[{"volume":38,"OA_place":"repository","title":"The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations","publication":"39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","ddc":["000"],"_id":"21068","publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","arxiv":1,"day":"15","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"oa":1,"date_published":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","year":"2025","alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"date_created":"2026-01-29T14:24:56Z","intvolume":"        38","abstract":[{"text":"Causal reasoning and discovery, two fundamental tasks of causal analysis,\r\noften face challenges in applications due to the complexity, noisiness, and highdimensionality of real-world data. Despite recent progress in identifying latent\r\ncausal structures using causal representation learning (CRL), what makes learned\r\nrepresentations useful for causal downstream tasks and how to evaluate them are\r\nstill not well understood. In this paper, we reinterpret CRL using a measurement\r\nmodel framework, where the learned representations are viewed as proxy measurements of the latent causal variables. Our approach clarifies the conditions under\r\nwhich learned representations support downstream causal reasoning and provides\r\na principled basis for quantitatively assessing the quality of representations using\r\na new Test-based Measurement EXclusivity (T-MEX) score. We validate T-MEX\r\nacross diverse causal inference scenarios, including numerical simulations and\r\nreal-world ecological video analysis, demonstrating that the proposed framework\r\nand corresponding score effectively assess the identification of learned representations and their usefulness for causal downstream tasks. Reproducible code can\r\nbe found at https://github.com/shimenghuang/a-measurement-perspective-of-crl.","lang":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.17708"}],"quality_controlled":"1","month":"12","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","conference":{"end_date":"2025-12-07","start_date":"2025-12-02","location":"San Diego, CA, United States","name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems"},"related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"software","url":"https://github.com/shimenghuang/a-measurement-perspective-of-crl"}]},"acknowledgement":"This research was funded in whole or in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12. For open access purposes, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.\r\n","OA_type":"green","external_id":{"arxiv":["2505.17708"]},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1049-5258"]},"citation":{"mla":"Yao, Dingling, et al. “The Third Pillar of Causal Analysis? A Measurement Perspective on Causal Representations.” <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","ista":"Yao D, Huang S, Cadei R, Zhang K, Locatello F. 2025. The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38.","ieee":"D. Yao, S. Huang, R. Cadei, K. Zhang, and F. Locatello, “The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations,” in <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38.","short":"D. Yao, S. Huang, R. Cadei, K. Zhang, F. Locatello, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","chicago":"Yao, Dingling, Shimeng Huang, Riccardo Cadei, Kun Zhang, and Francesco Locatello. “The Third Pillar of Causal Analysis? A Measurement Perspective on Causal Representations.” In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","apa":"Yao, D., Huang, S., Cadei, R., Zhang, K., &#38; Locatello, F. (2025). The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations. In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation.","ama":"Yao D, Huang S, Cadei R, Zhang K, Locatello F. The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations. In: <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025."},"has_accepted_license":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"corr_author":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"full_name":"Yao, Dingling","last_name":"Yao","first_name":"Dingling","id":"d3e02e50-48a8-11ee-8f62-c108061797fa"},{"first_name":"Shimeng","id":"989c2a06-fb4e-11ef-a992-ab766442255b","orcid":"0000-0001-6919-821X","last_name":"Huang","full_name":"Huang, Shimeng"},{"id":"0fa8b76f-72f0-11ef-b75a-a5da96e5ad6b","first_name":"Riccardo","full_name":"Cadei, Riccardo","last_name":"Cadei"},{"first_name":"Kun","full_name":"Zhang, Kun","last_name":"Zhang"},{"first_name":"Francesco","id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4","orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683","last_name":"Locatello","full_name":"Locatello, Francesco"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-10T12:08:52Z","department":[{"_id":"FrLo"}],"status":"public","publication_status":"epub_ahead","type":"conference","oa_version":"Preprint"},{"author":[{"last_name":"Demirel","full_name":"Demirel, Berker","id":"8b4bc47f-3200-11ee-973b-8f0e7be21a9f","first_name":"Berker"},{"first_name":"Marco ","full_name":"Fumero, Marco ","last_name":"Fumero"},{"id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4","orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683","first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Locatello","full_name":"Locatello, Francesco"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_updated":"2026-02-16T11:38:25Z","department":[{"_id":"FrLo"}],"status":"public","publication_status":"epub_ahead","oa_version":"Preprint","type":"conference","conference":{"end_date":"2025-12-07","name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems","location":"San Diego, CA, United States","start_date":"2025-12-02"},"month":"12","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","external_id":{"arxiv":["2410.04525"]},"OA_type":"green","acknowledgement":"This research was funded in whole or in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12. For open access purposes, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.\r\n","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://github.com/berkerdemirel/ORA-OOD-Detection-with-Relative-Angles","relation":"software"}]},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1049-5258"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"apa":"Demirel, B., Fumero, M., &#38; Locatello, F. (2025). Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles. In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation.","chicago":"Demirel, Berker, Marco  Fumero, and Francesco Locatello. “Out-of-Distribution Detection with Relative Angles.” In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","ama":"Demirel B, Fumero M, Locatello F. Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles. In: <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025.","ista":"Demirel B, Fumero M, Locatello F. 2025. Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38.","short":"B. Demirel, M. Fumero, F. Locatello, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","ieee":"B. Demirel, M. Fumero, and F. Locatello, “Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles,” in <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38.","mla":"Demirel, Berker, et al. “Out-of-Distribution Detection with Relative Angles.” <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"corr_author":"1","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"oa":1,"date_published":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"year":"2025","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.04525","open_access":"1"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Deep learning systems deployed in real-world applications often encounter data that is different from their in-distribution (ID). A reliable model should ideally abstain from making decisions in this out-of-distribution (OOD) setting. Existing state-of-the-art methods primarily focus on feature distances, such as k-th nearest neighbors and distances to decision boundaries, either overlooking or ineffectively using in-distribution statistics. In this work, we propose a novel angle-based metric for OOD detection that is computed relative to the in-distribution structure. We demonstrate that the angles between feature representations and decision boundaries, viewed from the mean of in-distribution features, serve as an effective discriminative factor between ID and OOD data. We evaluate our method on nine ImageNet-pretrained models. Our approach achieves the lowest FPR in 5 out of 9 ImageNet models, obtains the best average FPR overall, and consistently ranking among the top 3 across all evaluated models. Furthermore, we highlight the benefits of contrastive representations by showing strong performance with ResNet SCL and CLIP architectures. Finally, we demonstrate that the scale-invariant nature of our score enables an ensemble strategy via simple score summation. ","lang":"eng"}],"date_created":"2026-01-29T14:26:47Z","intvolume":"        38","quality_controlled":"1","OA_place":"repository","volume":38,"title":"Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles","publication":"39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","ddc":["000"],"_id":"21070","day":"01","arxiv":1,"publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation"},{"publication":"39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","title":"Head pursuit: Probing attention specialization in multimodal transformers","OA_place":"publisher","volume":38,"day":"15","publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","arxiv":1,"_id":"21072","ddc":["000"],"year":"2025","date_published":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"quality_controlled":"1","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2510.21518","open_access":"1"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Language and vision-language models have shown impressive performance across a wide range of tasks, but their internal mechanisms remain only partly understood. In this work, we study how individual attention heads in text-generative models specialize in specific semantic or visual attributes. Building on an established interpretability method, we reinterpret the practice of probing intermediate activations with the final decoding layer through the lens of signal processing. This lets us analyze multiple samples in a principled way and rank attention heads based on their relevance to target concepts. Our results show consistent patterns of specialization at the head level across both unimodal and multimodal transformers. Remarkably, we find that editing as few as 1% of the heads, selected using our method, can reliably suppress or enhance targeted concepts in the model output. We validate our approach on language tasks such as question answering and toxicity mitigation, as well as vision-language tasks including image classification and captioning. Our findings highlight an interpretable and controllable structure within attention layers, offering simple tools for understanding and editing large-scale generative models."}],"date_created":"2026-01-29T14:29:23Z","intvolume":"        38","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1049-5258"]},"OA_type":"gold","external_id":{"arxiv":["2510.21518"]},"file":[{"date_updated":"2026-01-29T14:29:14Z","file_name":"2510.21518v2.pdf","file_size":4271547,"relation":"main_file","checksum":"85be3f98663e2595cf37001852b477cb","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2026-01-29T14:29:14Z","file_id":"21073","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"flocatel"}],"acknowledgement":"The authors acknowledge the Area Science Park supercomputing platform ORFEO made available for conducting the research reported in this paper, and the technical support of the Laboratory of Data Engineering staff. LB, DD and AC were supported by the project “Supporto alla diagnosi di malattie rare tramite l’intelligenza artificiale\" CUP: F53C22001770002 and “Valutazione automatica delle immagini diagnostiche tramite l’intelligenza artificiale\", CUP: F53C22001780002. LB was supported by the European Union – NextGenerationEU within the project PNRR “Finanziamento di progetti presentati da giovani ricercatori\" - Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.2, CUP: J93C25000440001. AC was supported by the European Union – NextGenerationEU within the project PNRR “PRP@CERIC\" IR0000028 - Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 3.1 Action 3.1.1. ","conference":{"end_date":"2025-12-07","start_date":"2025-12-02","location":"San Diego, CA, United States","name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems"},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"12","file_date_updated":"2026-01-29T14:29:14Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"ieee":"L. Basile, V. Maiorca, D. Doimo, F. Locatello, and A. Cazzaniga, “Head pursuit: Probing attention specialization in multimodal transformers,” in <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38.","ista":"Basile L, Maiorca V, Doimo D, Locatello F, Cazzaniga A. 2025. Head pursuit: Probing attention specialization in multimodal transformers. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems vol. 38.","short":"L. Basile, V. Maiorca, D. Doimo, F. Locatello, A. Cazzaniga, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","mla":"Basile, Lorenzo, et al. “Head Pursuit: Probing Attention Specialization in Multimodal Transformers.” <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","apa":"Basile, L., Maiorca, V., Doimo, D., Locatello, F., &#38; Cazzaniga, A. (2025). Head pursuit: Probing attention specialization in multimodal transformers. In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation.","chicago":"Basile, Lorenzo, Valentino Maiorca, Diego Doimo, Francesco Locatello, and Alberto Cazzaniga. “Head Pursuit: Probing Attention Specialization in Multimodal Transformers.” In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","ama":"Basile L, Maiorca V, Doimo D, Locatello F, Cazzaniga A. Head pursuit: Probing attention specialization in multimodal transformers. In: <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025."