--- OA_place: publisher OA_type: hybrid PlanS_conform: '1' _id: '21017' abstract: - lang: eng text: With the growing interest in blockchains, permissioned approaches to consensus have received increasing attention. Unfortunately, the BFT consensus algorithms that are the backbone of most of these blockchains scale poorly and offer limited throughput. In fact, many state-of-the-art BFT consensus algorithms require a single leader process to receive and validate votes from a quorum of processes and then broadcast the result, which is inherently non-scalable. Recent approaches avoid this bottleneck by using dissemination/aggregation trees to propagate values and collect and validate votes. However, the use of trees increases the round latency, which limits the throughput for deeper trees. In this paper we propose Kauri, a BFT communication abstraction that sustains high throughput as the system size grows by leveraging a novel pipelining technique to perform scalable dissemination and aggregation on trees. Furthermore, when the number of faults is moderate (arguably the most common case in practice), our construction is able to recover from faults in an optimal number of reconfiguration steps. We implemented and experimentally evaluated Kauri with up to 800 processes. Our results show that Kauri outperforms the throughput of state-of-the-art permissioned blockchain protocols, by up to 58x without compromising latency. Interestingly, in some cases, the parallelization provided by Kauri can also decrease the latency. acknowledgement: We thank the ACM TOCS Editors and the reviewers for their help in improving the manuscript. This work was partially supported by CAPES - Brazil (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) and byFundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) under project UIDB/50021/2020 and grant 2020.05270.BD, and via project COSMOS (via the OE with ref. PTDC/EEI-COM/29271/2017, via the łPrograma Operacional Regional de Lisboa na sua componente FEDER” with ref. Lisboa-01-0145-FEDER-029271) and project Angainor with reference LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-031456, grant agreement number 952226, and project GLOG, with reference LISBOA2030-FEDER-00771200, and project BIG (Enhancing the research and innovation potential of Tecnico through blockchain technologies and design Innovation for social Good), and project ScalableCosmosConsensus, and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) SFB project SpyCoDe F8502 and the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF) project SCALE2 CT22-045 article_number: '3769423' article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal) article_type: original author: - first_name: Ray full_name: Neiheiser, Ray id: f09651b9-fec0-11ec-b5d8-934aff0e52a4 last_name: Neiheiser orcid: 0000-0001-7227-8309 - first_name: Miguel full_name: Matos, Miguel last_name: Matos - first_name: Luis full_name: Rodrigues, Luis last_name: Rodrigues citation: ama: 'Neiheiser R, Matos M, Rodrigues L. Kauri: BFT consensus with pipelined tree-based dissemination and aggregation. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems. 2025. doi:10.1145/3769423' apa: 'Neiheiser, R., Matos, M., & Rodrigues, L. (2025). Kauri: BFT consensus with pipelined tree-based dissemination and aggregation. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3769423' chicago: 'Neiheiser, Ray, Miguel Matos, and Luis Rodrigues. “Kauri: BFT Consensus with Pipelined Tree-Based Dissemination and Aggregation.” ACM Transactions on Computer Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3769423.' ieee: 'R. Neiheiser, M. Matos, and L. Rodrigues, “Kauri: BFT consensus with pipelined tree-based dissemination and aggregation,” ACM Transactions on Computer Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, 2025.' ista: 'Neiheiser R, Matos M, Rodrigues L. 2025. Kauri: BFT consensus with pipelined tree-based dissemination and aggregation. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems., 3769423.' mla: 'Neiheiser, Ray, et al. “Kauri: BFT Consensus with Pipelined Tree-Based Dissemination and Aggregation.” ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 3769423, Association for Computing Machinery, 2025, doi:10.1145/3769423.' short: R. Neiheiser, M. Matos, L. Rodrigues, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (2025). corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-20T10:14:23Z date_published: 2025-09-05T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-06-18T18:28:26Z day: '05' ddc: - '000' department: - _id: KrPi doi: 10.1145/3769423 has_accepted_license: '1' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1145/3769423 month: '09' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version project: - _id: 34a1b658-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c75229f0241e grant_number: F8502 name: Interface Theory for Security and Privacy - _id: 7bdd2f70-9f16-11ee-852c-b7950bc6d277 grant_number: ICT22-045 name: SeCure, privAte, and interoperabLe layEr 2 publication: ACM Transactions on Computer Systems publication_identifier: eissn: - 1557-7333 issn: - 0734-2071 publication_status: epub_ahead publisher: Association for Computing Machinery quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: 'Kauri: BFT consensus with pipelined tree-based dissemination and aggregation' tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: publisher OA_type: hybrid _id: '21020' abstract: - lang: eng text: "Runtime verification offers scalable solutions to improve the safety and reliability of systems. However, systems that require verification or monitoring by a third party to ensure compliance with a specification might contain sensitive information, causing privacy concerns when usual runtime verification approaches are used. Privacy is compromised if protected information about the system, or sensitive data that is processed by the system, is revealed. In addition, revealing the specification being monitored may undermine the essence of third-party verification.\r\nIn this work, we propose two novel protocols for the privacy-preserving runtime verification of systems against formal sequential specifications. In our first protocol, the monitor verifies whether the system satisfies the specification without learning anything else, though both parties are aware of the specification. Our second protocol ensures that the system remains oblivious to the monitored specification, while the monitor learns only whether the system satisfies the specification and nothing more. Our protocols adapt and improve existing techniques used in cryptography, and more specifically, multi-party computation.\r\nThe sequential specification defines the observation step of the monitor, whose granularity depends on the situation (e.g., banks may be monitored on a daily basis). Our protocols exchange a single message per observation step, after an initialisation phase. This design minimises communication overhead, enabling relatively lightweight privacy-preserving monitoring. We implement our approach for monitoring specifications described by register automata and evaluate it experimentally." acknowledgement: This work is a part of projects VAMOS that has received fund-ing from the European Research Council (ERC), grant agreementNo 101020093 and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) SFB projectSpyCoDe F8502.We thank anonymous reviewers for pointing us to related work [ 3] and for their valuable suggestions that improved this paper. article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal) arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Thomas A full_name: Henzinger, Thomas A id: 40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Henzinger orcid: 0000-0002-2985-7724 - first_name: Mahyar full_name: Karimi, Mahyar id: 6e5417ba-5355-11ee-ae5a-94c2e510b26b last_name: Karimi orcid: 0009-0005-0820-1696 - first_name: K. S. full_name: Thejaswini, K. S. id: 3807fb92-fdc1-11ee-bb4a-b4d8a431c753 last_name: Thejaswini citation: ama: 'Henzinger TA, Karimi M, Thejaswini KS. Privacy-preserving runtime verification. In: Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Association for Computing Machinery; 2025:2774-2787. doi:10.1145/3719027.3765137' apa: 'Henzinger, T. A., Karimi, M., & Thejaswini, K. S. (2025). Privacy-preserving runtime verification. In Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (pp. 2774–2787). Taipei, Taiwan: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765137' chicago: Henzinger, Thomas A, Mahyar Karimi, and K. S. Thejaswini. “Privacy-Preserving Runtime Verification.” In Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2774–87. Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765137. ieee: T. A. Henzinger, M. Karimi, and K. S. Thejaswini, “Privacy-preserving runtime verification,” in Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Taipei, Taiwan, 2025, pp. 2774–2787. ista: 'Henzinger TA, Karimi M, Thejaswini KS. 2025. Privacy-preserving runtime verification. Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. CCS: Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2774–2787.' mla: Henzinger, Thomas A., et al. “Privacy-Preserving Runtime Verification.” Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Association for Computing Machinery, 2025, pp. 2774–87, doi:10.1145/3719027.3765137. short: T.A. Henzinger, M. Karimi, K.S. Thejaswini, in:, Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Association for Computing Machinery, 2025, pp. 2774–2787. conference: end_date: 2025-10-17 location: Taipei, Taiwan name: 'CCS: Conference on Computer and Communications Security' start_date: 2025-10-13 corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-20T10:17:10Z date_published: 2025-11-22T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-03-13T13:37:19Z day: '22' ddc: - '000' department: - _id: ToHe - _id: GradSch doi: 10.1145/3719027.3765137 ec_funded: 1 external_id: arxiv: - '2505.09276' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 615ffddab6c7285158c2953acec6fa6f content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2026-01-21T07:34:58Z date_updated: 2026-01-21T07:34:58Z file_id: '21024' file_name: 2025_CCS_HenzingerT.pdf file_size: 1241912 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-01-21T07:34:58Z has_accepted_license: '1' language: - iso: eng month: '11' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 2774-2787 project: - _id: 62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d call_identifier: H2020 grant_number: '101020093' name: Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software - _id: 34a1b658-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c75229f0241e grant_number: F8502 name: Interface Theory for Security and Privacy publication: Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security publication_identifier: isbn: - '9798400715259' publication_status: published publisher: Association for Computing Machinery quality_controlled: '1' related_material: record: - id: '21401' relation: dissertation_contains status: public scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Privacy-preserving runtime verification tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: conference user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: publisher OA_type: gold _id: '21049' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Post-hoc importance attribution methods are a popular tool for “explaining” Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and are inherently based on the assumption that the explanations can be applied independently of how the models were trained. Contrarily, in this work we bring forward empirical evidence that challenges this very notion. Surprisingly, we discover a strong dependency on and demonstrate that the training details of a pre-trained model’s classification layer (<10% of model parameters) play a crucial role, much more than the pre-training scheme itself. This is of high practical relevance: (1) as techniques for pre-training models are becoming increasingly diverse, understanding the interplay between these techniques and attribution methods is critical; (2) it sheds light on an important yet overlooked assumption of post-hoc attribution methods which can drastically impact model explanations and how they are interpreted eventually. With this finding we also present simple yet effective adjustments to the classification layers, that can significantly enhance the quality of model explanations. We validate our findings across several visual pre-training frameworks (fully-supervised, self-supervised, contrastive vision-language training) and analyse how they impact explanations for a wide range of attribution methods on a diverse set of evaluation metrics.' acknowledgement: "We sincerely thank Sukrut Rao and Yue Fan for their valuable feedback on the paper and insightful discussions throughout the project. Additionally, we appreciate Sukrut’s help\r\nwith some LATEX sorcery. This work was partially supported by ELSA Mobility Program1\r\nas part of the ELLIS2 exchange program to the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), where a portion of this research was conducted." article_processing_charge: No arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Siddhartha full_name: Gairola, Siddhartha id: fb21489d-057c-11f1-b1b6-d68cd6ae64f5 last_name: Gairola - first_name: Moritz full_name: Böhle, Moritz last_name: Böhle - first_name: Francesco full_name: Locatello, Francesco id: 26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4 last_name: Locatello orcid: 0000-0002-4850-0683 - first_name: Bernt full_name: Schiele, Bernt last_name: Schiele citation: ama: 'Gairola S, Böhle M, Locatello F, Schiele B. How to probe: Simple yet effective techniques for improving post-hoc explanations. In: 13th International Conference on Learning Representations. ICLR; 2025.' apa: 'Gairola, S., Böhle, M., Locatello, F., & Schiele, B. (2025). How to probe: Simple yet effective techniques for improving post-hoc explanations. In 13th International Conference on Learning Representations. Singapore: ICLR.' chicago: 'Gairola, Siddhartha, Moritz Böhle, Francesco Locatello, and Bernt Schiele. “How to Probe: Simple yet Effective Techniques for Improving Post-Hoc Explanations.” In 13th International Conference on Learning Representations. ICLR, 2025.' ieee: 'S. Gairola, M. Böhle, F. Locatello, and B. Schiele, “How to probe: Simple yet effective techniques for improving post-hoc explanations,” in 13th International Conference on Learning Representations, Singapore, 2025.' ista: 'Gairola S, Böhle M, Locatello F, Schiele B. 2025. How to probe: Simple yet effective techniques for improving post-hoc explanations. 13th International Conference on Learning Representations. ICLR: International Conference on Learning Representations.' mla: 'Gairola, Siddhartha, et al. “How to Probe: Simple yet Effective Techniques for Improving Post-Hoc Explanations.” 