Li J, Ding X, et al. SHELLQs–JWST perspective on the intrinsic mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at z > 6. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2025;995(2). doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c","ista":"Silverman JD, Li J, Ding X, Onoue M, Strauss MA, Matsuoka Y, Izumi T, Jahnke K, Treu T, Volonteri M, Phillips CL, Andika IT, Aoki K, Arita J, Baba S, Bosman SEI, Eilers A-C, Fan X, Fujimoto S, Habouzit M, Haiman Z, Imanishi M, Inayoshi K, Iwasawa K, Kashikawa N, Kawaguchi T, Lee C-H, Lupi A, Nagao T, Schindler J-T, Schramm M, Shimasaku K, Toba Y, Trakhtenbrot B, Umehata H, Vestergaard M, Walter F, Wang F, Yang J. 2025. SHELLQs–JWST perspective on the intrinsic mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at z > 6. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 995(2), L67."},"status":"public","day":"17","OA_type":"gold","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"title":"SHELLQs–JWST perspective on the intrinsic mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at z > 6","article_processing_charge":"Yes","abstract":[{"text":"The relation between the masses of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies encodes information on their mode of growth, especially at the earliest epochs. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has opened such investigations by detecting the host galaxies of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and more luminous quasars within the first billion years of the Universe (z ≳ 6). Here, we evaluate the relation between the mass of SMBHs and the total stellar mass of their host galaxies using a sample of nine quasars at 6.18 ≤ z ≤ 6.4 from the Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-luminosity Quasars survey with NIRCam and NIRSpec observations. We find that the observed location of these quasars in the SMBH–galaxy mass plane (logMBH/M 8–9; logM*/M 9.5–11) is consistent with a nonevolving intrinsic mass relation with dispersion (0.80 +0.23 -0.28 dex) higher than the local value (∼0.3–0.4 dex) of their more massive descendants. Our analysis is based on a forward model of systematics and includes a consideration of the impact of selection effects and measurement uncertainties with an assumption on the slope of the mass relation. While degeneracies between parameters persist, the best-fit solution has a reasonable AGN fraction (2.3%) of galaxies at z ∼ 6 with an actively growing UV-unobscured black hole. In particular, models with a substantially higher normalisation in MBH would require an unrealistically low intrinsic dispersion (∼0.22 dex). Consequently, our results predict a large population of AGN at lower black hole masses, as are now just starting to be discovered in focused efforts with JWST.","lang":"eng"}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2507.23066"]},"publication_status":"published","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"full_name":"Silverman, John David","last_name":"Silverman","first_name":"John David"},{"last_name":"Li","first_name":"Junyao","full_name":"Li, Junyao"},{"full_name":"Ding, Xuheng","last_name":"Ding","first_name":"Xuheng"},{"full_name":"Onoue, Masafusa","last_name":"Onoue","first_name":"Masafusa"},{"full_name":"Strauss, Michael A.","first_name":"Michael A.","last_name":"Strauss"},{"first_name":"Yoshiki","last_name":"Matsuoka","full_name":"Matsuoka, Yoshiki"},{"last_name":"Izumi","first_name":"Takuma","full_name":"Izumi, Takuma"},{"full_name":"Jahnke, Knud","last_name":"Jahnke","first_name":"Knud"},{"last_name":"Treu","first_name":"Tommaso","full_name":"Treu, Tommaso"},{"last_name":"Volonteri","first_name":"Marta","full_name":"Volonteri, Marta"},{"first_name":"Camryn L.","last_name":"Phillips","full_name":"Phillips, Camryn L."},{"first_name":"Irham T.","last_name":"Andika","full_name":"Andika, Irham T."},{"full_name":"Aoki, Kentaro","first_name":"Kentaro","last_name":"Aoki"},{"full_name":"Arita, Junya","last_name":"Arita","first_name":"Junya"},{"full_name":"Baba, Shunsuke","first_name":"Shunsuke","last_name":"Baba"},{"full_name":"Bosman, Sarah E. I.","last_name":"Bosman","first_name":"Sarah E. I."},{"first_name":"Anna-Christina","last_name":"Eilers","full_name":"Eilers, Anna-Christina"},{"full_name":"Fan, Xiaohui","last_name":"Fan","first_name":"Xiaohui"},{"first_name":"Seiji","last_name":"Fujimoto","full_name":"Fujimoto, Seiji"},{"full_name":"Habouzit, Melanie","last_name":"Habouzit","first_name":"Melanie"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman","first_name":"Zoltán"},{"full_name":"Imanishi, Masatoshi","last_name":"Imanishi","first_name":"Masatoshi"},{"last_name":"Inayoshi","first_name":"Kohei","full_name":"Inayoshi, Kohei"},{"full_name":"Iwasawa, Kazushi","first_name":"Kazushi","last_name":"Iwasawa"},{"last_name":"Kashikawa","first_name":"Nobunari","full_name":"Kashikawa, Nobunari"},{"full_name":"Kawaguchi, Toshihiro","last_name":"Kawaguchi","first_name":"Toshihiro"},{"full_name":"Lee, Chien-Hsiu","last_name":"Lee","first_name":"Chien-Hsiu"},{"full_name":"Lupi, Alessandro","last_name":"Lupi","first_name":"Alessandro"},{"first_name":"Tohru","last_name":"Nagao","full_name":"Nagao, Tohru"},{"full_name":"Schindler, Jan-Torge","last_name":"Schindler","first_name":"Jan-Torge"},{"full_name":"Schramm, Malte","first_name":"Malte","last_name":"Schramm"},{"last_name":"Shimasaku","first_name":"Kazuhiro","full_name":"Shimasaku, Kazuhiro"},{"full_name":"Toba, Yoshiki","first_name":"Yoshiki","last_name":"Toba"},{"last_name":"Trakhtenbrot","first_name":"Benny","full_name":"Trakhtenbrot, Benny"},{"first_name":"Hideki","last_name":"Umehata","full_name":"Umehata, Hideki"},{"full_name":"Vestergaard, Marianne","first_name":"Marianne","last_name":"Vestergaard"},{"first_name":"Fabian","last_name":"Walter","full_name":"Walter, Fabian"},{"full_name":"Wang, Feige","last_name":"Wang","first_name":"Feige"},{"last_name":"Yang","first_name":"Jinyi","full_name":"Yang, Jinyi"}],"OA_place":"publisher","volume":995,"has_accepted_license":"1","ddc":["520"],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2025_AstrophysicalJounalLetters_Silvermann.pdf","date_created":"2026-02-10T06:56:37Z","creator":"dernst","success":1,"file_id":"21202","date_updated":"2026-02-10T06:56:37Z","file_size":997137,"checksum":"e38c0c444be9c1507eec28c62ce04cbc","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access"}],"quality_controlled":"1","issue":"2","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-8213"],"issn":["2041-8205"]},"doi":"10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c","publication":"The