},"department":[{"_id":"FrLo"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-11T08:55:36Z","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"first_name":"Lorenzo","last_name":"Basile","full_name":"Basile, Lorenzo"},{"last_name":"Maiorca","full_name":"Maiorca, Valentino","first_name":"Valentino"},{"first_name":"Diego","last_name":"Doimo","full_name":"Doimo, Diego"},{"id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4","orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683","first_name":"Francesco","full_name":"Locatello, Francesco","last_name":"Locatello"},{"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Cazzaniga","full_name":"Cazzaniga, Alberto"}],"oa_version":"Preprint","type":"conference","publication_status":"epub_ahead","status":"public"},{"corr_author":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-01-29T14:31:42Z","project":[{"grant_number":"101034413","name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"mla":"Yu, Hanlin, et al. “Connecting Neural Models Latent Geometries with Relative Geodesic Representations.” <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","short":"H. Yu, B. Inal, G. Arvanitidis, S. Hauberg, F. Locatello, M. Fumero, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","ista":"Yu H, Inal B, Arvanitidis G, Hauberg S, Locatello F, Fumero M. 2025. Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38.","ieee":"H. Yu, B. Inal, G. Arvanitidis, S. Hauberg, F. Locatello, and M. Fumero, “Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations,” in <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38.","ama":"Yu H, Inal B, Arvanitidis G, Hauberg S, Locatello F, Fumero M. Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations. In: <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025.","chicago":"Yu, Hanlin, Befrin Inal, Georgios Arvanitidis, Soren Hauberg, Francesco Locatello, and Marco Fumero. “Connecting Neural Models Latent Geometries with Relative Geodesic Representations.” In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","apa":"Yu, H., Inal, B., Arvanitidis, G., Hauberg, S., Locatello, F., &#38; Fumero, M. (2025). Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations. In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation."},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1049-5258"]},"acknowledgement":"We thank Gregor Krzmanc, German Magai, Vital Fernandez for insightful discussions in the early stages of the project. HY was supported by the Research Council of Finland Flagship programme: Finnish Center for Artificial Intelligence FCAI. HY wishes to acknowledge CSC - IT Center for Science, Finland, for computational resources. GA was supported by the DFF Sapere Aude Starting Grant “GADL”. SH was supported by a research grant (42062) from VILLUM FONDEN and partly funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation through the Center for Basic Research in Life Science (NNF20OC0062606). SH received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon Programme (grant agreement 101125003). MF is supported by the MSCA IST-Bridge fellowship which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101034413.","file":[{"file_id":"21075","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"date_created":"2026-01-29T14:31:42Z","creator":"flocatel","content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2026-01-29T14:31:42Z","file_name":"2506.01599v2.pdf","relation":"main_file","checksum":"b1a645418025f46394764cd16d0cb089","file_size":7749349}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2506.01599"]},"OA_type":"gold","month":"12","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","conference":{"end_date":"2025-12-07","start_date":"2025-12-02","location":"San Diego, CA, United States","name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems"},"type":"conference","oa_version":"Published Version","publication_status":"epub_ahead","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"FrLo"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-11T09:03:37Z","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Yu","full_name":"Yu, Hanlin","first_name":"Hanlin"},{"first_name":"Befrin","last_name":"Inal","full_name":"Inal, Befrin"},{"first_name":"Georgios","last_name":"Arvanitidis","full_name":"Arvanitidis, Georgios"},{"full_name":"Hauberg, Soren","last_name":"Hauberg","first_name":"Soren"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683","id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4","first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Locatello","full_name":"Locatello, Francesco"},{"id":"1c1593eb-393f-11ef-bb8e-ab4f1e979650","first_name":"Marco","full_name":"Fumero, Marco","last_name":"Fumero"}],"publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","arxiv":1,"day":"15","_id":"21074","ddc":["000"],"publication":"39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","ec_funded":1,"title":"Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations","volume":38,"OA_place":"publisher","quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Neural models learn representations of high-dimensional data on low-dimensional manifolds. Multiple factors, including stochasticities in the training process, model architectures, and additional inductive biases, may induce different representations, even when learning the same task on the same data. However, it has recently been shown that when a latent structure is shared between distinct latent spaces, relative distances between representations can be preserved, up to distortions. Building on this idea, we demonstrate that exploiting the differential-geometric structure of latent spaces of neural models, it is possible to capture precisely the transformations between representational spaces trained on similar data distributions. Specifically, we assume that distinct neural models parametrize approximately the same underlying manifold, and introduce a representation based on the pullback metric that captures the intrinsic structure of the latent space, while scaling efficiently to large models. We validate experimentally our method on model stitching and retrieval tasks, covering autoencoders and vision foundation discriminative models, across diverse architectures, datasets, pretraining schemes and modalities. Code is available at the following link."}],"date_created":"2026-01-29T14:31:52Z","intvolume":"        38","year":"2025","alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"date_published":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"}},{"_id":"21076","publisher":"Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation","day":"15","ddc":["000"],"publication":"39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","OA_place":"publisher","volume":38,"title":"Prediction-powered causal inferences","intvolume":"        38","date_created":"2026-01-29T14:35:11Z","abstract":[{"text":"In many scientific experiments, the data annotating cost constraints the pace for testing novel hypotheses. Yet, modern machine learning pipelines offer a promising solution—provided their predictions yield correct conclusions. We focus on Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences (PPCI), i.e., estimating the treatment effect in an unlabeled target experiment, relying on training data with the same outcome annotated but potentially different treatment or effect modifiers. We first show that conditional calibration guarantees valid PPCI at population level. Then, we introduce a sufficient representation constraint transferring validity across experiments, which we propose to enforce in practice in Deconfounded Empirical Risk Minimization, our new model-agnostic training objective. We validate our method on synthetic and real-world scientific data, solving impossible problem instances for Empirical Risk Minimization even with standard invariance constraints. In particular, for the first time, we achieve valid causal inference on a scientific experiment with complex recording and no human annotations, fine-tuning a foundational model on our similar annotated experiment.","lang":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","date_published":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","year":"2025","alternative_title":["Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"],"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"oa":1,"file_date_updated":"2026-01-29T14:35:02Z","citation":{"chicago":"Cadei, Riccardo, Ilker Demirel, Piersilvio De Bartolomeis, Lukas Lindorfer, Sylvia Cremer, Cordelia Schmid, and Francesco Locatello. “Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences.” In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","apa":"Cadei, R., Demirel, I., De Bartolomeis, P., Lindorfer, L., Cremer, S., Schmid, C., &#38; Locatello, F. (2025). Prediction-powered causal inferences. In <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation.","ama":"Cadei R, Demirel I, De Bartolomeis P, et al. Prediction-powered causal inferences. In: <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025.","mla":"Cadei, Riccardo, et al. “Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences.” <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.","ieee":"R. Cadei <i>et al.</i>, “Prediction-powered causal inferences,” in <i>39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems</i>, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38.","ista":"Cadei R, Demirel I, De Bartolomeis P, Lindorfer L, Cremer S, Schmid C, Locatello F. 2025. Prediction-powered causal inferences. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38.","short":"R. Cadei, I. Demirel, P. De Bartolomeis, L. Lindorfer, S. Cremer, C. Schmid, F. Locatello, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025."},"has_accepted_license":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"file_id":"21077","date_created":"2026-01-29T14:35:02Z","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"flocatel","date_updated":"2026-01-29T14:35:02Z","file_name":"17546_Prediction_Powered_Causa.pdf","checksum":"92467fa566cd36671a6a3b9e71ae0f71","relation":"main_file","file_size":8489023}],"acknowledgement":"We thank the Causal Learning and Artificial Intelligence group at ISTA for the continuous feedback on the project and valuable discussions. We thank the Social Immunity group at ISTA, particularly Jinook Oh, for the annotation program and Michaela Hoenigsberger for supporting our ecological experiment. Riccardo Cadei is supported by a Google Research Scholar Award and a Google Initiated Gift to Francesco Locatello. This research was funded in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12). It was further partially supported by the ISTA Interdisciplinary Project Committee for the collaborative project “ALED” between Francesco Locatello and Sylvia Cremer. For open access purposes, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any author accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.","OA_type":"gold","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1049-5258"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"12","conference":{"name":"NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems","location":"San Diego, CA, United States","start_date":"2025-12-02","end_date":"2025-12-07"},"publication_status":"epub_ahead","type":"conference","oa_version":"Published Version","status":"public","date_updated":"2026-02-16T11:39:33Z","department":[{"_id":"FrLo"},{"_id":"SyCr"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Cadei","full_name":"Cadei, Riccardo","id":"0fa8b76f-72f0-11ef-b75a-a5da96e5ad6b","first_name":"Riccardo"},{"full_name":"Demirel, Ilker","last_name":"Demirel","first_name":"Ilker"},{"first_name":"Piersilvio","full_name":"De Bartolomeis, Piersilvio","last_name":"De Bartolomeis"},{"id":"85f0e6d3-06b3-11ec-8982-8c5049fa4455","first_name":"Lukas","full_name":"Lindorfer, Lukas","last_name":"Lindorfer"},{"last_name":"Cremer","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","first_name":"Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Cordelia","full_name":"Schmid, Cordelia","last_name":"Schmid"},{"last_name":"Locatello","full_name":"Locatello, Francesco","first_name":"Francesco","id":"26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4","orcid":"0000-0002-4850-0683"}],"article_processing_charge":"No"},{"department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-11T09:35:04Z","author":[{"id":"87e34708-d6c6-11ec-9f5b-9391e7be2463","first_name":"Marek","full_name":"Chalupa, Marek","last_name":"Chalupa"},{"id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724","first_name":"Thomas A","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","last_name":"Henzinger"},{"first_name":"Ana A","id":"8b282559-50b0-11ef-861e-d6ace0d92e9b","last_name":"Oliveira da Costa","full_name":"Oliveira da Costa, Ana A"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","type":"conference","oa_version":"Published Version","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20","status":"public","acknowledgement":"This work was supported in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) SFB project SpyCoDe 10.55776/F85 and by the ERC Advanced Grant VAMOS 101020093.","page":"20:1-20:18","file":[{"file_size":933970,"checksum":"8188ee5c7b14193d48eeb655e9bbdc47","relation":"main_file","file_name":"2025_LIPIcS_Chalupa.pdf","date_updated":"2026-02-11T09:33:20Z","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","date_created":"2026-02-11T09:33:20Z","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","file_id":"21213"}],"OA_type":"gold","external_id":{"arxiv":["2510.12298"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"12","conference":{"end_date":"2025-12-19","name":"FSTTCS: Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science","start_date":"2025-12-17","location":"Pilani, India"},"corr_author":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-02-11T09:33:20Z","project":[{"_id":"34a1b658-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c75229f0241e","name":"Interface Theory for Security and Privacy","grant_number":"F8502"},{"_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software","grant_number":"101020093"}],"scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"ama":"Chalupa M, Henzinger TA, Oliveira da Costa AA. Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics. In: <i>45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science</i>. Vol 360. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik; 2025:20:1-20:18. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20\">10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20</a>","chicago":"Chalupa, Marek, Thomas A Henzinger, and Ana A Oliveira da Costa. “Flavors of Quantifiers in Hyperlogics.” In <i>45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science</i>, 360:20:1-20:18. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20</a>.","apa":"Chalupa, M., Henzinger, T. A., &#38; Oliveira da Costa, A. A. (2025). Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics. In <i>45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science</i> (Vol. 360, p. 20:1-20:18). Pilani, India: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20</a>","mla":"Chalupa, Marek, et al. “Flavors of Quantifiers in Hyperlogics.” <i>45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science</i>, vol. 360, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025, p. 20:1-20:18, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20\">10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20</a>.","ieee":"M. Chalupa, T. A. Henzinger, and A. A. Oliveira da Costa, “Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics,” in <i>45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science</i>, Pilani, India, 2025, vol. 360, p. 20:1-20:18.","short":"M. Chalupa, T.A. Henzinger, A.A. Oliveira da Costa, in:, 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025, p. 20:1-20:18.","ista":"Chalupa M, Henzinger TA, Oliveira da Costa AA. 2025. Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics. 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science. FSTTCS: Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, LIPIcs, vol. 360, 20:1-20:18."},"has_accepted_license":"1","year":"2025","alternative_title":["LIPIcs"],"date_published":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Hypertrace logic is a sorted first-order logic with separate sorts for time and execution traces. Its formulas specify hyperproperties, which are properties relating multiple traces. In this work, we extend hypertrace logic by introducing trace quantifiers that range over the set of all possible traces. In this extended logic, formulas can quantify over two kinds of trace variables: constrained trace variables, which range over a fixed set of traces defined by the model, and unconstrained trace variables, which can be assigned to any trace. In comparison, hyperlogics such as HyperLTL have only constrained trace quantifiers. We use hypertrace logic to study how different quantifier patterns affect the decidability of the satisfiability problem. We prove that hypertrace logic without constrained trace quantifiers is equivalent to monadic second-order logic of one successor (S1S), and therefore satisfiable, and that the trace-prefixed fragment (all trace quantifiers precede all time quantifiers) is equivalent to HyperQPTL. Moreover, we show that all hypertrace formulas where the only alternation between constrained trace quantifiers is from an existential to a universal quantifier are equisatisfiable to formulas without constraints on their trace variables and, therefore, decidable as well. Our framework allows us to study also time-prefixed hyperlogics, for which we provide new decidability and undecidability results."}],"date_created":"2026-01-29T15:39:15Z","intvolume":"       360","publication":"45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science","ec_funded":1,"title":"Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics","volume":360,"OA_place":"publisher","arxiv":1,"publisher":"Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik","day":"09","_id":"21089","ddc":["000"]},{"department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-16T11:57:00Z","author":[{"last_name":"Cano Cordoba","full_name":"Cano Cordoba, Filip","id":"708cad98-e86a-11ef-8098-bdae2d7c6af1","orcid":"0000-0002-0783-904X","first_name":"Filip"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Thomas A","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","last_name":"Henzinger"},{"last_name":"Kueffner","full_name":"Kueffner, Konstantin","orcid":"0000-0001-8974-2542","id":"8121a2d0-dc85-11ea-9058-af578f3b4515","first_name":"Konstantin"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","oa_version":"Preprint","type":"conference","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1","publication_status":"published","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1611-3349"],"eisbn":["9783032054357"],"issn":["0302-9743"]},"OA_type":"green","external_id":{"arxiv":["2507.20711"]},"page":"1-21","acknowledgement":"This work is supported by the European Research Council under Grant No.: ERC-2020-AdG 101020093.","conference":{"location":"Graz, Austria","start_date":"2025-09-15","name":"RV: Runtime Verification","end_date":"2025-09-19"},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"09","project":[{"grant_number":"101020093","name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software","_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"corr_author":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"mla":"Cano Cordoba, Filip, et al. “Algorithmic Fairness: A Runtime Perspective.” <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, vol. 16087, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 1–21, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1\">10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1</a>.","short":"F. Cano Cordoba, T.A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, in:, 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 1–21.","ieee":"F. Cano Cordoba, T. A. Henzinger, and K. Kueffner, “Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective,” in <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, Graz, Austria, 2025, vol. 16087, pp. 1–21.","ista":"Cano Cordoba F, Henzinger TA, Kueffner K. 2025. Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. RV: Runtime Verification, LNCS, vol. 16087, 1–21.","chicago":"Cano Cordoba, Filip, Thomas A Henzinger, and Konstantin Kueffner. “Algorithmic Fairness: A Runtime Perspective.” In <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, 16087:1–21. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1</a>.","apa":"Cano Cordoba, F., Henzinger, T. A., &#38; Kueffner, K. (2025). Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. In <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i> (Vol. 16087, pp. 1–21). Graz, Austria: Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1</a>","ama":"Cano Cordoba F, Henzinger TA, Kueffner K. Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. In: <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>. Vol 16087. Springer Nature; 2025:1-21. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1\">10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1</a>"},"alternative_title":["LNCS"],"year":"2025","date_published":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.20711","open_access":"1"}],"date_created":"2026-01-29T16:01:41Z","intvolume":"     16087","abstract":[{"text":"Fairness in AI is traditionally studied as a static property evaluated once, over a fixed dataset. However, real-world AI systems operate sequentially, with outcomes and environments evolving over time. This paper proposes a framework for analysing fairness as a runtime property. Using a minimal yet expressive model based on sequences of coin tosses with possibly evolving biases, we study the problems of monitoring and enforcing fairness expressed in either toss outcomes or coin biases. Since there is no one-size-fits-all solution for either problem, we provide a summary of monitoring and enforcement strategies, parametrised by environment dynamics, prediction horizon, and confidence thresholds. For both problems, we present general results under simple or minimal assumptions. We survey existing solutions for the monitoring problem for Markovian and additive dynamics, and existing solutions for the enforcement problem in static settings with known dynamics.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"25th International Conference on Runtime Verification","title":"Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective","ec_funded":1,"OA_place":"repository","volume":16087,"day":"13","publisher":"Springer Nature","arxiv":1,"_id":"21090"},{"date_created":"2026-01-29T16:03:01Z","intvolume":"     16087","abstract":[{"text":"Neural certificates have emerged as a powerful tool in cyber-physical systems control, providing witnesses of correctness. These certificates, such as barrier functions, often learned alongside control policies, once verified, serve as mathematical proofs of system safety. However, traditional formal verification of their defining conditions typically faces scalability challenges due to exhaustive state-space exploration. To address this challenge, we propose a lightweight runtime monitoring framework that integrates real-time verification and does not require access to the underlying control policy. Our monitor observes the system during deployment and performs on-the-fly verification of the certificate over a lookahead region to ensure safety within a finite prediction horizon. We instantiate this framework for ReLU-based control barrier functions and demonstrate its practical effectiveness in a case study. Our approach enables timely detection of safety violations and incorrect certificates with minimal overhead, providing an effective but lightweight alternative to the static verification of the certificates.","lang":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.11987"}],"quality_controlled":"1","date_published":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","year":"2025","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"oa":1,"_id":"21091","publisher":"Springer Nature","arxiv":1,"day":"13","publication":"25th International Conference on Runtime Verification","OA_place":"repository","volume":16087,"ec_funded":1,"title":"Formal verification of neural certificates done dynamically","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_4","type":"conference","oa_version":"Preprint","status":"public","date_updated":"2026-02-16T11:53:25Z","department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","last_name":"Henzinger","orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Thomas A"},{"last_name":"Kueffner","full_name":"Kueffner, Konstantin","id":"8121a2d0-dc85-11ea-9058-af578f3b4515","orcid":"0000-0001-8974-2542","first_name":"Konstantin"},{"first_name":"Zhengqi","id":"20aa2ae8-f2f1-11ed-bbfa-8205053f1342","orcid":"0000-0002-4993-773X","last_name":"Yu","full_name":"Yu, Zhengqi"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","corr_author":"1","project":[{"_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d","name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101020093"}],"citation":{"ieee":"T. A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, and E. Yu, “Formal verification of neural certificates done dynamically,” in <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, Graz, Austria, 2025, vol. 16087, pp. 54–72.","ista":"Henzinger TA, Kueffner K, Yu E. 2025. Formal verification of neural certificates done dynamically. 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. RV: Runtime Verification, LNCS, vol. 16087, 54–72.","short":"T.A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, E. Yu, in:, 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 54–72.","mla":"Henzinger, Thomas A., et al. “Formal Verification of Neural Certificates Done Dynamically.” <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, vol. 16087, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 54–72, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_4\">10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_4</a>.","ama":"Henzinger TA, Kueffner K, Yu E. Formal verification of neural certificates done dynamically. 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Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_4\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_4</a>."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"acknowledgement":"This work is supported by the European Research Council under Grant No.: ERC-2020-AdG 101020093.","page":"54-72","external_id":{"arxiv":["2507.11987"]},"OA_type":"green","publication_identifier":{"eisbn":["9783032054357"],"eissn":["1611-3349"],"issn":["0302-9743"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"09","conference":{"end_date":"2025-09-19","name":"RV: Runtime Verification","start_date":"2025-09-15","location":"Graz, Austria"}},{"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9","type":"conference","oa_version":"Preprint","status":"public","date_updated":"2026-02-16T11:56:38Z","department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Thomas A","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","last_name":"Henzinger"},{"first_name":"Konstantin","id":"8121a2d0-dc85-11ea-9058-af578f3b4515","orcid":"0000-0001-8974-2542","full_name":"Kueffner, Konstantin","last_name":"Kueffner"},{"first_name":"Vasu","id":"4DAE2708-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Singh","full_name":"Singh, Vasu"},{"full_name":"Sun, I","last_name":"Sun","first_name":"I"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","corr_author":"1","project":[{"grant_number":"101020093","name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d"}],"citation":{"mla":"Henzinger, Thomas A., et al. “Alignment Monitoring.” <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, vol. 16087, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 140–59, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9\">10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9</a>.","ista":"Henzinger TA, Kueffner K, Singh V, Sun I. 2025. Alignment monitoring. 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. RV: Runtime Verification, LNCS, vol. 16087, 140–159.","ieee":"T. A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, V. Singh, and I. Sun, “Alignment monitoring,” in <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, Graz, Austria, 2025, vol. 16087, pp. 140–159.","short":"T.A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, V. Singh, I. Sun, in:, 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 140–159.","chicago":"Henzinger, Thomas A, Konstantin Kueffner, Vasu Singh, and I Sun. “Alignment Monitoring.” In <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, 16087:140–59. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9</a>.","apa":"Henzinger, T. A., Kueffner, K., Singh, V., &#38; Sun, I. (2025). Alignment monitoring. In <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i> (Vol. 16087, pp. 140–159). Graz, Austria: Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9</a>","ama":"Henzinger TA, Kueffner K, Singh V, Sun I. Alignment monitoring. In: <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>. Vol 16087. Springer Nature; 2025:140-159. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9\">10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_9</a>"},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"140-159","acknowledgement":"This work is supported by the European Research Council under Grant No.: ERC-2020-AdG 101020093.","external_id":{"arxiv":["2508.00021"]},"OA_type":"green","publication_identifier":{"eisbn":["9783032054357"],"eissn":["1611-3349"],"issn":["0302-9743"]},"month":"09","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","conference":{"end_date":"2025-09-19","name":"RV: Runtime Verification","location":"Graz, Austria","start_date":"2025-09-15"},"intvolume":"     16087","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Formal verification provides assurances that a probabilistic system satisfies its specification—conditioned on the system model being aligned with reality. We propose alignment monitoring to watch that this assumption is justified. We consider a probabilistic model well aligned if it accurately predicts the behaviour of an uncertain system in advance. An alignment score measures this by quantifying the similarity between the model’s predicted and the system’s (unknown) actual distributions. An alignment monitor observes the system at runtime; at each point in time it uses the current state and the model to predict the next state. After the next state is observed, the monitor updates the verdict, which is a high-probability interval estimate for the true alignment score. We utilize tools from sequential forecasting to construct our alignment monitors. Besides a monitor for measuring the expected alignment score, we introduce a differential alignment monitor, designed for comparing two models, and a weighted alignment monitor, which permits task-specific alignment monitoring. We evaluate our monitors experimentally on the PRISM benchmark suite. They are fast, memory-efficient, and detect misalignment early."}],"date_created":"2026-01-29T16:03:43Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.00021"}],"quality_controlled":"1","date_published":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","year":"2025","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"oa":1,"_id":"21092","publisher":"Springer Nature","arxiv":1,"day":"13","publication":"25th International Conference on Runtime Verification","volume":16087,"OA_place":"repository","ec_funded":1,"title":"Alignment monitoring"},{"_id":"21093","day":"13","publisher":"Springer Nature","arxiv":1,"publication":"25th International Conference on Runtime Verification","OA_place":"repository","volume":16087,"title":"Monitoring hypernode logic over infinite domains","ec_funded":1,"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.02301"}],"intvolume":"     16087","date_created":"2026-01-29T16:04:31Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We propose a monitoring approach for hyperproperties where the system’s observations range over infinite domains. The specifications are given as formulas of symbolic hypernode logic, an extension of earlier versions of hypernode logic that supports events with data. We demonstrate how to translate terms of symbolic hypernode logic into multi-tape symbolic transducers and we present a monitoring algorithm for universally quantified formulas that is based on this translation. We evaluate our approach against the previous approach for monitoring hypernode logic, and we also compare it to other monitors for hyperproperties."}],"quality_controlled":"1","date_published":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"year":"2025","oa":1,"project":[{"name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software","_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101020093"},{"_id":"34a1b658-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c75229f0241e","name":"Interface Theory for Security and Privacy","grant_number":"F8502"}],"corr_author":"1","citation":{"apa":"Chalupa, M., Henzinger, T. A., &#38; Oliveira da Costa, A. A. (2025). Monitoring hypernode logic over infinite domains. In <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i> (Vol. 16087, pp. 417–437). Graz, Austria: Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23</a>","chicago":"Chalupa, Marek, Thomas A Henzinger, and Ana A Oliveira da Costa. “Monitoring Hypernode Logic over Infinite Domains.” In <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, 16087:417–37. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23</a>.","ama":"Chalupa M, Henzinger TA, Oliveira da Costa AA. Monitoring hypernode logic over infinite domains. In: <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>. Vol 16087. Springer Nature; 2025:417-437. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23\">10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23</a>","ista":"Chalupa M, Henzinger TA, Oliveira da Costa AA. 2025. Monitoring hypernode logic over infinite domains. 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. RV: Runtime Verification, LNCS, vol. 16087, 417–437.","ieee":"M. Chalupa, T. A. Henzinger, and A. A. Oliveira da Costa, “Monitoring hypernode logic over infinite domains,” in <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, Graz, Austria, 2025, vol. 16087, pp. 417–437.","short":"M. Chalupa, T.A. Henzinger, A.A. Oliveira da Costa, in:, 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 417–437.","mla":"Chalupa, Marek, et al. “Monitoring Hypernode Logic over Infinite Domains.” <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, vol. 16087, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 417–37, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23\">10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23</a>."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"OA_type":"green","external_id":{"arxiv":["2508.02301"]},"page":"417-437","acknowledgement":"This work was supported in part by the ERC-2020-AdG 101020093 and in part by the FWF-2022-SFB F8502 (SPyCoDe).","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0302-9743"],"eissn":["1611-3349"],"eisbn":["9783032054357"]},"conference":{"location":"Graz, Austria","start_date":"2025-09-15","name":"RV: Runtime Verification","end_date":"2025-09-19"},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"09","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_23","publication_status":"published","oa_version":"Preprint","type":"conference","status":"public","date_updated":"2026-02-16T11:59:20Z","department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Chalupa, Marek","last_name":"Chalupa","id":"87e34708-d6c6-11ec-9f5b-9391e7be2463","first_name":"Marek"},{"first_name":"Thomas A","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724","last_name":"Henzinger","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A"},{"last_name":"Oliveira da Costa","full_name":"Oliveira da Costa, Ana A","first_name":"Ana A","id":"8b282559-50b0-11ef-861e-d6ace0d92e9b"}],"article_processing_charge":"No"},{"date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:02:39Z","department":[{"_id":"ZoHa"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","author":[{"last_name":"Silverman","full_name":"Silverman, John David","first_name":"John David"},{"first_name":"Junyao","last_name":"Li","full_name":"Li, Junyao"},{"first_name":"Xuheng","full_name":"Ding, Xuheng","last_name":"Ding"},{"first_name":"Masafusa","full_name":"Onoue, Masafusa","last_name":"Onoue"},{"full_name":"Strauss, Michael A.","last_name":"Strauss","first_name":"Michael A."},{"first_name":"Yoshiki","full_name":"Matsuoka, Yoshiki","last_name":"Matsuoka"},{"full_name":"Izumi, Takuma","last_name":"Izumi","first_name":"Takuma"},{"first_name":"Knud","full_name":"Jahnke, Knud","last_name":"Jahnke"},{"last_name":"Treu","full_name":"Treu, Tommaso","first_name":"Tommaso"},{"first_name":"Marta","full_name":"Volonteri, Marta","last_name":"Volonteri"},{"full_name":"Phillips, Camryn L.","last_name":"Phillips","first_name":"Camryn L."},{"first_name":"Irham T.","full_name":"Andika, Irham T.","last_name":"Andika"},{"first_name":"Kentaro","full_name":"Aoki, Kentaro","last_name":"Aoki"},{"first_name":"Junya","last_name":"Arita","full_name":"Arita, Junya"},{"last_name":"Baba","full_name":"Baba, Shunsuke","first_name":"Shunsuke"},{"full_name":"Bosman, Sarah E. I.","last_name":"Bosman","first_name":"Sarah E. I."},{"last_name":"Eilers","full_name":"Eilers, Anna-Christina","first_name":"Anna-Christina"},{"last_name":"Fan","full_name":"Fan, Xiaohui","first_name":"Xiaohui"},{"full_name":"Fujimoto, Seiji","last_name":"Fujimoto","first_name":"Seiji"},{"full_name":"Habouzit, Melanie","last_name":"Habouzit","first_name":"Melanie"},{"full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","first_name":"Zoltán"},{"first_name":"Masatoshi","last_name":"Imanishi","full_name":"Imanishi, Masatoshi"},{"last_name":"Inayoshi","full_name":"Inayoshi, Kohei","first_name":"Kohei"},{"full_name":"Iwasawa, Kazushi","last_name":"Iwasawa","first_name":"Kazushi"},{"first_name":"Nobunari","full_name":"Kashikawa, Nobunari","last_name":"Kashikawa"},{"last_name":"Kawaguchi","full_name":"Kawaguchi, Toshihiro","first_name":"Toshihiro"},{"last_name":"Lee","full_name":"Lee, Chien-Hsiu","first_name":"Chien-Hsiu"},{"first_name":"Alessandro","full_name":"Lupi, Alessandro","last_name":"Lupi"},{"full_name":"Nagao, Tohru","last_name":"Nagao","first_name":"Tohru"},{"first_name":"Jan-Torge","full_name":"Schindler, Jan-Torge","last_name":"Schindler"},{"full_name":"Schramm, Malte","last_name":"Schramm","first_name":"Malte"},{"full_name":"Shimasaku, Kazuhiro","last_name":"Shimasaku","first_name":"Kazuhiro"},{"first_name":"Yoshiki","full_name":"Toba, Yoshiki","last_name":"Toba"},{"last_name":"Trakhtenbrot","full_name":"Trakhtenbrot, Benny","first_name":"Benny"},{"last_name":"Umehata","full_name":"Umehata, Hideki","first_name":"Hideki"},{"first_name":"Marianne","last_name":"Vestergaard","full_name":"Vestergaard, Marianne"},{"first_name":"Fabian","full_name":"Walter, Fabian","last_name":"Walter"},{"first_name":"Feige","last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Feige"},{"last_name":"Yang","full_name":"Yang, Jinyi","first_name":"Jinyi"}],"doi":"10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c","publication_status":"published","oa_version":"Published Version","type":"journal_article","status":"public","external_id":{"arxiv":["2507.23066"]},"OA_type":"gold","file":[{"date_updated":"2026-02-10T06:56:37Z","file_name":"2025_AstrophysicalJounalLetters_Silvermann.pdf","file_size":997137,"checksum":"e38c0c444be9c1507eec28c62ce04cbc","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2026-02-10T06:56:37Z","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"file_id":"21202","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst"}],"acknowledgement":"This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with programs GO #1967 and GO #3859. The specific observations analyzed can be accessed via DOI: 10.17909/719q-cn32. Support for these programs was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127. This work was supported by World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan. This work used computing resources at Kavli IPMU. J.S. is supported by JSPS KAKENHI (JP22H01262). M.O. is supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant No. 24K22894. Y.M. was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant No. 21H04494. M.V. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Independent Research Fund Denmark via grant numbers DFF 8021-00130 and 3103-00146 and from the Carlsberg Foundation via grant CF23-0417. S.E.I.B. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Emmy Noether grant number BO 5771/1-1. K.I. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12073003, 11721303, 11991052). K.I. acknowledges support under the grant PID2022-136827NB-C44 provided by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 / FEDER, UE. A.L. acknowledges support from PRIN MUR 2022— Project “2022935STW.” J.T.S. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—project number 518006966. F.W. acknowledges support from NSF award AST-2513040. M.H. acknowledges support from the FNS under the SNSF starting grant 218032. B.T. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 950533) and from the Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, which is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy—EXC 2094—390783311.","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-8213"],"issn":["2041-8205"]},"month":"12","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","DOAJ_listed":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-02-10T06:56:37Z","has_accepted_license":"1","article_number":"L67","citation":{"mla":"Silverman, John David, et al. “SHELLQs–JWST Perspective on the Intrinsic Mass Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies at z &#62; 6.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>, vol. 995, no. 2, L67, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c\">10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c</a>.","short":"J.D. Silverman, J. Li, X. Ding, M. Onoue, M.A. Strauss, Y. Matsuoka, T. Izumi, K. Jahnke, T. Treu, M. Volonteri, C.L. Phillips, I.T. Andika, K. Aoki, J. Arita, S. Baba, S.E.I. Bosman, A.-C. Eilers, X. Fan, S. Fujimoto, M. Habouzit, Z. Haiman, M. Imanishi, K. Inayoshi, K. Iwasawa, N. Kashikawa, T. Kawaguchi, C.-H. Lee, A. Lupi, T. Nagao, J.-T. Schindler, M. Schramm, K. Shimasaku, Y. Toba, B. Trakhtenbrot, H. Umehata, M. Vestergaard, F. Walter, F. Wang, J. Yang, The Astrophysical Journal Letters 995 (2025).","ieee":"J. D. Silverman <i>et al.