13th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR, 2025.' short: S. Gairola, M. Böhle, F. Locatello, B. Schiele, in:, 13th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR, 2025. conference: end_date: 2025-04-28 location: Singapore name: 'ICLR: International Conference on Learning Representations' start_date: 2025-04-24 corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-27T12:48:35Z date_published: 2025-01-22T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T06:11:17Z day: '22' ddc: - '000' department: - _id: FrLo external_id: arxiv: - '2503.00641' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 6c8dfe4291c41d5a2c2fd838105e10b9 content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2026-02-09T06:06:14Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T06:06:14Z file_id: '21162' file_name: 2025_ICLR_Gairola.pdf file_size: 24386863 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-02-09T06:06:14Z has_accepted_license: '1' language: - iso: eng month: '01' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publication: 13th International Conference on Learning Representations publication_status: published publisher: ICLR quality_controlled: '1' related_material: link: - relation: software url: https://github.com/sidgairo18/how-to-probe status: public title: 'How to probe: Simple yet effective techniques for improving post-hoc explanations' tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: conference user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: repository _id: '21050' abstract: - lang: eng text: "In 1873, James C. Maxwell conjectured that the electric field generated by $n$ point charges in generic position has at most $(n-1)^2$ isolated zeroes. The first (non-optimal) upper bound was only obtained in 2007 by Gabrielov, Novikov and Shapiro, who also posed two additional interesting conjectures.\r\n In this article, we give the best upper bound known to date on the number of zeroes of the electric field, and construct a counterexample to a conjecture of Gabrielov, Novikov and Shapiro that the number of equilibria cannot exceed those of the distance function defined by the unit point charges.\r\n Finally, we note that it is quite possible that Maxwell's quadratic upper bound is not tight, so it is prudent to find smaller bounds. Hence, we also explore examples and construct configurations of charges achieving the highest ratios of the number of electric field zeroes by point charges found to this day." article_processing_charge: No arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Herbert full_name: Edelsbrunner, Herbert id: 3FB178DA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Edelsbrunner orcid: 0000-0002-9823-6833 - first_name: Christopher D full_name: Fillmore, Christopher D id: 35638A5C-AAC7-11E9-B0BF-5503E6697425 last_name: Fillmore - first_name: Gonçalo full_name: Olivera, Gonçalo last_name: Olivera citation: ama: Edelsbrunner H, Fillmore CD, Olivera G. Counting equilibria of the electrostatic potential. arXiv. doi:10.48550/ARXIV.2501.05315 apa: Edelsbrunner, H., Fillmore, C. D., & Olivera, G. (n.d.). Counting equilibria of the electrostatic potential. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2501.05315 chicago: Edelsbrunner, Herbert, Christopher D Fillmore, and Gonçalo Olivera. “Counting Equilibria of the Electrostatic Potential.” ArXiv, n.d. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2501.05315. ieee: H. Edelsbrunner, C. D. Fillmore, and G. Olivera, “Counting equilibria of the electrostatic potential,” arXiv. . ista: Edelsbrunner H, Fillmore CD, Olivera G. Counting equilibria of the electrostatic potential. arXiv, 10.48550/ARXIV.2501.05315. mla: Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. “Counting Equilibria of the Electrostatic Potential.” ArXiv, doi:10.48550/ARXIV.2501.05315. short: H. Edelsbrunner, C.D. Fillmore, G. Olivera, ArXiv (n.d.). corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-27T14:29:27Z date_published: 2025-03-20T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-06-02T09:24:17Z day: '20' department: - _id: HeEd doi: 10.48550/ARXIV.2501.05315 external_id: arxiv: - '2501.05315' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.05315 month: '03' oa: 1 oa_version: Preprint publication: arXiv publication_status: draft related_material: record: - id: '21021' relation: dissertation_contains status: public - id: '21931' relation: later_version status: public status: public title: Counting equilibria of the electrostatic potential tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: preprint user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: publisher OA_type: hybrid PlanS_conform: '1' _id: '21052' abstract: - lang: eng text: "Program logics have proven a successful strategy for verification of complex programs. By providing local reasoning and means of abstraction and composition, they allow reasoning principles for individual components of a program to be combined to prove guarantees about a whole program. Crucially, these components and their proofs can be reused. However, this reuse is only available once the program logic has been defined. It is a frustrating fact of the status quo that whoever defines a new program logic must establish every part, both semantics and proof rules, from scratch. In spite of programming languages and program logics typically sharing many core features, reuse is generally not available across languages. Even inside one language, if the same underlying operation appears in multiple language primitives, reuse is typically not possible when establishing proof rules for the program logic.\r\nTo enable reuse across and inside languages when defining complex program logics (and proving them sound), we serve program logics à la carte by combining program logic fragments for the various effects of the language. Among other language features, the menu includes shared state, concurrency, and non-determinism as reusable, composable blocks that can be combined to define a program logic modularly. Our theory builds on ITrees as a framework to express language semantics and Iris as the underlying separation logic; the work has been mechanized in the Coq proof assistant." article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Max full_name: Vistrup, Max last_name: Vistrup - first_name: Michael Joachim full_name: Sammler, Michael Joachim id: 510d3901-2a03-11ee-914d-d9ae9011f0a7 last_name: Sammler - first_name: Ralf full_name: Jung, Ralf last_name: Jung citation: ama: Vistrup M, Sammler MJ, Jung R. Program logics à la Carte. Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages. 2025;9(POPL):300-331. doi:10.1145/3704847 apa: Vistrup, M., Sammler, M. J., & Jung, R. (2025). Program logics à la Carte. Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3704847 chicago: Vistrup, Max, Michael Joachim Sammler, and Ralf Jung. “Program Logics à La Carte.” Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages. Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3704847. ieee: M. Vistrup, M. J. Sammler, and R. Jung, “Program logics à la Carte,” Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, vol. 9, no. POPL. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 300–331, 2025. ista: Vistrup M, Sammler MJ, Jung R. 2025. Program logics à la Carte. Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages. 9(POPL), 300–331. mla: Vistrup, Max, et al. “Program Logics à La Carte.” Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, vol. 9, no. POPL, Association for Computing Machinery, 2025, pp. 300–31, doi:10.1145/3704847. short: M. Vistrup, M.J. Sammler, R. Jung, Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 9 (2025) 300–331. date_created: 2026-01-28T06:35:47Z date_published: 2025-01-09T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T06:19:36Z day: '09' doi: 10.1145/3704847 extern: '1' has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 9' issue: POPL language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' month: '01' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 300-331 publication: Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages publication_identifier: issn: - 2475-1421 publication_status: published publisher: Association for Computing Machinery quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Program logics à la Carte tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 9 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: publisher OA_type: hybrid PlanS_conform: '1' _id: '21053' abstract: - lang: eng text: "Program verification tools are often implemented as front-end translations of an input program into an intermediate verification language (IVL) such as Boogie, GIL, Viper, or Why3. The resulting IVL program is then verified using an existing back-end verifier. A soundness proof for such a translational verifier needs to relate the input program and verification logic to the semantics of the IVL, which in turn needs to be connected with the verification logic implemented in the back-end verifiers. Performing such proofs is challenging due to the large semantic gap between the input and output programs and logics, especially for complex verification logics such as separation logic.\r\nThis paper presents a formal framework for reasoning about translational separation logic verifiers. At its center is a generic core IVL that captures the essence of different separation logics. We define its operational semantics and formally connect it to two different back-end verifiers, which use symbolic execution and verification condition generation, resp. Crucially, this semantics uses angelic non-determinism to enable the application of different proof search algorithms and heuristics in the back-end verifiers. An axiomatic semantics for the core IVL simplifies reasoning about the front-end translation by performing essential proof steps once and for all in the equivalence proof with the operational semantics rather than for each concrete front-end translation.\r\nWe illustrate the usefulness of our formal framework by instantiating our core IVL with elements of Viper and connecting it to two Viper back-ends as well as a front-end for concurrent separation logic. All our technical results have been formalized in Isabelle/HOL, including the core IVL and its semantics, the semantics of two back-ends for a subset of Viper, and all proofs." article_processing_charge: No article_type: original arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Thibault full_name: Dardinier, Thibault last_name: Dardinier - first_name: Michael Joachim full_name: Sammler, Michael Joachim id: 510d3901-2a03-11ee-914d-d9ae9011f0a7 last_name: Sammler - first_name: Gaurav full_name: Parthasarathy, Gaurav last_name: Parthasarathy - first_name: Alexander J. full_name: Summers, Alexander J. last_name: Summers - first_name: Peter full_name: Müller, Peter last_name: Müller citation: ama: Dardinier T, Sammler MJ, Parthasarathy G, Summers AJ, Müller P. Formal foundations for translational separation logic verifiers. Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages. 2025;9(POPL):569-599. doi:10.1145/3704856 apa: Dardinier, T., Sammler, M. J., Parthasarathy, G., Summers, A. J., & Müller, P. (2025). Formal foundations for translational separation logic verifiers. Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3704856 chicago: Dardinier, Thibault, Michael Joachim Sammler, Gaurav Parthasarathy, Alexander J. Summers, and Peter Müller. “Formal Foundations for Translational Separation Logic Verifiers.” Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages. Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3704856. ieee: T. Dardinier, M. J. Sammler, G. Parthasarathy, A. J. Summers, and P. Müller, “Formal foundations for translational separation logic verifiers,” Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, vol. 9, no. POPL. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 569–599, 2025. ista: Dardinier T, Sammler MJ, Parthasarathy G, Summers AJ, Müller P. 2025. Formal foundations for translational separation logic verifiers. Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages. 9(POPL), 569–599. mla: Dardinier, Thibault, et al. “Formal Foundations for Translational Separation Logic Verifiers.” Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, vol. 9, no. POPL, Association for Computing Machinery, 2025, pp. 569–99, doi:10.1145/3704856. short: T. Dardinier, M.J. Sammler, G. Parthasarathy, A.J. Summers, P. Müller, Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 9 (2025) 569–599. date_created: 2026-01-28T06:36:57Z date_published: 2025-01-09T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T06:25:01Z day: '09' ddc: - '000' doi: 10.1145/3704856 extern: '1' external_id: arxiv: - '2407.20002' has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 9' issue: POPL language: - iso: eng month: '01' oa_version: Published Version page: 569-599 publication: Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages publication_identifier: issn: - 2475-1421 publication_status: published publisher: Association for Computing Machinery quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Formal foundations for translational separation logic verifiers tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 9 year: '2025' ... --- DOAJ_listed: '1' OA_place: publisher OA_type: gold PlanS_conform: '1' _id: '21057' abstract: - lang: eng text: Among the most puzzling early discoveries of JWST are “little red dots” (LRDs), compact red sources that host broad Balmer emission lines, and in many cases exhibit a “V-shaped” change in slope in the rest-optical. The physical properties of LRDs currently have order-of-magnitude uncertainties, because models to explain the continuum of these sources differ immensely. Here, we leverage the complete selection of red sources in the RUBIES program, supplemented with public PRISM spectra, to study the origin of this V shape. By fitting a broken power law with a flexible inflection point, we find that a large fraction of red Hα emitters at 2 < z < 6 exhibit a strong change in slope, and that all strong inflections appear associated with the Balmer limit (0.3645 μm). Using a simple model of a reddened active galactic nucleus (AGN) with an unobscured scattered-light component, we demonstrate that the observed V shape in LRDs is unlikely to occur at any specific wavelength if the entire continuum is dominated by light from a power-law AGN continuum. In contrast, models with an intrinsic feature at the Balmer limit, such as those that are dominated by an evolved stellar population, can produce the observed spectral shapes, provided that a reddened component picks up sufficiently redward of the break. While no model can comfortably explain the full LRD spectral energy distribution, the common inflection location suggests that a single component consistently dominates the rest-frame UV optical in LRDs, and that this component is associated with T ∼ 10^4 K hydrogen. acknowledgement: "This work is based in part on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. The specific observations analyzed can be accessed via DOI: 10.17909/0esg-h949. All of the data products presented herein were retrieved from the Dawn JWST Archive (DJA). DJA is an initiative of the Cosmic Dawn Center, which is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant No. 140. We express gratitude toward the members of the GTO, GO, and DDT teams, whose public data we utilized in this work.