Astrophysical Journal Letters","year":"2025","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:27:53Z","article_number":"L67"},{"title":"Thermal X-ray signatures in late-stage unequal-mass massive black hole binary mergers","publication_status":"published","external_id":{"arxiv":["2503.01494"]},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The multimessenger combination of gravitational waves (GWs) from merging massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) and the electromagnetic (EM) counterpart from the surrounding circumbinary disc (CBD) will open avenues to new scientific pursuits. In order to realize this science, we need to correctly localize the host galaxy of the merging MBHB. Multiwavelength, time-dependent EM signatures can greatly facilitate the identification of the unique EM counterpart among many sources in LISA’s localization volume. To this end, we studied merging unequal-mass MBHBs embedded in a CBD using high-resolution 2D simulations, with a $\\Gamma$-law equation of state, incorporating viscous heating, shock heating, and radiative cooling. We simulate each binary starting from before it decouples from the CBD until just after the merger. We compute EM signatures and identify distinct features before, during, and after the merger. We corroborate previous findings of a several orders of magnitude drop in the thermal X-ray luminosity near the time of merger, but with delayed timing compared to an equal-mass system. The source remains X-ray dark for hours post-merger. Our main results are a potential new signature of a sharp spike in the thermal X-ray emission just before the tell-tale steep drop occurs. This feature may further help to identify EM counterparts of LISA’s unequal MBHBs before merger without the need for extensive pre-merger monitoring. Additionally, we find a role-reversal in which the primary out-accretes the secondary during late inspiral, which may diminish signatures originating from Doppler modulation."}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","page":"2670-2685","volume":543,"OA_place":"publisher","author":[{"full_name":"Krauth, Luke Major","first_name":"Luke Major","last_name":"Krauth"},{"first_name":"Jordy","last_name":"Davelaar","full_name":"Davelaar, Jordy"},{"id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman","first_name":"Zoltán"},{"last_name":"Westernacher-Schneider","first_name":"John Ryan","full_name":"Westernacher-Schneider, John Ryan"},{"last_name":"Zrake","first_name":"Jonathan","full_name":"Zrake, Jonathan"},{"full_name":"MacFadyen, Andrew","last_name":"MacFadyen","first_name":"Andrew"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","ddc":["520"],"has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"file_id":"21203","checksum":"f9b4c6a606df9493f6eb6af5ebcca6db","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","file_size":3689696,"date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:07:17Z","date_created":"2026-02-10T07:07:17Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2025_MonthlyNoticesRAS_Krauth.pdf","creator":"dernst","success":1}],"quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","doi":"10.1093/mnras/staf1583","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0035-8711"],"eissn":["1365-2966"]},"issue":"3","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:28:28Z","year":"2025","date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:10:21Z","arxiv":1,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","department":[{"_id":"ZoHa"}],"date_published":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"11","DOAJ_listed":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:07:17Z","oa":1,"_id":"21122","acknowledgement":"We acknowledge support from the Nationale Wetenschapsagenda Roadmap grant ‘Gravitational Waves Laser Interferometer Space Antenna/Einstein Telescope: Shivers from the Deep Universe: A National Infrastructure for Gravitational Wave Research’ (LMK), National Science Foundation grant AST-2006176 (ZH), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astrophysics Theory Program grant 80NSSC22K0822 (AM and ZH). JD was supported by National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51552.001A, awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under National Aeronautics and Space Administration contract NAS5-26555. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant no. NSF PHY-1748958. This research has made use of National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Astrophysics Data System. Resources supporting this work were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center. Software: python (Oliphant 2007; Millman & Aivazis 2011), scipy (Jones et al. 2001), numpy (van der Walt, Colbert & Varoquaux 2011), and matplotlib (Hunter 2007).","type":"journal_article","intvolume":" 543","oa_version":"Published Version","article_type":"original","citation":{"ama":"Krauth LM, Davelaar J, Haiman Z, Westernacher-Schneider JR, Zrake J, MacFadyen A. Thermal X-ray signatures in late-stage unequal-mass massive black hole binary mergers. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2025;543(3):2670-2685. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1583","ista":"Krauth LM, Davelaar J, Haiman Z, Westernacher-Schneider JR, Zrake J, MacFadyen A. 2025. Thermal X-ray signatures in late-stage unequal-mass massive black hole binary mergers. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 543(3), 2670–2685.","ieee":"L. M. Krauth, J. Davelaar, Z. Haiman, J. R. Westernacher-Schneider, J. Zrake, and A. MacFadyen, “Thermal X-ray signatures in late-stage unequal-mass massive black hole binary mergers,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 543, no. 3. Oxford University Press, pp. 2670–2685, 2025.","short":"L.M. Krauth, J. Davelaar, Z. Haiman, J.R. Westernacher-Schneider, J. Zrake, A. MacFadyen, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 543 (2025) 2670–2685.","mla":"Krauth, Luke Major, et al. “Thermal X-Ray Signatures in Late-Stage Unequal-Mass Massive Black Hole Binary Mergers.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 543, no. 3, Oxford University Press, 2025, pp. 2670–85, doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1583.","chicago":"Krauth, Luke Major, Jordy Davelaar, Zoltán Haiman, John Ryan Westernacher-Schneider, Jonathan Zrake, and Andrew MacFadyen. “Thermal X-Ray Signatures in Late-Stage Unequal-Mass Massive Black Hole Binary Mergers.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1583.","apa":"Krauth, L. M., Davelaar, J., Haiman, Z., Westernacher-Schneider, J. R., Zrake, J., & MacFadyen, A. (2025). Thermal X-ray signatures in late-stage unequal-mass massive black hole binary mergers. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1583"},"PlanS_conform":"1","day":"01","status":"public","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"OA_type":"gold"},{"has_accepted_license":"1","ddc":["520"],"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"file_id":"21205","date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:19:52Z","file_size":8071909,"relation":"main_file","checksum":"65d0a3af314b5706407ad1b57a4ea89d","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2025_AstrophysicalJournal_ONeill.pdf","date_created":"2026-02-10T07:19:52Z","creator":"dernst","success":1}],"doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1538-4357"],"issn":["0004-637X"]},"issue":"2","publication":"The Astrophysical Journal","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:28:50Z","year":"2025","article_number":"206","title":"Gravitational wave decoupling in retrograde circumbinary disks","article_processing_charge":"Yes","external_id":{"arxiv":["2501.11679"]},"publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We present a study of the late-time interaction between supermassive black hole binaries and retrograde circumbinary disks during the period of gravitational wave-driven inspiral. While mergers in prograde disks have received extensive study, retrograde disks offer distinct dynamics that could promote mergers and produce unique observational signatures. Through 2D numerical hydrodynamical simulations, we explore the process of binary-disk decoupling, where the binary’s orbital decay rate is faster than the disk’s viscous response rate. We find the point of decoupling to be comparable in prograde and retrograde disks, suggesting that any associated electromagnetic (EM) signatures will be produced at comparable times preceding the merger. However, we find smaller central cavities for retrograde disks, likely leading to higher-frequency EM emissions and shorter postmerger rebrightening timescales compared to their prograde counterparts. Retrograde disks form intrabinary bridges, which are prone to instabilities when the viscosity is low. These instabilities manifest as quasiperiodic flares in the accretion rate, which may produce distinctive EM signatures for retrograde disks."}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"full_name":"O’Neill, David","first_name":"David","last_name":"O’Neill"},{"full_name":"Tiede, Christopher","last_name":"Tiede","first_name":"Christopher"},{"full_name":"D’Orazio, Daniel J.","first_name":"Daniel J.","last_name":"D’Orazio"},{"id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman","first_name":"Zoltán"},{"last_name":"MacFadyen","first_name":"Andrew","full_name":"MacFadyen, Andrew"}],"volume":993,"OA_place":"publisher","citation":{"ieee":"D. O’Neill, C. Tiede, D. J. D’Orazio, Z. Haiman, and A. MacFadyen, “Gravitational wave decoupling in retrograde circumbinary disks,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 993, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2025.","short":"D. O’Neill, C. Tiede, D.J. D’Orazio, Z. Haiman, A. MacFadyen, The Astrophysical Journal 993 (2025).","ista":"O’Neill D, Tiede C, D’Orazio DJ, Haiman Z, MacFadyen A. 2025. Gravitational wave decoupling in retrograde circumbinary disks. The Astrophysical Journal. 993(2), 206.","ama":"O’Neill D, Tiede C, D’Orazio DJ, Haiman Z, MacFadyen A. Gravitational wave decoupling in retrograde circumbinary disks. The Astrophysical Journal. 2025;993(2). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8","apa":"O’Neill, D., Tiede, C., D’Orazio, D. J., Haiman, Z., & MacFadyen, A. (2025). Gravitational wave decoupling in retrograde circumbinary disks. The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8","chicago":"O’Neill, David, Christopher Tiede, Daniel J. D’Orazio, Zoltán Haiman, and Andrew MacFadyen. “Gravitational Wave Decoupling in Retrograde Circumbinary Disks.” The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8.","mla":"O’Neill, David, et al. “Gravitational Wave Decoupling in Retrograde Circumbinary Disks.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 993, no. 2, 206, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8."