</i>, “SHELLQs–JWST perspective on the intrinsic mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at z &#62; 6,” <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>, vol. 995, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2025.","ista":"Silverman JD, Li J, Ding X, Onoue M, Strauss MA, Matsuoka Y, Izumi T, Jahnke K, Treu T, Volonteri M, Phillips CL, Andika IT, Aoki K, Arita J, Baba S, Bosman SEI, Eilers A-C, Fan X, Fujimoto S, Habouzit M, Haiman Z, Imanishi M, Inayoshi K, Iwasawa K, Kashikawa N, Kawaguchi T, Lee C-H, Lupi A, Nagao T, Schindler J-T, Schramm M, Shimasaku K, Toba Y, Trakhtenbrot B, Umehata H, Vestergaard M, Walter F, Wang F, Yang J. 2025. SHELLQs–JWST perspective on the intrinsic mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at z &#62; 6. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 995(2), L67.","ama":"Silverman JD, Li J, Ding X, et al. SHELLQs–JWST perspective on the intrinsic mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at z &#62; 6. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. 2025;995(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c\">10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c</a>","chicago":"Silverman, John David, Junyao Li, Xuheng Ding, Masafusa Onoue, Michael A. Strauss, Yoshiki Matsuoka, Takuma Izumi, et al. “SHELLQs–JWST Perspective on the Intrinsic Mass Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies at z &#62; 6.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. IOP Publishing, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c\">https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c</a>.","apa":"Silverman, J. D., Li, J., Ding, X., Onoue, M., Strauss, M. A., Matsuoka, Y., … Yang, J. (2025). SHELLQs–JWST perspective on the intrinsic mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at z &#62; 6. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c\">https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae279c</a>"},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_published":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","issue":"2","year":"2025","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"oa":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The relation between the masses of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies encodes information on their mode of growth, especially at the earliest epochs. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has opened such investigations by detecting the host galaxies of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and more luminous quasars within the first billion years of the Universe (z ≳ 6). Here, we evaluate the relation between the mass of SMBHs and the total stellar mass of their host galaxies using a sample of nine quasars at 6.18 ≤ z ≤ 6.4 from the Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-luminosity Quasars survey with NIRCam and NIRSpec observations. We find that the observed location of these quasars in the SMBH–galaxy mass plane (logMBH/M 8–9; logM*/M 9.5–11) is consistent with a nonevolving intrinsic mass relation with dispersion (0.80 +0.23 -0.28 dex) higher than the local value (∼0.3–0.4 dex) of their more massive descendants. Our analysis is based on a forward model of systematics and includes a consideration of the impact of selection effects and measurement uncertainties with an assumption on the slope of the mass relation. While degeneracies between parameters persist, the best-fit solution has a reasonable AGN fraction (2.3%) of galaxies at z ∼ 6 with an actively growing UV-unobscured black hole. In particular, models with a substantially higher normalisation in MBH would require an unrealistically low intrinsic dispersion (∼0.22 dex). Consequently, our results predict a large population of AGN at lower black hole masses, as are now just starting to be discovered in focused efforts with JWST."}],"date_created":"2026-01-31T09:27:53Z","intvolume":"       995","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"The Astrophysical Journal Letters","PlanS_conform":"1","volume":995,"OA_place":"publisher","title":"SHELLQs–JWST perspective on the intrinsic mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at z > 6","article_type":"original","_id":"21121","day":"17","publisher":"IOP Publishing","arxiv":1,"ddc":["520"]},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"mla":"Krauth, Luke Major, et al. “Thermal X-Ray Signatures in Late-Stage Unequal-Mass Massive Black Hole Binary Mergers.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 543, no. 3, Oxford University Press, 2025, pp. 2670–85, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1583\">10.1093/mnras/staf1583</a>.","short":"L.M. Krauth, J. Davelaar, Z. Haiman, J.R. Westernacher-Schneider, J. Zrake, A. MacFadyen, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 543 (2025) 2670–2685.","ieee":"L. M. Krauth, J. Davelaar, Z. Haiman, J. R. Westernacher-Schneider, J. Zrake, and A. MacFadyen, “Thermal X-ray signatures in late-stage unequal-mass massive black hole binary mergers,” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 543, no. 3. Oxford University Press, pp. 2670–2685, 2025.","ista":"Krauth LM, Davelaar J, Haiman Z, Westernacher-Schneider JR, Zrake J, MacFadyen A. 2025. Thermal X-ray signatures in late-stage unequal-mass massive black hole binary mergers. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 543(3), 2670–2685.","ama":"Krauth LM, Davelaar J, Haiman Z, Westernacher-Schneider JR, Zrake J, MacFadyen A. Thermal X-ray signatures in late-stage unequal-mass massive black hole binary mergers. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2025;543(3):2670-2685. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1583\">10.1093/mnras/staf1583</a>","chicago":"Krauth, Luke Major, Jordy Davelaar, Zoltán Haiman, John Ryan Westernacher-Schneider, Jonathan Zrake, and Andrew MacFadyen. “Thermal X-Ray Signatures in Late-Stage Unequal-Mass Massive Black Hole Binary Mergers.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1583\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1583</a>.","apa":"Krauth, L. M., Davelaar, J., Haiman, Z., Westernacher-Schneider, J. R., Zrake, J., &#38; MacFadyen, A. (2025). Thermal X-ray signatures in late-stage unequal-mass massive black hole binary mergers. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1583\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1583</a>"},"has_accepted_license":"1","file_date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:07:17Z","DOAJ_listed":"1","month":"11","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1365-2966"],"issn":["0035-8711"]},"page":"2670-2685","file":[{"date_created":"2026-02-10T07:07:17Z","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","file_id":"21203","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:07:17Z","file_name":"2025_MonthlyNoticesRAS_Krauth.pdf","file_size":3689696,"checksum":"f9b4c6a606df9493f6eb6af5ebcca6db","relation":"main_file"}],"acknowledgement":"We acknowledge support from the Nationale Wetenschapsagenda Roadmap grant ‘Gravitational Waves Laser Interferometer Space Antenna/Einstein Telescope: Shivers from the Deep Universe: A National Infrastructure for Gravitational Wave Research’ (LMK), National Science Foundation grant AST-2006176 (ZH), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astrophysics Theory Program grant 80NSSC22K0822 (AM and ZH). JD was supported by National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51552.001A, awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under National Aeronautics and Space Administration contract NAS5-26555. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant no. NSF PHY-1748958. This research has made use of National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Astrophysics Data System. Resources supporting this work were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center. Software:  python (Oliphant 2007; Millman & Aivazis 2011), scipy (Jones et al. 2001), numpy (van der Walt, Colbert & Varoquaux 2011), and matplotlib (Hunter 2007).","OA_type":"gold","external_id":{"arxiv":["2503.01494"]},"status":"public","type":"journal_article","oa_version":"Published Version","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1093/mnras/staf1583","article_processing_charge":"Yes","author":[{"first_name":"Luke Major","last_name":"Krauth","full_name":"Krauth, Luke Major"},{"full_name":"Davelaar, Jordy","last_name":"Davelaar","first_name":"Jordy"},{"full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman","first_name":"Zoltán","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36"},{"full_name":"Westernacher-Schneider, John Ryan","last_name":"Westernacher-Schneider","first_name":"John Ryan"},{"first_name":"Jonathan","full_name":"Zrake, Jonathan","last_name":"Zrake"},{"first_name":"Andrew","full_name":"MacFadyen, Andrew","last_name":"MacFadyen"}],"department":[{"_id":"ZoHa"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:10:21Z","ddc":["520"],"arxiv":1,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","day":"01","_id":"21122","title":"Thermal X-ray signatures in late-stage unequal-mass massive black hole binary mergers","article_type":"original","OA_place":"publisher","volume":543,"publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","PlanS_conform":"1","quality_controlled":"1","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:28:28Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The multimessenger combination of gravitational waves (GWs) from merging massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) and the electromagnetic (EM) counterpart from the surrounding circumbinary disc (CBD) will open avenues to new scientific pursuits. In order to realize this science, we need to correctly localize the host galaxy of the merging MBHB. Multiwavelength, time-dependent EM signatures can greatly facilitate the identification of the unique EM counterpart among many sources in LISA’s localization volume. To this end, we studied merging unequal-mass MBHBs embedded in a CBD using high-resolution 2D simulations, with a $\\Gamma$-law equation of state, incorporating viscous heating, shock heating, and radiative cooling. We simulate each binary starting from before it decouples from the CBD until just after the merger. We compute EM signatures and identify distinct features before, during, and after the merger. We corroborate previous findings of a several orders of magnitude drop in the thermal X-ray luminosity near the time of merger, but with delayed timing compared to an equal-mass system. The source remains X-ray dark for hours post-merger. Our main results are a potential new signature of a sharp spike in the thermal X-ray emission just before the tell-tale steep drop occurs. This feature may further help to identify EM counterparts of LISA’s unequal MBHBs before merger without the need for extensive pre-merger monitoring. Additionally, we find a role-reversal in which the primary out-accretes the secondary during late inspiral, which may diminish signatures originating from Doppler modulation."}],"intvolume":"       543","oa":1,"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"year":"2025","issue":"3","date_published":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z"},{"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We present a study of the late-time interaction between supermassive black hole binaries and retrograde circumbinary disks during the period of gravitational wave-driven inspiral. While mergers in prograde disks have received extensive study, retrograde disks offer distinct dynamics that could promote mergers and produce unique observational signatures. Through 2D numerical hydrodynamical simulations, we explore the process of binary-disk decoupling, where the binary’s orbital decay rate is faster than the disk’s viscous response rate. We find the point of decoupling to be comparable in prograde and retrograde disks, suggesting that any associated electromagnetic (EM) signatures will be produced at comparable times preceding the merger. However, we find smaller central cavities for retrograde disks, likely leading to higher-frequency EM emissions and shorter postmerger rebrightening timescales compared to their prograde counterparts. Retrograde disks form intrabinary bridges, which are prone to instabilities when the viscosity is low. These instabilities manifest as quasiperiodic flares in the accretion rate, which may produce distinctive EM signatures for retrograde disks."}],"intvolume":"       993","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:28:50Z","quality_controlled":"1","date_published":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","year":"2025","issue":"2","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"oa":1,"_id":"21123","publisher":"IOP Publishing","arxiv":1,"day":"05","ddc":["520"],"publication":"The Astrophysical Journal","PlanS_conform":"1","volume":993,"OA_place":"publisher","article_type":"original","title":"Gravitational wave decoupling in retrograde circumbinary disks","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8","type":"journal_article","oa_version":"Published Version","status":"public","date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:22:28Z","department":[{"_id":"ZoHa"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","author":[{"full_name":"O’Neill, David","last_name":"O’Neill","first_name":"David"},{"last_name":"Tiede","full_name":"Tiede, Christopher","first_name":"Christopher"},{"first_name":"Daniel J.","full_name":"D’Orazio, Daniel J.","last_name":"D’Orazio"},{"full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","first_name":"Zoltán"},{"full_name":"MacFadyen, Andrew","last_name":"MacFadyen","first_name":"Andrew"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:19:52Z","citation":{"apa":"O’Neill, D., Tiede, C., D’Orazio, D. J., Haiman, Z., &#38; MacFadyen, A. (2025). Gravitational wave decoupling in retrograde circumbinary disks. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8\">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8</a>","chicago":"O’Neill, David, Christopher Tiede, Daniel J. D’Orazio, Zoltán Haiman, and Andrew MacFadyen. “Gravitational Wave Decoupling in Retrograde Circumbinary Disks.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8\">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8</a>.","ama":"O’Neill D, Tiede C, D’Orazio DJ, Haiman Z, MacFadyen A. Gravitational wave decoupling in retrograde circumbinary disks. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2025;993(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8\">10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8</a>","ieee":"D. O’Neill, C. Tiede, D. J. D’Orazio, Z. Haiman, and A. MacFadyen, “Gravitational wave decoupling in retrograde circumbinary disks,” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 993, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2025.","ista":"O’Neill D, Tiede C, D’Orazio DJ, Haiman Z, MacFadyen A. 2025. Gravitational wave decoupling in retrograde circumbinary disks. The Astrophysical Journal. 993(2), 206.","short":"D. O’Neill, C. Tiede, D.J. D’Orazio, Z. Haiman, A. MacFadyen, The Astrophysical Journal 993 (2025).","mla":"O’Neill, David, et al. “Gravitational Wave Decoupling in Retrograde Circumbinary Disks.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 993, no. 2, 206, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8\">10.3847/1538-4357/ae0ca8</a>."},"has_accepted_license":"1","article_number":"206","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"date_created":"2026-02-10T07:19:52Z","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","file_id":"21205","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:19:52Z","file_name":"2025_AstrophysicalJournal_ONeill.pdf","file_size":8071909,"checksum":"65d0a3af314b5706407ad1b57a4ea89d","relation":"main_file"}],"acknowledgement":"D.J.D., C.T., and D.O.N. acknowledge support from the Danish Independent Research Fund through Sapere Aude Starting grant No. 121587, led by D.J.D. We are grateful to the anonymous referee for the insightful comments and suggestions for improving the manuscript. This work was also supported in part by the LISA Preparatory Science Program (LPS) through NASA grant 80NSSC24K0440, by NASA Astrophysics Theory Program (ATP) grant 80NSSC22K0822, and by the European Union’s Horizon research and innovation program under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101148364. This work made use of the following software packages: Sailfish (J. Zrake & A. MacFadyen 2024), numpy (C. R. Harris et al. 2020), Python (G. Van Rossum & F. L. Drake 2009), and scipy (P. Virtanen et al. 2020; R. Gommers et al. 2024). Software citation information aggregated using The Software Citation Station (T. Wagg & F. S. Broekgaarden 2024; T. Wagg et al. 2024). The Tycho supercomputer hosted at the SCIENCE HPC center at the University of Copenhagen was used in this work.","OA_type":"gold","external_id":{"arxiv":["2501.11679"]},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1538-4357"],"issn":["0004-637X"]},"month":"11","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","DOAJ_listed":"1"},{"author":[{"last_name":"Ding","full_name":"Ding, Xuheng","first_name":"Xuheng"},{"first_name":"Masafusa","last_name":"Onoue","full_name":"Onoue, Masafusa"},{"first_name":"John D.","full_name":"Silverman, John D.","last_name":"Silverman"},{"last_name":"Matsuoka","full_name":"Matsuoka, Yoshiki","first_name":"Yoshiki"},{"full_name":"Izumi, Takuma","last_name":"Izumi","first_name":"Takuma"},{"last_name":"Strauss","full_name":"Strauss, Michael A.","first_name":"Michael A."},{"last_name":"Yang","full_name":"Yang, Lilan","first_name":"Lilan"},{"last_name":"Jahnke","full_name":"Jahnke, Knud","first_name":"Knud"},{"full_name":"Phillips, Camryn L.","last_name":"Phillips","first_name":"Camryn L."},{"full_name":"Treu, Tommaso","last_name":"Treu","first_name":"Tommaso"},{"first_name":"Irham T.","full_name":"Andika, Irham T.","last_name":"Andika"},{"full_name":"Aoki, Kentaro","last_name":"Aoki","first_name":"Kentaro"},{"first_name":"Junya","last_name":"Arita","full_name":"Arita, Junya"},{"first_name":"Shunsuke","full_name":"Baba, Shunsuke","last_name":"Baba"},{"full_name":"Bosman, Sarah E. I.","last_name":"Bosman","first_name":"Sarah E. I."},{"first_name":"Anna-Christina","last_name":"Eilers","full_name":"Eilers, Anna-Christina"},{"full_name":"Fujimoto, Seiji","last_name":"Fujimoto","first_name":"Seiji"},{"id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","first_name":"Zoltán","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman"},{"last_name":"Imanishi","full_name":"Imanishi, Masatoshi","first_name":"Masatoshi"},{"last_name":"Inayoshi","full_name":"Inayoshi, Kohei","first_name":"Kohei"},{"full_name":"Iwasawa, Kazushi","last_name":"Iwasawa","first_name":"Kazushi"},{"last_name":"Kartaltepe","full_name":"Kartaltepe, Jeyhan","first_name":"Jeyhan"},{"last_name":"Kashikawa","full_name":"Kashikawa, Nobunari","first_name":"Nobunari"},{"full_name":"Kawaguchi, Toshihiro","last_name":"Kawaguchi","first_name":"Toshihiro"},{"last_name":"Li","full_name":"Li, Junyao","first_name":"Junyao"},{"last_name":"Lee","full_name":"Lee, Chien-Hsiu","first_name":"Chien-Hsiu"},{"last_name":"Lupi","full_name":"Lupi, Alessandro","first_name":"Alessandro"},{"first_name":"Jan-Torge","full_name":"Schindler, Jan-Torge","last_name":"Schindler"},{"full_name":"Schramm, Malte","last_name":"Schramm","first_name":"Malte"},{"first_name":"Kazuhiro","full_name":"Shimasaku, Kazuhiro","last_name":"Shimasaku"},{"first_name":"Marko","full_name":"Shuntov, Marko","last_name":"Shuntov"},{"first_name":"Takumi S.","last_name":"Tanaka","full_name":"Tanaka, Takumi S."},{"first_name":"Yoshiki","full_name":"Toba, Yoshiki","last_name":"Toba"},{"first_name":"Benny","last_name":"Trakhtenbrot","full_name":"Trakhtenbrot, Benny"},{"last_name":"Umehata","full_name":"Umehata, Hideki","first_name":"Hideki"},{"first_name":"Marianne","last_name":"Vestergaard","full_name":"Vestergaard, Marianne"},{"first_name":"Feige","last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Feige"},{"last_name":"Yang","full_name":"Yang, Jinyi","first_name":"Jinyi"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:44:42Z","department":[{"_id":"ZoHa"}],"status":"public","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b","type":"journal_article","oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"10","DOAJ_listed":"1","acknowledgement":"We sincerely thank Xiaohui Fan and Shenli Tang for their valuable discussions and insightful suggestions.\r\n\r\nThis work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA JWST. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with programs GO #1967, GO #3859, and GO #1727. Support for these programs was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127. This work was supported by the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan. This work used computing resources at Kavli IPMU. All the JWST data used in this paper can be found in MAST: doi:10.17909/hqaf-an74.\r\n\r\nSupport for this work was provided by NASA through grant JWST-GO-01727 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. X.D. is supported by Wuhan University's Double First-Class funding. M.O. is supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant No. G24K22894. Y.M. is supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant No. 21H04494. S.E.I.B. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Emmy Noether grant No. B.O. 5771/1-1. J.S. is supported by JSPS KAKENHI (JP22H01262) and the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan. K.I. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12073003, 11721303, 11991052). A.L. acknowledges support from PRIN MUR 2022—Project “2022935STW” J.T.S. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—Project No. 518006966. M.V. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Independent Research Fund Denmark via grant Nos. DFF 8021-00130 and 3103-00146. K.I. acknowledges support under grant PID2022-136827NB-C44 provided by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE. F.W. acknowledges support from NSF award AST-2513040.","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","file_id":"21206","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"date_created":"2026-02-10T07:42:21Z","relation":"main_file","checksum":"36decd55832a270ce62086c1a279a254","file_size":10064937,"file_name":"2025_AstrophysicalJournal_Ding.pdf","date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:42:21Z"}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2505.03876"]},"OA_type":"gold","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0004-637X"],"eissn":["1538-4357"]},"citation":{"chicago":"Ding, Xuheng, Masafusa Onoue, John D. Silverman, Yoshiki Matsuoka, Takuma Izumi, Michael A. Strauss, Lilan Yang, et al. “SHELLQs-JWST Unveils the Host Galaxies of 12 Quasars at z &#62; 6.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b\">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b</a>.","apa":"Ding, X., Onoue, M., Silverman, J. D., Matsuoka, Y., Izumi, T., Strauss, M. A., … Yang, J. (2025). SHELLQs-JWST unveils the host galaxies of 12 quasars at z &#62; 6. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b\">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b</a>","ama":"Ding X, Onoue M, Silverman JD, et al. SHELLQs-JWST unveils the host galaxies of 12 quasars at z &#62; 6. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2025;993(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b\">10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b</a>","mla":"Ding, Xuheng, et al. “SHELLQs-JWST Unveils the Host Galaxies of 12 Quasars at z &#62; 6.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 993, no. 1, 91, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b\">10.3847/1538-4357/ae045b</a>.","ieee":"X. Ding <i>et al.</i>, “SHELLQs-JWST unveils the host galaxies of 12 quasars at z &#62; 6,” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 993, no. 1. IOP Publishing, 2025.","short":"X. Ding, M. Onoue, J.D. Silverman, Y. Matsuoka, T. Izumi, M.A. Strauss, L. Yang, K. Jahnke, C.L. Phillips, T. Treu, I.T. Andika, K. Aoki, J. Arita, S. Baba, S.E.I. Bosman, A.-C. Eilers, S. Fujimoto, Z. Haiman, M. Imanishi, K. Inayoshi, K. Iwasawa, J. Kartaltepe, N. Kashikawa, T. Kawaguchi, J. Li, C.-H. Lee, A. Lupi, J.-T. Schindler, M. Schramm, K. Shimasaku, M. Shuntov, T.S. Tanaka, Y. Toba, B. Trakhtenbrot, H. Umehata, M. Vestergaard, F. Wang, J. Yang, The Astrophysical Journal 993 (2025).","ista":"Ding X, Onoue M, Silverman JD, Matsuoka Y, Izumi T, Strauss MA, Yang L, Jahnke K, Phillips CL, Treu T, Andika IT, Aoki K, Arita J, Baba S, Bosman SEI, Eilers A-C, Fujimoto S, Haiman Z, Imanishi M, Inayoshi K, Iwasawa K, Kartaltepe J, Kashikawa N, Kawaguchi T, Li J, Lee C-H, Lupi A, Schindler J-T, Schramm M, Shimasaku K, Shuntov M, Tanaka TS, Toba Y, Trakhtenbrot B, Umehata H, Vestergaard M, Wang F, Yang J. 2025. SHELLQs-JWST unveils the host galaxies of 12 quasars at z &#62; 6. The Astrophysical Journal. 993(1), 91."},"article_number":"91","has_accepted_license":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-02-10T07:42:21Z","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"oa":1,"date_published":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","year":"2025","issue":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The advent of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has opened new horizons in the study of quasar host galaxies during the reionization epoch (z > 6). Building upon our previous initial measurements of stellar light from two quasar host galaxies at these redshifts, we now report the detection of the stellar light from the full Cycle 1 sample of 12 distant moderate-luminosity quasar (M1450 > −24 mag) host galaxies at z > 6 from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program. Using JWST/NIRCam observations at 1.5 and 3.6 μm combined with 2D image decomposition analysis, we successfully detect the host galaxies in 11 of the 12 targets, underscoring the high detection rates achievable with moderate-luminosity quasars. Based on two-band photometry and spectral energy distribution fitting, we find that our host galaxies are massive, with log M*/M⊙ = 9.5–11.0. The effective radii range from 0.6 to 3.2 kpc, comparable to the sizes of inactive galaxies with similar masses at z ∼ 6 as measured with imaging from COSMOS-Web. Intriguingly, the two quasar hosts with post-starburst features, which reside at the high-mass end of our sample and exhibit relatively compact morphologies, have similar size and stellar mass surface densities to quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 4–5. These findings suggest that the so-called galaxy compaction scenario is already in place at the reionization epoch, in which gas inflows during starburst phases drive centrally concentrated star formation followed by rapid quenching, bridging the structural transition of massive galaxies from relatively extended star-forming disks to compact quiescent systems."