[{"issue":"4","article_number":"48","corr_author":"1","citation":{"ieee":"G. Sperl, R. Narain, and C. Wojtan, “Homogenized yarn-level cloth,” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 39, no. 4. Association for Computing Machinery, 2020.","chicago":"Sperl, Georg, Rahul Narain, and Chris Wojtan. “Homogenized Yarn-Level Cloth.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. Association for Computing Machinery, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392412\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392412</a>.","mla":"Sperl, Georg, et al. “Homogenized Yarn-Level Cloth.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 39, no. 4, 48, Association for Computing Machinery, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392412\">10.1145/3386569.3392412</a>.","ista":"Sperl G, Narain R, Wojtan C. 2020. Homogenized yarn-level cloth. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 39(4), 48.","ama":"Sperl G, Narain R, Wojtan C. Homogenized yarn-level cloth. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. 2020;39(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392412\">10.1145/3386569.3392412</a>","apa":"Sperl, G., Narain, R., &#38; Wojtan, C. (2020). Homogenized yarn-level cloth. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. Association for Computing Machinery. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392412\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392412</a>","short":"G. Sperl, R. Narain, C. Wojtan, ACM Transactions on Graphics 39 (2020)."},"ec_funded":1,"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"12358"}]},"has_accepted_license":"1","oa_version":"Submitted Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"07","volume":39,"isi":1,"publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Georg","id":"4DD40360-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sperl","full_name":"Sperl, Georg"},{"full_name":"Narain, Rahul","last_name":"Narain","first_name":"Rahul"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546","last_name":"Wojtan","full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J","first_name":"Christopher J","id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"acknowledgement":"We wish to thank the anonymous reviewers and the members of the Visual Computing Group at IST Austria for their valuable feedback. We also thank the creators of the Berkeley Garment Library [de Joya et al. 2012] for providing garment meshes, [Krishnamurthy and Levoy 1996] and [Turk and Levoy 1994] for the armadillo and bunny meshes, the creators of libWetCloth [Fei et al. 2018] for their implementation of discrete elastic rod forces, and Tomáš Skřivan for\r\ninspiring discussions and help with Mathematica code generation. This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of IST Austria through resources provided by Scientific Computing. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 638176. Rahul Narain is supported by a Pankaj Gupta Young Faculty Fellowship and a gift from Adobe Inc.","ddc":["000"],"intvolume":"        39","scopus_import":"1","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392412","open_access":"1"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1557-7368"],"issn":["0730-0301"]},"file":[{"date_updated":"2020-11-23T09:01:22Z","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"8794","checksum":"cf4c1d361c3196c4bd424520a5588205","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2020-11-23T09:01:22Z","file_size":38922662,"creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2020_hylc_submitted.pdf"}],"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery","title":"Homogenized yarn-level cloth","abstract":[{"text":"We present a method for animating yarn-level cloth effects using a thin-shell solver. We accomplish this through numerical homogenization: we first use a large number of yarn-level simulations to build a model of the potential energy density of the cloth, and then use this energy density function to compute forces in a thin shell simulator. We model several yarn-based materials, including both woven and knitted fabrics. Our model faithfully reproduces expected effects like the stiffness of woven fabrics, and the highly deformable nature and anisotropy of knitted fabrics. Our approach does not require any real-world experiments nor measurements; because the method is based entirely on simulations, it can generate entirely new material models quickly, without the need for testing apparatuses or human intervention. We provide data-driven models of several woven and knitted fabrics, which can be used for efficient simulation with an off-the-shelf cloth solver.","lang":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"article_type":"original","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales","grant_number":"638176","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"date_updated":"2026-04-16T08:31:55Z","status":"public","doi":"10.1145/3386569.3392412","file_date_updated":"2020-11-23T09:01:22Z","year":"2020","date_published":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"_id":"8385","external_id":{"isi":["000583700300021"]},"date_created":"2020-09-13T22:01:18Z","publication":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","type":"journal_article","article_processing_charge":"No","day":"08"},{"has_accepted_license":"1","ec_funded":1,"corr_author":"1","article_number":"65","citation":{"ista":"Skrivan T, Soderstrom A, Johansson J, Sprenger C, Museth K, Wojtan C. 2020. Wave curves: Simulating Lagrangian water waves on dynamically deforming surfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 39(4), 65.","mla":"Skrivan, Tomas, et al. “Wave Curves: Simulating Lagrangian Water Waves on Dynamically Deforming Surfaces.