},"PlanS_conform":"1","day":"05","status":"public","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"OA_type":"gold","date_published":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"11","date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:22:28Z","department":[{"_id":"ZoHa"}],"arxiv":1,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","DOAJ_listed":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:19:52Z","oa":1,"_id":"21123","intvolume":" 993","oa_version":"Published Version","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","acknowledgement":"D.J.D., C.T., and D.O.N. acknowledge support from the Danish Independent Research Fund through Sapere Aude Starting grant No. 121587, led by D.J.D. We are grateful to the anonymous referee for the insightful comments and suggestions for improving the manuscript. This work was also supported in part by the LISA Preparatory Science Program (LPS) through NASA grant 80NSSC24K0440, by NASA Astrophysics Theory Program (ATP) grant 80NSSC22K0822, and by the European Union’s Horizon research and innovation program under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101148364. This work made use of the following software packages: Sailfish (J. Zrake & A. MacFadyen 2024), numpy (C. R. Harris et al. 2020), Python (G. Van Rossum & F. L. Drake 2009), and scipy (P. Virtanen et al. 2020; R. Gommers et al. 2024). Software citation information aggregated using The Software Citation Station (T. Wagg & F. S. Broekgaarden 2024; T. Wagg et al. 2024). The Tycho supercomputer hosted at the SCIENCE HPC center at the University of Copenhagen was used in this work."},{"article_processing_charge":"Yes","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The advent of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has opened new horizons in the study of quasar host galaxies during the reionization epoch (z > 6). Building upon our previous initial measurements of stellar light from two quasar host galaxies at these redshifts, we now report the detection of the stellar light from the full Cycle 1 sample of 12 distant moderate-luminosity quasar (M1450 > −24 mag) host galaxies at z > 6 from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program. Using JWST/NIRCam observations at 1.5 and 3.6 μm combined with 2D image decomposition analysis, we successfully detect the host galaxies in 11 of the 12 targets, underscoring the high detection rates achievable with moderate-luminosity quasars. Based on two-band photometry and spectral energy distribution fitting, we find that our host galaxies are massive, with log M*/M⊙ = 9.5–11.0. The effective radii range from 0.6 to 3.2 kpc, comparable to the sizes of inactive galaxies with similar masses at z ∼ 6 as measured with imaging from COSMOS-Web. Intriguingly, the two quasar hosts with post-starburst features, which reside at the high-mass end of our sample and exhibit relatively compact morphologies, have similar size and stellar mass surface densities to quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 4–5. These findings suggest that the so-called galaxy compaction scenario is already in place at the reionization epoch, in which gas inflows during starburst phases drive centrally concentrated star formation followed by rapid quenching, bridging the structural transition of massive galaxies from relatively extended star-forming disks to compact quiescent systems."}],"publication_status":"published","external_id":{"arxiv":["2505.03876"]},"title":"SHELLQs-JWST unveils the host galaxies of 12 quasars at z > 6","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"full_name":"Ding, Xuheng","first_name":"Xuheng","last_name":"Ding"},{"full_name":"Onoue, Masafusa","first_name":"Masafusa","last_name":"Onoue"},{"full_name":"Silverman, John D.","last_name":"Silverman","first_name":"John D."},{"first_name":"Yoshiki","last_name":"Matsuoka","full_name":"Matsuoka, Yoshiki"},{"last_name":"Izumi","first_name":"Takuma","full_name":"Izumi, Takuma"},{"last_name":"Strauss","first_name":"Michael A.","full_name":"Strauss, Michael A."},{"first_name":"Lilan","last_name":"Yang","full_name":"Yang, Lilan"},{"full_name":"Jahnke, Knud","first_name":"Knud","last_name":"Jahnke"},{"first_name":"Camryn L.","last_name":"Phillips","full_name":"Phillips, Camryn L."},{"full_name":"Treu, Tommaso","last_name":"Treu","first_name":"Tommaso"},{"full_name":"Andika, Irham T.","first_name":"Irham T.","last_name":"Andika"},{"full_name":"Aoki, Kentaro","last_name":"Aoki","first_name":"Kentaro"},{"last_name":"Arita","first_name":"Junya","full_name":"Arita, Junya"},{"full_name":"Baba, Shunsuke","first_name":"Shunsuke","last_name":"Baba"},{"first_name":"Sarah E. I.","last_name":"Bosman","full_name":"Bosman, Sarah E. I."},{"first_name":"Anna-Christina","last_name":"Eilers","full_name":"Eilers, Anna-Christina"},{"full_name":"Fujimoto, Seiji","last_name":"Fujimoto","first_name":"Seiji"},{"id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","first_name":"Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman"},{"last_name":"Imanishi","first_name":"Masatoshi","full_name":"Imanishi, Masatoshi"},{"first_name":"Kohei","last_name":"Inayoshi","full_name":"Inayoshi, Kohei"},{"full_name":"Iwasawa, Kazushi","first_name":"Kazushi","last_name":"Iwasawa"},{"full_name":"Kartaltepe, Jeyhan","first_name":"Jeyhan","last_name":"Kartaltepe"},{"first_name":"Nobunari","last_name":"Kashikawa","full_name":"Kashikawa, Nobunari"},{"first_name":"Toshihiro","last_name":"Kawaguchi","full_name":"Kawaguchi, Toshihiro"},{"full_name":"Li, Junyao","first_name":"Junyao","last_name":"Li"},{"last_name":"Lee","first_name":"Chien-Hsiu","full_name":"Lee, Chien-Hsiu"},{"last_name":"Lupi","first_name":"Alessandro","full_name":"Lupi, Alessandro"},{"last_name":"Schindler","first_name":"Jan-Torge","full_name":"Schindler, Jan-Torge"},{"first_name":"Malte","last_name":"Schramm","full_name":"Schramm, Malte"},{"last_name":"Shimasaku","first_name":"Kazuhiro","full_name":"Shimasaku, Kazuhiro"},{"full_name":"Shuntov, Marko","first_name":"Marko","last_name":"Shuntov"},{"full_name":"Tanaka, Takumi S.","last_name":"Tanaka","first_name":"Takumi S."