\r\n\r\nSupport for this work was provided by The Brinson Foundation through a Brinson Prize Fellowship grant. Support for program No. 4233 was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127. This research was supported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team project No. 562. D.S. acknowledges helpful conversations with Xiaohui Fan and Jared Siegel that contributed to the quality of this work, in addition to aesthetic sign-off from Stephanie Permut on the colors of figures. T.B.M. was supported by a CIERA fellowship. The work of CCW is supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation." article_number: '118' article_processing_charge: Yes article_type: original arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: David J. full_name: Setton, David J. last_name: Setton - first_name: Jenny E. full_name: Greene, Jenny E. last_name: Greene - first_name: Anna full_name: de Graaff, Anna last_name: de Graaff - first_name: Yilun 逸伦 full_name: Ma, Yilun 逸伦 last_name: Ma - first_name: Joel full_name: Leja, Joel last_name: Leja - first_name: Jorryt J full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720 last_name: Matthee orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X - first_name: Rachel full_name: Bezanson, Rachel last_name: Bezanson - first_name: Leindert A. full_name: Boogaard, Leindert A. last_name: Boogaard - first_name: Nikko J. full_name: Cleri, Nikko J. last_name: Cleri - first_name: Harley full_name: Katz, Harley last_name: Katz - first_name: Ivo full_name: Labbe, Ivo last_name: Labbe - first_name: Michael V. full_name: Maseda, Michael V. last_name: Maseda - first_name: Ian full_name: McConachie, Ian last_name: McConachie - first_name: Tim B. full_name: Miller, Tim B. last_name: Miller - first_name: Sedona H. full_name: Price, Sedona H. last_name: Price - first_name: Katherine A. full_name: Suess, Katherine A. last_name: Suess - first_name: Pieter full_name: van Dokkum, Pieter last_name: van Dokkum - first_name: Bingjie 冰洁 full_name: Wang 王, Bingjie 冰洁 last_name: Wang 王 - first_name: Andrea full_name: Weibel, Andrea last_name: Weibel - first_name: Katherine E. full_name: Whitaker, Katherine E. last_name: Whitaker - first_name: Christina C. full_name: Williams, Christina C. last_name: Williams citation: ama: 'Setton DJ, Greene JE, de Graaff A, et al. Little Red Dots at an inflection point: Ubiquitous v-shaped turnover consistently occurs at the Balmer limit. The Astrophysical Journal. 2025;995(1). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae1500' apa: 'Setton, D. J., Greene, J. E., de Graaff, A., Ma, Y. 逸伦, Leja, J., Matthee, J. J., … Williams, C. C. (2025). Little Red Dots at an inflection point: Ubiquitous v-shaped turnover consistently occurs at the Balmer limit. The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae1500' chicago: 'Setton, David J., Jenny E. Greene, Anna de Graaff, Yilun 逸伦 Ma, Joel Leja, Jorryt J Matthee, Rachel Bezanson, et al. “Little Red Dots at an Inflection Point: Ubiquitous v-Shaped Turnover Consistently Occurs at the Balmer Limit.” The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae1500.' ieee: 'D. J. Setton et al., “Little Red Dots at an inflection point: Ubiquitous v-shaped turnover consistently occurs at the Balmer limit,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 995, no. 1. IOP Publishing, 2025.' ista: 'Setton DJ, Greene JE, de Graaff A, Ma Y逸伦, Leja J, Matthee JJ, Bezanson R, Boogaard LA, Cleri NJ, Katz H, Labbe I, Maseda MV, McConachie I, Miller TB, Price SH, Suess KA, van Dokkum P, Wang 王 B冰洁, Weibel A, Whitaker KE, Williams CC. 2025. Little Red Dots at an inflection point: Ubiquitous v-shaped turnover consistently occurs at the Balmer limit. The Astrophysical Journal. 995(1), 118.' mla: 'Setton, David J., et al. “Little Red Dots at an Inflection Point: Ubiquitous v-Shaped Turnover Consistently Occurs at the Balmer Limit.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 995, no. 1, 118, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae1500.' short: D.J. Setton, J.E. Greene, A. de Graaff, Y.逸伦 Ma, J. Leja, J.J. Matthee, R. Bezanson, L.A. Boogaard, N.J. Cleri, H. Katz, I. Labbe, M.V. Maseda, I. McConachie, T.B. Miller, S.H. Price, K.A. Suess, P. van Dokkum, B.冰洁 Wang 王, A. Weibel, K.E. Whitaker, C.C. Williams, The Astrophysical Journal 995 (2025). date_created: 2026-01-28T15:21:47Z date_published: 2025-12-09T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T06:41:48Z day: '09' ddc: - '520' department: - _id: JoMa doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae1500 external_id: arxiv: - '2411.03424' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 2a424eb43748a6370ff058c98adb15c6 content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2026-02-09T06:39:23Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T06:39:23Z file_id: '21163' file_name: 2025_AstrophysicalJournal_Setton.pdf file_size: 1989640 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-02-09T06:39:23Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 995' issue: '1' language: - iso: eng month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publication: The Astrophysical Journal publication_identifier: eissn: - 1538-4357 issn: - 0004-637X publication_status: published publisher: IOP Publishing quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: 'Little Red Dots at an inflection point: Ubiquitous v-shaped turnover consistently occurs at the Balmer limit' tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 995 year: '2025' ... --- DOAJ_listed: '1' OA_place: publisher OA_type: gold PlanS_conform: '1' _id: '21058' abstract: - lang: eng text: Luminous broad Hα emission and red rest-optical spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are the hallmark of compact little red dots (LRDs), implying highly attenuated dusty starbursts and/or obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN). However, the lack of observed far-infrared (FIR) emission has proved difficult to reconcile with the implied attenuated luminosity in these models. Here, we utilize deep new Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array imaging, new and existing JWST/MIRI imaging, and archival Spitzer/Herschel imaging of two of the rest-optically brightest LRDs (z = 3.1 and z = 4.47) to place the strongest constraints on the IR luminosity in LRDs to date. The detections at λrest = 1–4 μm imply flat slopes in the rest-IR, ruling out a contribution from hot (T ≳ 500 K) dust. Similarly, FIR nondetections rule out any appreciable cold (T ≲ 75 K) dust component. Assuming energy balance, these observations are inconsistent with the typical FIR dust emission of dusty starbursts and quasar tori, which usually show a mixture of cold and hot dust. Additionally, our [C ii] nondetections rule out typical dusty starbursts. We compute empirical maximum IR SEDs and find that both LRDs must have log(LIR/L ) 12.2 at the 3σ level. These limits are in tension with the predictions of rest-optical spectrophotometric fits, be they galaxy-only, AGN-only, or composite. It is unlikely that LRDs are highly dust-reddened intrinsically blue sources with a dust temperature distribution that conspires to avoid current observing facilities. Rather, we favor an intrinsically redder LRD SED model that alleviates the need for strong dust attenuation. acknowledgement: "Support for this work was provided by The Brinson Foundation through a Brinson Prize Fellowship grant. D.S. acknowledges Zhengrong Li for kindly sharing model dust SEDs, Tim Rawle for helping with accessing archival Herschel Lensing Survey data, and Xiaohui Fan for helpful conversations that steered the direction of this work. This Letter makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2024.00826.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. This work is based in part on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute (DOI: 10.17909/m7ks-wg55), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with program #6761.\r\n\r\nSupport for this work was provided by NSF/AAG #2306950. Support for this work for R.P.N. was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51515.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. This work has received funding from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00072, as well as from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) through project grant 200020_207349. The Cosmic Dawn Center is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant DNRF140. A.Z. acknowledges support by grant No. 2020750 from the United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) and grant No. 2109066 from the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) and by the Israel Science Foundation grant No. 864/23. The work of C.C.W. is supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. S.A. acknowledges support from the JWST Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) Science Team Lead, grant 80NSSC18K0555, from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center to the University of Arizona." article_number: L10 article_processing_charge: Yes article_type: original arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: David J. full_name: Setton, David J. last_name: Setton - first_name: Jenny E. full_name: Greene, Jenny E. last_name: Greene - first_name: Justin S. full_name: Spilker, Justin S. last_name: Spilker - first_name: Christina C. full_name: Williams, Christina C. last_name: Williams - first_name: Ivo full_name: Labbé, Ivo last_name: Labbé - first_name: Yilun 逸伦 full_name: Ma, Yilun 逸伦 last_name: Ma - first_name: Bingjie 冰洁 full_name: Wang, Bingjie 冰洁 last_name: Wang - first_name: Katherine E. full_name: Whitaker, Katherine E. last_name: Whitaker - first_name: Joel full_name: Leja, Joel last_name: Leja - first_name: Anna full_name: de Graaff, Anna last_name: de Graaff - first_name: Stacey full_name: Alberts, Stacey last_name: Alberts - first_name: Rachel full_name: Bezanson, Rachel last_name: Bezanson - first_name: Leindert A. full_name: Boogaard, Leindert A. last_name: Boogaard - first_name: Gabriel full_name: Brammer, Gabriel last_name: Brammer - first_name: Sam E. full_name: Cutler, Sam E. last_name: Cutler - first_name: Nikko J. full_name: Cleri, Nikko J. last_name: Cleri - first_name: Olivia R. full_name: Cooper, Olivia R. last_name: Cooper - first_name: Pratika full_name: Dayal, Pratika last_name: Dayal - first_name: Seiji full_name: Fujimoto, Seiji last_name: Fujimoto - first_name: Lukas J. full_name: Furtak, Lukas J. last_name: Furtak - first_name: Andy D. full_name: Goulding, Andy D. last_name: Goulding - first_name: Michaela full_name: Hirschmann, Michaela last_name: Hirschmann - first_name: Vasily full_name: Kokorev, Vasily last_name: Kokorev - first_name: Michael V. full_name: Maseda, Michael V. last_name: Maseda - first_name: Ian full_name: McConachie, Ian last_name: McConachie - first_name: Jorryt J full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720 last_name: Matthee orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X - first_name: Tim B. full_name: Miller, Tim B. last_name: Miller - first_name: Rohan P. full_name: Naidu, Rohan P. last_name: Naidu - first_name: Pascal A. full_name: Oesch, Pascal A. last_name: Oesch - first_name: Richard full_name: Pan, Richard last_name: Pan - first_name: Sedona H. full_name: Price, Sedona H. last_name: Price - first_name: Katherine A. full_name: Suess, Katherine A. last_name: Suess - first_name: John R. full_name: Weaver, John R. last_name: Weaver - first_name: Mengyuan full_name: Xiao, Mengyuan last_name: Xiao - first_name: Yunchong full_name: Zhang, Yunchong last_name: Zhang - first_name: Adi full_name: Zitrin, Adi last_name: Zitrin citation: ama: Setton DJ, Greene JE, Spilker JS, et al. A confirmed deficit of hot and cold dust emission in the most luminous Little Red Dots. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2025;991. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ade78b apa: Setton, D. J., Greene, J. E., Spilker, J. S., Williams, C. C., Labbé, I., Ma, Y. 逸伦, … Zitrin, A. (2025). A confirmed deficit of hot and cold dust emission in the most luminous Little Red Dots. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ade78b chicago: Setton, David J., Jenny E. Greene, Justin S. Spilker, Christina C. Williams, Ivo Labbé, Yilun 逸伦 Ma, Bingjie 冰洁 Wang, et al. “A Confirmed Deficit of Hot and Cold Dust Emission in the Most Luminous Little Red Dots.” The Astrophysical Journal Letters. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ade78b. ieee: D. J. Setton et al., “A confirmed deficit of hot and cold dust emission in the most luminous Little Red Dots,” The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 991. IOP Publishing, 2025. ista: Setton DJ, Greene JE, Spilker JS, Williams CC, Labbé I, Ma Y逸伦, Wang B冰洁, Whitaker KE, Leja J, de Graaff A, Alberts S, Bezanson R, Boogaard LA, Brammer G, Cutler SE, Cleri NJ, Cooper OR, Dayal P, Fujimoto S, Furtak LJ, Goulding AD, Hirschmann M, Kokorev V, Maseda MV, McConachie I, Matthee JJ, Miller TB, Naidu RP, Oesch PA, Pan R, Price SH, Suess KA, Weaver JR, Xiao M, Zhang Y, Zitrin A. 2025. A confirmed deficit of hot and cold dust emission in the most luminous Little Red Dots. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 991, L10. mla: Setton, David J., et al. “A Confirmed Deficit of Hot and Cold Dust Emission in the Most Luminous Little Red Dots.” The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 991, L10, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ade78b. short: D.J. Setton, J.E. Greene, J.S. Spilker, C.C. Williams, I. Labbé, Y.逸伦 Ma, B.冰洁 Wang, K.E. Whitaker, J. Leja, A. de Graaff, S. Alberts, R. Bezanson, L.A. Boogaard, G. Brammer, S.E. Cutler, N.J. Cleri, O.R. Cooper, P. Dayal, S. Fujimoto, L.J. Furtak, A.D. Goulding, M. Hirschmann, V. Kokorev, M.V. Maseda, I. McConachie, J.J. Matthee, T.B. Miller, R.P. Naidu, P.A. Oesch, R. Pan, S.H. Price, K.A. Suess, J.R. Weaver, M. Xiao, Y. Zhang, A. Zitrin, The Astrophysical Journal Letters 991 (2025). date_created: 2026-01-28T15:23:00Z date_published: 2025-09-12T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T07:14:08Z day: '12' ddc: - '520' department: - _id: JoMa doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ade78b external_id: arxiv: - '2503.02059' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 799518db92ded4e166df4234195af998 content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2026-02-09T07:10:29Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T07:10:29Z file_id: '21165' file_name: 2025_AstrophysicalJournalLetters_Setton.pdf file_size: 1394204 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-02-09T07:10:29Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 991' language: - iso: eng month: '09' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publication: The Astrophysical Journal Letters publication_identifier: eissn: - 2041-8213 issn: - 2041-8205 publication_status: published publisher: IOP Publishing quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: A confirmed deficit of hot and cold dust emission in the most luminous Little Red Dots tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 991 year: '2025' ... --- DOAJ_listed: '1' OA_place: publisher OA_type: diamond PlanS_conform: '1' _id: '21060' abstract: - lang: eng text: "Compact, star-forming galaxies with high star formation rate surface densities (ΣSFR) are often efficient Lyman continuum (LyC) emitters at z ≤ 4.5, likely because intense stellar feedback creates low-density channels that allow photons to escape. Irregular or disturbed morphologies, such as those resulting from mergers, can also facilitate LyC escape by creating anisotropic gas distributions. We investigated the influence of galaxy morphology on LyC production and escape at redshifts 5 ≤ z ≤ 7 using observations from various James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) surveys. Our sample consists of 436 sources, which are predominantly low-mass (∼10^8.15 M\f), star-forming galaxies with ionizing photon efficiency (ξion) values consistent with canonical expectations. Since direct measurements of fesc are not possible during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), we predicted fesc for high-redshift galaxies by applying survival analysis