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 39, no. 4, 65, Association for Computing Machinery, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392466\">10.1145/3386569.3392466</a>.","ieee":"T. Skrivan, A. Soderstrom, J. Johansson, C. Sprenger, K. Museth, and C. Wojtan, “Wave curves: Simulating Lagrangian water waves on dynamically deforming surfaces,” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 39, no. 4. Association for Computing Machinery, 2020.","chicago":"Skrivan, Tomas, Andreas Soderstrom, John Johansson, Christoph Sprenger, Ken Museth, and Chris Wojtan. “Wave Curves: Simulating Lagrangian Water Waves on Dynamically Deforming Surfaces.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. Association for Computing Machinery, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392466\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392466</a>.","short":"T. Skrivan, A. Soderstrom, J. Johansson, C. Sprenger, K. Museth, C. Wojtan, ACM Transactions on Graphics 39 (2020).","apa":"Skrivan, T., Soderstrom, A., Johansson, J., Sprenger, C., Museth, K., &#38; Wojtan, C. (2020). Wave curves: Simulating Lagrangian water waves on dynamically deforming surfaces. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. Association for Computing Machinery. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392466\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392466</a>","ama":"Skrivan T, Soderstrom A, Johansson J, Sprenger C, Museth K, Wojtan C. Wave curves: Simulating Lagrangian water waves on dynamically deforming surfaces. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. 2020;39(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3386569.3392466\">10.1145/3386569.3392466</a>"},"issue":"4","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","intvolume":"        39","ddc":["000"],"scopus_import":"1","acknowledgement":"We wish to thank the anonymous reviewers and the members of the Visual Computing Group at IST Austria for their valuable feedback. This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of IST Austria through resources provided by Scientific Computing. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 638176 and Marie SkłodowskaCurie Grant Agreement No. 665385.","publication_status":"published","isi":1,"author":[{"id":"486A5A46-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Tomas","full_name":"Skrivan, Tomas","last_name":"Skrivan"},{"full_name":"Soderstrom, Andreas","last_name":"Soderstrom","first_name":"Andreas"},{"first_name":"John","full_name":"Johansson, John","last_name":"Johansson"},{"first_name":"Christoph","last_name":"Sprenger","full_name":"Sprenger, Christoph"},{"full_name":"Museth, Ken","last_name":"Museth","first_name":"Ken"},{"id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Christopher J","full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J","last_name":"Wojtan","orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546"}],"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"volume":39,"month":"07","publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery","abstract":[{"text":"We propose a method to enhance the visual detail of a water surface simulation. Our method works as a post-processing step which takes a simulation as input and increases its apparent resolution by simulating many detailed Lagrangian water waves on top of it. We extend linear water wave theory to work in non-planar domains which deform over time, and we discretize the theory using Lagrangian wave packets attached to spline curves. The method is numerically stable and trivially parallelizable, and it produces high frequency ripples with dispersive wave-like behaviors customized to the underlying fluid simulation.","lang":"eng"}],"title":"Wave curves: Simulating Lagrangian water waves on dynamically deforming surfaces","quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"success":1,"checksum":"c3a680893f01cc4a9e961ff0a4cfa12f","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"8541","date_updated":"2020-09-21T07:51:44Z","file_name":"2020_ACM_Skrivan.pdf","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2020-09-21T07:51:44Z","file_size":20223953,"access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1557-7368"],"issn":["0730-0301"]},"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"638176","name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"665385","name":"International IST Doctoral Program","_id":"2564DBCA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"status":"public","doi":"10.1145/3386569.3392466","date_updated":"2026-04-16T08:26:38Z","article_type":"original","oa":1,"date_created":"2020-09-20T22:01:37Z","date_published":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","_id":"8535","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"external_id":{"isi":["000583700300038"]},"year":"2020","file_date_updated":"2020-09-21T07:51:44Z","article_processing_charge":"No","day":"08","type":"journal_article","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","publication":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Submitted Version","page":"89-99","department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Schreck","full_name":"Schreck, Camille","id":"2B14B676-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Camille"},{"id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Christopher J","last_name":"Wojtan","full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J","orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546"}],"isi":1,"publication_status":"published","month":"05","volume":39,"scopus_import":"1","ddc":["000"],"intvolume":"        39","acknowledgement":"We wish to thank the anonymous reviewers and the members of the Visual Computing Group at IST Austria for their valuable feedback. This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units (SSU) of IST Austria through resources provided by Scientific Computing. We would also like to thank Joseph Teran and Chenfanfu Jiang for the helpful discussions.