}],"date_created":"2026-01-31T09:29:11Z","intvolume":"       993","quality_controlled":"1","volume":993,"OA_place":"publisher","article_type":"original","title":"SHELLQs-JWST unveils the host galaxies of 12 quasars at z > 6","PlanS_conform":"1","publication":"The Astrophysical Journal","ddc":["520"],"_id":"21124","publisher":"IOP Publishing","arxiv":1,"day":"28"},{"arxiv":1,"publisher":"American Physical Society","day":"28","_id":"21125","publication":"Physical Review D","title":"Constraining cosmology with thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich maps: Minkowski functionals, peaks, minima, and moments","article_type":"original","volume":111,"OA_place":"repository","quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"text":"The thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect (tSZ) is a sensitive probe of cosmology, as it traces the abundance of galaxy clusters and groups in the late-time Universe. Upcoming cosmic microwave background experiments such as the Simons Observatory (SO) and CMB-S4 will provide low-noise and high-resolution component-separated tSZ maps covering a large sky fraction. The tSZ signal is highly non-Gaussian; therefore, higher-order statistics are needed to optimally extract information from these maps. In this work, we study the cosmological constraining power of several tSZ statistics—Minkowski functionals (MFs), peaks, minima, and moments—that have yielded promising results in capturing non-Gaussian information from other cosmological data. Using a large suite of halo-model-based tSZ simulations with varying Ω𝑐 and 𝜎8 (154 cosmologies and over 800,000 maps, each 10.5×10.5  deg2), we show that by combining these observables, we can achieve  ≈29 × tighter constraints compared to using the tSZ power spectrum alone in an idealized noiseless case, with the MFs dominating the constraints. We show that much of the MF constraining power arises from halos below the detection threshold of cluster surveys, suggesting promising synergies with cluster-count analyses. Finally, we demonstrate that these statistics have the potential to deliver tight constraints even in the presence of noise. For example, using post-component-separation tSZ noise expected for SO, we obtain  ≈1.6 × and  ≈1.8 × tighter constraints than the power spectrum with MFs and all statistics combined, respectively. We show that the constraints from MFs approach the noiseless case for white-noise levels ≲1  𝜇⁢K−arcmin.","lang":"eng"}],"intvolume":"       111","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:29:24Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.21247"}],"year":"2025","issue":"10","date_published":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"extern":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"short":"A. Sabyr, J.C. Hill, Z. Haiman, Physical Review D 111 (2025).","ista":"Sabyr A, Hill JC, Haiman Z. 2025. Constraining cosmology with thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich maps: Minkowski functionals, peaks, minima, and moments. Physical Review D. 111(10), 103536.","ieee":"A. Sabyr, J. C. Hill, and Z. Haiman, “Constraining cosmology with thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich maps: Minkowski functionals, peaks, minima, and moments,” <i>Physical Review D</i>, vol. 111, no. 10. American Physical Society, 2025.","mla":"Sabyr, Alina, et al. “Constraining Cosmology with Thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Maps: Minkowski Functionals, Peaks, Minima, and Moments.” <i>Physical Review D</i>, vol. 111, no. 10, 103536, American Physical Society, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.103536\">10.1103/physrevd.111.103536</a>.","apa":"Sabyr, A., Hill, J. C., &#38; Haiman, Z. (2025). Constraining cosmology with thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich maps: Minkowski functionals, peaks, minima, and moments. <i>Physical Review D</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.103536\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.103536</a>","chicago":"Sabyr, Alina, J. Colin Hill, and Zoltán Haiman. “Constraining Cosmology with Thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Maps: Minkowski Functionals, Peaks, Minima, and Moments.” <i>Physical Review D</i>. American Physical Society, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.103536\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.103536</a>.","ama":"Sabyr A, Hill JC, Haiman Z. Constraining cosmology with thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich maps: Minkowski functionals, peaks, minima, and moments. <i>Physical Review D</i>. 2025;111(10). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.103536\">10.1103/physrevd.111.103536</a>"},"article_number":"103536","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2470-0029"],"issn":["2470-0010"]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2410.21247"]},"OA_type":"green","month":"05","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","type":"journal_article","oa_version":"Preprint","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.103536","status":"public","date_updated":"2026-02-10T08:11:17Z","author":[{"full_name":"Sabyr, Alina","last_name":"Sabyr","first_name":"Alina"},{"last_name":"Hill","full_name":"Hill, J. Colin","first_name":"J. Colin"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","first_name":"Zoltán","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman"}],"article_processing_charge":"No"},{"article_type":"original","title":"Self-lensing flares from black hole binaries. IV. The number of detectable shadows","volume":111,"OA_place":"repository","publication":"Physical Review D","day":"04","arxiv":1,"publisher":"American Physical Society","_id":"21126","oa":1,"issue":"6","year":"2025","date_published":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","quality_controlled":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.04583"}],"date_created":"2026-01-31T09:29:42Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Subparsec supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries are expected to be common in active galactic nuclei as a result of the hierarchical buildup of galaxies via mergers. While direct evidence for these compact binaries is lacking, a few hundred candidates have been identified, most based on the apparent periodicities of their optical light curves. Since these signatures can be mimicked by active galactic nuclei red noise, additional evidence is needed to confirm their binary nature. Recurring self-lensing flares, occurring whenever the two BHs are aligned with the line of sight within their Einstein radii, have been suggested as additional binary signatures. Furthermore, in many cases, lensing flares are also predicted to contain a “dip,” whenever the lensed SMBH’s shadow is comparable in angular size to the binary’s Einstein radius. This feature would unambiguously confirm binaries and additionally identify SMBH shadows that are spatially unresolvable by high-resolution Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). Here we estimate the number of quasars for which these dips may be detectable by Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) by extrapolating the quasar luminosity function to faint magnitudes and assuming that SMBH binaries are randomly oriented and have mass ratios following those in the Illustris simulations. Under plausible assumptions about quasar lifetimes, binary fractions, and Eddington ratios, we expect tens of thousands of detectable flares, of which several dozen contain measurable dips."}],"intvolume":"       111","month":"03","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2470-0029"],"issn":["2470-0010"]},"OA_type":"green","external_id":{"arxiv":["2409.04583"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"063011","citation":{"apa":"Park, K., Xin, C., Davelaar, J., &#38; Haiman, Z. (2025). Self-lensing flares from black hole binaries. IV. The number of detectable shadows. <i>Physical Review D</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.063011\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.063011</a>","chicago":"Park, Kevin, Chengcheng Xin, Jordy Davelaar, and Zoltán Haiman. “Self-Lensing Flares from Black Hole Binaries. IV. The Number of Detectable Shadows.” <i>Physical Review D</i>. American Physical Society, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.063011\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.063011</a>.","ama":"Park K, Xin C, Davelaar J, Haiman Z. Self-lensing flares from black hole binaries. IV. The number of detectable shadows. <i>Physical Review D</i>. 2025;111(6). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.063011\">10.1103/physrevd.111.063011</a>","ista":"Park K, Xin C, Davelaar J, Haiman Z. 2025. Self-lensing flares from black hole binaries. IV. The number of detectable shadows. Physical Review D. 111(6), 063011.","ieee":"K. Park, C. Xin, J. Davelaar, and Z. Haiman, “Self-lensing flares from black hole binaries. IV. The number of detectable shadows,” <i>Physical Review D</i>, vol. 111, no. 6. American Physical Society, 2025.","short":"K. Park, C. Xin, J. Davelaar, Z. Haiman, Physical Review D 111 (2025).","mla":"Park, Kevin, et al. “Self-Lensing Flares from Black Hole Binaries. IV. The Number of Detectable Shadows.” <i>Physical Review D</i>, vol. 111, no. 6, 063011, American Physical Society, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.063011\">10.1103/physrevd.111.063011</a>."},"extern":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Park","full_name":"Park, Kevin","first_name":"Kevin"},{"last_name":"Xin","full_name":"Xin, Chengcheng","first_name":"Chengcheng"},{"last_name":"Davelaar","full_name":"Davelaar, Jordy","first_name":"Jordy"},{"id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","first_name":"Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-10T08:14:10Z","status":"public","oa_version":"Preprint","type":"journal_article","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.063011","publication_status":"published"},{"oa":1,"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"year":"2025","issue":"1","date_published":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","quality_controlled":"1","intvolume":"       538","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:29:59Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The early growth of black holes (BHs) in atomic-cooling haloes is likely influenced by feedback on the surrounding gas. While the effects of radiative feedback are well-documented, mechanical feedback, particularly from active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets, has been comparatively less explored. Building on our previous work that examined the growth of a 100 M BH in a constant density environment regulated by AGN jets, we expand the initial BH mass range from 1 to 104 M and adopt a more realistic density profile for atomic-cooling haloes. We reaffirm the validity of our analytic models for jet cocoon propagation and feedback regulation. We identify several critical radii – namely, the terminal radius of jet cocoon propagation, the isotropization radius of the jet cocoon, and the core radius of the atomic-cooling halo – that are crucial in determining BH growth given specific gas properties and jet feedback parameters. In a significant portion of the parameter space, our findings show that jet feedback substantially disrupts the halo’s core during the initial feedback episode, preventing BH growth beyond 104 M.\r\nConversely, conditions characterized by low jet velocities and high gas densities enable sustained BH growth over extended periods. We provide a prediction for the BH mass growth as a function of time and feedback parameters. We found that, to form a supermassive BH (> 106 M) within 1 Gyr entirely by accreting gas from an atomic-cooling halo, the jet energy feedback\r\nefficiency must be  10−4M˙ BHc2 even if the seed BH mass is 104 M."}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228","open_access":"1"}],"title":"Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation","article_type":"original","volume":538,"OA_place":"publisher","publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","PlanS_conform":"1","ddc":["520"],"publisher":"Oxford University Press","arxiv":1,"day":"01","_id":"21127","article_processing_charge":"Yes","author":[{"full_name":"Su, Kung-Yi","last_name":"Su","first_name":"Kung-Yi"},{"first_name":"Greg L","last_name":"Bryan","full_name":"Bryan, Greg L"},{"id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","first_name":"Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-10T08:36:54Z","status":"public","type":"journal_article","oa_version":"Published Version","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1093/mnras/staf228","DOAJ_listed":"1","month":"03","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1365-2966"],"issn":["0035-8711"]},"page":"11-30","external_id":{"arxiv":["2409.12250"]},"OA_type":"gold","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"ieee":"K.-Y. Su, G. L. Bryan, and Z. Haiman, “Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation,” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 538, no. 1. Oxford University Press, pp. 11–30, 2025.","short":"K.-Y. Su, G.L. Bryan, Z. Haiman, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 538 (2025) 11–30.","ista":"Su K-Y, Bryan GL, Haiman Z. 2025. Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 538(1), 11–30.","mla":"Su, Kung-Yi, et al. “Self-Regulation of High-Redshift Black Hole Accretion via Jets: Challenges for SMBH Formation.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 538, no. 1, Oxford University Press, 2025, pp. 11–30, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228\">10.1093/mnras/staf228</a>.","apa":"Su, K.-Y., Bryan, G. L., &#38; Haiman, Z. (2025). Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228</a>","chicago":"Su, Kung-Yi, Greg L Bryan, and Zoltán Haiman. “Self-Regulation of High-Redshift Black Hole Accretion via Jets: Challenges for SMBH Formation.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228</a>.","ama":"Su K-Y, Bryan GL, Haiman Z. Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2025;538(1):11-30. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228\">10.1093/mnras/staf228</a>"},"has_accepted_license":"1","extern":"1"},{"issue":"4","year":"2025","date_published":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"quality_controlled":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf237"}],"date_created":"2026-01-31T09:30:19Z","intvolume":"       537","abstract":[{"text":"The brightest steady sources of radiation in the universe, active galactic nuclei (AGNs), are powered by gas accretion on to a central supermassive black hole (SMBH). The large sizes and accretion rates implicated in AGN accretion discs are expected to lead to gravitational instability and fragmentation, effectively cutting off mass inflow to the SMBH. Radiative feedback from disc-embedded stars has been invoked to yield marginally stable, steady-state solutions in the outer discs. Here, we examine the consequences of this star formation with a semi-analytical model in which stellar-mass black hole (sBH) remnants in the disc provide an additional source of stabilizing radiative feedback. Assuming star formation seeds the embedded sBH population, we model the time-evolving feedback from both stars and the growing population of accreting sBHs. We find that in the outer disc, the luminosity of the sBHs quickly dominates that of their parent stars. However, because sBHs consume less gas than stars to stabilize the disc, the presence of the sBHs enhances the mass flux to the inner disc. As a result, star formation persists over the lifetime of the AGN, damped in the outer disc, but amplified in a narrow ring in the inner disc. Heating from the embedded sBHs significantly modifies the disc’s temperature profile and hardens its spectral energy distribution, and direct emission from the sBHs adds a new hard X-ray component.