to a subsample of LyC emitters from the Low-Redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), selected to be direct analogs of reionization-era galaxies. We find that these galaxies exhibit, on average, modest predicted escape fractions (∼0.04). In addition, we evaluated the correlation between morphological features and LyC emission. Our findings indicate that neither ξion nor the predicted fesc values show a significant correlation with the presence of merger signatures. This suggests that in low-mass galaxies at z ≥ 5, strong morphological disturbances are not the primary mechanism driving LyC emission and leakage. Instead, compactness and star formation activity likely play a more pivotal role in regulating LyC escape. " acknowledgement: This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with programs GTO 1243, ERS 1345, DDT 2750, and GTO 1180, 1181, 3215, 1210, 1286. Funded by the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. We acknowledge support from the INAF Large Grant 2022 “Extragalactic Surveys with JWST” (PI Pentericci). We acknowledge support from INAF Mini-grant “Reionization and Fundamental Cosmology with High-Redshift Galaxies” and from PRIN 2022 MUR project 2022CB3PJ3 - First Light And Galaxy aSsembly (FLAGS) funded by the European Union – Next Generation EU. RA acknowledges support of Grant PID2023-147386NB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU, and the Severo Ochoa grant CEX2021-001131-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103. The project that gave rise to these results received the support of a fellowship from the “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434). The fellowship code is LCF/BQ/PR24/12050015. LC acknowledges support from grants PID2022-139567NB-I00 and PIB2021-127718NB-I00 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. article_number: A122 article_processing_charge: No article_type: original arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Sara full_name: Mascia, Sara id: edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29 last_name: Mascia - first_name: L. full_name: Pentericci, L. last_name: Pentericci - first_name: M. full_name: Llerena, M. last_name: Llerena - first_name: A. full_name: Calabrò, A. last_name: Calabrò - first_name: Jorryt J full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720 last_name: Matthee orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X - first_name: S. full_name: Flury, S. last_name: Flury - first_name: F. full_name: Pacucci, F. last_name: Pacucci - first_name: A. full_name: Jaskot, A. last_name: Jaskot - first_name: R. O. full_name: Amorín, R. O. last_name: Amorín - first_name: R. full_name: Bhatawdekar, R. last_name: Bhatawdekar - first_name: M. full_name: Castellano, M. last_name: Castellano - first_name: N. full_name: Cleri, N. last_name: Cleri - first_name: L. full_name: Costantin, L. last_name: Costantin - first_name: K. full_name: Davis, K. last_name: Davis - first_name: Claudia full_name: Di Cesare, Claudia id: 2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb last_name: Di Cesare - first_name: M. full_name: Dickinson, M. last_name: Dickinson - first_name: A. full_name: Fontana, A. last_name: Fontana - first_name: Y. full_name: Guo, Y. last_name: Guo - first_name: M. full_name: Giavalisco, M. last_name: Giavalisco - first_name: B. W. full_name: Holwerda, B. W. last_name: Holwerda - first_name: W. full_name: Hu, W. last_name: Hu - first_name: M. full_name: Huertas-Company, M. last_name: Huertas-Company - first_name: Intae full_name: Jung, Intae last_name: Jung - first_name: J. full_name: Kartaltepe, J. last_name: Kartaltepe - first_name: D. full_name: Kashino, D. last_name: Kashino - first_name: A. M. full_name: Koekemoer, A. M. last_name: Koekemoer - first_name: R. A. full_name: Lucas, R. A. last_name: Lucas - first_name: J. full_name: Lotz, J. last_name: Lotz - first_name: L. full_name: Napolitano, L. last_name: Napolitano - first_name: S. full_name: Jogee, S. last_name: Jogee - first_name: S. full_name: Wilkins, S. last_name: Wilkins citation: ama: Mascia S, Pentericci L, Llerena M, et al. Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2025;701. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553760 apa: Mascia, S., Pentericci, L., Llerena, M., Calabrò, A., Matthee, J. J., Flury, S., … Wilkins, S. (2025). Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe. Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202553760 chicago: Mascia, Sara, L. Pentericci, M. Llerena, A. Calabrò, Jorryt J Matthee, S. Flury, F. Pacucci, et al. “Little Impact of Mergers and Galaxy Morphology on the Production and Escape of Ionizing Photons in the Early Universe.” Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202553760. ieee: S. Mascia et al., “Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 701. EDP Sciences, 2025. ista: Mascia S, Pentericci L, Llerena M, Calabrò A, Matthee JJ, Flury S, Pacucci F, Jaskot A, Amorín RO, Bhatawdekar R, Castellano M, Cleri N, Costantin L, Davis K, Di Cesare C, Dickinson M, Fontana A, Guo Y, Giavalisco M, Holwerda BW, Hu W, Huertas-Company M, Jung I, Kartaltepe J, Kashino D, Koekemoer AM, Lucas RA, Lotz J, Napolitano L, Jogee S, Wilkins S. 2025. Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 701, A122. mla: Mascia, Sara, et al. “Little Impact of Mergers and Galaxy Morphology on the Production and Escape of Ionizing Photons in the Early Universe.” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 701, A122, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553760. short: S. Mascia, L. Pentericci, M. Llerena, A. Calabrò, J.J. Matthee, S. Flury, F. Pacucci, A. Jaskot, R.O. Amorín, R. Bhatawdekar, M. Castellano, N. Cleri, L. Costantin, K. Davis, C. Di Cesare, M. Dickinson, A. Fontana, Y. Guo, M. Giavalisco, B.W. Holwerda, W. Hu, M. Huertas-Company, I. Jung, J. Kartaltepe, D. Kashino, A.M. Koekemoer, R.A. Lucas, J. Lotz, L. Napolitano, S. Jogee, S. Wilkins, Astronomy & Astrophysics 701 (2025). corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-28T15:24:24Z date_published: 2025-09-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T07:33:46Z day: '01' ddc: - '520' department: - _id: JoMa doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202553760 external_id: arxiv: - '2501.08268' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 990e384ca19e14b35296712d3b9e2919 content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2026-02-09T07:28:08Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T07:28:08Z file_id: '21166' file_name: 2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_Mascia.pdf file_size: 9994234 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-02-09T07:28:08Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 701' language: - iso: eng month: '09' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version project: - _id: bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea grant_number: '101076224' name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics publication_identifier: eissn: - 1432-0746 issn: - 0004-6361 publication_status: published publisher: EDP Sciences quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 701 year: '2025' ... --- DOAJ_listed: '1' OA_place: publisher OA_type: gold PlanS_conform: '1' _id: '21061' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Detecting the first generation of stars, Population III (Pop III), has been a long-standing goal in astrophysics, yet they remain elusive even in the JWST era. Here we present a novel NIRCam-based selection method for Pop III galaxies, and carefully validate it through completeness and contamination simulations. We systematically search ≃ 500 arcmin2 across JWST legacy fields for Pop III candidates, including GLIMPSE, which, assisted by gravitational lensing, has produced JWST’s deepest NIRCam imaging thus far. We discover one promising Pop III galaxy candidate (GLIMPSE-16043) at z=6.50 -0.24 +0.03, a moderately lensed galaxy (µ = + 2.9 -0.2 +0.1) with an intrinsic UV magnitude of MUV= -15.89 -0.14 +0.12. It exhibits key Pop III features: strong Hα emission (rest-frame EW 2810 ± 550 Å); a Balmer jump; no dust (UV slope β = −2.34 ± 0.36); and undetectable metal lines (e.g., [O III]; [O III]/Hβ < 0.44), implying a gas-phase metallicity of Zgas/Z⊙ < 0.5%. These properties indicate the presence of a nascent, metal-deficient young stellar population (<5 Myr) with a stellar mass of ≃105 M⊙. Intriguingly, this source deviates significantly from the extrapolated UV–metallicity relation derived from recent JWST observations at z = 4–10, consistent with UV enhancement by a top-heavy Pop III initial mass function or the presence of an extremely metal-poor active galactic nucleus. We also derive the first observational constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃ 6–7. The volume density of GLIMPSE-16043 (≈10^−4 cMpc−3) is in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions, independently reinforcing its plausibility. This study demonstrates the power of our novel NIRCam method to finally reveal distant galaxies even more pristine than the Milky Way’s most metal-poor satellites, thereby promising to bring us closer to the first generation of stars than we have ever been before.' acknowledgement: "We are grateful to the CEERS, PRIMER, JOF, UNCOVER, and GLIMPSE teams for developing their NIRCam surveys, and to the various JWST and HST surveys acknowledged in Section 3 that enabled our search. We thank Kimihiko Nakajima and Kohei Inayoshi for sharing Pop III and/or AGN templates, Steven Finkelstein for comments on the completeness and contamination rate simulation, Aaron Yung for SEDs of simulated galaxies, Joel Leja, Ben Johnson, and Sandro Tacchella for advise on SED fitting, and Takashi Kojima and Hiroto Yanagisawa for discussions.\r\n\r\nWe made extensive use of the DAWN JWST Archive for various comparisons presented in this paper. Some of the data products presented herein were retrieved from the Dawn JWST Archive (DJA). DJA is an initiative of the Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), which is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant DNRF140. The prism spectra used in this paper were observed as part of the following programs, and we are grateful to these teams for helping build the rich spectroscopic legacy of JWST: 1180, 1181, 1210, 1286, 3215 (A. J. Bunker et al. 2024; F. D’Eugenio et al. 2024); 1211–1215 (M. V. Maseda et al. 2024); 1345 (S. L. Finkelstein et al. 2024); 1433 (T. Y.-Y. Hsiao et al. 2024); 1747 (G. Roberts-Borsani et al. 2025); 2028 (X. Wang et al. 2024); 2073 (PI: J. Hennawi); 2198 (L. Barrufet et al. 2025); 2282 (L. D. Bradley et al. 2023); 2561 (R. Bezanson et al. 2024; S. H. Price et al. 2024); 2565 (T. Nanayakkara et al. 2023); 2750 (P. Arrabal Haro et al. 2023b); 2756 (PI: W. Chen); 2767 (C. C. Williams et al. 2023); 3073 (M. Castellano et al. 2024); 4106 (PI: E. Nelson); 4233 (A. de Graaff et al. 2025); 4446 (B. L. Frye et al. 2024); 4557 (PI: H. Yan); 6541 (PI: E. Egami); 6585 (PI: D. Coulter).\r\n\r\nThis work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. The specific observations can be accessed via doi: 10.17909/xpxt-a441. These observations include data associated with program No. 03293. Support for program No. 03293 was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127.\r\n\r\nThis project has received funding from NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51505.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555. This work has received funding from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract No. MB22.00072, as well as from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) through project grant 200020_207349. The Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant DNRF140. H.A. and I.C. acknowledge support from CNES, focused on the JWST mission, and the Programme National Cosmology and Galaxies (PNCG) of CNRS/INSU with INP and IN2P3, co-funded by CEA and CNES. I.C. acknowledges funding support from the Initiative Physique des Infinis (IPI), a research training program of the Idex SUPER at Sorbonne Université. A.Z. acknowledges support by grant No. 2020750 from the United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) and grant No. 2109066 from the United States National Science Foundation (NSF); and by the Israel Science Foundation grant No. 864/23. P.N. acknowledges support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the John Templeton Foundation that fund the black hole Initiative (BHI) at Harvard University, where she serves as one of the PIs. B.L. acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2181/1—390900948 (the Heidelberg STRUCTURES Excellence Cluster). Y.S. and G.M. have received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 833925, project STAREX)." article_number: '46' article_processing_charge: Yes article_type: original author: - first_name: Seiji full_name: Fujimoto, Seiji last_name: Fujimoto - first_name: Rohan P. full_name: Naidu, Rohan P. last_name: Naidu - first_name: John full_name: Chisholm, John last_name: Chisholm - first_name: Hakim full_name: Atek, Hakim last_name: Atek - first_name: Ryan full_name: Endsley, Ryan last_name: Endsley - first_name: Vasily full_name: Kokorev, Vasily last_name: Kokorev - first_name: Lukas J. full_name: Furtak, Lukas J. last_name: Furtak - first_name: Richard full_name: Pan, Richard last_name: Pan - first_name: Boyuan full_name: Liu, Boyuan last_name: Liu - first_name: Volker full_name: Bromm, Volker last_name: Bromm - first_name: Alessandra full_name: Venditti, Alessandra last_name: Venditti - first_name: Eli full_name: Visbal, Eli last_name: Visbal - first_name: Richard full_name: Sarmento, Richard last_name: Sarmento - first_name: Andrea full_name: Weibel, Andrea last_name: Weibel - first_name: Pascal A. full_name: Oesch, Pascal A. last_name: Oesch - first_name: Gabriel full_name: Brammer, Gabriel last_name: Brammer - first_name: Daniel full_name: Schaerer, Daniel last_name: Schaerer - first_name: Angela full_name: Adamo, Angela last_name: Adamo - first_name: Danielle A. full_name: Berg, Danielle A. last_name: Berg - first_name: Rachel full_name: Bezanson, Rachel last_name: Bezanson - first_name: Rychard full_name: Bouwens, Rychard last_name: Bouwens - first_name: Iryna full_name: Chemerynska, Iryna last_name: Chemerynska - first_name: Adélaïde full_name: Claeyssens, Adélaïde last_name: Claeyssens - first_name: Miroslava full_name: Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava last_name: Dessauges-Zavadsky - first_name: Anna full_name: Frebel, Anna last_name: Frebel - first_name: Damien full_name: Korber, Damien last_name: Korber - first_name: Ivo full_name: Labbe, Ivo last_name: Labbe - first_name: Rui full_name: Marques-Chaves, Rui last_name: Marques-Chaves - first_name: Jorryt J full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720 last_name: Matthee orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X - first_name: Kristen B. W. full_name: McQuinn, Kristen B. W. last_name: McQuinn - first_name: Julian B. full_name: Muñoz, Julian B. last_name: Muñoz - first_name: Priyamvada full_name: Natarajan, Priyamvada last_name: Natarajan - first_name: Alberto full_name: Saldana-Lopez, Alberto last_name: Saldana-Lopez - first_name: Katherine A. full_name: Suess, Katherine A. last_name: Suess - first_name: Marta full_name: Volonteri, Marta last_name: Volonteri - first_name: Adi full_name: Zitrin, Adi last_name: Zitrin citation: ama: 'Fujimoto S, Naidu RP, Chisholm J, et al. GLIMPSE: An ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃  6–7. The Astrophysical Journal. 