\r\nThis project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 638176.","citation":{"ama":"Schreck C, Wojtan C. A practical method for animating anisotropic elastoplastic materials. <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. 2020;39(2):89-99. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13914\">10.1111/cgf.13914</a>","apa":"Schreck, C., &#38; Wojtan, C. (2020). A practical method for animating anisotropic elastoplastic materials. <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13914\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13914</a>","short":"C. Schreck, C. Wojtan, Computer Graphics Forum 39 (2020) 89–99.","chicago":"Schreck, Camille, and Chris Wojtan. “A Practical Method for Animating Anisotropic Elastoplastic Materials.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Wiley, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13914\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13914</a>.","ieee":"C. Schreck and C. Wojtan, “A practical method for animating anisotropic elastoplastic materials,” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>, vol. 39, no. 2. Wiley, pp. 89–99, 2020.","mla":"Schreck, Camille, and Chris Wojtan. “A Practical Method for Animating Anisotropic Elastoplastic Materials.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>, vol. 39, no. 2, Wiley, 2020, pp. 89–99, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13914\">10.1111/cgf.13914</a>.","ista":"Schreck C, Wojtan C. 2020. A practical method for animating anisotropic elastoplastic materials. Computer Graphics Forum. 39(2), 89–99."},"issue":"2","has_accepted_license":"1","ec_funded":1,"year":"2020","file_date_updated":"2020-11-23T09:05:13Z","date_created":"2020-11-17T09:35:10Z","_id":"8765","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"external_id":{"isi":["000548709600008"]},"date_published":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","type":"journal_article","publication":"Computer Graphics Forum","day":"01","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0167-7055"],"eissn":["1467-8659"]},"quality_controlled":"1","title":"A practical method for animating anisotropic elastoplastic materials","abstract":[{"text":"This paper introduces a simple method for simulating highly anisotropic elastoplastic material behaviors like the dissolution of fibrous phenomena (splintering wood, shredding bales of hay) and materials composed of large numbers of irregularly‐shaped bodies (piles of twigs, pencils, or cards). We introduce a simple transformation of the anisotropic problem into an equivalent isotropic one, and we solve this new “fictitious” isotropic problem using an existing simulator based on the material point method. Our approach results in minimal changes to existing simulators, and it allows us to re‐use popular isotropic plasticity models like the Drucker‐Prager yield criterion instead of inventing new anisotropic plasticity models for every phenomenon we wish to simulate.","lang":"eng"}],"publisher":"Wiley","file":[{"file_name":"2020_poff_revisited.pdf","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2020-11-23T09:05:13Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","file_size":38969122,"success":1,"checksum":"7605f605acd84d0942b48bc7a1c2d72e","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"8796","date_updated":"2020-11-23T09:05:13Z"}],"article_type":"original","oa":1,"status":"public","doi":"10.1111/cgf.13914","date_updated":"2024-10-22T09:58:14Z","keyword":["Computer Networks and Communications"],"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"638176","name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales"}]},{"date_created":"2020-11-17T10:47:48Z","date_published":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","_id":"8766","external_id":{"isi":["000591780400005"]},"year":"2020","article_processing_charge":"No","day":"01","user_id":"2EBD1598-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","type":"journal_article","publication":"Computer Graphics forum","publisher":"Wiley","abstract":[{"text":"The “procedural” approach to animating ocean waves is the dominant algorithm for animating larger bodies of water in\r\ninteractive applications as well as in off-line productions — it provides high visual quality with a low computational demand. In this paper, we widen the applicability of procedural water wave animation with an extension that guarantees the satisfaction of boundary conditions imposed by terrain while still approximating physical wave behavior. In combination with a particle system that models wave breaking, foam, and spray, this allows us to naturally model waves interacting with beaches and rocks. Our system is able to animate waves at large scales at interactive frame rates on a commodity PC.","lang":"eng"}],"title":"Making procedural water waves boundary-aware","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales","grant_number":"638176","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"715767","name":"MATERIALIZABLE: Intelligent fabrication-oriented Computational Design and Modeling","_id":"24F9549A-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"doi":"10.1111/cgf.14100","status":"public","date_updated":"2024-10-22T09:58:15Z","article_type":"original","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"47-54","oa_version":"None","intvolume":"        39","scopus_import":"1","isi":1,"publication_status":"published","author":[{"last_name":"Jeschke","full_name":"Jeschke, Stefan","id":"44D6411A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Stefan"},{"id":"400429CC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Christian","full_name":"Hafner, Christian","last_name":"Hafner"},{"first_name":"Nuttapong","last_name":"Chentanez","full_name":"Chentanez, Nuttapong"},{"full_name":"Macklin, Miles","last_name":"Macklin","first_name":"Miles"},{"last_name":"Müller-Fischer","full_name":"Müller-Fischer, Matthias","first_name":"Matthias"},{"first_name":"Christopher J","id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546","last_name":"Wojtan","full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J"}],"conference":{"start_date":"2020-10-06","location":"Online Symposium","end_date":"2020-10-09","name":"SCA: Symposium on Computer Animation"},"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"},{"_id":"BeBi"}],"month":"12","volume":39,"ec_funded":1,"citation":{"mla":"Jeschke, Stefan, et al. “Making Procedural Water Waves Boundary-Aware.