},{"first_name":"Yoshiki","last_name":"Toba","full_name":"Toba, Yoshiki"},{"full_name":"Trakhtenbrot, Benny","first_name":"Benny","last_name":"Trakhtenbrot"},{"full_name":"Umehata, Hideki","last_name":"Umehata","first_name":"Hideki"},{"full_name":"Vestergaard, Marianne","last_name":"Vestergaard","first_name":"Marianne"},{"full_name":"Wang, Feige","first_name":"Feige","last_name":"Wang"},{"first_name":"Jinyi","last_name":"Yang","full_name":"Yang, Jinyi"}],"OA_place":"publisher","volume":993,"quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"success":1,"creator":"dernst","date_created":"2026-02-10T07:42:21Z","file_name":"2025_AstrophysicalJournal_Ding.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","checksum":"36decd55832a270ce62086c1a279a254","file_size":10064937,"date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:42:21Z","file_id":"21206"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","ddc":["520"],"year":"2025","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:29:11Z","article_number":"91","issue":"1","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0004-637X"],"eissn":["1538-4357"]},"publication":"The Astrophysical Journal","oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:42:21Z","DOAJ_listed":"1","month":"10","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_published":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","department":[{"_id":"ZoHa"}],"arxiv":1,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:44:42Z","article_type":"original","intvolume":" 993","oa_version":"Published Version","type":"journal_article","acknowledgement":"We sincerely thank Xiaohui Fan and Shenli Tang for their valuable discussions and insightful suggestions.\r\n\r\nThis work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA JWST. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with programs GO #1967, GO #3859, and GO #1727. Support for these programs was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127. This work was supported by the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan. This work used computing resources at Kavli IPMU. All the JWST data used in this paper can be found in MAST: doi:10.17909/hqaf-an74.\r\n\r\nSupport for this work was provided by NASA through grant JWST-GO-01727 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. X.D. is supported by Wuhan University's Double First-Class funding. M.O. is supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant No. G24K22894. Y.M. is supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant No. 21H04494. S.E.I.B. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Emmy Noether grant No. B.O. 5771/1-1. J.S. is supported by JSPS KAKENHI (JP22H01262) and the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan. K.I. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12073003, 11721303, 11991052). A.L. acknowledges support from PRIN MUR 2022—Project “2022935STW” J.T.S. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—Project No. 518006966. M.V. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Independent Research Fund Denmark via grant Nos. DFF 8021-00130 and 3103-00146. K.I. acknowledges support under grant PID2022-136827NB-C44 provided by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE. F.W. acknowledges support from NSF award AST-2513040.","_id":"21124","PlanS_conform":"1","citation":{"ista":"Ding X, Onoue M, Silverman JD, Matsuoka Y, Izumi T, Strauss MA, Yang L, Jahnke K, Phillips CL, Treu T, Andika IT, Aoki K, Arita J, Baba S, Bosman SEI, Eilers A-C, Fujimoto S, Haiman Z, Imanishi M, Inayoshi K, Iwasawa K, Kartaltepe J, Kashikawa N, Kawaguchi T, Li J, Lee C-H, Lupi A, Schindler J-T, Schramm M, Shimasaku K, Shuntov M, Tanaka TS, Toba Y, Trakhtenbrot B, Umehata H, Vestergaard M, Wang F, Yang J. 2025. SHELLQs-JWST unveils the host galaxies of 12 quasars at z > 6. The Astrophysical Journal. 993(1), 91.","ama":"Ding X, Onoue M, Silverman JD, et al. SHELLQs-JWST unveils the host galaxies of 12 quasars at z > 6. The Astrophysical Journal. 2025;993(1). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b","short":"X. Ding, M. Onoue, J.D. Silverman, Y. Matsuoka, T. Izumi, M.A. Strauss, L. Yang, K. Jahnke, C.L. Phillips, T. Treu, I.T. Andika, K. Aoki, J. Arita, S. Baba, S.E.I. Bosman, A.-C. Eilers, S. Fujimoto, Z. Haiman, M. Imanishi, K. Inayoshi, K. Iwasawa, J. Kartaltepe, N. Kashikawa, T. Kawaguchi, J. Li, C.-H. Lee, A. Lupi, J.-T. Schindler, M. Schramm, K. Shimasaku, M. Shuntov, T.S. Tanaka, Y. Toba, B. Trakhtenbrot, H. Umehata, M. Vestergaard, F. Wang, J. Yang, The Astrophysical Journal 993 (2025).","ieee":"X. Ding et al., “SHELLQs-JWST unveils the host galaxies of 12 quasars at z > 6,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 993, no. 1. IOP Publishing, 2025.","mla":"Ding, Xuheng, et al. “SHELLQs-JWST Unveils the Host Galaxies of 12 Quasars at z > 6.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 993, no. 1, 91, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b.","apa":"Ding, X., Onoue, M., Silverman, J. D., Matsuoka, Y., Izumi, T., Strauss, M. A., … Yang, J. (2025). SHELLQs-JWST unveils the host galaxies of 12 quasars at z > 6. The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b","chicago":"Ding, Xuheng, Masafusa Onoue, John D. Silverman, Yoshiki Matsuoka, Takuma Izumi, Michael A. Strauss, Lilan Yang, et al. “SHELLQs-JWST Unveils the Host Galaxies of 12 Quasars at z > 6.” The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b."