2025;989. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade9a1' apa: 'Fujimoto, S., Naidu, R. P., Chisholm, J., Atek, H., Endsley, R., Kokorev, V., … Zitrin, A. (2025). GLIMPSE: An ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃  6–7. The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade9a1' chicago: 'Fujimoto, Seiji, Rohan P. Naidu, John Chisholm, Hakim Atek, Ryan Endsley, Vasily Kokorev, Lukas J. Furtak, et al. “GLIMPSE: An Ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III Galaxy Candidate and First Constraints on the Pop III UV Luminosity Function at z ≃  6–7.” The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade9a1.' ieee: 'S. Fujimoto et al., “GLIMPSE: An ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃  6–7,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 989. IOP Publishing, 2025.' ista: 'Fujimoto S, Naidu RP, Chisholm J, Atek H, Endsley R, Kokorev V, Furtak LJ, Pan R, Liu B, Bromm V, Venditti A, Visbal E, Sarmento R, Weibel A, Oesch PA, Brammer G, Schaerer D, Adamo A, Berg DA, Bezanson R, Bouwens R, Chemerynska I, Claeyssens A, Dessauges-Zavadsky M, Frebel A, Korber D, Labbe I, Marques-Chaves R, Matthee JJ, McQuinn KBW, Muñoz JB, Natarajan P, Saldana-Lopez A, Suess KA, Volonteri M, Zitrin A. 2025. GLIMPSE: An ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃  6–7. The Astrophysical Journal. 989, 46.' mla: 'Fujimoto, Seiji, et al. “GLIMPSE: An Ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III Galaxy Candidate and First Constraints on the Pop III UV Luminosity Function at z ≃  6–7.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 989, 46, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade9a1.' short: S. Fujimoto, R.P. Naidu, J. Chisholm, H. Atek, R. Endsley, V. Kokorev, L.J. Furtak, R. Pan, B. Liu, V. Bromm, A. Venditti, E. Visbal, R. Sarmento, A. Weibel, P.A. Oesch, G. Brammer, D. Schaerer, A. Adamo, D.A. Berg, R. Bezanson, R. Bouwens, I. Chemerynska, A. Claeyssens, M. Dessauges-Zavadsky, A. Frebel, D. Korber, I. Labbe, R. Marques-Chaves, J.J. Matthee, K.B.W. McQuinn, J.B. Muñoz, P. Natarajan, A. Saldana-Lopez, K.A. Suess, M. Volonteri, A. Zitrin, The Astrophysical Journal 989 (2025). date_created: 2026-01-28T15:25:17Z date_published: 2025-08-04T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T08:11:01Z day: '04' ddc: - '520' department: - _id: JoMa doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ade9a1 file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 9e08e77ce6d818fafd074e2b6c30bc43 content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2026-02-09T07:57:01Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T07:57:01Z file_id: '21167' file_name: 2025_AstrophysicalJournal_Fujimoto.pdf file_size: 14405059 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-02-09T07:57:01Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 989' language: - iso: eng month: '08' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publication: The Astrophysical Journal publication_identifier: eissn: - 1538-4357 issn: - 0004-637X publication_status: published publisher: IOP Publishing quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: 'GLIMPSE: An ultrafaint ≃10^5 M⊙ Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z ≃ 6–7' tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 989 year: '2025' ... --- DOAJ_listed: '1' OA_place: publisher OA_type: gold PlanS_conform: '1' _id: '21062' abstract: - lang: eng text: JWST observations have unveiled faint active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at high redshift that provide insights into the formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs). However, disentangling their stellar from AGN light is challenging. Here, we use an empirical approach to infer the average stellar mass of five faint broad-line (BL) Hα emitters at z = 4–5 with BH masses ≈6 × 10^6 M⊙, with a method independent of their spectral energy distribution (SED). We use the deep JWST/NIRcam grism survey “All the Little Things” to measure the overdensities around BL-Hα emitters and around a spectroscopic reference sample of ∼300 galaxies. In our reference sample, we find that megaparsec-scale overdensity correlates with stellar mass. Their large-scale environments suggest that BL-Hα emitters are hosted by galaxies with stellar masses ≈5 × 10^7 M⊙, ≈40 times lower than those inferred from galaxy-only SED fits. Adding measurements around more luminous z ≈ 6 AGNs, we find tentative correlations between line width, BH mass, and the overdensity, suggestive of a steep BH to halo mass relation. The main implications are (1) when BH masses are taken at face value, we confirm extremely high BH to stellar mass ratios of ≈10%, (2) the galaxies of low stellar mass that host growing SMBHs are in tension with typical hydrodynamical simulations, except those without feedback, (3) a 1% duty cycle implied by the host mass hints at super-Eddington accretion, (4) the masses are at odds with an interpretation of the line broadening in terms of high stellar density, (5) our results imply a luminosity-dependent diversity of galaxy masses, environments, and SEDs among AGN samples. acknowledgement: 'We thank the referee for their constructive comments that helped to improve the paper. We thank Junyao Li for sharing model output shown in Figure 13, Rob Crain for sharing results from the ONLYAGN EAGLE model shown in Figure 15, and Adi Zitrin for comments. This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with programs # 3516. Funded by the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. We acknowledge funding from JWST program GO-3516. Support for this work was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51515.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. A.A. acknowledges support by the Swedish research council Vetenskapsrådet (2021-05559).' article_number: '246' article_processing_charge: Yes article_type: original arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Jorryt J full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720 last_name: Matthee orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X - first_name: Rohan P. full_name: Naidu, Rohan P. last_name: Naidu - first_name: Gauri full_name: Kotiwale, Gauri id: 1438afc8-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-cd4a75d66875 last_name: Kotiwale - first_name: Lukas J. full_name: Furtak, Lukas J. last_name: Furtak - first_name: Ivan full_name: Kramarenko, Ivan id: 9a9394cb-3200-11ee-973b-f5ba2a8b16e4 last_name: Kramarenko orcid: 0000-0001-5346-6048 - first_name: Ruari full_name: Mackenzie, Ruari last_name: Mackenzie - first_name: Jenny full_name: Greene, Jenny last_name: Greene - first_name: Angela full_name: Adamo, Angela last_name: Adamo - first_name: Rychard J. full_name: Bouwens, Rychard J. last_name: Bouwens - first_name: Claudia full_name: Di Cesare, Claudia id: 2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb last_name: Di Cesare - first_name: Anna-Christina full_name: Eilers, Anna-Christina last_name: Eilers - first_name: Anna full_name: de Graaff, Anna last_name: de Graaff - first_name: Kasper E. full_name: Heintz, Kasper E. last_name: Heintz - first_name: Daichi full_name: Kashino, Daichi last_name: Kashino - first_name: Michael V. full_name: Maseda, Michael V. last_name: Maseda - first_name: Sandro full_name: Tacchella, Sandro last_name: Tacchella - first_name: Alberto full_name: Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto id: 018f0249-0e87-11f0-b167-cbce08fbd541 last_name: Torralba Torregrosa orcid: 0000-0001-5586-6950 citation: ama: Matthee JJ, Naidu RP, Kotiwale G, et al. Environmental evidence for overly massive Black Holes in low-mass galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo mass relation at z ∼ 5. The Astrophysical Journal. 2025;988(2). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade886 apa: Matthee, J. J., Naidu, R. P., Kotiwale, G., Furtak, L. J., Kramarenko, I., Mackenzie, R., … Torralba Torregrosa, A. (2025). Environmental evidence for overly massive Black Holes in low-mass galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo mass relation at z ∼ 5. The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade886 chicago: Matthee, Jorryt J, Rohan P. Naidu, Gauri Kotiwale, Lukas J. Furtak, Ivan Kramarenko, Ruari Mackenzie, Jenny Greene, et al. “Environmental Evidence for Overly Massive Black Holes in Low-Mass Galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo Mass Relation at z ∼ 5.” The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade886. ieee: J. J. Matthee et al., “Environmental evidence for overly massive Black Holes in low-mass galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo mass relation at z ∼ 5,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 988, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2025. ista: Matthee JJ, Naidu RP, Kotiwale G, Furtak LJ, Kramarenko I, Mackenzie R, Greene J, Adamo A, Bouwens RJ, Di Cesare C, Eilers A-C, de Graaff A, Heintz KE, Kashino D, Maseda MV, Tacchella S, Torralba Torregrosa A. 2025. Environmental evidence for overly massive Black Holes in low-mass galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo mass relation at z ∼ 5. The Astrophysical Journal. 988(2), 246. mla: Matthee, Jorryt J., et al. “Environmental Evidence for Overly Massive Black Holes in Low-Mass Galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo Mass Relation at z ∼ 5.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 988, no. 2, 246, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade886. short: J.J. Matthee, R.P. Naidu, G. Kotiwale, L.J. Furtak, I. Kramarenko, R. Mackenzie, J. Greene, A. Adamo, R.J. Bouwens, C. Di Cesare, A.-C. Eilers, A. de Graaff, K.E. Heintz, D. Kashino, M.V. Maseda, S. Tacchella, A. Torralba Torregrosa, The Astrophysical Journal 988 (2025). corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-28T15:25:42Z date_published: 2025-07-29T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T08:22:01Z day: '29' ddc: - '520' department: - _id: JoMa doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ade886 external_id: arxiv: - '2412.02846' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: a49fbed72f2ff9c0b13129acb6f44f9d content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2026-02-09T08:20:14Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T08:20:14Z file_id: '21168' file_name: 2025_AstrophysicalJournal_Matthee.pdf file_size: 6237415 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-02-09T08:20:14Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 988' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng month: '07' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version project: - _id: bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea grant_number: '101076224' name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization publication: The Astrophysical Journal publication_identifier: eissn: - 1538-4357 issn: - 0004-637X publication_status: published publisher: IOP Publishing quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Environmental evidence for overly massive Black Holes in low-mass galaxies and a Black Hole–Halo mass relation at z ∼ 5 tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 988 year: '2025' ... --- DOAJ_listed: '1' OA_place: publisher OA_type: gold PlanS_conform: '1' _id: '21063' abstract: - lang: eng text: "We report the detection of a 13σ Hα emission line from HDF850.1 at z = 5.188 ± 0.001 using the FRESCO (First Reionization Era SpectroscopicallyComplete Observations) NIRCam F444W grism observations. Detection of Hα in HDF850.1 is noteworthy, given its high far-infrared (IR) luminosity, substantial dust obscuration, and the historical challenges in deriving its redshift.\r\nHDF850.1 shows a clear detection in the F444W imaging data, distributed between a northern and southern component, mirroring that seen in [C II] from the Plateau de Bure Interferometer. Modelling the spectral energy distribution of each component separately, we find that the northern component has a higher mass, star formation rate (SFR), and dust extinction than the southern component. The observed Hα emission appears to arise entirely from the less-obscured southern component and shows a similar \x04v∼ + 130 km s −1 velocity offset to that seen for [C II] relative to the source systemic redshift. Leveraging Hα-derived redshiftsfrom FRESCO observations, we find that HDF850.1 isforming in one of the richest environments identified to date at z > 5, with 100 z = 5.17–5.20 galaxies distributed across 13 smaller structures and a ∼(15 cMpc)3 volume. Based on the evolution of analogous structures in cosmological simulations, the z = 5.17–5.20 structures seem likely to collapse into\r\na single > 1014M cluster by z ∼ 0. Comparing galaxy properties forming within this overdensity with those outside, we find the masses, SFRs, and UV luminosities inside the overdensity to be clearly higher. The prominence of Hα line emission from HDF850.1 and other known highly obscured z > 5 galaxies illustrates the potential of NIRCam-grism programs to map both\r\nthe early build-up of IR-luminous galaxies and overdense structures." acknowledgement: "We are grateful to Roberto Neri and collaborators for providing us with spatially resolved information on both the dust-continuum and [C ii] line emission from their high spatial resolution PdBI observations. This project was made possible in part by the Leiden University Fund/Bouwens Astrophysics Fund. RJB acknowledges support from NWO grants 600.065.140.11N211 (vrij competitie) and TOP grant TOP1.16.057. The Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant no. 140. Cloud-based data processing and file storage for this work is provided by the AWS Cloud Credits for Research program. Support for this work was provided by NASA through grant JWST-GO-01895 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5–26555. RPN acknowledges funding from JWST programs GO-1933 and GO-2279. Support for this work was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51515.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555. MS acknowledges support from the CIDEGENT/2021/059 grant, from project PID2019-109592GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación. This study forms part of the Astrophysics and High Energy Physics programme and was supported by MCIN with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and by Generalitat Valenciana under the project n. ASFAE/2022/025. RAM acknowledges support from the ERC Advanced Grant 740246 (Cosmic_Gas) and the Swiss National Science Foundation through project grant 200020_207349.\r\n\r\nThis work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA JWST. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5–03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with program no. 1895.