--- _id: '168' abstract: - lang: eng text: The arithmetic of ternary diagonal equation is considered for degree d >1, with the outcome that the set of coefficients for which the equation admits a non-zero integer solution is shown to have density zero. alternative_title: - Contemporary Mathematics author: - first_name: Timothy D full_name: Timothy Browning id: 35827D50-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Browning orcid: 0000-0002-8314-0177 - first_name: Rainer full_name: Dietmann, Rainer last_name: Dietmann citation: ama: 'Browning TD, Dietmann R. Solubility of Fermat equations. In: Quadratic Forms - Algebra, Arithmetic and Geometry. Vol 493. American Mathematical Society; 2009:99-106. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/conm/493' apa: Browning, T. D., & Dietmann, R. (2009). Solubility of Fermat equations. In Quadratic Forms - algebra, arithmetic and geometry (Vol. 493, pp. 99–106). American Mathematical Society. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/conm/493 chicago: Browning, Timothy D, and Rainer Dietmann. “Solubility of Fermat Equations.” In Quadratic Forms - Algebra, Arithmetic and Geometry, 493:99–106. American Mathematical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/conm/493. ieee: T. D. Browning and R. Dietmann, “Solubility of Fermat equations,” in Quadratic Forms - algebra, arithmetic and geometry, vol. 493, American Mathematical Society, 2009, pp. 99–106. ista: 'Browning TD, Dietmann R. 2009.Solubility of Fermat equations. In: Quadratic Forms - algebra, arithmetic and geometry. Contemporary Mathematics, vol. 493, 99–106.' mla: Browning, Timothy D., and Rainer Dietmann. “Solubility of Fermat Equations.” Quadratic Forms - Algebra, Arithmetic and Geometry, vol. 493, American Mathematical Society, 2009, pp. 99–106, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/conm/493. short: T.D. Browning, R. Dietmann, in:, Quadratic Forms - Algebra, Arithmetic and Geometry, American Mathematical Society, 2009, pp. 99–106. date_created: 2018-12-11T11:44:59Z date_published: 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:52:29Z day: '01' doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/conm/493 extern: 1 intvolume: ' 493' main_file_link: - open_access: '0' url: https://arxiv.org/abs/0805.3354 month: '01' page: 99 - 106 publication: Quadratic Forms - algebra, arithmetic and geometry publication_status: published publisher: American Mathematical Society publist_id: '7753' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: Solubility of Fermat equations type: book_chapter volume: 493 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '1718' abstract: - lang: eng text: Morphogens act as graded positional cues to control cell fate specification in many developing tissues. This concept, in which a signaling gradient regulates differential gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner, has received considerable experimental support. Nevertheless, several recent studies have challenged the straightforward model of morphogen activity. In particular, the observation that pattern formation is a dynamic process has raised questions about the influence of time on morphogen activity. Here we propose that the spatiotemporal dynamics of the cellular response to a morphogen gradient depend on a combination of temporal alterations to the morphogen gradient itself, the dynamics of its signal transduction and downstream interactions between target genes. acknowledgement: EK is supported by an EMBO LTF, AK by a FEBS fellowship, and JB by MRC (UK) and the Wellcome Trust author: - first_name: Eva full_name: Kutějová, Eva last_name: Kutějová - first_name: James full_name: Briscoe, James last_name: Briscoe - first_name: Anna full_name: Anna Kicheva id: 3959A2A0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Kicheva orcid: 0000-0003-4509-4998 citation: ama: Kutějová E, Briscoe J, Kicheva A. Temporal dynamics of patterning by morphogen gradients. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2009;19(4):315-322. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2009.05.004 apa: Kutějová, E., Briscoe, J., & Kicheva, A. (2009). Temporal dynamics of patterning by morphogen gradients. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2009.05.004 chicago: Kutějová, Eva, James Briscoe, and Anna Kicheva. “Temporal Dynamics of Patterning by Morphogen Gradients.” Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Elsevier, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2009.05.004. ieee: E. Kutějová, J. Briscoe, and A. Kicheva, “Temporal dynamics of patterning by morphogen gradients,” Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, vol. 19, no. 4. Elsevier, pp. 315–322, 2009. ista: Kutějová E, Briscoe J, Kicheva A. 2009. Temporal dynamics of patterning by morphogen gradients. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 19(4), 315–322. mla: Kutějová, Eva, et al. “Temporal Dynamics of Patterning by Morphogen Gradients.” Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, vol. 19, no. 4, Elsevier, 2009, pp. 315–22, doi:10.1016/j.gde.2009.05.004. short: E. Kutějová, J. Briscoe, A. Kicheva, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 19 (2009) 315–322. date_created: 2018-12-11T11:53:38Z date_published: 2009-08-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:52:44Z day: '01' doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.05.004 extern: 1 intvolume: ' 19' issue: '4' month: '08' page: 315 - 322 publication: Current Opinion in Genetics & Development publication_status: published publisher: Elsevier publist_id: '5410' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: Temporal dynamics of patterning by morphogen gradients type: journal_article volume: 19 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '1720' abstract: - lang: eng text: How morphogen gradients are formed in target tissues is a key question for understanding the mechanisms of morphological patterning. Here, we review different mechanisms of morphogen gradient formation from theoretical and experimental points of view. First, a simple, comprehensive overview of the underlying biophysical principles of several mechanisms of gradient formation is provided. We then discuss the advantages and limitations of different experimental approaches to gradient formation analysis. author: - first_name: Ortrud full_name: Wartlick, Ortrud last_name: Wartlick - first_name: Anna full_name: Anna Kicheva id: 3959A2A0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Kicheva orcid: 0000-0003-4509-4998 - first_name: Marcos full_name: González-Gaitán, Marcos A last_name: González Gaitán citation: ama: Wartlick O, Kicheva A, González Gaitán M. Morphogen gradient formation . Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology. 2009;1(3). doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a001255 apa: Wartlick, O., Kicheva, A., & González Gaitán, M. (2009). Morphogen gradient formation . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a001255 chicago: Wartlick, Ortrud, Anna Kicheva, and Marcos González Gaitán. “Morphogen Gradient Formation .” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a001255. ieee: O. Wartlick, A. Kicheva, and M. González Gaitán, “Morphogen gradient formation ,” Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, vol. 1, no. 3. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2009. ista: Wartlick O, Kicheva A, González Gaitán M. 2009. Morphogen gradient formation . Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology. 1(3). mla: Wartlick, Ortrud, et al. “Morphogen Gradient Formation .” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol. 1, no. 3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2009, doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a001255. short: O. Wartlick, A. Kicheva, M. González Gaitán, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 1 (2009). date_created: 2018-12-11T11:53:39Z date_published: 2009-09-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:52:45Z day: '01' doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a001255 extern: 1 intvolume: ' 1' issue: '3' month: '09' publication: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology publication_status: published publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press publist_id: '5409' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: 'Morphogen gradient formation ' type: journal_article volume: 1 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '1766' abstract: - lang: eng text: We demonstrate the time-resolved driving of two-photon blue sideband transitions between superconducting qubits and a transmission line resonator. As an example of using these sideband transitions for a two-qubit operation, we implement a pulse sequence that first entangles one qubit with the resonator and subsequently distributes the entanglement between two qubits. We show the generation of 75% fidelity Bell states by this method. The full density matrix of the two-qubit system is extracted using joint measurement and quantum state tomography and shows close agreement with numerical simulation. acknowledgement: This work was supported by ETH Zurich, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and by the EC via the EuroSQIP project and the Marie-Curie program (P. J. L.) author: - first_name: Peter full_name: Leek, Peter J last_name: Leek - first_name: Stefan full_name: Filipp, Stefan last_name: Filipp - first_name: Patrick full_name: Maurer, Patrick last_name: Maurer - first_name: Matthias full_name: Baur, Matthias P last_name: Baur - first_name: R full_name: Bianchetti, R last_name: Bianchetti - first_name: Johannes M full_name: Johannes Fink id: 4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Fink orcid: 0000-0001-8112-028X - first_name: M full_name: Göppl, M last_name: Göppl - first_name: L. full_name: Steffen, L. Kraig last_name: Steffen - first_name: Andreas full_name: Wallraff, Andreas last_name: Wallraff citation: ama: Leek P, Filipp S, Maurer P, et al. Using sideband transitions for two-qubit operations in superconducting circuits. Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. 2009;79(18). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.180511 apa: Leek, P., Filipp, S., Maurer, P., Baur, M., Bianchetti, R., Fink, J. M., … Wallraff, A. (2009). Using sideband transitions for two-qubit operations in superconducting circuits. Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.180511 chicago: Leek, Peter, Stefan Filipp, Patrick Maurer, Matthias Baur, R Bianchetti, Johannes M Fink, M Göppl, L. Steffen, and Andreas Wallraff. “Using Sideband Transitions for Two-Qubit Operations in Superconducting Circuits.” Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. American Physical Society, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.180511. ieee: P. Leek et al., “Using sideband transitions for two-qubit operations in superconducting circuits,” Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, vol. 79, no. 18. American Physical Society, 2009. ista: Leek P, Filipp S, Maurer P, Baur M, Bianchetti R, Fink JM, Göppl M, Steffen L, Wallraff A. 2009. Using sideband transitions for two-qubit operations in superconducting circuits. Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. 79(18). mla: Leek, Peter, et al. “Using Sideband Transitions for Two-Qubit Operations in Superconducting Circuits.” Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, vol. 79, no. 18, American Physical Society, 2009, doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.180511. short: P. Leek, S. Filipp, P. Maurer, M. Baur, R. Bianchetti, J.M. Fink, M. Göppl, L. Steffen, A. Wallraff, Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 79 (2009). date_created: 2018-12-11T11:53:54Z date_published: 2009-05-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:53:04Z day: '01' doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.180511 extern: 1 intvolume: ' 79' issue: '18' main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.2678 month: '05' oa: 1 publication: Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics publication_status: published publisher: American Physical Society publist_id: '5354' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: Using sideband transitions for two-qubit operations in superconducting circuits type: journal_article volume: 79 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '1767' abstract: - lang: eng text: We present spectroscopic measurements of the Autler-Townes doublet and the sidebands of the Mollow triplet in a driven superconducting qubit. The ground to first excited state transition of the qubit is strongly pumped while the resulting dressed qubit spectrum is probed with a weak tone. The corresponding transitions are detected using dispersive readout of the qubit coupled off resonantly to a microwave transmission line resonator. The observed frequencies of the Autler-Townes and Mollow spectral lines are in good agreement with a dispersive Jaynes-Cummings model taking into account higher excited qubit states and dispersive level shifts due to off-resonant drives. acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and by ETH Zürich. P. J. L. acknowledges support from the EC via an Intra-European Marie-Curie Fellowship. A. B. was supported by NSERC, CIFAR, FQRNT, and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation author: - first_name: Matthias full_name: Baur, Matthias P last_name: Baur - first_name: Stefan full_name: Filipp, Stefan last_name: Filipp - first_name: R full_name: Bianchetti, R last_name: Bianchetti - first_name: Johannes M full_name: Johannes Fink id: 4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Fink orcid: 0000-0001-8112-028X - first_name: M full_name: Göppl, M last_name: Göppl - first_name: L. full_name: Steffen, L. Kraig last_name: Steffen - first_name: Peter full_name: Leek, Peter J last_name: Leek - first_name: Alexandre full_name: Blais, Alexandre last_name: Blais - first_name: Andreas full_name: Wallraff, Andreas last_name: Wallraff citation: ama: Baur M, Filipp S, Bianchetti R, et al. Measurement of autler-townes and mollow transitions in a strongly driven superconducting qubit. Physical Review Letters. 2009;102(24). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.243602 apa: Baur, M., Filipp, S., Bianchetti, R., Fink, J. M., Göppl, M., Steffen, L., … Wallraff, A. (2009). Measurement of autler-townes and mollow transitions in a strongly driven superconducting qubit. Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.243602 chicago: Baur, Matthias, Stefan Filipp, R Bianchetti, Johannes M Fink, M Göppl, L. Steffen, Peter Leek, Alexandre Blais, and Andreas Wallraff. “Measurement of Autler-Townes and Mollow Transitions in a Strongly Driven Superconducting Qubit.” Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.243602. ieee: M. Baur et al., “Measurement of autler-townes and mollow transitions in a strongly driven superconducting qubit,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 102, no. 24. American Physical Society, 2009. ista: Baur M, Filipp S, Bianchetti R, Fink JM, Göppl M, Steffen L, Leek P, Blais A, Wallraff A. 2009. Measurement of autler-townes and mollow transitions in a strongly driven superconducting qubit. Physical Review Letters. 102(24). mla: Baur, Matthias, et al. “Measurement of Autler-Townes and Mollow Transitions in a Strongly Driven Superconducting Qubit.” Physical Review Letters, vol. 102, no. 24, American Physical Society, 2009, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.243602. short: M. Baur, S. Filipp, R. Bianchetti, J.M. Fink, M. Göppl, L. Steffen, P. Leek, A. Blais, A. Wallraff, Physical Review Letters 102 (2009). date_created: 2018-12-11T11:53:54Z date_published: 2009-06-19T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:53:04Z day: '19' doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.243602 extern: 1 intvolume: ' 102' issue: '24' main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.4384 month: '06' oa: 1 publication: Physical Review Letters publication_status: published publisher: American Physical Society publist_id: '5352' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: Measurement of autler-townes and mollow transitions in a strongly driven superconducting qubit type: journal_article volume: 102 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '1768' abstract: - lang: eng text: Quantum state tomography is an important tool in quantum information science for complete characterization of multiqubit states and their correlations. Here we report a method to perform a joint simultaneous readout of two superconducting qubits dispersively coupled to the same mode of a microwave transmission line resonator. The nonlinear dependence of the resonator transmission on the qubit state dependent cavity frequency allows us to extract the full two-qubit correlations without the need for single-shot readout of individual qubits. We employ standard tomographic techniques to reconstruct the density matrix of two-qubit quantum states. acknowledgement: This work was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) and ETH Zurich. P. J. L. was supported by the EC with a MC-EIF, J. M. G. by CIFAR, MRI, MITACS, and NSERC, and A. B. by NSERC and CIFAR author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Filipp, Stefan last_name: Filipp - first_name: Patrick full_name: Maurer, Patrick last_name: Maurer - first_name: Peter full_name: Leek, Peter J last_name: Leek - first_name: Matthias full_name: Baur, Matthias P last_name: Baur - first_name: R full_name: Bianchetti, R last_name: Bianchetti - first_name: Johannes M full_name: Johannes Fink id: 4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Fink orcid: 0000-0001-8112-028X - first_name: M full_name: Göppl, M last_name: Göppl - first_name: L. full_name: Steffen, L. Kraig last_name: Steffen - first_name: Jay full_name: Gambetta, Jay M last_name: Gambetta - first_name: Alexandre full_name: Blais, Alexandre last_name: Blais - first_name: Andreas full_name: Wallraff, Andreas last_name: Wallraff citation: ama: Filipp S, Maurer P, Leek P, et al. Two-qubit state tomography using a joint dispersive readout. Physical Review Letters. 2009;102(20). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.200402 apa: Filipp, S., Maurer, P., Leek, P., Baur, M., Bianchetti, R., Fink, J. M., … Wallraff, A. (2009). Two-qubit state tomography using a joint dispersive readout. Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.200402 chicago: Filipp, Stefan, Patrick Maurer, Peter Leek, Matthias Baur, R Bianchetti, Johannes M Fink, M Göppl, et al. “Two-Qubit State Tomography Using a Joint Dispersive Readout.” Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.200402. ieee: S. Filipp et al., “Two-qubit state tomography using a joint dispersive readout,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 102, no. 20. American Physical Society, 2009. ista: Filipp S, Maurer P, Leek P, Baur M, Bianchetti R, Fink JM, Göppl M, Steffen L, Gambetta J, Blais A, Wallraff A. 2009. Two-qubit state tomography using a joint dispersive readout. Physical Review Letters. 102(20). mla: Filipp, Stefan, et al. “Two-Qubit State Tomography Using a Joint Dispersive Readout.” Physical Review Letters, vol. 102, no. 20, American Physical Society, 2009, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.200402. short: S. Filipp, P. Maurer, P. Leek, M. Baur, R. Bianchetti, J.M. Fink, M. Göppl, L. Steffen, J. Gambetta, A. Blais, A. Wallraff, Physical Review Letters 102 (2009). date_created: 2018-12-11T11:53:54Z date_published: 2009-05-18T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:53:04Z day: '18' doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.200402 extern: 1 intvolume: ' 102' issue: '20' main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.2485 month: '05' oa: 1 publication: Physical Review Letters publication_status: published publisher: American Physical Society publist_id: '5353' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: Two-qubit state tomography using a joint dispersive readout type: journal_article volume: 102 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '1769' abstract: - lang: eng text: We present an ideal realization of the Tavis-Cummings model in the absence of atom number and coupling fluctuations by embedding a discrete number of fully controllable superconducting qubits at fixed positions into a transmission line resonator. Measuring the vacuum Rabi mode splitting with one, two, and three qubits strongly coupled to the cavity field, we explore both bright and dark dressed collective multiqubit states and observe the discrete N scaling of the collective dipole coupling strength. Our experiments demonstrate a novel approach to explore collective states, such as the W state, in a fully globally and locally controllable quantum system. Our scalable approach is interesting for solid-state quantum information processing and for fundamental multiatom quantum optics experiments with fixed atom numbers. acknowledgement: This work was supported by SNF Grant No. 200021-111899 and ETHZ. P. J. L. was supported by the EU with a MC-EIF. A. B. was supported by NSERC, CIFAR, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation author: - first_name: Johannes M full_name: Johannes Fink id: 4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Fink orcid: 0000-0001-8112-028X - first_name: R full_name: Bianchetti, R last_name: Bianchetti - first_name: Matthias full_name: Baur, Matthias P last_name: Baur - first_name: M full_name: Göppl, M last_name: Göppl - first_name: L. full_name: Steffen, L. Kraig last_name: Steffen - first_name: Stefan full_name: Filipp, Stefan last_name: Filipp - first_name: Peter full_name: Leek, Peter J last_name: Leek - first_name: Alexandre full_name: Blais, Alexandre last_name: Blais - first_name: Andreas full_name: Wallraff, Andreas last_name: Wallraff citation: ama: Fink JM, Bianchetti R, Baur M, et al. Dressed collective qubit states and the Tavis-Cummings model in circuit QED. Physical Review Letters. 