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>, vol. 39, no. 8, Wiley, 2020, pp. 47–54, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14100\">10.1111/cgf.14100</a>.","chicago":"Jeschke, Stefan, Christian Hafner, Nuttapong Chentanez, Miles Macklin, Matthias Müller-Fischer, and Chris Wojtan. “Making Procedural Water Waves Boundary-Aware.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Wiley, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14100\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14100</a>.","ieee":"S. Jeschke, C. Hafner, N. Chentanez, M. Macklin, M. Müller-Fischer, and C. Wojtan, “Making procedural water waves boundary-aware,” <i>Computer Graphics forum</i>, vol. 39, no. 8. Wiley, pp. 47–54, 2020.","ista":"Jeschke S, Hafner C, Chentanez N, Macklin M, Müller-Fischer M, Wojtan C. 2020. Making procedural water waves boundary-aware. Computer Graphics forum. 39(8), 47–54.","apa":"Jeschke, S., Hafner, C., Chentanez, N., Macklin, M., Müller-Fischer, M., &#38; Wojtan, C. (2020). Making procedural water waves boundary-aware. <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Online Symposium: Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14100\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14100</a>","ama":"Jeschke S, Hafner C, Chentanez N, Macklin M, Müller-Fischer M, Wojtan C. Making procedural water waves boundary-aware. <i>Computer Graphics forum</i>. 2020;39(8):47-54. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14100\">10.1111/cgf.14100</a>","short":"S. Jeschke, C. Hafner, N. Chentanez, M. Macklin, M. Müller-Fischer, C. Wojtan, Computer Graphics Forum 39 (2020) 47–54."},"issue":"8"},{"day":"01","article_processing_charge":"No","publication":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","type":"journal_article","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"_id":"6442","external_id":{"isi":["000475740600104"]},"date_published":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2019-05-14T07:04:06Z","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:30Z","year":"2019","doi":"10.1145/3306346.3323002","date_updated":"2024-10-22T09:58:22Z","status":"public","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales","grant_number":"638176"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"24F9549A-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"715767","name":"MATERIALIZABLE: Intelligent fabrication-oriented Computational Design and Modeling"},{"_id":"2564DBCA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"665385","name":"International IST Doctoral Program","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"oa":1,"file":[{"file_id":"6443","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"1b737dfe3e051aba8f3f4ab1dceda673","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:30Z","file_name":"2019_ACM_Schreck.pdf","date_created":"2019-05-14T07:03:55Z","relation":"main_file","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","file_size":44328918}],"quality_controlled":"1","title":"Fundamental solutions for water wave animation","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"This paper investigates the use of fundamental solutions for animating detailed linear water surface waves. We first propose an analytical solution for efficiently animating circular ripples in closed form. We then show how to adapt the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) to create ambient waves interacting with complex obstacles. Subsequently, we present a novel wavelet-based discretization which outperforms the state of the art MFS approach for simulating time-varying water surface waves with moving obstacles. Our results feature high-resolution spatial details, interactions with complex boundaries, and large open ocean domains. Our method compares favorably with previous work as well as known analytical solutions. We also present comparisons between our method and real world examples."}],"publisher":"ACM","scopus_import":"1","intvolume":"        38","ddc":["000","005"],"month":"07","volume":38,"author":[{"first_name":"Camille","id":"2B14B676-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Schreck","full_name":"Schreck, Camille"},{"last_name":"Hafner","full_name":"Hafner, Christian","first_name":"Christian","id":"400429CC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J","last_name":"Wojtan","orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546","first_name":"Christopher J","id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"publication_status":"published","isi":1,"oa_version":"Submitted Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/new-method-makes-realistic-water-wave-animations-more-efficient/","description":"News on IST Homepage","relation":"press_release"}]},"ec_funded":1,"has_accepted_license":"1","issue":"4","citation":{"short":"C. Schreck, C. Hafner, C. Wojtan, ACM Transactions on Graphics 38 (2019).","apa":"Schreck, C., Hafner, C., &#38; Wojtan, C. (2019). Fundamental solutions for water wave animation. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. ACM. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323002\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323002</a>","ama":"Schreck C, Hafner C, Wojtan C. Fundamental solutions for water wave animation. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. 2019;38(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323002\">10.1145/3306346.3323002</a>","ista":"Schreck C, Hafner C, Wojtan C. 2019. Fundamental solutions for water wave animation. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 38(4), 130.","mla":"Schreck, Camille, et al. “Fundamental Solutions for Water Wave Animation.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 38, no. 4, 130, ACM, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323002\">10.1145/3306346.3323002</a>.","ieee":"C. Schreck, C. Hafner, and C. Wojtan, “Fundamental solutions for water wave animation,” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 38, no. 4. ACM, 2019.","chicago":"Schreck, Camille, Christian Hafner, and Chris Wojtan. “Fundamental Solutions for Water Wave Animation.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. ACM, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323002\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323002</a>."},"article_number":"130"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Preprint","intvolume":"      2107","scopus_import":"1","isi":1,"publication_status":"published","author":[{"full_name":"Dostalík, Mark","last_name":"Dostalík","first_name":"Mark"},{"full_name":"Pruša, Vít","last_name":"Pruša","first_name":"Vít"},{"last_name":"Skrivan","full_name":"Skrivan, Tomas","id":"486A5A46-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Tomas"}],"conference":{"start_date":"2019-07-30","location":"Zlin, Czech Republic","end_date":"2019-07-31","name":"8th International Conference on Novel Trends in Rheology"},"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"month":"05","volume":2107,"article_number":"020002","citation":{"apa":"Dostalík, M., Pruša, V., &#38; Skrivan, T. (2019). On diffusive variants of some classical viscoelastic rate-type models. In <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i> (Vol. 2107). Zlin, Czech Republic: AIP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109493\">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109493</a>","ama":"Dostalík M, Pruša V, Skrivan T. On diffusive variants of some classical viscoelastic rate-type models. In: <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>. Vol 2107. AIP Publishing; 2019. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109493\">10.1063/1.5109493</a>","short":"M. Dostalík, V. Pruša, T. Skrivan, in:, AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing, 2019.","mla":"Dostalík, Mark, et al. “On Diffusive Variants of Some Classical Viscoelastic Rate-Type Models.” <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, vol. 2107, 020002, AIP Publishing, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109493\">10.1063/1.5109493</a>.","ieee":"M. Dostalík, V. Pruša, and T. Skrivan, “On diffusive variants of some classical viscoelastic rate-type models,” in <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, Zlin, Czech Republic, 2019, vol. 2107.","chicago":"Dostalík, Mark, Vít Pruša, and Tomas Skrivan. “On Diffusive Variants of Some Classical Viscoelastic Rate-Type Models.” In <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, Vol. 2107. AIP Publishing, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109493\">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109493</a>.","ista":"Dostalík M, Pruša V, Skrivan T. 2019. On diffusive variants of some classical viscoelastic rate-type models. AIP Conference Proceedings. 8th International Conference on Novel Trends in Rheology vol. 2107, 020002."},"date_created":"2019-07-15T10:07:09Z","date_published":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","external_id":{"isi":["000479303100002"],"arxiv":["1902.07983"]},"_id":"6642","year":"2019","article_processing_charge":"No","day":"21","type":"conference","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication":"AIP Conference Proceedings","publisher":"AIP Publishing","title":"On diffusive variants of some classical viscoelastic rate-type models","quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"text":"We present a thermodynamically based approach to the design of models for viscoelastic fluids with stress diffusion effect. In particular, we show how to add a stress diffusion term to some standard viscoelastic rate-type models (Giesekus, FENE-P, Johnson–Segalman, Phan-Thien–Tanner and Bautista–Manero–Puig) so that the resulting models with the added stress diffusion term are thermodynamically consistent in the sense that they obey the first and the second law of thermodynamics. We point out the potential applications of the provided thermodynamical background in the study of flows of fluids described by the proposed models.","lang":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.07983","open_access":"1"}],"arxiv":1,"doi":"10.1063/1.5109493","status":"public","date_updated":"2024-02-28T13:01:28Z","oa":1},{"intvolume":"        38","scopus_import":"1","publication_status":"published","isi":1,"author":[{"first_name":"Ivo","full_name":"Kondapaneni, Ivo","last_name":"Kondapaneni"},{"last_name":"Vevoda","full_name":"Vevoda, Petr","first_name":"Petr"},{"first_name":"Pascal","full_name":"Grittmann, Pascal","last_name":"Grittmann"},{"full_name":"Skrivan, Tomas","last_name":"Skrivan","first_name":"Tomas","id":"486A5A46-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Slusallek","full_name":"Slusallek, Philipp","first_name":"Philipp"},{"full_name":"Křivánek, Jaroslav","last_name":"Křivánek","first_name":"Jaroslav"}],"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"month":"07","volume":38,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"None","ec_funded":1,"article_number":"37","citation":{"ista":"Kondapaneni I, Vevoda P, Grittmann P, Skrivan T, Slusallek P, Křivánek J. 2019. Optimal multiple importance sampling. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 38(4), 37.","chicago":"Kondapaneni, Ivo, Petr Vevoda, Pascal Grittmann, Tomas Skrivan, Philipp Slusallek, and Jaroslav Křivánek. “Optimal Multiple Importance Sampling.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. ACM, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323009\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323009</a>.","ieee":"I. Kondapaneni, P. Vevoda, P. Grittmann, T. Skrivan, P. Slusallek, and J. Křivánek, “Optimal multiple importance sampling,” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 38, no. 4. ACM, 2019.","mla":"Kondapaneni, Ivo, et al. “Optimal Multiple Importance Sampling.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 38, no. 4, 37, ACM, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323009\">10.1145/3306346.3323009</a>.","short":"I. Kondapaneni, P. Vevoda, P. Grittmann, T. Skrivan, P. Slusallek, J. Křivánek, ACM Transactions on Graphics 38 (2019).","ama":"Kondapaneni I, Vevoda P, Grittmann P, Skrivan T, Slusallek P, Křivánek J. Optimal multiple importance sampling. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. 2019;38(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323009\">10.1145/3306346.3323009</a>","apa":"Kondapaneni, I., Vevoda, P., Grittmann, P., Skrivan, T., Slusallek, P., &#38; Křivánek, J. (2019). Optimal multiple importance sampling. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. ACM. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323009\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323009</a>"},"issue":"4","article_processing_charge":"No","day":"01","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","type":"journal_article","publication":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","date_created":"2019-11-12T13:05:40Z","date_published":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","_id":"7002","external_id":{"isi":["000475740600011"]},"year":"2019","project":[{"name":"Distributed 3D Object Design","grant_number":"642841","_id":"2508E324-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"date_updated":"2025-03-31T15:58:17Z","doi":"10.1145/3306346.3323009","status":"public","article_type":"original","publisher":"ACM","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Optimal multiple importance sampling","abstract":[{"text":"Multiple Importance Sampling (MIS) is a key technique for achieving robustness of Monte Carlo estimators in computer graphics and other fields. We derive optimal weighting functions for MIS that provably minimize the variance of an MIS estimator, given a set of sampling techniques. We show that the resulting variance reduction over the balance heuristic can be higher than predicted by the variance bounds derived by Veach and Guibas, who assumed only non-negative weights in their proof. We theoretically analyze the variance of the optimal MIS weights and show the relation to the variance of the balance heuristic. Furthermore, we establish a connection between the new weighting functions and control variates as previously applied to mixture sampling. We apply the new optimal weights to integration problems in light transport and show that they allow for new design considerations when choosing the appropriate sampling techniques for a given integration problem.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0730-0301"]}},{"year":"2019","_id":"7418","external_id":{"isi":["000498397300001"]},"date_published":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2020-01-30T10:19:43Z","publication":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","type":"journal_article","day":"01","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1557-7368"],"issn":["0730-0301"]},"quality_controlled":"1","title":"MIS compensation: Optimizing sampling techniques in multiple importance sampling","abstract":[{"text":"Multiple importance sampling (MIS) has become an indispensable tool in Monte Carlo rendering, widely accepted as a near-optimal solution for combining different sampling techniques. But an MIS combination, using the common balance or power heuristics, often results in an overly defensive estimator, leading to high variance. We show that by generalizing the MIS framework, variance can be substantially reduced. Specifically, we optimize one of the combined sampling techniques so as to decrease the overall variance of the resulting MIS estimator. We apply the approach to the computation of direct illumination due to an HDR environment map and to the computation of global illumination using a path guiding algorithm. The implementation can be as simple as subtracting a constant value from the tabulated sampling density done entirely in a preprocessing step. This produces a consistent noise reduction in all our tests with no negative influence on run time, no artifacts or bias, and no failure cases.","lang":"eng"}],"publisher":"ACM","article_type":"original","doi":"10.1145/3355089.3356565","status":"public","date_updated":"2023-09-06T15:22:23Z","oa_version":"None","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"volume":38,"month":"11","department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Ondřej","full_name":"Karlík, Ondřej","last_name":"Karlík"},{"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Šik","full_name":"Šik, Martin"},{"full_name":"Vévoda, Petr","last_name":"Vévoda","first_name":"Petr"},{"full_name":"Skrivan, Tomas","last_name":"Skrivan","id":"486A5A46-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Tomas"},{"full_name":"Křivánek, Jaroslav","last_name":"Křivánek","first_name":"Jaroslav"}],"publication_status":"published","isi":1,"scopus_import":"1","intvolume":"        38","issue":"6","citation":{"apa":"Karlík, O., Šik, M., Vévoda, P., Skrivan, T., &#38; Křivánek, J. (2019). MIS compensation: Optimizing sampling techniques in multiple importance sampling. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. ACM. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3355089.3356565\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3355089.3356565</a>","ama":"Karlík O, Šik M, Vévoda P, Skrivan T, Křivánek J. MIS compensation: Optimizing sampling techniques in multiple importance sampling. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. 2019;38(6). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3355089.3356565\">10.1145/3355089.3356565</a>","short":"O. Karlík, M. Šik, P. Vévoda, T. Skrivan, J. Křivánek, ACM Transactions on Graphics 38 (2019).","mla":"Karlík, Ondřej, et al. “MIS Compensation: Optimizing Sampling Techniques in Multiple Importance Sampling.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 38, no. 6, 151, ACM, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3355089.3356565\">10.1145/3355089.3356565</a>.","ieee":"O. Karlík, M. Šik, P. Vévoda, T. Skrivan, and J. Křivánek, “MIS compensation: Optimizing sampling techniques in multiple importance sampling,” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 38, no. 6. ACM, 2019.","chicago":"Karlík, Ondřej, Martin Šik, Petr Vévoda, Tomas Skrivan, and Jaroslav Křivánek. “MIS Compensation: Optimizing Sampling Techniques in Multiple Importance Sampling.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. ACM, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3355089.3356565\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3355089.3356565</a>.","ista":"Karlík O, Šik M, Vévoda P, Skrivan T, Křivánek J. 2019. MIS compensation: Optimizing sampling techniques in multiple importance sampling. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 38(6), 151."},"article_number":"151"},{"has_accepted_license":"1","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/new-water-simulation-captures-small-details-even-in-large-scenes/","description":"News on IST Homepage","relation":"press_release"}]},"alternative_title":["SIGGRAPH"],"ec_funded":1,"citation":{"apa":"Jeschke, S., Skrivan, T., Mueller Fischer, M., Chentanez, N., Macklin, M., &#38; Wojtan, C. (2018). Water surface wavelets. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. ACM. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3197517.3201336\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3197517.3201336</a>","ama":"Jeschke S, Skrivan T, Mueller Fischer M, Chentanez N, Macklin M, Wojtan C. Water surface wavelets. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. 2018;37(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3197517.3201336\">10.1145/3197517.3201336</a>","short":"S. Jeschke, T. Skrivan, M. Mueller Fischer, N. Chentanez, M. Macklin, C. Wojtan, ACM Transactions on Graphics 37 (2018).","mla":"Jeschke, Stefan, et al. “Water Surface Wavelets.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 37, no. 4, 94, ACM, 2018, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3197517.3201336\">10.1145/3197517.3201336</a>.","ieee":"S. Jeschke, T. Skrivan, M. Mueller Fischer, N. Chentanez, M. Macklin, and C. Wojtan, “Water surface wavelets,” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 37, no. 4. ACM, 2018.","chicago":"Jeschke, Stefan, Tomas Skrivan, Matthias Mueller Fischer, Nuttapong Chentanez, Miles Macklin, and Chris Wojtan. “Water Surface Wavelets.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. ACM, 2018. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3197517.3201336\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3197517.3201336</a>.","ista":"Jeschke S, Skrivan T, Mueller Fischer M, Chentanez N, Macklin M, Wojtan C. 2018. Water surface wavelets. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 37(4), 94."},"article_number":"94","issue":"4","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","ddc":["000"],"intvolume":"        37","author":[{"full_name":"Jeschke, Stefan","last_name":"Jeschke","id":"44D6411A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Stefan"},{"full_name":"Skrivan, Tomas","last_name":"Skrivan","first_name":"Tomas","id":"486A5A46-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Mueller Fischer","full_name":"Mueller Fischer, Matthias","first_name":"Matthias"},{"first_name":"Nuttapong","last_name":"Chentanez","full_name":"Chentanez, Nuttapong"},{"first_name":"Miles","full_name":"Macklin, Miles","last_name":"Macklin"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546","last_name":"Wojtan","full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J","first_name":"Christopher J","id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"isi":1,"publication_status":"published","volume":37,"month":"07","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Water surface wavelets","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The current state of the art in real-time two-dimensional water wave simulation requires developers to choose between efficient Fourier-based methods, which lack interactions with moving obstacles, and finite-difference or finite element methods, which handle environmental interactions but are significantly more expensive. This paper attempts to bridge this long-standing gap between complexity and performance, by proposing a new wave simulation method that can faithfully simulate wave interactions with moving obstacles in real time while simultaneously preserving minute details and accommodating very large simulation domains.