\r\n\r\nThis paper made use of several publicly available software packages. We are indebted to the respective authors for their work: ipython (Pérez & Granger 2007), matplotlib (Hunter 2007), numpy (Oliphant 2006), scipy (Virtanen et al. 2020), jupyter (Kluyver et al. 2016), astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018), grizli (v1.7.11; Brammer 2018; Brammer et al. 2022), eazy (Brammer, van Dokkum & Coppi 2008), and SExtractor (Bertin & Arnouts 1996)." article_processing_charge: Yes article_type: original arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Thomas full_name: Herard-Demanche, Thomas last_name: Herard-Demanche - first_name: Rychard J full_name: Bouwens, Rychard J last_name: Bouwens - first_name: Pascal A full_name: Oesch, Pascal A last_name: Oesch - first_name: Rohan P full_name: Naidu, Rohan P last_name: Naidu - first_name: Roberto full_name: Decarli, Roberto last_name: Decarli - first_name: Erica J full_name: Nelson, Erica J last_name: Nelson - first_name: Gabriel full_name: Brammer, Gabriel last_name: Brammer - first_name: Andrea full_name: Weibel, Andrea last_name: Weibel - first_name: Mengyuan full_name: Xiao, Mengyuan last_name: Xiao - first_name: Mauro full_name: Stefanon, Mauro last_name: Stefanon - first_name: Fabian full_name: Walter, Fabian last_name: Walter - first_name: Jorryt J full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720 last_name: Matthee orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X - first_name: Romain A full_name: Meyer, Romain A last_name: Meyer - first_name: Stijn full_name: Wuyts, Stijn last_name: Wuyts - first_name: Naveen full_name: Reddy, Naveen last_name: Reddy - first_name: Lucie full_name: Rowland, Lucie last_name: Rowland - first_name: Ivana full_name: van Leeuwen, Ivana last_name: van Leeuwen - first_name: Pablo Arrabal full_name: Haro, Pablo Arrabal last_name: Haro - first_name: Helmut full_name: Dannerbauer, Helmut last_name: Dannerbauer - first_name: Alice E full_name: Shapley, Alice E last_name: Shapley - first_name: John full_name: Chisholm, John last_name: Chisholm - first_name: Pieter full_name: van Dokkum, Pieter last_name: van Dokkum - first_name: Ivo full_name: Labbe, Ivo last_name: Labbe - first_name: Garth full_name: Illingworth, Garth last_name: Illingworth - first_name: Daniel full_name: Schaerer, Daniel last_name: Schaerer - first_name: Irene full_name: Shivaei, Irene last_name: Shivaei citation: ama: 'Herard-Demanche T, Bouwens RJ, Oesch PA, et al. Mapping dusty galaxy growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in submm galaxy HDF850.1 and the surrounding overdense structures. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2025;537(2):788-808. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf030' apa: 'Herard-Demanche, T., Bouwens, R. J., Oesch, P. A., Naidu, R. P., Decarli, R., Nelson, E. J., … Shivaei, I. (2025). Mapping dusty galaxy growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in submm galaxy HDF850.1 and the surrounding overdense structures. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf030' chicago: 'Herard-Demanche, Thomas, Rychard J Bouwens, Pascal A Oesch, Rohan P Naidu, Roberto Decarli, Erica J Nelson, Gabriel Brammer, et al. “Mapping Dusty Galaxy Growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in Submm Galaxy HDF850.1 and the Surrounding Overdense Structures.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf030.' ieee: 'T. Herard-Demanche et al., “Mapping dusty galaxy growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in submm galaxy HDF850.1 and the surrounding overdense structures,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 537, no. 2. Oxford University Press, pp. 788–808, 2025.' ista: 'Herard-Demanche T, Bouwens RJ, Oesch PA, Naidu RP, Decarli R, Nelson EJ, Brammer G, Weibel A, Xiao M, Stefanon M, Walter F, Matthee JJ, Meyer RA, Wuyts S, Reddy N, Rowland L, van Leeuwen I, Haro PA, Dannerbauer H, Shapley AE, Chisholm J, van Dokkum P, Labbe I, Illingworth G, Schaerer D, Shivaei I. 2025. Mapping dusty galaxy growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in submm galaxy HDF850.1 and the surrounding overdense structures. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 537(2), 788–808.' mla: 'Herard-Demanche, Thomas, et al. “Mapping Dusty Galaxy Growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in Submm Galaxy HDF850.1 and the Surrounding Overdense Structures.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 537, no. 2, Oxford University Press, 2025, pp. 788–808, doi:10.1093/mnras/staf030.' short: T. Herard-Demanche, R.J. Bouwens, P.A. Oesch, R.P. Naidu, R. Decarli, E.J. Nelson, G. Brammer, A. Weibel, M. Xiao, M. Stefanon, F. Walter, J.J. Matthee, R.A. Meyer, S. Wuyts, N. Reddy, L. Rowland, I. van Leeuwen, P.A. Haro, H. Dannerbauer, A.E. Shapley, J. Chisholm, P. van Dokkum, I. Labbe, G. Illingworth, D. Schaerer, I. Shivaei, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 537 (2025) 788–808. date_created: 2026-01-28T15:25:53Z date_published: 2025-02-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T08:50:55Z day: '01' ddc: - '520' department: - _id: JoMa doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf030 external_id: arxiv: - '2309.04525' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 4cbade43244eaa8b60bb05a90ae613da content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2026-02-09T08:39:19Z date_updated: 2026-02-09T08:39:19Z file_id: '21169' file_name: 2025_MonthlyNoticesRAS_HerardDemanche.pdf file_size: 2787493 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-02-09T08:39:19Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 537' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng month: '02' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 788-808 publication: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society publication_identifier: eissn: - 1365-2966 issn: - 0035-8711 publication_status: published publisher: Oxford University Press quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: 'Mapping dusty galaxy growth at z > 5 with FRESCO: Detection of Hα in submm galaxy HDF850.1 and the surrounding overdense structures' tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 537 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: publisher OA_type: gold _id: '21066' abstract: - lang: eng text: "Causal discovery from observational data holds great promise, but existing methods rely on strong assumptions about the underlying causal structure, often requiring full observability of all relevant variables. We tackle these challenges by leveraging the score function ∇logp(X)\r\n of observed variables for causal discovery and propose the following contributions. First, we generalize the existing results of identifiability with the score to additive noise models with minimal requirements on the causal mechanisms. Second, we establish conditions for inferring causal relations from the score even in the presence of hidden variables; this result is two-faced: we demonstrate the score’s potential as an alternative to conditional independence tests to infer the equivalence class of causal graphs with hidden variables, and we provide the necessary conditions for identifying direct causes in latent variable models. Building on these insights, we propose a flexible algorithm for causal discovery across linear, nonlinear, and latent variable models, which we empirically validate." acknowledgement: "Philipp M. Faller was supported by a doctoral scholarship of the Studienstiftung des deutschen\r\nVolkes (German Academic Scholarship Foundation). This work has been supported by AFOSR,\r\ngrant n. FA8655-20-1-7035. FM is supported by Programma Operativo Nazionale ricerca e innovazione 2014-2020. We thank Atalanti A. Mastakouri, Kun Zhang and Haoyue Dai for the insightful discussions." alternative_title: - PMLR article_processing_charge: No arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Francesco full_name: Montagna, Francesco last_name: Montagna - first_name: Philipp full_name: Faller, Philipp last_name: Faller - first_name: Patrik full_name: Blöbaum, Patrik last_name: Blöbaum - first_name: Elke full_name: Kirschbaum, Elke last_name: Kirschbaum - first_name: Francesco full_name: Locatello, Francesco id: 26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4 last_name: Locatello orcid: 0000-0002-4850-0683 citation: ama: 'Montagna F, Faller P, Blöbaum P, Kirschbaum E, Locatello F. Score matching through the roof: Linear, nonlinear, and latent variables causal discovery. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning. Vol 275. ML Research Press; 2025:552-605.' apa: 'Montagna, F., Faller, P., Blöbaum, P., Kirschbaum, E., & Locatello, F. (2025). Score matching through the roof: Linear, nonlinear, and latent variables causal discovery. In Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning (Vol. 275, pp. 552–605). Lausanne, Switzerland: ML Research Press.' chicago: 'Montagna, Francesco, Philipp Faller, Patrik Blöbaum, Elke Kirschbaum, and Francesco Locatello. “Score Matching through the Roof: Linear, Nonlinear, and Latent Variables Causal Discovery.” In Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, 275:552–605. ML Research Press, 2025.' ieee: 'F. Montagna, P. Faller, P. Blöbaum, E. Kirschbaum, and F. Locatello, “Score matching through the roof: Linear, nonlinear, and latent variables causal discovery,” in Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2025, vol. 275, pp. 552–605.' ista: 'Montagna F, Faller P, Blöbaum P, Kirschbaum E, Locatello F. 2025. Score matching through the roof: Linear, nonlinear, and latent variables causal discovery. Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning. CLeaR: Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, PMLR, vol. 275, 552–605.' mla: 'Montagna, Francesco, et al. “Score Matching through the Roof: Linear, Nonlinear, and Latent Variables Causal Discovery.” Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, vol. 275, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 552–605.' short: F. Montagna, P. Faller, P. Blöbaum, E. Kirschbaum, F. Locatello, in:, Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, ML Research Press, 2025, pp. 552–605. conference: end_date: 2025-05-09 location: Lausanne, Switzerland name: 'CLeaR: Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning' start_date: 2025-05-07 corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-29T14:19:09Z date_published: 2025-05-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-10T11:54:02Z day: '01' ddc: - '000' department: - _id: FrLo external_id: arxiv: - '2407.18755' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: f2bc44b2320667d4049b3518b1f2fe5d content_type: application/pdf creator: flocatel date_created: 2026-01-29T14:17:48Z date_updated: 2026-01-29T14:17:48Z file_id: '21067' file_name: montagna25a.pdf file_size: 1739334 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-01-29T14:17:48Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 275' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v275/montagna25a.html month: '05' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 552-605 publication: Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning publication_identifier: eissn: - 2640-3498 publication_status: published publisher: ML Research Press quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: 'Score matching through the roof: Linear, nonlinear, and latent variables causal discovery' tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: conference user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 275 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: repository OA_type: green _id: '21068' abstract: - lang: eng text: "Causal reasoning and discovery, two fundamental tasks of causal analysis,\r\noften face challenges in applications due to the complexity, noisiness, and highdimensionality of real-world data. Despite recent progress in identifying latent\r\ncausal structures using causal representation learning (CRL), what makes learned\r\nrepresentations useful for causal downstream tasks and how to evaluate them are\r\nstill not well understood. In this paper, we reinterpret CRL using a measurement\r\nmodel framework, where the learned representations are viewed as proxy measurements of the latent causal variables. Our approach clarifies the conditions under\r\nwhich learned representations support downstream causal reasoning and provides\r\na principled basis for quantitatively assessing the quality of representations using\r\na new Test-based Measurement EXclusivity (T-MEX) score. We validate T-MEX\r\nacross diverse causal inference scenarios, including numerical simulations and\r\nreal-world ecological video analysis, demonstrating that the proposed framework\r\nand corresponding score effectively assess the identification of learned representations and their usefulness for causal downstream tasks. Reproducible code can\r\nbe found at https://github.com/shimenghuang/a-measurement-perspective-of-crl." acknowledgement: "This research was funded in whole or in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12. For open access purposes, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.\r\n" alternative_title: - Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems article_processing_charge: No arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Dingling full_name: Yao, Dingling id: d3e02e50-48a8-11ee-8f62-c108061797fa last_name: Yao - first_name: Shimeng full_name: Huang, Shimeng id: 989c2a06-fb4e-11ef-a992-ab766442255b last_name: Huang orcid: 0000-0001-6919-821X - first_name: Riccardo full_name: Cadei, Riccardo id: 0fa8b76f-72f0-11ef-b75a-a5da96e5ad6b last_name: Cadei - first_name: Kun full_name: Zhang, Kun last_name: Zhang - first_name: Francesco full_name: Locatello, Francesco id: 26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4 last_name: Locatello orcid: 0000-0002-4850-0683 citation: ama: 'Yao D, Huang S, Cadei R, Zhang K, Locatello F. The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations. In: 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025.' apa: 'Yao, D., Huang, S., Cadei, R., Zhang, K., & Locatello, F. (2025). The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations. In 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation.' chicago: Yao, Dingling, Shimeng Huang, Riccardo Cadei, Kun Zhang, and Francesco Locatello. “The Third Pillar of Causal Analysis? A Measurement Perspective on Causal Representations.” In 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. ieee: D. Yao, S. Huang, R. Cadei, K. Zhang, and F. Locatello, “The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations,” in 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38. ista: 'Yao D, Huang S, Cadei R, Zhang K, Locatello F. 2025. The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38.' mla: Yao, Dingling, et al. “The Third Pillar of Causal Analysis? A Measurement Perspective on Causal Representations.” 