2009;103(8). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.083601 apa: Fink, J. M., Bianchetti, R., Baur, M., Göppl, M., Steffen, L., Filipp, S., … Wallraff, A. (2009). Dressed collective qubit states and the Tavis-Cummings model in circuit QED. Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.083601 chicago: Fink, Johannes M, R Bianchetti, Matthias Baur, M Göppl, L. Steffen, Stefan Filipp, Peter Leek, Alexandre Blais, and Andreas Wallraff. “Dressed Collective Qubit States and the Tavis-Cummings Model in Circuit QED.” Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.083601. ieee: J. M. Fink et al., “Dressed collective qubit states and the Tavis-Cummings model in circuit QED,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 103, no. 8. American Physical Society, 2009. ista: Fink JM, Bianchetti R, Baur M, Göppl M, Steffen L, Filipp S, Leek P, Blais A, Wallraff A. 2009. Dressed collective qubit states and the Tavis-Cummings model in circuit QED. Physical Review Letters. 103(8). mla: Fink, Johannes M., et al. “Dressed Collective Qubit States and the Tavis-Cummings Model in Circuit QED.” Physical Review Letters, vol. 103, no. 8, American Physical Society, 2009, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.083601. short: J.M. Fink, R. Bianchetti, M. Baur, M. Göppl, L. Steffen, S. Filipp, P. Leek, A. Blais, A. Wallraff, Physical Review Letters 103 (2009). date_created: 2018-12-11T11:53:55Z date_published: 2009-08-17T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:53:05Z day: '17' doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.083601 extern: 1 intvolume: ' 103' issue: '8' main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.2651 month: '08' oa: 1 publication: Physical Review Letters publication_status: published publisher: American Physical Society publist_id: '5350' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: Dressed collective qubit states and the Tavis-Cummings model in circuit QED type: journal_article volume: 103 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '1770' abstract: - lang: eng text: The quantum state of a superconducting qubit nonresonantly coupled to a transmission line resonator can be determined by measuring the quadrature amplitudes of an electromagnetic field transmitted through the resonator. We present experiments in which we analyze in detail the dynamics of the transmitted field as a function of the measurement frequency for both weak continuous and pulsed measurements. We find excellent agreement between our data and calculations based on a set of Bloch-type differential equations for the cavity field derived from the dispersive Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian including dissipation. We show that the measured system response can be used to construct a measurement operator from which the qubit population can be inferred accurately. Such a measurement operator can be used in tomographic methods to reconstruct single and multiqubit states in ensemble-averaged measurements. acknowledgement: This work was supported by the SNF Project No. 111899 and ETH Zurich. A.B. was supported by NSERC, CIFAR, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation author: - first_name: R full_name: Bianchetti, R last_name: Bianchetti - first_name: Stefan full_name: Filipp, Stefan last_name: Filipp - first_name: Matthias full_name: Baur, Matthias P last_name: Baur - first_name: Johannes M full_name: Johannes Fink id: 4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Fink orcid: 0000-0001-8112-028X - first_name: M full_name: Göppl, M last_name: Göppl - first_name: Peter full_name: Leek, Peter J last_name: Leek - first_name: L. full_name: Steffen, L. Kraig last_name: Steffen - first_name: Alexandre full_name: Blais, Alexandre last_name: Blais - first_name: Andreas full_name: Wallraff, Andreas last_name: Wallraff citation: ama: Bianchetti R, Filipp S, Baur M, et al. Dynamics of dispersive single-qubit readout in circuit quantum electrodynamics. Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. 2009;80(4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.80.043840 apa: Bianchetti, R., Filipp, S., Baur, M., Fink, J. M., Göppl, M., Leek, P., … Wallraff, A. (2009). Dynamics of dispersive single-qubit readout in circuit quantum electrodynamics. Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.80.043840 chicago: Bianchetti, R, Stefan Filipp, Matthias Baur, Johannes M Fink, M Göppl, Peter Leek, L. Steffen, Alexandre Blais, and Andreas Wallraff. “Dynamics of Dispersive Single-Qubit Readout in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics.” Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. American Physical Society, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.80.043840. ieee: R. Bianchetti et al., “Dynamics of dispersive single-qubit readout in circuit quantum electrodynamics,” Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, vol. 80, no. 4. American Physical Society, 2009. ista: Bianchetti R, Filipp S, Baur M, Fink JM, Göppl M, Leek P, Steffen L, Blais A, Wallraff A. 2009. Dynamics of dispersive single-qubit readout in circuit quantum electrodynamics. Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. 80(4). mla: Bianchetti, R., et al. “Dynamics of Dispersive Single-Qubit Readout in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics.” Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, vol. 80, no. 4, American Physical Society, 2009, doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.80.043840. short: R. Bianchetti, S. Filipp, M. Baur, J.M. Fink, M. Göppl, P. Leek, L. Steffen, A. Blais, A. Wallraff, Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 80 (2009). date_created: 2018-12-11T11:53:55Z date_published: 2009-10-30T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:53:05Z day: '30' doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.80.043840 extern: 1 intvolume: ' 80' issue: '4' main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.2549 month: '10' oa: 1 publication: Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics publication_status: published publisher: American Physical Society publist_id: '5349' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: Dynamics of dispersive single-qubit readout in circuit quantum electrodynamics type: journal_article volume: 80 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '1771' abstract: - lang: eng text: The exceptionally strong coupling realizable between superconducting qubits and photons stored in an on-chip microwave resonator allows for the detailed study of matter-light interactions in the realm of circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED). Here we investigate the resonant interaction between a single transmon-type multilevel artificial atom and weak thermal and coherent fields. We explore up to three photon dressed states of the coupled system in a linear response heterodyne transmission measurement. The results are in good quantitative agreement with a generalized Jaynes-Cummings model. Our data indicate that the role of thermal fields in resonant cavity QED can be studied in detail using superconducting circuits. acknowledgement: Nobel Foundation author: - first_name: Johannes M full_name: Johannes Fink id: 4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Fink orcid: 0000-0001-8112-028X - first_name: Matthias full_name: Baur, Matthias P last_name: Baur - first_name: R full_name: Bianchetti, R last_name: Bianchetti - first_name: Stefan full_name: Filipp, Stefan last_name: Filipp - first_name: M full_name: Göppl, M last_name: Göppl - first_name: Peter full_name: Leek, Peter J last_name: Leek - first_name: L. full_name: Steffen, L. Kraig last_name: Steffen - first_name: Alexandre full_name: Blais, Alexandre last_name: Blais - first_name: Andreas full_name: Wallraff, Andreas last_name: Wallraff citation: ama: Fink JM, Baur M, Bianchetti R, et al. Thermal excitation of multi-photon dressed states in circuit quantum electrodynamics. Physica Scripta T. 2009;T137. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/2009/T137/014013 apa: Fink, J. M., Baur, M., Bianchetti, R., Filipp, S., Göppl, M., Leek, P., … Wallraff, A. (2009). Thermal excitation of multi-photon dressed states in circuit quantum electrodynamics. Physica Scripta T. IOP Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2009/T137/014013 chicago: Fink, Johannes M, Matthias Baur, R Bianchetti, Stefan Filipp, M Göppl, Peter Leek, L. Steffen, Alexandre Blais, and Andreas Wallraff. “Thermal Excitation of Multi-Photon Dressed States in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics.” Physica Scripta T. IOP Publishing Ltd., 2009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2009/T137/014013. ieee: J. M. Fink et al., “Thermal excitation of multi-photon dressed states in circuit quantum electrodynamics,” Physica Scripta T, vol. T137. IOP Publishing Ltd., 2009. ista: Fink JM, Baur M, Bianchetti R, Filipp S, Göppl M, Leek P, Steffen L, Blais A, Wallraff A. 2009. Thermal excitation of multi-photon dressed states in circuit quantum electrodynamics. Physica Scripta T. T137. mla: Fink, Johannes M., et al. “Thermal Excitation of Multi-Photon Dressed States in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics.” Physica Scripta T, vol. T137, IOP Publishing Ltd., 2009, doi:10.1088/0031-8949/2009/T137/014013. short: J.M. Fink, M. Baur, R. Bianchetti, S. Filipp, M. Göppl, P. Leek, L. Steffen, A. Blais, A. Wallraff, Physica Scripta T T137 (2009). date_created: 2018-12-11T11:53:55Z date_published: 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:53:06Z day: '01' doi: 10.1088/0031-8949/2009/T137/014013 extern: 1 main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: http://arxiv.org/abs/0911.3797 month: '01' oa: 1 publication: Physica Scripta T publication_status: published publisher: IOP Publishing Ltd. publist_id: '5348' quality_controlled: 0 status: public title: Thermal excitation of multi-photon dressed states in circuit quantum electrodynamics type: journal_article volume: T137 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '17719' abstract: - lang: eng text: We propose to use a simple observable, the fractional area of "hot spots" in weak gravitational lensing mass maps, which are detected with high significance, to determine background cosmological parameters. Because these high-convergence regions are directly related to the physical nonlinear structures of the universe, they derive cosmological information mainly from the nonlinear regime of density fluctuations. We show that in combination with future cosmic microwave background anisotropy measurements, this method can place constraints on cosmological parameters that are comparable to those from the redshift distribution of galaxy cluster abundances. The main advantage of the statistic proposed in this paper is that projection effects, normally the main source of uncertainty when determining the presence and the mass of a galaxy cluster, here serve as a source of information. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Sheng full_name: Wang, Sheng last_name: Wang - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Haiman, Zoltán id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36 last_name: Haiman - first_name: Morgan full_name: May, Morgan last_name: May citation: ama: Wang S, Haiman Z, May M. Constraining cosmology with high-convergence regions in weak lensing surveys. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009;691(1):547-559. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/691/1/547 apa: Wang, S., Haiman, Z., & May, M. (2009). Constraining cosmology with high-convergence regions in weak lensing surveys. The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/691/1/547 chicago: Wang, Sheng, Zoltán Haiman, and Morgan May. “Constraining Cosmology with High-Convergence Regions in Weak Lensing Surveys.” The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/691/1/547. ieee: S. Wang, Z. Haiman, and M. May, “Constraining cosmology with high-convergence regions in weak lensing surveys,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 691, no. 1. American Astronomical Society, pp. 547–559, 2009. ista: Wang S, Haiman Z, May M. 2009. Constraining cosmology with high-convergence regions in weak lensing surveys. The Astrophysical Journal. 691(1), 547–559. mla: Wang, Sheng, et al. “Constraining Cosmology with High-Convergence Regions in Weak Lensing Surveys.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 691, no. 1, American Astronomical Society, 2009, pp. 547–59, doi:10.1088/0004-637x/691/1/547. short: S. Wang, Z. Haiman, M. May, The Astrophysical Journal 691 (2009) 547–559. date_created: 2024-09-06T09:03:38Z date_published: 2009-01-15T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-09-25T13:44:05Z day: '15' doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/691/1/547 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 691' issue: '1' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/691/1/547 month: '01' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 547-559 publication: The Astrophysical Journal publication_identifier: issn: - 0004-637X - 1538-4357 publication_status: published publisher: American Astronomical Society quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Constraining cosmology with high-convergence regions in weak lensing surveys type: journal_article user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345 volume: 691 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '17735' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'The supermassive black holes (SMBHs) massive enough to power the bright redshift ~6 quasars observed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) are thought to have assembled by mergers and/or gas accretion from less massive "seed" BHs. If the seeds are the ~100 Msol remnant BHs from the first generation of stars, they must be in place well before redshift z=6, and must avoid being ejected from their parent proto-galaxies by the large (few hundred km/s) kicks they suffer from gravitational-radiation induced recoil during mergers with other BHs. We simulate the SMBH mass function at redshift z=6 using dark matter (DM) halo merger trees, coupled with a prescription for the halo occupation fraction, accretion histories, and radial recoil trajectories of the growing BHs. Our purpose is (i) to map out plausible scenarios for successful assembly of the z~6 quasar BHs by exploring a wide region of parameter space, and (ii) to predict the rate of low-frequency gravitational wave events detectable by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) for each such scenario. Our main findings are as follows: (1) ~100 Msol seed BHs can grow into the SDSS quasar BHs without super--Eddington accretion, but only if they form in minihalos by z~30 and subsequently accrete ~60% of the time; (2) the scenarios with optimistic assumptions required to explain the SDSS quasar BHs overproduce the mass density in lower--mass (10^5 to 10^7 Msol) SMBHs by a factor of 100-1000, unless seeds stop forming, or accrete at a severely diminished rates or duty cycles (e.g. due to feedback), at z < 20-30. We also present several successful assembly models and their LISA detection rates, including a "maximal" model that gives the highest rate (~30/yr at z~6) without overproducing the total SMBH density.' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Takamitsu full_name: Tanaka, Takamitsu last_name: Tanaka - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Haiman, Zoltán id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36 last_name: Haiman citation: ama: Tanaka T, Haiman Z. The assembly of supermassive black holes at high redshifts. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009;696(2):1798-1822. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798 apa: Tanaka, T., & Haiman, Z. (2009). The assembly of supermassive black holes at high redshifts. The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798 chicago: Tanaka, Takamitsu, and Zoltán Haiman. “The Assembly of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshifts.” The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798. ieee: T. Tanaka and Z. Haiman, “The assembly of supermassive black holes at high redshifts,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 696, no. 2. American Astronomical Society, pp. 1798–1822, 2009. ista: Tanaka T, Haiman Z. 2009. The assembly of supermassive black holes at high redshifts. The Astrophysical Journal. 696(2), 1798–1822. mla: Tanaka, Takamitsu, and Zoltán Haiman. “The Assembly of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshifts.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 696, no. 2, American Astronomical Society, 2009, pp. 1798–822, doi:10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798. short: T. Tanaka, Z. Haiman, The Astrophysical Journal 696 (2009) 1798–1822. date_created: 2024-09-06T09:19:25Z date_published: 2009-05-10T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-09-26T13:45:27Z day: '10' doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 696' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798 month: '05' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 1798-1822 publication: The Astrophysical Journal publication_identifier: issn: - 0004-637X - 1538-4357 publication_status: published publisher: American Astronomical Society quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The assembly of supermassive black holes at high redshifts type: journal_article user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345 volume: 696 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '17736' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'We discuss currently available observational constraints on the reionization history of the intergalactic medium (IGM), and the extent to which accreting black holes (BHs) and stars can help account for these observations. We argue, based on the combined statistics of Lyman α and β absorption in quasar spectra, that the IGM contains a significant amount of neutral hydrogen with nH I/nH ≳ 0.1. On the other hand, we argue, based on the lack of a strong evolution in the observed abundance of Lyman α emitting galaxies beyond z ∼ 5.5, that the mean neutral hydrogen fraction cannot exceed nH I/nH ≈ 0.3 at the same redshift. We conclude that the IGM is experiencing rapid ionization at redshift z ∼ 6. We find that quasar BHs, including faint ones that are individually below the detection thresholds of existing optical and X-ray surveys, are unlikely to drive the evolution of the neutral fraction around this epoch, because they would over-produce the present-day soft X-ray background. On the other hand, the seeds of the z ∼ 6 quasar BHs likely appeared at much earlier epochs (z ∼ 20), and produced hard ionizing radiation by accretion. These early BHs are promising candidates to account for the high redshift (z ∼ 15) ionization implied by the recent cosmic microwave anisotropy data from WMAP. Using a model for the growth of BHs by accretion and mergers in a hierarchical cosmology, we suggest that the early growth of quasars must include a super-Eddington growth phase, and that, although not yet optically identified, the FIRST radio survey may have already detected several thousand > 10^8 M⊙ BHs at z > 6. ' article_processing_charge: No author: - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Haiman, Zoltán id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36 last_name: Haiman citation: ama: 'Haiman Z. Probing the reionization history of the Universe. In: Livio M, Casertano S, eds. Planets to Cosmology. Essential Science in the Final Years of the Hubble Space Telescope. Vol 18. Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium Series. Baltimore: Cambridge University Press; 2009:157-173. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511536328.014' apa: 'Haiman, Z. (2009). Probing the reionization history of the Universe. In M. Livio & S. Casertano (Eds.), Planets to Cosmology. Essential Science in the Final Years of the Hubble Space Telescope (Vol. 18, pp. 157–173). Baltimore: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511536328.014' chicago: 'Haiman, Zoltán. “Probing the Reionization History of the Universe.” In Planets to Cosmology. Essential Science in the Final Years of the Hubble Space Telescope, edited by Mario Livio and Stefano Casertano, 18:157–73. Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium Series. Baltimore: Cambridge University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511536328.014.' ieee: 'Z. Haiman, “Probing the reionization history of the Universe,” in Planets to Cosmology. Essential Science in the Final Years of the Hubble Space Telescope, vol. 18, M. Livio and S. Casertano, Eds. Baltimore: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 157–173.' ista: 'Haiman Z. 2009.Probing the reionization history of the Universe. In: Planets to Cosmology. Essential Science in the Final Years of the Hubble Space Telescope. vol. 18, 157–173.' mla: Haiman, Zoltán. “Probing the Reionization History of the Universe.” Planets to Cosmology. Essential Science in the Final Years of the Hubble Space Telescope, edited by Mario Livio and Stefano Casertano, vol. 18, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 157–73, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511536328.014. short: Z. Haiman, in:, M. Livio, S. Casertano (Eds.), Planets to Cosmology. Essential Science in the Final Years of the Hubble Space Telescope, Cambridge University Press, Baltimore, 2009, pp. 157–173. conference: end_date: 2004-05-06 location: Baltimore, MD, United States name: Proceedings of the Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium start_date: 2004-05-03 date_created: 2024-09-06T09:20:03Z date_published: 2009-08-17T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-09-30T07:02:44Z day: '17' doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511536328.014 editor: - first_name: Mario full_name: Livio, Mario last_name: Livio - first_name: Stefano full_name: Casertano, Stefano last_name: Casertano extern: '1' intvolume: ' 18' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - url: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511536328.014 month: '08' oa_version: None page: 157-173 place: Baltimore publication: Planets to Cosmology. Essential Science in the Final Years of the Hubble Space Telescope publication_identifier: eisbn: - '9780511536328' isbn: - '9780521847582' publication_status: published publisher: Cambridge University Press quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' series_title: ' Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium Series' status: public title: Probing the reionization history of the Universe type: book_chapter user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345 volume: 18 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '17764' abstract: - lang: eng text: Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) with masses in the mass range ∼(10^4–10^7) M⊙/(1 + z), produced in galaxy mergers, are thought to complete their coalescence due to the emission of gravitational waves (GWs). The anticipated detection of the GWs by the future Laser Interferometric Space Antenna (LISA) will constitute a milestone for fundamental physics and astrophysics. While the GW signatures themselves will provide a treasure trove of information, if the source can be securely identified in electromagnetic (EM) bands, this would open up entirely new scientific opportunities, to probe fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology. We discuss several ideas, involving wide-field telescopes, that may be useful in locating electromagnetic counterparts to SMBHBs detected by LISA. In particular, the binary may produce a variable electromagnetic flux, such as a roughly periodic signal due to the orbital motion prior to coalescence, or a prompt transient signal caused by shocks in the circumbinary disc when the SMBHB recoils and 'shakes' the disc. We discuss whether these time-variable EM signatures may be detectable, and how they can help in identifying a unique counterpart within the localization errors provided by LISA. We also discuss a possibility of identifying a population of coalescing SMBHBs statistically, in a deep optical survey for periodically variable sources, before LISA detects the GWs directly. The discovery of such sources would confirm that gas is present in the vicinity and is being perturbed by the SMBHB—serving as a proof of concept for eventually finding actual LISA counterparts. article_number: '094032' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Haiman, Zoltán id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36 last_name: Haiman - first_name: Bence full_name: Kocsis, Bence last_name: Kocsis - first_name: Kristen full_name: Menou, Kristen last_name: Menou - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Lippai, Zoltán last_name: Lippai - first_name: Zsolt full_name: Frei, Zsolt last_name: Frei citation: ama: Haiman Z, Kocsis B, Menou K, Lippai Z, Frei Z. Identifying decaying supermassive black hole binaries from their variable electromagnetic emission. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 2009;26(9). doi:10.1088/0264-9381/26/9/094032 apa: Haiman, Z., Kocsis, B., Menou, K., Lippai, Z., & Frei, Z. (2009). Identifying decaying supermassive black hole binaries from their variable electromagnetic emission. Classical and Quantum Gravity. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/26/9/094032 chicago: Haiman, Zoltán, Bence Kocsis, Kristen Menou, Zoltán Lippai, and Zsolt Frei. “Identifying Decaying Supermassive Black Hole Binaries from Their Variable Electromagnetic Emission.” Classical and Quantum Gravity. IOP Publishing, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/26/9/094032. ieee: Z. Haiman, B. Kocsis, K. Menou, Z. Lippai, and Z. Frei, “Identifying decaying supermassive black hole binaries from their variable electromagnetic emission,” Classical and Quantum Gravity, vol. 26, no. 9. IOP Publishing, 2009. ista: Haiman Z, Kocsis B, Menou K, Lippai Z, Frei Z. 2009. Identifying decaying supermassive black hole binaries from their variable electromagnetic emission. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 26(9), 094032. mla: Haiman, Zoltán, et al. “Identifying Decaying Supermassive Black Hole Binaries from Their Variable Electromagnetic Emission.” Classical and Quantum Gravity, vol. 26, no. 9, 094032, IOP Publishing, 2009, doi:10.1088/0264-9381/26/9/094032. short: Z. Haiman, B. Kocsis, K. Menou, Z. Lippai, Z. Frei, Classical and Quantum Gravity 26 (2009). date_created: 2024-09-06T09:51:19Z date_published: 2009-05-07T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-09-30T09:19:04Z day: '07' doi: 10.1088/0264-9381/26/9/094032 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 26' issue: '9' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/26/9/094032 month: '05' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publication: Classical and Quantum Gravity publication_identifier: issn: - 0264-9381 - 1361-6382 publication_status: published publisher: IOP Publishing quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Identifying decaying supermassive black hole binaries from their variable electromagnetic emission type: journal_article user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345 volume: 26 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '17765' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Scaling relations among galaxy cluster observables, which will become available in large future samples of galaxy clusters, could be used to constrain not only cluster structure, but also cosmology. We study the utility of this approach, employing a physically motivated parametric model to describe cluster structure and applying it to the expected relation between the Sunyaev–Zel''dovich decrement (Sν) and the emission-weighted X-ray temperature (Tew). The slope and normalization of the entropy profile, the concentration of the dark matter potential, the pressure at the virial radius and the level of non-thermal pressure support as well as the mass and redshift dependence of these quantities are described by free parameters. With a suitable choice of fiducial parameter values, the cluster model satisfies several existing observational constraints. We employ a Fisher matrix approach to estimate the joint errors on cosmological and cluster structure parameters from a measurement of Sν versus Tew in a future survey. We find that different cosmological parameters affect the scaling relation differently: predominantly through the baryon fraction (Ωm and Ωb), the virial overdensity (w0 and wa for low-z clusters) and the angular diameter distance (w0 and wa for high-z clusters; ΩDE and h). We find that the cosmology constraints from the scaling relation are comparable to those expected from the number counts (dN/dz) of the same clusters. The scaling-relation approach is relatively insensitive to selection effects and it offers a valuable consistency check; combining the information from the scaling relation and dN/dz is also useful to break parameter degeneracies and help disentangle cluster physics from cosmology. Our work suggests that scaling relations should be a useful component in extracting cosmological information from large future cluster surveys.' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Cien full_name: Shang, Cien last_name: Shang - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Haiman, Zoltán id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36 last_name: Haiman - first_name: Licia full_name: Verde, Licia last_name: Verde citation: ama: Shang C, Haiman Z, Verde L. Probing cosmology and galaxy cluster structure with the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich decrement versus X-ray temperature scaling relation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2009;400(2):1085-1104. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15527.x apa: Shang, C., Haiman, Z., & Verde, L. (2009). Probing cosmology and galaxy cluster structure with the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich decrement versus X-ray temperature scaling relation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15527.x chicago: Shang, Cien, Zoltán Haiman, and Licia Verde. “Probing Cosmology and Galaxy Cluster Structure with the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Decrement versus X-Ray Temperature Scaling Relation.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15527.x. ieee: C. Shang, Z. Haiman, and L. Verde, “Probing cosmology and galaxy cluster structure with the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich decrement versus X-ray temperature scaling relation,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 400, no. 2. Oxford University Press, pp. 1085–1104, 2009. ista: Shang C, Haiman Z, Verde L. 2009. Probing cosmology and galaxy cluster structure with the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich decrement versus X-ray temperature scaling relation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 400(2), 1085–1104. mla: Shang, Cien, et al. “Probing Cosmology and Galaxy Cluster Structure with the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Decrement versus X-Ray Temperature Scaling Relation.