},"OA_type":"gold","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"day":"28","status":"public"},{"type":"journal_article","intvolume":" 111","oa_version":"Preprint","article_type":"original","_id":"21125","oa":1,"date_updated":"2026-02-10T08:11:17Z","arxiv":1,"publisher":"American Physical Society","date_published":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"05","OA_type":"green","status":"public","day":"28","citation":{"ista":"Sabyr A, Hill JC, Haiman Z. 2025. Constraining cosmology with thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich maps: Minkowski functionals, peaks, minima, and moments. Physical Review D. 111(10), 103536.","ama":"Sabyr A, Hill JC, Haiman Z. Constraining cosmology with thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich maps: Minkowski functionals, peaks, minima, and moments. Physical Review D. 2025;111(10). doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.103536","short":"A. Sabyr, J.C. Hill, Z. Haiman, Physical Review D 111 (2025).","ieee":"A. Sabyr, J. C. Hill, and Z. Haiman, “Constraining cosmology with thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich maps: Minkowski functionals, peaks, minima, and moments,” Physical Review D, vol. 111, no. 10. American Physical Society, 2025.","mla":"Sabyr, Alina, et al. “Constraining Cosmology with Thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Maps: Minkowski Functionals, Peaks, Minima, and Moments.” Physical Review D, vol. 111, no. 10, 103536, American Physical Society, 2025, doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.103536.","chicago":"Sabyr, Alina, J. Colin Hill, and Zoltán Haiman. “Constraining Cosmology with Thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Maps: Minkowski Functionals, Peaks, Minima, and Moments.” Physical Review D. American Physical Society, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.103536.","apa":"Sabyr, A., Hill, J. C., & Haiman, Z. (2025). Constraining cosmology with thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich maps: Minkowski functionals, peaks, minima, and moments. Physical Review D. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.103536"},"OA_place":"repository","volume":111,"author":[{"full_name":"Sabyr, Alina","last_name":"Sabyr","first_name":"Alina"},{"last_name":"Hill","first_name":"J. Colin","full_name":"Hill, J. Colin"},{"first_name":"Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","extern":"1","external_id":{"arxiv":["2410.21247"]},"publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect (tSZ) is a sensitive probe of cosmology, as it traces the abundance of galaxy clusters and groups in the late-time Universe. Upcoming cosmic microwave background experiments such as the Simons Observatory (SO) and CMB-S4 will provide low-noise and high-resolution component-separated tSZ maps covering a large sky fraction. The tSZ signal is highly non-Gaussian; therefore, higher-order statistics are needed to optimally extract information from these maps. In this work, we study the cosmological constraining power of several tSZ statistics—Minkowski functionals (MFs), peaks, minima, and moments—that have yielded promising results in capturing non-Gaussian information from other cosmological data. Using a large suite of halo-model-based tSZ simulations with varying Ω𝑐 and 𝜎8 (154 cosmologies and over 800,000 maps, each 10.5×10.5 deg2), we show that by combining these observables, we can achieve ≈29 × tighter constraints compared to using the tSZ power spectrum alone in an idealized noiseless case, with the MFs dominating the constraints. We show that much of the MF constraining power arises from halos below the detection threshold of cluster surveys, suggesting promising synergies with cluster-count analyses. Finally, we demonstrate that these statistics have the potential to deliver tight constraints even in the presence of noise. For example, using post-component-separation tSZ noise expected for SO, we obtain ≈1.6 × and ≈1.8 × tighter constraints than the power spectrum with MFs and all statistics combined, respectively. We show that the constraints from MFs approach the noiseless case for white-noise levels ≲1 𝜇K−arcmin."}],"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Constraining cosmology with thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich maps: Minkowski functionals, peaks, minima, and moments","article_number":"103536","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:29:24Z","year":"2025","publication":"Physical Review D","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.103536","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2470-0010"],"eissn":["2470-0029"]},"issue":"10","quality_controlled":"1","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.21247","open_access":"1"}]},{"oa":1,"arxiv":1,"publisher":"American Physical Society","date_updated":"2026-02-10T08:14:10Z","month":"03","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_published":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Preprint","intvolume":" 111","_id":"21126","citation":{"apa":"Park, K., Xin, C., Davelaar, J., & Haiman, Z. (2025). Self-lensing flares from black hole binaries. IV. The number of detectable shadows. Physical Review D. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.063011","chicago":"Park, Kevin, Chengcheng Xin, Jordy Davelaar, and Zoltán Haiman. “Self-Lensing Flares from Black Hole Binaries. IV. The Number of Detectable Shadows.” Physical Review D. American Physical Society, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.063011.","mla":"Park, Kevin, et al. “Self-Lensing Flares from Black Hole Binaries. IV. The Number of Detectable Shadows.” Physical Review D, vol. 111, no. 6, 063011, American Physical Society, 2025, doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.063011.","ieee":"K. Park, C. Xin, J. Davelaar, and Z. Haiman, “Self-lensing flares from black hole binaries. IV. The number of detectable shadows,” Physical Review D, vol. 111, no. 6. American Physical Society, 2025.","short":"K. Park, C. Xin, J. Davelaar, Z. Haiman, Physical Review D 111 (2025).","ama":"Park K, Xin C, Davelaar J, Haiman Z. Self-lensing flares from black hole binaries. IV. The number of detectable shadows. Physical Review D. 2025;111(6). doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.063011","ista":"Park K, Xin C, Davelaar J, Haiman Z. 2025. Self-lensing flares from black hole binaries. IV. The number of detectable shadows. Physical Review D. 111(6), 063011."