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. short: D. Yao, S. Huang, R. Cadei, K. Zhang, F. Locatello, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. conference: end_date: 2025-12-07 location: San Diego, CA, United States name: 'NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems' start_date: 2025-12-02 corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-29T14:24:56Z date_published: 2025-12-15T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-10T12:08:52Z day: '15' ddc: - '000' department: - _id: FrLo external_id: arxiv: - '2505.17708' has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 38' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.17708 month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Preprint publication: 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems publication_identifier: issn: - 1049-5258 publication_status: epub_ahead publisher: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation quality_controlled: '1' related_material: link: - relation: software url: https://github.com/shimenghuang/a-measurement-perspective-of-crl status: public title: The third pillar of causal analysis? A measurement perspective on causal representations tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: conference user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 38 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: repository OA_type: green _id: '21070' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Deep learning systems deployed in real-world applications often encounter data that is different from their in-distribution (ID). A reliable model should ideally abstain from making decisions in this out-of-distribution (OOD) setting. Existing state-of-the-art methods primarily focus on feature distances, such as k-th nearest neighbors and distances to decision boundaries, either overlooking or ineffectively using in-distribution statistics. In this work, we propose a novel angle-based metric for OOD detection that is computed relative to the in-distribution structure. We demonstrate that the angles between feature representations and decision boundaries, viewed from the mean of in-distribution features, serve as an effective discriminative factor between ID and OOD data. We evaluate our method on nine ImageNet-pretrained models. Our approach achieves the lowest FPR in 5 out of 9 ImageNet models, obtains the best average FPR overall, and consistently ranking among the top 3 across all evaluated models. Furthermore, we highlight the benefits of contrastive representations by showing strong performance with ResNet SCL and CLIP architectures. Finally, we demonstrate that the scale-invariant nature of our score enables an ensemble strategy via simple score summation. ' acknowledgement: "This research was funded in whole or in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12. For open access purposes, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.\r\n" alternative_title: - Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems article_processing_charge: No arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Berker full_name: Demirel, Berker id: 8b4bc47f-3200-11ee-973b-8f0e7be21a9f last_name: Demirel - first_name: 'Marco ' full_name: 'Fumero, Marco ' last_name: Fumero - first_name: Francesco full_name: Locatello, Francesco id: 26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4 last_name: Locatello orcid: 0000-0002-4850-0683 citation: ama: 'Demirel B, Fumero M, Locatello F. Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles. In: 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025.' apa: 'Demirel, B., Fumero, M., & Locatello, F. (2025). Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles. In 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation.' chicago: Demirel, Berker, Marco Fumero, and Francesco Locatello. “Out-of-Distribution Detection with Relative Angles.” In 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. ieee: B. Demirel, M. Fumero, and F. Locatello, “Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles,” in 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38. ista: 'Demirel B, Fumero M, Locatello F. 2025. Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38.' mla: Demirel, Berker, et al. “Out-of-Distribution Detection with Relative Angles.” 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. short: B. Demirel, M. Fumero, F. Locatello, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. conference: end_date: 2025-12-07 location: San Diego, CA, United States name: 'NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems' start_date: 2025-12-02 corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-29T14:26:47Z date_published: 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-16T11:38:25Z day: '01' ddc: - '000' department: - _id: FrLo external_id: arxiv: - '2410.04525' has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 38' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.04525 month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Preprint publication: 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems publication_identifier: issn: - 1049-5258 publication_status: epub_ahead publisher: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation quality_controlled: '1' related_material: link: - relation: software url: https://github.com/berkerdemirel/ORA-OOD-Detection-with-Relative-Angles status: public title: Out-of-Distribution detection with relative angles tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: conference user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 38 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: publisher OA_type: gold _id: '21072' abstract: - lang: eng text: Language and vision-language models have shown impressive performance across a wide range of tasks, but their internal mechanisms remain only partly understood. In this work, we study how individual attention heads in text-generative models specialize in specific semantic or visual attributes. Building on an established interpretability method, we reinterpret the practice of probing intermediate activations with the final decoding layer through the lens of signal processing. This lets us analyze multiple samples in a principled way and rank attention heads based on their relevance to target concepts. Our results show consistent patterns of specialization at the head level across both unimodal and multimodal transformers. Remarkably, we find that editing as few as 1% of the heads, selected using our method, can reliably suppress or enhance targeted concepts in the model output. We validate our approach on language tasks such as question answering and toxicity mitigation, as well as vision-language tasks including image classification and captioning. Our findings highlight an interpretable and controllable structure within attention layers, offering simple tools for understanding and editing large-scale generative models. acknowledgement: 'The authors acknowledge the Area Science Park supercomputing platform ORFEO made available for conducting the research reported in this paper, and the technical support of the Laboratory of Data Engineering staff. LB, DD and AC were supported by the project “Supporto alla diagnosi di malattie rare tramite l’intelligenza artificiale" CUP: F53C22001770002 and “Valutazione automatica delle immagini diagnostiche tramite l’intelligenza artificiale", CUP: F53C22001780002. LB was supported by the European Union – NextGenerationEU within the project PNRR “Finanziamento di progetti presentati da giovani ricercatori" - Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.2, CUP: J93C25000440001. AC was supported by the European Union – NextGenerationEU within the project PNRR “PRP@CERIC" IR0000028 - Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 3.1 Action 3.1.1. ' article_processing_charge: No arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Lorenzo full_name: Basile, Lorenzo last_name: Basile - first_name: Valentino full_name: Maiorca, Valentino last_name: Maiorca - first_name: Diego full_name: Doimo, Diego last_name: Doimo - first_name: Francesco full_name: Locatello, Francesco id: 26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4 last_name: Locatello orcid: 0000-0002-4850-0683 - first_name: Alberto full_name: Cazzaniga, Alberto last_name: Cazzaniga citation: ama: 'Basile L, Maiorca V, Doimo D, Locatello F, Cazzaniga A. Head pursuit: Probing attention specialization in multimodal transformers. In: 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025.' apa: 'Basile, L., Maiorca, V., Doimo, D., Locatello, F., & Cazzaniga, A. (2025). Head pursuit: Probing attention specialization in multimodal transformers. In 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation.' chicago: 'Basile, Lorenzo, Valentino Maiorca, Diego Doimo, Francesco Locatello, and Alberto Cazzaniga. “Head Pursuit: Probing Attention Specialization in Multimodal Transformers.” In 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.' ieee: 'L. Basile, V. Maiorca, D. Doimo, F. Locatello, and A. Cazzaniga, “Head pursuit: Probing attention specialization in multimodal transformers,” in 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38.' ista: 'Basile L, Maiorca V, Doimo D, Locatello F, Cazzaniga A. 2025. Head pursuit: Probing attention specialization in multimodal transformers. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems vol. 38.' mla: 'Basile, Lorenzo, et al. “Head Pursuit: Probing Attention Specialization in Multimodal Transformers.” 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025.' short: L. Basile, V. Maiorca, D. Doimo, F. Locatello, A. Cazzaniga, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. conference: end_date: 2025-12-07 location: San Diego, CA, United States name: 'NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems' start_date: 2025-12-02 date_created: 2026-01-29T14:29:23Z date_published: 2025-12-15T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-11T08:55:36Z day: '15' ddc: - '000' department: - _id: FrLo external_id: arxiv: - '2510.21518' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 85be3f98663e2595cf37001852b477cb content_type: application/pdf creator: flocatel date_created: 2026-01-29T14:29:14Z date_updated: 2026-01-29T14:29:14Z file_id: '21073' file_name: 2510.21518v2.pdf file_size: 4271547 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-01-29T14:29:14Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 38' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2510.21518 month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Preprint publication: 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems publication_identifier: issn: - 1049-5258 publication_status: epub_ahead publisher: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: 'Head pursuit: Probing attention specialization in multimodal transformers' tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: conference user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 38 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: publisher OA_type: gold _id: '21074' abstract: - lang: eng text: Neural models learn representations of high-dimensional data on low-dimensional manifolds. Multiple factors, including stochasticities in the training process, model architectures, and additional inductive biases, may induce different representations, even when learning the same task on the same data. However, it has recently been shown that when a latent structure is shared between distinct latent spaces, relative distances between representations can be preserved, up to distortions. Building on this idea, we demonstrate that exploiting the differential-geometric structure of latent spaces of neural models, it is possible to capture precisely the transformations between representational spaces trained on similar data distributions. Specifically, we assume that distinct neural models parametrize approximately the same underlying manifold, and introduce a representation based on the pullback metric that captures the intrinsic structure of the latent space, while scaling efficiently to large models. We validate experimentally our method on model stitching and retrieval tasks, covering autoencoders and vision foundation discriminative models, across diverse architectures, datasets, pretraining schemes and modalities. Code is available at the following link. acknowledgement: 'We thank Gregor Krzmanc, German Magai, Vital Fernandez for insightful discussions in the early stages of the project. HY was supported by the Research Council of Finland Flagship programme: Finnish Center for Artificial Intelligence FCAI. HY wishes to acknowledge CSC - IT Center for Science, Finland, for computational resources. GA was supported by the DFF Sapere Aude Starting Grant “GADL”. SH was supported by a research grant (42062) from VILLUM FONDEN and partly funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation through the Center for Basic Research in Life Science (NNF20OC0062606). SH received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon Programme (grant agreement 101125003). MF is supported by the MSCA IST-Bridge fellowship which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101034413.' alternative_title: - Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems article_processing_charge: No arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Hanlin full_name: Yu, Hanlin last_name: Yu - first_name: Befrin full_name: Inal, Befrin last_name: Inal - first_name: Georgios full_name: Arvanitidis, Georgios last_name: Arvanitidis - first_name: Soren full_name: Hauberg, Soren last_name: Hauberg - first_name: Francesco full_name: Locatello, Francesco id: 26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4 last_name: Locatello orcid: 0000-0002-4850-0683 - first_name: Marco full_name: Fumero, Marco id: 1c1593eb-393f-11ef-bb8e-ab4f1e979650 last_name: Fumero citation: ama: 'Yu H, Inal B, Arvanitidis G, Hauberg S, Locatello F, Fumero M. Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations. In: 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025.' apa: 'Yu, H., Inal, B., Arvanitidis, G., Hauberg, S., Locatello, F., & Fumero, M. (2025). Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations. In 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation.' chicago: Yu, Hanlin, Befrin Inal, Georgios Arvanitidis, Soren Hauberg, Francesco Locatello, and Marco Fumero. “Connecting Neural Models Latent Geometries with Relative Geodesic Representations.” In 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. ieee: H. Yu, B. Inal, G. Arvanitidis, S. Hauberg, F. Locatello, and M. Fumero, “Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations,” in 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38. ista: 'Yu H, Inal B, Arvanitidis G, Hauberg S, Locatello F, Fumero M. 2025. Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38.' mla: Yu, Hanlin, et al. “Connecting Neural Models Latent Geometries with Relative Geodesic Representations.” 