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 400, no. 2, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 1085–104, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15527.x. short: C. Shang, Z. Haiman, L. Verde, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 400 (2009) 1085–1104. date_created: 2024-09-06T09:51:57Z date_published: 2009-11-12T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-09-30T09:24:18Z day: '12' doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15527.x extern: '1' intvolume: ' 400' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15527.x month: '11' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 1085-1104 publication: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society publication_identifier: issn: - 0035-8711 - 1365-2966 publication_status: published publisher: Oxford University Press quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Probing cosmology and galaxy cluster structure with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich decrement versus X-ray temperature scaling relation type: journal_article user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345 volume: 400 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '17769' abstract: - lang: eng text: Arguably the best hope of understanding the tail end of the re-ionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM) at redshift z > 6 is through the detection and characterization of the Gunn–Peterson damping wing absorption of the IGM in bright quasar spectra. However, the use of quasar spectra to measure the IGM damping wing requires a model of the quasar's intrinsic Lyman α emission line. Here we quantify the uncertainties in the intrinsic line shapes, and how those uncertainties affect the determination of the IGM neutral fraction. We have assembled a catalogue of high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope spectra of the emission lines of unobscured low-redshift quasars, and have characterized the variance in the shapes of their lines. We then add simulated absorption from the high-redshift IGM to these quasar spectra in order to determine the corresponding uncertainties in re-ionization constraints using current and future samples of z > 6 quasar spectra. We find that, if the redshift of the Lyman α emission line is presumed to coincide with the systemic redshift determined from metal lines, the inferred IGM neutral fraction is systematically biased to low values due to a systematic blueshift of the Lyman α line relative to the metal lines. If a similar blueshift persists in quasars at z > 6, this bias strengthens previous claims of a significant neutral hydrogen fraction at z≈ 6. The bias can be reduced by including a Lyman α blueshift in the modelling procedure, or by excising wavelengths near the Lyman α line centre from the modelling. Intrinsic Lyman α line shape variations still induce significant scatter in the inferred xIGM values. Nevertheless, this scatter still allows a robust distinction between a highly ionized (xIGM∼ 10−3) and a neutral (xIGM= 1) IGM with even a few bright quasars. We conclude that if the variations of the intrinsic Lyman α emission line shapes in high-z quasars are similar to those at low-z, this variation will not limit the usefulness of quasar spectra in probing re-ionization. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: R. H. full_name: Kramer, R. H. last_name: Kramer - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Haiman, Zoltán id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36 last_name: Haiman citation: ama: 'Kramer RH, Haiman Z. Probing re-ionization with quasar spectra: The impact of the intrinsic Lyman α emission line shape uncertainty. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2009;400(3):1493-1511. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15552.x' apa: 'Kramer, R. H., & Haiman, Z. (2009). Probing re-ionization with quasar spectra: The impact of the intrinsic Lyman α emission line shape uncertainty. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15552.x' chicago: 'Kramer, R. H., and Zoltán Haiman. “Probing Re-Ionization with Quasar Spectra: The Impact of the Intrinsic Lyman α Emission Line Shape Uncertainty.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15552.x.' ieee: 'R. H. Kramer and Z. Haiman, “Probing re-ionization with quasar spectra: The impact of the intrinsic Lyman α emission line shape uncertainty,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 400, no. 3. Oxford University Press, pp. 1493–1511, 2009.' ista: 'Kramer RH, Haiman Z. 2009. Probing re-ionization with quasar spectra: The impact of the intrinsic Lyman α emission line shape uncertainty. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 400(3), 1493–1511.' mla: 'Kramer, R. H., and Zoltán Haiman. “Probing Re-Ionization with Quasar Spectra: The Impact of the Intrinsic Lyman α Emission Line Shape Uncertainty.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 400, no. 3, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 1493–511, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15552.x.' short: R.H. Kramer, Z. Haiman, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 400 (2009) 1493–1511. date_created: 2024-09-06T09:58:12Z date_published: 2009-12-02T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-09-30T09:48:06Z day: '02' doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15552.x extern: '1' intvolume: ' 400' issue: '3' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15552.x month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 1493-1511 publication: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society publication_identifier: issn: - 0035-8711 - 1365-2966 publication_status: published publisher: Oxford University Press quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: 'Probing re-ionization with quasar spectra: The impact of the intrinsic Lyman α emission line shape uncertainty' type: journal_article user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345 volume: 400 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '17771' abstract: - lang: eng text: Cold dark matter (CDM) hierarchical structure formation models predict the existence of large-scale accretion shocks between the virial and turnaround radii of clusters of galaxies. Kocsis et al. suggest that the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich signal associated with such shocks might be observable with the next generation radio interferometer, ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter Array). We study the three-dimensional distribution of accretion shocks around individual clusters of galaxies drawn from adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of ΛCDM (dark energy dominated CDM) models. In relaxed clusters, we find two distinct sets of shocks. One set ("virial shocks"), with Mach numbers of 2.5–4, is located at radii 0.9–1.3 Rvir, where Rvir is the spherical infall estimate of the virial radius, covering about 40%–50% of the total surface area around clusters at these radii. Another set of stronger shocks ("external shocks") is located farther out, at about 3 Rvir, with large Mach numbers (≈100), covering about 40%–60% of the surface area. We simulate SZ surface brightness maps of relaxed massive galaxy clusters drawn from high-resolution AMR runs, and conclude that ALMA should be capable of detecting the virial shocks in massive clusters of galaxies. More simulations are needed to improve estimates of astrophysical noise and to determine optimal observational strategies. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Sandor M. full_name: Molnar, Sandor M. last_name: Molnar - first_name: Nathan full_name: Hearn, Nathan last_name: Hearn - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Haiman, Zoltán id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36 last_name: Haiman - first_name: Greg full_name: Bryan, Greg last_name: Bryan - first_name: August E. full_name: Evrard, August E. last_name: Evrard - first_name: George full_name: Lake, George last_name: Lake citation: ama: Molnar SM, Hearn N, Haiman Z, Bryan G, Evrard AE, Lake G. Accretion shocks in clusters of galaxies and their SZ signature from cosmological simulations. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009;696(2):1640-1656. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1640 apa: Molnar, S. M., Hearn, N., Haiman, Z., Bryan, G., Evrard, A. E., & Lake, G. (2009). Accretion shocks in clusters of galaxies and their SZ signature from cosmological simulations. The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1640 chicago: Molnar, Sandor M., Nathan Hearn, Zoltán Haiman, Greg Bryan, August E. Evrard, and George Lake. “Accretion Shocks in Clusters of Galaxies and Their SZ Signature from Cosmological Simulations.” The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1640. ieee: S. M. Molnar, N. Hearn, Z. Haiman, G. Bryan, A. E. Evrard, and G. Lake, “Accretion shocks in clusters of galaxies and their SZ signature from cosmological simulations,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 696, no. 2. American Astronomical Society, pp. 1640–1656, 2009. ista: Molnar SM, Hearn N, Haiman Z, Bryan G, Evrard AE, Lake G. 2009. Accretion shocks in clusters of galaxies and their SZ signature from cosmological simulations. The Astrophysical Journal. 696(2), 1640–1656. mla: Molnar, Sandor M., et al. “Accretion Shocks in Clusters of Galaxies and Their SZ Signature from Cosmological Simulations.