},"OA_type":"green","status":"public","day":"04","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Subparsec supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries are expected to be common in active galactic nuclei as a result of the hierarchical buildup of galaxies via mergers. While direct evidence for these compact binaries is lacking, a few hundred candidates have been identified, most based on the apparent periodicities of their optical light curves. Since these signatures can be mimicked by active galactic nuclei red noise, additional evidence is needed to confirm their binary nature. Recurring self-lensing flares, occurring whenever the two BHs are aligned with the line of sight within their Einstein radii, have been suggested as additional binary signatures. Furthermore, in many cases, lensing flares are also predicted to contain a “dip,” whenever the lensed SMBH’s shadow is comparable in angular size to the binary’s Einstein radius. This feature would unambiguously confirm binaries and additionally identify SMBH shadows that are spatially unresolvable by high-resolution Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). Here we estimate the number of quasars for which these dips may be detectable by Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) by extrapolating the quasar luminosity function to faint magnitudes and assuming that SMBH binaries are randomly oriented and have mass ratios following those in the Illustris simulations. Under plausible assumptions about quasar lifetimes, binary fractions, and Eddington ratios, we expect tens of thousands of detectable flares, of which several dozen contain measurable dips."}],"publication_status":"published","external_id":{"arxiv":["2409.04583"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Self-lensing flares from black hole binaries. IV. The number of detectable shadows","volume":111,"OA_place":"repository","extern":"1","author":[{"full_name":"Park, Kevin","last_name":"Park","first_name":"Kevin"},{"last_name":"Xin","first_name":"Chengcheng","full_name":"Xin, Chengcheng"},{"full_name":"Davelaar, Jordy","last_name":"Davelaar","first_name":"Jordy"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman","first_name":"Zoltán"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","quality_controlled":"1","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.04583","open_access":"1"}],"article_number":"063011","year":"2025","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:29:42Z","publication":"Physical Review D","issue":"6","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.063011","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2470-0010"],"eissn":["2470-0029"]}},{"citation":{"ista":"Su K-Y, Bryan GL, Haiman Z. 2025. Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 538(1), 11–30.","ama":"Su K-Y, Bryan GL, Haiman Z. Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2025;538(1):11-30. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf228","ieee":"K.-Y. Su, G. L. Bryan, and Z. Haiman, “Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 538, no. 1. Oxford University Press, pp. 11–30, 2025.","short":"K.-Y. Su, G.L. Bryan, Z. Haiman, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 538 (2025) 11–30.","mla":"Su, Kung-Yi, et al. “Self-Regulation of High-Redshift Black Hole Accretion via Jets: Challenges for SMBH Formation.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 538, no. 1, Oxford University Press, 2025, pp. 11–30, doi:10.1093/mnras/staf228.","chicago":"Su, Kung-Yi, Greg L Bryan, and Zoltán Haiman. “Self-Regulation of High-Redshift Black Hole Accretion via Jets: Challenges for SMBH Formation.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228.","apa":"Su, K.-Y., Bryan, G. L., & Haiman, Z. (2025). Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228"},"PlanS_conform":"1","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"OA_type":"gold","day":"01","status":"public","DOAJ_listed":"1","oa":1,"date_published":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","month":"03","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-10T08:36:54Z","arxiv":1,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","oa_version":"Published Version","intvolume":" 538","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","_id":"21127","quality_controlled":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228"}],"ddc":["520"],"date_created":"2026-01-31T09:29:59Z","year":"2025","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0035-8711"],"eissn":["1365-2966"]},"doi":"10.1093/mnras/staf228","issue":"1","publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","article_processing_charge":"Yes","page":"11-30","external_id":{"arxiv":["2409.12250"]},"publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The early growth of black holes (BHs) in atomic-cooling haloes is likely influenced by feedback on the surrounding gas. While the effects of radiative feedback are well-documented, mechanical feedback, particularly from active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets, has been comparatively less explored. Building on our previous work that examined the growth of a 100 M BH in a constant density environment regulated by AGN jets, we expand the initial BH mass range from 1 to 104 M and adopt a more realistic density profile for atomic-cooling haloes. We reaffirm the validity of our analytic models for jet cocoon propagation and feedback regulation. We identify several critical radii – namely, the terminal radius of jet cocoon propagation, the isotropization radius of the jet cocoon, and the core radius of the atomic-cooling halo – that are crucial in determining BH growth given specific gas properties and jet feedback parameters. In a significant portion of the parameter space, our findings show that jet feedback substantially disrupts the halo’s core during the initial feedback episode, preventing BH growth beyond 104 M.