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. short: H. Yu, B. Inal, G. Arvanitidis, S. Hauberg, F. Locatello, M. Fumero, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. conference: end_date: 2025-12-07 location: San Diego, CA, United States name: 'NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems' start_date: 2025-12-02 corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-29T14:31:52Z date_published: 2025-12-15T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-11T09:03:37Z day: '15' ddc: - '000' department: - _id: FrLo ec_funded: 1 external_id: arxiv: - '2506.01599' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: b1a645418025f46394764cd16d0cb089 content_type: application/pdf creator: flocatel date_created: 2026-01-29T14:31:42Z date_updated: 2026-01-29T14:31:42Z file_id: '21075' file_name: 2506.01599v2.pdf file_size: 7749349 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-01-29T14:31:42Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 38' language: - iso: eng month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version project: - _id: fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c call_identifier: H2020 grant_number: '101034413' name: 'IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program' publication: 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems publication_identifier: issn: - 1049-5258 publication_status: epub_ahead publisher: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Connecting neural models latent geometries with relative geodesic representations tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: conference user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 38 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: publisher OA_type: gold _id: '21076' abstract: - lang: eng text: In many scientific experiments, the data annotating cost constraints the pace for testing novel hypotheses. Yet, modern machine learning pipelines offer a promising solution—provided their predictions yield correct conclusions. We focus on Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences (PPCI), i.e., estimating the treatment effect in an unlabeled target experiment, relying on training data with the same outcome annotated but potentially different treatment or effect modifiers. We first show that conditional calibration guarantees valid PPCI at population level. Then, we introduce a sufficient representation constraint transferring validity across experiments, which we propose to enforce in practice in Deconfounded Empirical Risk Minimization, our new model-agnostic training objective. We validate our method on synthetic and real-world scientific data, solving impossible problem instances for Empirical Risk Minimization even with standard invariance constraints. In particular, for the first time, we achieve valid causal inference on a scientific experiment with complex recording and no human annotations, fine-tuning a foundational model on our similar annotated experiment. acknowledgement: We thank the Causal Learning and Artificial Intelligence group at ISTA for the continuous feedback on the project and valuable discussions. We thank the Social Immunity group at ISTA, particularly Jinook Oh, for the annotation program and Michaela Hoenigsberger for supporting our ecological experiment. Riccardo Cadei is supported by a Google Research Scholar Award and a Google Initiated Gift to Francesco Locatello. This research was funded in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE12). It was further partially supported by the ISTA Interdisciplinary Project Committee for the collaborative project “ALED” between Francesco Locatello and Sylvia Cremer. For open access purposes, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any author accepted manuscript version arising from this submission. alternative_title: - Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Riccardo full_name: Cadei, Riccardo id: 0fa8b76f-72f0-11ef-b75a-a5da96e5ad6b last_name: Cadei - first_name: Ilker full_name: Demirel, Ilker last_name: Demirel - first_name: Piersilvio full_name: De Bartolomeis, Piersilvio last_name: De Bartolomeis - first_name: Lukas full_name: Lindorfer, Lukas id: 85f0e6d3-06b3-11ec-8982-8c5049fa4455 last_name: Lindorfer - first_name: Sylvia full_name: Cremer, Sylvia id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Cremer orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868 - first_name: Cordelia full_name: Schmid, Cordelia last_name: Schmid - first_name: Francesco full_name: Locatello, Francesco id: 26cfd52f-2483-11ee-8040-88983bcc06d4 last_name: Locatello orcid: 0000-0002-4850-0683 citation: ama: 'Cadei R, Demirel I, De Bartolomeis P, et al. Prediction-powered causal inferences. In: 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Vol 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation; 2025.' apa: 'Cadei, R., Demirel, I., De Bartolomeis, P., Lindorfer, L., Cremer, S., Schmid, C., & Locatello, F. (2025). Prediction-powered causal inferences. In 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (Vol. 38). San Diego, CA, United States: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation.' chicago: Cadei, Riccardo, Ilker Demirel, Piersilvio De Bartolomeis, Lukas Lindorfer, Sylvia Cremer, Cordelia Schmid, and Francesco Locatello. “Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences.” In 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 38. Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. ieee: R. Cadei et al., “Prediction-powered causal inferences,” in 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, San Diego, CA, United States, 2025, vol. 38. ista: 'Cadei R, Demirel I, De Bartolomeis P, Lindorfer L, Cremer S, Schmid C, Locatello F. 2025. Prediction-powered causal inferences. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38.' mla: Cadei, Riccardo, et al. “Prediction-Powered Causal Inferences.” 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 38, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. short: R. Cadei, I. Demirel, P. De Bartolomeis, L. Lindorfer, S. Cremer, C. Schmid, F. Locatello, in:, 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, 2025. conference: end_date: 2025-12-07 location: San Diego, CA, United States name: 'NeurIPS: Neural Information Processing Systems' start_date: 2025-12-02 date_created: 2026-01-29T14:35:11Z date_published: 2025-12-15T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-16T11:39:33Z day: '15' ddc: - '000' department: - _id: FrLo - _id: SyCr file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 92467fa566cd36671a6a3b9e71ae0f71 content_type: application/pdf creator: flocatel date_created: 2026-01-29T14:35:02Z date_updated: 2026-01-29T14:35:02Z file_id: '21077' file_name: 17546_Prediction_Powered_Causa.pdf file_size: 8489023 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-01-29T14:35:02Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 38' language: - iso: eng month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publication: 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems publication_identifier: issn: - 1049-5258 publication_status: epub_ahead publisher: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Prediction-powered causal inferences tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: conference user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 38 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: publisher OA_type: gold _id: '21089' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Hypertrace logic is a sorted first-order logic with separate sorts for time and execution traces. Its formulas specify hyperproperties, which are properties relating multiple traces. In this work, we extend hypertrace logic by introducing trace quantifiers that range over the set of all possible traces. In this extended logic, formulas can quantify over two kinds of trace variables: constrained trace variables, which range over a fixed set of traces defined by the model, and unconstrained trace variables, which can be assigned to any trace. In comparison, hyperlogics such as HyperLTL have only constrained trace quantifiers. We use hypertrace logic to study how different quantifier patterns affect the decidability of the satisfiability problem. We prove that hypertrace logic without constrained trace quantifiers is equivalent to monadic second-order logic of one successor (S1S), and therefore satisfiable, and that the trace-prefixed fragment (all trace quantifiers precede all time quantifiers) is equivalent to HyperQPTL. Moreover, we show that all hypertrace formulas where the only alternation between constrained trace quantifiers is from an existential to a universal quantifier are equisatisfiable to formulas without constraints on their trace variables and, therefore, decidable as well. Our framework allows us to study also time-prefixed hyperlogics, for which we provide new decidability and undecidability results.' acknowledgement: This work was supported in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) SFB project SpyCoDe 10.55776/F85 and by the ERC Advanced Grant VAMOS 101020093. alternative_title: - LIPIcs article_processing_charge: No arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Marek full_name: Chalupa, Marek id: 87e34708-d6c6-11ec-9f5b-9391e7be2463 last_name: Chalupa - first_name: Thomas A full_name: Henzinger, Thomas A id: 40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Henzinger orcid: 0000-0002-2985-7724 - first_name: Ana A full_name: Oliveira da Costa, Ana A id: 8b282559-50b0-11ef-861e-d6ace0d92e9b last_name: Oliveira da Costa citation: ama: 'Chalupa M, Henzinger TA, Oliveira da Costa AA. Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics. In: 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science. Vol 360. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik; 2025:20:1-20:18. doi:10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20' apa: 'Chalupa, M., Henzinger, T. A., & Oliveira da Costa, A. A. (2025). Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics. In 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (Vol. 360, p. 20:1-20:18). Pilani, India: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20' chicago: Chalupa, Marek, Thomas A Henzinger, and Ana A Oliveira da Costa. “Flavors of Quantifiers in Hyperlogics.” In 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, 360:20:1-20:18. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20. ieee: M. Chalupa, T. A. Henzinger, and A. A. Oliveira da Costa, “Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics,” in 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, Pilani, India, 2025, vol. 360, p. 20:1-20:18. ista: 'Chalupa M, Henzinger TA, Oliveira da Costa AA. 2025. Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics. 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science. FSTTCS: Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, LIPIcs, vol. 360, 20:1-20:18.' mla: Chalupa, Marek, et al. “Flavors of Quantifiers in Hyperlogics.” 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 360, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025, p. 20:1-20:18, doi:10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20. short: M. Chalupa, T.A. Henzinger, A.A. Oliveira da Costa, in:, 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2025, p. 20:1-20:18. conference: end_date: 2025-12-19 location: Pilani, India name: 'FSTTCS: Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science' start_date: 2025-12-17 corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-29T15:39:15Z date_published: 2025-12-09T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-11T09:35:04Z day: '09' ddc: - '000' department: - _id: ToHe doi: 10.4230/LIPICS.FSTTCS.2025.20 ec_funded: 1 external_id: arxiv: - '2510.12298' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 8188ee5c7b14193d48eeb655e9bbdc47 content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2026-02-11T09:33:20Z date_updated: 2026-02-11T09:33:20Z file_id: '21213' file_name: 2025_LIPIcS_Chalupa.pdf file_size: 933970 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2026-02-11T09:33:20Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 360' language: - iso: eng month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 20:1-20:18 project: - _id: 34a1b658-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c75229f0241e grant_number: F8502 name: Interface Theory for Security and Privacy - _id: 62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d call_identifier: H2020 grant_number: '101020093' name: Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software publication: 45th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science publication_status: published publisher: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Flavors of quantifiers in hyperlogics tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: conference user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 360 year: '2025' ... --- OA_place: repository OA_type: green _id: '21090' abstract: - lang: eng text: Fairness in AI is traditionally studied as a static property evaluated once, over a fixed dataset. However, real-world AI systems operate sequentially, with outcomes and environments evolving over time. This paper proposes a framework for analysing fairness as a runtime property. Using a minimal yet expressive model based on sequences of coin tosses with possibly evolving biases, we study the problems of monitoring and enforcing fairness expressed in either toss outcomes or coin biases. Since there is no one-size-fits-all solution for either problem, we provide a summary of monitoring and enforcement strategies, parametrised by environment dynamics, prediction horizon, and confidence thresholds. For both problems, we present general results under simple or minimal assumptions. We survey existing solutions for the monitoring problem for Markovian and additive dynamics, and existing solutions for the enforcement problem in static settings with known dynamics. acknowledgement: 'This work is supported by the European Research Council under Grant No.: ERC-2020-AdG 101020093.' alternative_title: - LNCS article_processing_charge: No arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Filip full_name: Cano Cordoba, Filip id: 708cad98-e86a-11ef-8098-bdae2d7c6af1 last_name: Cano Cordoba orcid: 0000-0002-0783-904X - first_name: Thomas A full_name: Henzinger, Thomas A id: 40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Henzinger orcid: 0000-0002-2985-7724 - first_name: Konstantin full_name: Kueffner, Konstantin id: 8121a2d0-dc85-11ea-9058-af578f3b4515 last_name: Kueffner orcid: 0000-0001-8974-2542 citation: ama: 'Cano Cordoba F, Henzinger TA, Kueffner K. Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. In: 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. Vol 16087. Springer Nature; 2025:1-21. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1' apa: 'Cano Cordoba, F., Henzinger, T. A., & Kueffner, K. (2025). Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. In 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification (Vol. 16087, pp. 1–21). Graz, Austria: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1' chicago: 'Cano Cordoba, Filip, Thomas A Henzinger, and Konstantin Kueffner. “Algorithmic Fairness: A Runtime Perspective.” In 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, 16087:1–21. Springer Nature, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1.' ieee: 'F. Cano Cordoba, T. A. Henzinger, and K. Kueffner, “Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective,” in 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Graz, Austria, 2025, vol. 16087, pp. 1–21.' ista: 'Cano Cordoba F, Henzinger TA, Kueffner K. 2025. Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. RV: Runtime Verification, LNCS, vol. 16087, 1–21.' mla: 'Cano Cordoba, Filip, et al. “Algorithmic Fairness: A Runtime Perspective.” 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, vol. 16087, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 1–21, doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1.' short: F. Cano Cordoba, T.A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, in:, 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 1–21. conference: end_date: 2025-09-19 location: Graz, Austria name: 'RV: Runtime Verification' start_date: 2025-09-15 corr_author: '1' date_created: 2026-01-29T16:01:41Z date_published: 2025-09-13T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2026-02-16T11:57:00Z day: '13' department: - _id: ToHe doi: 10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1 ec_funded: 1 external_id: arxiv: - '2507.20711' intvolume: ' 16087' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.20711 month: '09' oa: 1 oa_version: Preprint page: 1-21 project: - _id: 62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d call_identifier: H2020 grant_number: '101020093' name: Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software publication: 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification publication_identifier: eisbn: - '9783032054357' eissn: - 1611-3349 issn: - 0302-9743 publication_status: published publisher: Springer Nature quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: 'Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective' type: conference user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 16087 year: '2025' ...