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 696, no. 2, American Astronomical Society, 2009, pp. 1640–56, doi:10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1640. short: S.M. Molnar, N. Hearn, Z. Haiman, G. Bryan, A.E. Evrard, G. Lake, The Astrophysical Journal 696 (2009) 1640–1656. date_created: 2024-09-06T10:01:31Z date_published: 2009-05-10T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-09-30T09:59:02Z day: '10' doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1640 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 696' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1640 month: '05' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 1640-1656 publication: The Astrophysical Journal publication_identifier: issn: - 0004-637X - 1538-4357 publication_status: published publisher: American Astronomical Society quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Accretion shocks in clusters of galaxies and their SZ signature from cosmological simulations type: journal_article user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345 volume: 696 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '17772' abstract: - lang: eng text: We utilize the local velocity dispersion function (VDF) of spheroids, together with their inferred age distributions, to predict the VDF at higher redshifts (0 < z lsim 6), under the assumption that (1) most of the stars in each nearby spheroid formed in a single episode and, (2) the velocity dispersion σ remained nearly constant afterward. We assume further that a supermassive BH forms concurrently with the stars, and within ±1 Gyr of the formation of the potential well of the spheroid, and that the relation between the mass of the BH and host velocity dispersion maintains the form M BH vprop σβ with β ≈ 4, but with the normalization allowed to evolve with redshift as vprop(1 + z)α. We compute the BH mass function associated with the VDF at each redshift, and compare the accumulated total BH mass density with that inferred from the integrated quasar luminosity function (LF; the so-called Sołtan argument). This comparison is insensitive to the assumed duty cycle or Eddington ratio of quasar activity, and we find that the match between the two BH mass densities favors a relatively mild redshift evolution, with α ~ 0.33, with a positive evolution as strong as α gsim 1.3 excluded at more than 99% confidence level. A direct match between the characteristic BH mass in the VDF-based and quasar LF-based BH mass functions also yields a mean Eddington ratio of λ ~ 0.5-1 that is roughly constant within 0 lsim z lsim 3. A strong positive evolution in the M BH-σ relation is still allowed by the data if galaxies increase, on average, their velocity dispersions since the moment of formation due to dissipative processes. If we assume that the mean velocity dispersion of the host galaxies evolves as σ(z) = σ(0) × (1 + z)-γ, we find a lower limit of γ gsim 0.23 for α gsim 1.5. The latter estimate represents an interesting constraint for galaxy evolution models and can be tested through hydro simulations. This dissipative model, however, also implies a decreasing λ at higher z, at variance with several independent studies. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Francesco full_name: Shankar, Francesco last_name: Shankar - first_name: Mariangela full_name: Bernardi, Mariangela last_name: Bernardi - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Haiman, Zoltán id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36 last_name: Haiman citation: ama: Shankar F, Bernardi M, Haiman Z. The evolution of the mbh-σ relation inferred from the age distribution of local early-type galaxies and active galactic nuclei evolution. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009;694(2):867-878. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/694/2/867 apa: Shankar, F., Bernardi, M., & Haiman, Z. (2009). The evolution of the mbh-σ relation inferred from the age distribution of local early-type galaxies and active galactic nuclei evolution. The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/694/2/867 chicago: Shankar, Francesco, Mariangela Bernardi, and Zoltán Haiman. “The Evolution of the Mbh-σ Relation Inferred from the Age Distribution of Local Early-Type Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei Evolution.” The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/694/2/867. ieee: F. Shankar, M. Bernardi, and Z. Haiman, “The evolution of the mbh-σ relation inferred from the age distribution of local early-type galaxies and active galactic nuclei evolution,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 694, no. 2. American Astronomical Society, pp. 867–878, 2009. ista: Shankar F, Bernardi M, Haiman Z. 2009. The evolution of the mbh-σ relation inferred from the age distribution of local early-type galaxies and active galactic nuclei evolution. The Astrophysical Journal. 694(2), 867–878. mla: Shankar, Francesco, et al. “The Evolution of the Mbh-σ Relation Inferred from the Age Distribution of Local Early-Type Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei Evolution.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 694, no. 2, American Astronomical Society, 2009, pp. 867–78, doi:10.1088/0004-637x/694/2/867. short: F. Shankar, M. Bernardi, Z. Haiman, The Astrophysical Journal 694 (2009) 867–878. date_created: 2024-09-06T10:02:08Z date_published: 2009-03-20T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-09-30T10:55:28Z day: '20' doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/694/2/867 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 694' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - url: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/694/2/867 month: '03' oa_version: Published Version page: 867-878 publication: The Astrophysical Journal publication_identifier: issn: - 0004-637X - 1538-4357 publication_status: published publisher: American Astronomical Society quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The evolution of the mbh-σ relation inferred from the age distribution of local early-type galaxies and active galactic nuclei evolution type: journal_article user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345 volume: 694 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '17782' abstract: - lang: eng text: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from early astrophysical sources could have a large impact on subsequent star formation in nearby protogalaxies, and in general on the progress of cosmological reionization. Theoretical arguments based on the absence of metals in the early Universe suggest that the first stars were likely massive, bright, yet short-lived, with lifetimes of a few million years. Here we study the radiative feedback arising from such stars using hydrodynamical simulations with transient UV backgrounds (UVBs) and persistent Lyman–Werner backgrounds (LWBs) of varying intensity. We extend our prior work in Mesinger et al., by studying a more typical region whose protogalaxies form at lower redshifts, z∼ 13–20, in the epoch likely preceding the bulk of reionization. We confirm our previous results that feedback in the relic H ii regions resulting from such transient radiation is itself transient. Feedback effects dwindle away after ∼30 per cent of the Hubble time, and the same critical specific intensity of JUV∼ 0.1 × 10^−21 erg s^−1 cm^−2 Hz^−1 sr^−1 separates positive and negative feedback regimes. This suggests that overall feedback is fairly insensitive to the large-scale environment, overdensity and redshift-dependent halo parameters, and can accurately be modelled in this regime with just the intensity of the impinging UVB. Additionally, we discover a second episode of eventual positive feedback in haloes which have not yet collapsed when their progenitor regions were exposed to the transient UVB. When exposed to the transient UVB, this gas suffers relatively little density depletion but a significant enhancement of the molecular hydrogen abundance, thus resulting in net positive feedback. This eventual positive feedback appears in all runs, regardless of the strength of the UVB. However, this feedback regime is very sensitive to the presence of Lyman–Werner radiation, and notable effects disappear under fairly modest background intensities of JLW≳ 10^−3× 10^−21 erg s^−1 cm^−2 Hz^−1 sr^−1, assuming the region is optically thin for LW photons. Nevertheless, when exposed to the same LWB, haloes inside relic H ii regions always have a higher H2 abundance and shorter cooling times than haloes outside relic H ii regions, allowing gas to cool faster once it finally begins to collapse on to the halo. We conclude that UV radiative feedback in relic H ii regions, although a complicated process, seems unlikely to have a major impact on the progress of cosmological reionization, provided that present estimates of the lifetime and luminosity of a Population III star are accurate. More likely is that the build-up of the LWB ultimately governs the feedback strength until a persistent UV background can be established. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Andrei full_name: Mesinger, Andrei last_name: Mesinger - first_name: Greg L. full_name: Bryan, Greg L. last_name: Bryan - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Haiman, Zoltán id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36 last_name: Haiman citation: ama: Mesinger A, Bryan GL, Haiman Z. Relic H ii regions and radiative feedback at high redshifts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2009;399(3):1650-1662. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15404.x apa: Mesinger, A., Bryan, G. L., & Haiman, Z. (2009). Relic H ii regions and radiative feedback at high redshifts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15404.x chicago: Mesinger, Andrei, Greg L. Bryan, and Zoltán Haiman. “Relic H Ii Regions and Radiative Feedback at High Redshifts.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15404.x. ieee: A. Mesinger, G. L. Bryan, and Z. Haiman, “Relic H ii regions and radiative feedback at high redshifts,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 399, no. 3. Oxford University Press, pp. 1650–1662, 2009. ista: Mesinger A, Bryan GL, Haiman Z. 2009. Relic H ii regions and radiative feedback at high redshifts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 399(3), 1650–1662. mla: Mesinger, Andrei, et al. “Relic H Ii Regions and Radiative Feedback at High Redshifts.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 399, no. 3, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 1650–62, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15404.x. short: A. Mesinger, G.L. Bryan, Z. Haiman, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 399 (2009) 1650–1662. date_created: 2024-09-06T10:16:16Z date_published: 2009-10-15T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-09-30T12:42:48Z day: '15' doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15404.x extern: '1' intvolume: ' 399' issue: '3' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15404.x month: '10' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 1650-1662 publication: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society publication_identifier: issn: - 0035-8711 - 1365-2966 publication_status: published publisher: Oxford University Press quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Relic H ii regions and radiative feedback at high redshifts type: journal_article user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345 volume: 399 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '17797' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'It is well known that an initial population of seed black holes (BHs), formed in the nuclei of low-mass galaxies at high redshift, can simultaneously explain, through their subsequent growth by mergers and accretion, both the observed evolution of the quasar luminosity function (LF) and the distribution of remnant supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses measured in local galactic nuclei. Here we consider three very different initial conditions for this scenario: models in which initial seed BHs form in either all, or only a small fraction (fbh = 0.1 or 0.01) of high-redshift dark matter halos (with Mhalo = 5 × 109 M☉ at z = 6–10). We show that with a suitable and relatively minor adjustment of two global physical parameters (the radiative efficiency and mass accretion time-scale of quasar episodes), models with fbh ≈ 0.1 and 1 can accurately reproduce the observed quasar LF at redshifts 0 < z ≲ 6, as well as the remnant SMBH mass function at z = 0. However, SMBHs remain rare, and the normalization of the high-z quasar LF and the local SMBH mass function are both significantly underpredicted, if fbh ≲ 0.01. We also show that the merger history of SMBHs, in the mass range detectable by the future Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) instrument, generically looks different as fbh is varied; this should allow LISA to deliver useful constraints on otherwise degenerate models.' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Lippai, Zoltán last_name: Lippai - first_name: Zsolt full_name: Frei, Zsolt last_name: Frei - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Haiman, Zoltán id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36 last_name: Haiman orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403 citation: ama: Lippai Z, Frei Z, Haiman Z. On the occupation fraction of seed black holes in high-redshift dark matter halos. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009;701(1):360-368. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/701/1/360 apa: Lippai, Z., Frei, Z., & Haiman, Z. (2009). On the occupation fraction of seed black holes in high-redshift dark matter halos. The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/701/1/360 chicago: Lippai, Zoltán, Zsolt Frei, and Zoltán Haiman. “On the Occupation Fraction of Seed Black Holes in High-Redshift Dark Matter Halos.” The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/701/1/360. ieee: Z. Lippai, Z. Frei, and Z. Haiman, “On the occupation fraction of seed black holes in high-redshift dark matter halos,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 701, no. 1. American Astronomical Society, pp. 360–368, 2009. ista: Lippai Z, Frei Z, Haiman Z. 2009. On the occupation fraction of seed black holes in high-redshift dark matter halos. The Astrophysical Journal. 701(1), 360–368. mla: Lippai, Zoltán, et al. “On the Occupation Fraction of Seed Black Holes in High-Redshift Dark Matter Halos.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 701, no. 1, American Astronomical Society, 2009, pp. 360–68, doi:10.1088/0004-637x/701/1/360. short: Z. Lippai, Z. Frei, Z. Haiman, The Astrophysical Journal 701 (2009) 360–368. date_created: 2024-09-06T10:29:07Z date_published: 2009-07-22T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-10-02T07:26:28Z day: '22' doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/701/1/360 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 701' issue: '1' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/701/1/360 month: '07' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 360-368 publication: The Astrophysical Journal publication_identifier: eissn: - 1538-4357 issn: - 0004-637X publication_status: published publisher: American Astronomical Society quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: On the occupation fraction of seed black holes in high-redshift dark matter halos type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 701 year: '2009' ... --- OA_place: repository OA_type: free access _id: '17805' abstract: - lang: eng text: We report on the detection by Swift of GRB 080913, and subsequent optical/near-infrared follow-up observations by GROND, which led to the discovery of its optical/NIR afterglow and the recognition of its high-z nature via the detection of a spectral break between the i' and z' bands. Spectroscopy obtained at the ESO-VLT revealed a continuum extending down to λ = 9400 Å, and zero flux for 7500 Å<λ < 9400 Å, which we interpret as the onset of a Gunn–Peterson trough at z = 6.695± 0.025 (95.5% confidence level), making GRB 080913 the highest-redshift gamma-ray burst (GRB) to date, and more distant than the highest-redshift QSO. We note that many redshift indicators that are based on promptly available burst or afterglow properties have failed for GRB 080913. We report on our follow-up campaign and compare the properties of GRB 080913 with bursts at lower redshift. In particular, since the afterglow of this burst is fainter than typical for GRBs, we show that 2 m class telescopes can identify most high-redshift GRBs. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: J. full_name: Greiner, J. last_name: Greiner - first_name: T. full_name: Krühler, T. last_name: Krühler - first_name: J. P. U. full_name: Fynbo, J. P. U. last_name: Fynbo - first_name: A. full_name: Rossi, A. last_name: Rossi - first_name: R. full_name: Schwarz, R. last_name: Schwarz - first_name: S. full_name: Klose, S. last_name: Klose - first_name: S. full_name: Savaglio, S. last_name: Savaglio - first_name: N. R. full_name: Tanvir, N. R. last_name: Tanvir - first_name: S. full_name: McBreen, S. last_name: McBreen - first_name: T. full_name: Totani, T. last_name: Totani - first_name: B. B. full_name: Zhang, B. B. last_name: Zhang - first_name: X. F. full_name: Wu, X. F. last_name: Wu - first_name: D. full_name: Watson, D. last_name: Watson - first_name: S. D. full_name: Barthelmy, S. D. last_name: Barthelmy - first_name: A. P. full_name: Beardmore, A. P. last_name: Beardmore - first_name: P. full_name: Ferrero, P. last_name: Ferrero - first_name: N. full_name: Gehrels, N. last_name: Gehrels - first_name: D. A. full_name: Kann, D. A. last_name: Kann - first_name: N. full_name: Kawai, N. last_name: Kawai - first_name: A. Küpcü full_name: Yoldaş, A. Küpcü last_name: Yoldaş - first_name: P. full_name: Mészáros, P. last_name: Mészáros - first_name: B. full_name: Milvang-Jensen, B. last_name: Milvang-Jensen - first_name: S. R. full_name: Oates, S. R. last_name: Oates - first_name: D. full_name: Pierini, D. last_name: Pierini - first_name: P. full_name: Schady, P. last_name: Schady - first_name: K. full_name: Toma, K. last_name: Toma - first_name: P. M. full_name: Vreeswijk, P. M. last_name: Vreeswijk - first_name: A. full_name: Yoldaş, A. last_name: Yoldaş - first_name: B. full_name: Zhang, B. last_name: Zhang - first_name: P. full_name: Afonso, P. last_name: Afonso - first_name: K. full_name: Aoki, K. last_name: Aoki - first_name: D. N. full_name: Burrows, D. N. last_name: Burrows - first_name: C. full_name: Clemens, C. last_name: Clemens - first_name: R. full_name: Filgas, R. last_name: Filgas - first_name: Zoltán full_name: Haiman, Zoltán id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36 last_name: Haiman orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403 - first_name: D. H. full_name: Hartmann, D. H. last_name: Hartmann - first_name: G. full_name: Hasinger, G. last_name: Hasinger - first_name: J. full_name: Hjorth, J. last_name: Hjorth - first_name: E. full_name: Jehin, E. last_name: Jehin - first_name: A. J. full_name: Levan, A. J. last_name: Levan - first_name: E. W. full_name: Liang, E. W. last_name: Liang - first_name: D. full_name: Malesani, D. last_name: Malesani - first_name: T.-S. full_name: Pyo, T.-S. last_name: Pyo - first_name: S. full_name: Schulze, S. last_name: Schulze - first_name: G. full_name: Szokoly, G. last_name: Szokoly - first_name: K. full_name: Terada, K. last_name: Terada - first_name: K. full_name: Wiersema, K. last_name: Wiersema citation: ama: Greiner J, Krühler T, Fynbo JPU, et al. GRB 080913 at redshift 6.7. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009;693(2):1610-1620. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/693/2/1610 apa: Greiner, J., Krühler, T., Fynbo, J. P. U., Rossi, A., Schwarz, R., Klose, S., … Wiersema, K. (2009). GRB 080913 at redshift 6.7. The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/693/2/1610 chicago: Greiner, J., T. Krühler, J. P. U. Fynbo, A. Rossi, R. Schwarz, S. Klose, S. Savaglio, et al. “GRB 080913 at Redshift 6.7.” The Astrophysical Journal. American Astronomical Society, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/693/2/1610. ieee: J. Greiner et al., “GRB 080913 at redshift 6.7,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 693, no. 2. American Astronomical Society, pp. 1610–1620, 2009. ista: Greiner J, Krühler T, Fynbo JPU, Rossi A, Schwarz R, Klose S, Savaglio S, Tanvir NR, McBreen S, Totani T, Zhang BB, Wu XF, Watson D, Barthelmy SD, Beardmore AP, Ferrero P, Gehrels N, Kann DA, Kawai N, Yoldaş AK, Mészáros P, Milvang-Jensen B, Oates SR, Pierini D, Schady P, Toma K, Vreeswijk PM, Yoldaş A, Zhang B, Afonso P, Aoki K, Burrows DN, Clemens C, Filgas R, Haiman Z, Hartmann DH, Hasinger G, Hjorth J, Jehin E, Levan AJ, Liang EW, Malesani D, Pyo T-S, Schulze S, Szokoly G, Terada K, Wiersema K. 2009. GRB 080913 at redshift 6.7. The Astrophysical Journal. 693(2), 1610–1620. mla: Greiner, J., et al. “GRB 080913 at Redshift 6.7.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 693, no. 2, American Astronomical Society, 2009, pp. 1610–20, doi:10.1088/0004-637x/693/2/1610. short: J. Greiner, T. Krühler, J.P.U. Fynbo, A. Rossi, R. Schwarz, S. Klose, S. Savaglio, N.R. Tanvir, S. McBreen, T. Totani, B.B. Zhang, X.F. Wu, D. Watson, S.D. Barthelmy, A.P. Beardmore, P. Ferrero, N. Gehrels, D.A. Kann, N. Kawai, A.K. Yoldaş, P. Mészáros, B. Milvang-Jensen, S.R. Oates, D. Pierini, P. Schady, K. Toma, P.M. Vreeswijk, A. Yoldaş, B. Zhang, P. Afonso, K. Aoki, D.N. Burrows, C. Clemens, R. Filgas, Z. Haiman, D.H. Hartmann, G. Hasinger, J. Hjorth, E. Jehin, A.J. Levan, E.W. Liang, D. Malesani, T.-S. Pyo, S. Schulze, G. Szokoly, K. Terada, K. Wiersema, The Astrophysical Journal 693 (2009) 1610–1620. date_created: 2024-09-06T11:33:49Z date_published: 2009-03-10T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2024-11-12T10:14:41Z day: '10' doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/693/2/1610 extern: '1' external_id: arxiv: - '0810.2314' intvolume: ' 693' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.0810.2314 month: '03' oa: 1 oa_version: Preprint page: 1610-1620 publication: The Astrophysical Journal publication_identifier: eissn: - 1538-4357 issn: - 0004-637X publication_status: published publisher: American Astronomical Society quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: GRB 080913 at redshift 6.7 type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 693 year: '2009' ...