\r\nConversely, conditions characterized by low jet velocities and high gas densities enable sustained BH growth over extended periods. We provide a prediction for the BH mass growth as a function of time and feedback parameters. We found that, to form a supermassive BH (> 106 M) within 1 Gyr entirely by accreting gas from an atomic-cooling halo, the jet energy feedback\r\nefficiency must be 10−4M˙ BHc2 even if the seed BH mass is 104 M."}],"title":"Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","author":[{"first_name":"Kung-Yi","last_name":"Su","full_name":"Su, Kung-Yi"},{"last_name":"Bryan","first_name":"Greg L","full_name":"Bryan, Greg L"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman","first_name":"Zoltán"}],"extern":"1","volume":538,"OA_place":"publisher"},{"date_updated":"2026-02-10T09:00:44Z","publisher":"Oxford University Press","arxiv":1,"date_published":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","month":"03","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"DOAJ_listed":"1","oa":1,"_id":"21128","type":"journal_article","intvolume":" 537","oa_version":"Published Version","article_type":"original","citation":{"chicago":"Epstein-Martin, Marguerite, Hiromichi Tagawa, Zoltán Haiman, and Rosalba Perna. “Time-Dependent Models of AGN Discs with Radiation from Embedded Stellar-Mass Black Holes.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf237.","apa":"Epstein-Martin, M., Tagawa, H., Haiman, Z., & Perna, R. (2025). Time-dependent models of AGN discs with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf237","mla":"Epstein-Martin, Marguerite, et al. “Time-Dependent Models of AGN Discs with Radiation from Embedded Stellar-Mass Black Holes.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 537, no. 4, Oxford University Press, 2025, pp. 3396–420, doi:10.1093/mnras/staf237.","short":"M. Epstein-Martin, H. Tagawa, Z. Haiman, R. Perna, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 537 (2025) 3396–3420.","ieee":"M. Epstein-Martin, H. Tagawa, Z. Haiman, and R. Perna, “Time-dependent models of AGN discs with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 537, no. 4. Oxford University Press, pp. 3396–3420, 2025.","ista":"Epstein-Martin M, Tagawa H, Haiman Z, Perna R. 2025. Time-dependent models of AGN discs with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 537(4), 3396–3420.","ama":"Epstein-Martin M, Tagawa H, Haiman Z, Perna R. Time-dependent models of AGN discs with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2025;537(4):3396-3420. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf237"},"PlanS_conform":"1","status":"public","day":"01","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"OA_type":"gold","title":"Time-dependent models of AGN discs with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes","publication_status":"published","external_id":{"arxiv":["2405.09380"]},"abstract":[{"text":"The brightest steady sources of radiation in the universe, active galactic nuclei (AGNs), are powered by gas accretion on to a central supermassive black hole (SMBH). The large sizes and accretion rates implicated in AGN accretion discs are expected to lead to gravitational instability and fragmentation, effectively cutting off mass inflow to the SMBH. Radiative feedback from disc-embedded stars has been invoked to yield marginally stable, steady-state solutions in the outer discs. Here, we examine the consequences of this star formation with a semi-analytical model in which stellar-mass black hole (sBH) remnants in the disc provide an additional source of stabilizing radiative feedback. Assuming star formation seeds the embedded sBH population, we model the time-evolving feedback from both stars and the growing population of accreting sBHs. We find that in the outer disc, the luminosity of the sBHs quickly dominates that of their parent stars. However, because sBHs consume less gas than stars to stabilize the disc, the presence of the sBHs enhances the mass flux to the inner disc. As a result, star formation persists over the lifetime of the AGN, damped in the outer disc, but amplified in a narrow ring in the inner disc. Heating from the embedded sBHs significantly modifies the disc’s temperature profile and hardens its spectral energy distribution, and direct emission from the sBHs adds a new hard X-ray component.","lang":"eng"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","page":"3396-3420","OA_place":"publisher","volume":537,"author":[{"full_name":"Epstein-Martin, Marguerite","first_name":"Marguerite","last_name":"Epstein-Martin"},{"full_name":"Tagawa, Hiromichi","first_name":"Hiromichi","last_name":"Tagawa"},{"full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","last_name":"Haiman","first_name":"Zoltán"},{"full_name":"Perna, Rosalba","last_name":"Perna","first_name":"Rosalba"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","extern":"1","ddc":["520"],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf237","open_access":"1"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0035-8711"],"eissn":["1365-2966"]},"doi":"10.1093/mnras/staf237","issue":"4","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:30:19Z","year":"2025"}]