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","PlanS_conform":"1","article_type":"original","title":"Time-dependent models of AGN discs with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes","volume":537,"OA_place":"publisher","day":"01","arxiv":1,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","_id":"21128","ddc":["520"],"date_updated":"2026-02-10T09:00:44Z","article_processing_charge":"Yes","author":[{"first_name":"Marguerite","full_name":"Epstein-Martin, Marguerite","last_name":"Epstein-Martin"},{"full_name":"Tagawa, Hiromichi","last_name":"Tagawa","first_name":"Hiromichi"},{"last_name":"Haiman","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","first_name":"Zoltán"},{"last_name":"Perna","full_name":"Perna, Rosalba","first_name":"Rosalba"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","type":"journal_article","doi":"10.1093/mnras/staf237","publication_status":"published","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1365-2966"],"issn":["0035-8711"]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2405.09380"]},"OA_type":"gold","page":"3396-3420","DOAJ_listed":"1","month":"03","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","extern":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"ama":"Epstein-Martin M, Tagawa H, Haiman Z, Perna R. Time-dependent models of AGN discs with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2025;537(4):3396-3420. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf237\">10.1093/mnras/staf237</a>","apa":"Epstein-Martin, M., Tagawa, H., Haiman, Z., &#38; Perna, R. (2025). Time-dependent models of AGN discs with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf237\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf237</a>","chicago":"Epstein-Martin, Marguerite, Hiromichi Tagawa, Zoltán Haiman, and Rosalba Perna. “Time-Dependent Models of AGN Discs with Radiation from Embedded Stellar-Mass Black Holes.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf237\">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf237</a>.","ieee":"M. Epstein-Martin, H. Tagawa, Z. Haiman, and R. Perna, “Time-dependent models of AGN discs with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes,” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 537, no. 4. Oxford University Press, pp. 3396–3420, 2025.","ista":"Epstein-Martin M, Tagawa H, Haiman Z, Perna R. 2025. Time-dependent models of AGN discs with radiation from embedded stellar-mass black holes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 537(4), 3396–3420.","short":"M. Epstein-Martin, H. Tagawa, Z. Haiman, R. Perna, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 537 (2025) 3396–3420.","mla":"Epstein-Martin, Marguerite, et al. “Time-Dependent Models of AGN Discs with Radiation from Embedded Stellar-Mass Black Holes.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 537, no. 4, Oxford University Press, 2025, pp. 3396–420, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf237\">10.1093/mnras/staf237</a>."}},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"55","citation":{"mla":"DeLaurentiis, Stanislav, et al. “Relativistic Binary Precession: Impact on Eccentric Massive Binary Black Hole Accretion and Hydrodynamics.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 980, no. 1, 55, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ada612\">10.3847/1538-4357/ada612</a>.","short":"S. DeLaurentiis, Z. Haiman, J.R. Westernacher-Schneider, L.M. Krauth, J. Davelaar, J. Zrake, A. MacFadyen, The Astrophysical Journal 980 (2025).","ieee":"S. DeLaurentiis <i>et al.</i>, “Relativistic binary precession: Impact on eccentric massive binary black hole accretion and hydrodynamics,” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 980, no. 1. IOP Publishing, 2025.","ista":"DeLaurentiis S, Haiman Z, Westernacher-Schneider JR, Krauth LM, Davelaar J, Zrake J, MacFadyen A. 2025. Relativistic binary precession: Impact on eccentric massive binary black hole accretion and hydrodynamics. The Astrophysical Journal. 980(1), 55.","ama":"DeLaurentiis S, Haiman Z, Westernacher-Schneider JR, et al. Relativistic binary precession: Impact on eccentric massive binary black hole accretion and hydrodynamics. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2025;980(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ada612\">10.3847/1538-4357/ada612</a>","chicago":"DeLaurentiis, Stanislav, Zoltán Haiman, John Ryan Westernacher-Schneider, Luke Major Krauth, Jordy Davelaar, Jonathan Zrake, and Andrew MacFadyen. “Relativistic Binary Precession: Impact on Eccentric Massive Binary Black Hole Accretion and Hydrodynamics.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ada612\">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ada612</a>.","apa":"DeLaurentiis, S., Haiman, Z., Westernacher-Schneider, J. R., Krauth, L. M., Davelaar, J., Zrake, J., &#38; MacFadyen, A. (2025). Relativistic binary precession: Impact on eccentric massive binary black hole accretion and hydrodynamics. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ada612\">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ada612</a>"},"extern":"1","DOAJ_listed":"1","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"02","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1538-4357"],"issn":["0004-637X"]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2405.07897"]},"OA_type":"gold","status":"public","oa_version":"Published Version","type":"journal_article","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/ada612","publication_status":"published","author":[{"first_name":"Stanislav","last_name":"DeLaurentiis","full_name":"DeLaurentiis, Stanislav"},{"last_name":"Haiman","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","first_name":"Zoltán"},{"first_name":"John Ryan","full_name":"Westernacher-Schneider, John Ryan","last_name":"Westernacher-Schneider"},{"first_name":"Luke Major","last_name":"Krauth","full_name":"Krauth, Luke Major"},{"full_name":"Davelaar, Jordy","last_name":"Davelaar","first_name":"Jordy"},{"first_name":"Jonathan","full_name":"Zrake, Jonathan","last_name":"Zrake"},{"full_name":"MacFadyen, Andrew","last_name":"MacFadyen","first_name":"Andrew"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","date_updated":"2026-02-10T09:06:07Z","day":"04","publisher":"IOP Publishing","arxiv":1,"_id":"21129","title":"Relativistic binary precession: Impact on eccentric massive binary black hole accretion and hydrodynamics","article_type":"original","OA_place":"publisher","volume":980,"publication":"The Astrophysical Journal","PlanS_conform":"1","quality_controlled":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ada612"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Recent hydrodynamical simulations have shown that circumbinary gas disks drive the orbits of massive binary black holes (BHs) to become eccentric, even when general relativistic (GR) corrections to the orbit are significant. Here, we study the GR apsidal precession of eccentric equal-mass massive binary BHs in circumbinary disks via two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations. We perform a suite of simulations comparing precessing and nonprecessing binaries across a range of eccentricities, semimajor axes, and precession rates. We find that the GR precession of the binary’s semimajor axis can introduce a dominant modulation in the binary’s accretion rate and the corresponding high-energy electromagnetic light curves. We discuss the conditions under which this occurs and its detailed characteristics and mechanism. Finally, we discuss the potential to observe these precession signatures in electromagnetic- and gravitational-wave observations, as well as the precession signal’s unique importance as a potential tool to constrain the mass, eccentricity, and semimajor axis of binary merger events.","lang":"eng"}],"intvolume":"       980","date_created":"2026-01-31T09:30:34Z","oa":1,"issue":"1","year":"2025","date_published":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z"},{"ddc":["570"],"pmid":1,"_id":"21131","publisher":"Frontiers Media","day":"14","volume":19,"OA_place":"publisher","title":"Koopman-based linearization of preparatory EEG dynamics in Parkinson’s disease during galvanic vestibular stimulation","article_type":"original","publication":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","PlanS_conform":"1","date_created":"2026-01-31T23:07:16Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) impairs motor preparation due to basal ganglia dysfunction, contributing to motor deficits. Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, shows promise in enhancing motor function in PD, but its underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. This study employs a Deep Koopman model to linearize and analyze preparatory EEG dynamics in PD, hypothesizing that GVS restores cortical activity patterns critical for motor planning.\r\nMethods: EEG data from 18 PD participants (on/off medication) and 18 healthy controls were collected during a preparatory phase of a motor task under three conditions: sham, GVS1 (50–100 Hz multi-sine), and GVS2 (100–150 Hz multi-sine). A Deep Koopman framework mapped EEG signals into a three-dimensional latent space for linear dynamical analysis. Temporal dynamics were assessed via eigenvalue analysis, spatial contributions via regression-based scalp mapping, and motor performance correlations via Pearson’s coefficients. A Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) simulated control of PD dynamics toward healthy patterns.\r\nResults: The Deep Koopman model accurately captured EEG dynamics, with eigenvalue analysis showing no significant temporal dynamic differences across groups. Spatial contribution analysis revealed that PD-Off sham conditions deviated most from healthy control EEG patterns, while GVS and medication significantly reduced these deviations, aligning PD patterns closer to controls. Closer alignment correlated with improved motor performance metrics, including reduced reaction and squeeze times. LQR control effectively guided PD neural dynamics toward healthy trajectories in the latent space.\r\nDiscussion: GVS enhances motor preparation in PD by restoring healthy cortical EEG patterns, with additive benefits from dopaminergic medication. The Deep Koopman framework offers a powerful approach for dissecting complex EEG dynamics and designing targeted neuromodulation strategies. These findings elucidate GVS’s therapeutic mechanisms and highlight its potential for personalized PD interventions, warranting further exploration in larger cohorts and varied stimulation protocols."}],"intvolume":"        19","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566"}],"quality_controlled":"1","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"oa":1,"date_published":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","year":"2025","citation":{"mla":"Kia, Maryam, et al. “Koopman-Based Linearization of Preparatory EEG Dynamics in Parkinson’s Disease during Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation.” <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>, vol. 19, 1566566, Frontiers Media, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566\">10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566</a>.","short":"M. Kia, M.S. Mirian, S. Soori, S. Saedi, E. Arasteh, M. Faramarzi, A. Chinchani, S. Lee, A. Luczak, M.J. McKeown, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 19 (2025).","ieee":"M. Kia <i>et al.</i>, “Koopman-based linearization of preparatory EEG dynamics in Parkinson’s disease during galvanic vestibular stimulation,” <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>, vol. 19. Frontiers Media, 2025.","ista":"Kia M, Mirian MS, Soori S, Saedi S, Arasteh E, Faramarzi M, Chinchani A, Lee S, Luczak A, McKeown MJ. 2025. Koopman-based linearization of preparatory EEG dynamics in Parkinson’s disease during galvanic vestibular stimulation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 19, 1566566.","chicago":"Kia, Maryam, Maryam S. Mirian, Saeed Soori, Saeed Saedi, Emad Arasteh, Mohamadhosein Faramarzi, Abhijit Chinchani, Soojin Lee, Artur Luczak, and Martin J. McKeown. “Koopman-Based Linearization of Preparatory EEG Dynamics in Parkinson’s Disease during Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation.” <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>. Frontiers Media, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566</a>.","apa":"Kia, M., Mirian, M. S., Soori, S., Saedi, S., Arasteh, E., Faramarzi, M., … McKeown, M. J. (2025). Koopman-based linearization of preparatory EEG dynamics in Parkinson’s disease during galvanic vestibular stimulation. <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>. Frontiers Media. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566</a>","ama":"Kia M, Mirian MS, Soori S, et al. Koopman-based linearization of preparatory EEG dynamics in Parkinson’s disease during galvanic vestibular stimulation. <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>. 2025;19. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566\">10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566</a>"},"article_number":"1566566","has_accepted_license":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"extern":"1","month":"05","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","external_id":{"pmid":["40438537"]},"OA_type":"gold","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1662-5161"]},"status":"public","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2025.1566566","type":"journal_article","oa_version":"Published Version","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"first_name":"Maryam","last_name":"Kia","full_name":"Kia, Maryam"},{"first_name":"Maryam S.","full_name":"Mirian, Maryam S.","last_name":"Mirian"},{"last_name":"Soori","full_name":"Soori, Saeed","first_name":"Saeed"},{"full_name":"Saedi, Saeed","last_name":"Saedi","first_name":"Saeed"},{"last_name":"Arasteh","full_name":"Arasteh, Emad","first_name":"Emad"},{"first_name":"Mohamadhosein","orcid":"0009-0003-2174-3938","id":"9b785ee7-712d-11f0-b3a8-f7a45b28b9c3","last_name":"Faramarzi","full_name":"Faramarzi, Mohamadhosein"},{"last_name":"Chinchani","full_name":"Chinchani, Abhijit","first_name":"Abhijit"},{"first_name":"Soojin","full_name":"Lee, Soojin","last_name":"Lee"},{"first_name":"Artur","last_name":"Luczak","full_name":"Luczak, Artur"},{"full_name":"McKeown, Martin J.","last_name":"McKeown","first_name":"Martin J."}],"date_updated":"2026-02-10T09:21:56Z"}]