\r\n\r\nPrevious methods for simulating 2D water waves directly compute the change in height of the water surface, a strategy which imposes limitations based on the CFL condition (fast moving waves require small time steps) and Nyquist's limit (small wave details require closely-spaced simulation variables). This paper proposes a novel wavelet transformation that discretizes the liquid motion in terms of amplitude-like functions that vary over space, frequency, and direction, effectively generalizing Fourier-based methods to handle local interactions. Because these new variables change much more slowly over space than the original water height function, our change of variables drastically reduces the limitations of the CFL condition and Nyquist limit, allowing us to simulate highly detailed water waves at very large visual resolutions. Our discretization is amenable to fast summation and easy to parallelize. We also present basic extensions like pre-computed wave paths and two-way solid fluid coupling. Finally, we argue that our discretization provides a convenient set of variables for artistic manipulation, which we illustrate with a novel wave-painting interface."}],"publisher":"ACM","file":[{"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:44:45Z","file_id":"5744","checksum":"db75ebabe2ec432bf41389e614d6ef62","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2018-12-18T09:59:23Z","access_level":"open_access","file_size":22185016,"creator":"dernst","file_name":"2018_ACM_Jeschke.pdf"}],"doi":"10.1145/3197517.3201336","status":"public","date_updated":"2024-10-22T09:58:20Z","project":[{"grant_number":"638176","name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"International IST Doctoral Program","grant_number":"665385","_id":"2564DBCA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"tmp":{"short":"CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_sa.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)"},"oa":1,"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:44:48Z","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"_id":"134","external_id":{"isi":["000448185000055"]},"date_published":"2018-07-30T00:00:00Z","publist_id":"7789","year":"2018","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:44:45Z","day":"30","article_processing_charge":"No","type":"journal_article","user_id":"2EBD1598-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"publisher":"Wiley","abstract":[{"text":"The Fluid Implicit Particle method (FLIP) reduces numerical dissipation by combining particles with grids. To improve performance, the subsequent narrow band FLIP method (NB‐FLIP) uses a FLIP‐based fluid simulation only near the liquid surface and a traditional grid‐based fluid simulation away from the surface. This spatially‐limited FLIP simulation significantly reduces the number of particles and alleviates a computational bottleneck. In this paper, we extend the NB‐FLIP idea even further, by allowing a simulation to transition between a FLIP‐like fluid simulation and a grid‐based simulation in arbitrary locations, not just near the surface. This approach leads to even more savings in memory and computation, because we can concentrate the particles only in areas where they are needed. More importantly, this new method allows us to seamlessly transition to smooth implicit surface geometry wherever the particle‐based simulation is unnecessary. Consequently, our method leads to a practical algorithm for avoiding the noisy surface artifacts associated with particle‐based liquid simulations, while simultaneously maintaining the benefits of a FLIP simulation in regions of dynamic motion.","lang":"eng"}],"title":"Extended narrow band FLIP for liquid simulations","quality_controlled":"1","file":[{"date_updated":"2020-10-08T08:38:23Z","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"8edb90da8a72395eb5d970580e0925b6","file_id":"8627","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","file_size":54309947,"creator":"wojtan","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2020-10-08T08:38:23Z","file_name":"exnbflip.pdf"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0167-7055"]},"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"638176","name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales"}],"doi":"10.1111/cgf.13351","status":"public","date_updated":"2024-10-22T09:58:20Z","article_type":"original","oa":1,"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:44:49Z","date_published":"2018-05-22T00:00:00Z","_id":"135","external_id":{"isi":["000434085600016"]},"year":"2018","file_date_updated":"2020-10-08T08:38:23Z","article_processing_charge":"No","day":"22","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","type":"journal_article","publication":"Computer Graphics Forum","has_accepted_license":"1","ec_funded":1,"alternative_title":["Eurographics"],"citation":{"short":"T. Sato, C. Wojtan, N. Thuerey, T. Igarashi, R. Ando, Computer Graphics Forum 37 (2018) 169–177.","ama":"Sato T, Wojtan C, Thuerey N, Igarashi T, Ando R. Extended narrow band FLIP for liquid simulations. <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. 2018;37(2):169-177. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13351\">10.1111/cgf.13351</a>","apa":"Sato, T., Wojtan, C., Thuerey, N., Igarashi, T., &#38; Ando, R. (2018). Extended narrow band FLIP for liquid simulations. <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13351\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13351</a>","ista":"Sato T, Wojtan C, Thuerey N, Igarashi T, Ando R. 2018. Extended narrow band FLIP for liquid simulations. Computer Graphics Forum. 37(2), 169–177.","chicago":"Sato, Takahiro, Chris Wojtan, Nils Thuerey, Takeo Igarashi, and Ryoichi Ando. “Extended Narrow Band FLIP for Liquid Simulations.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Wiley, 2018. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13351\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13351</a>.","ieee":"T. Sato, C. Wojtan, N. Thuerey, T. Igarashi, and R. Ando, “Extended narrow band FLIP for liquid simulations,” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>, vol. 37, no. 2. Wiley, pp. 169–177, 2018.","mla":"Sato, Takahiro, et al. “Extended Narrow Band FLIP for Liquid Simulations.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>, vol. 37, no. 2, Wiley, 2018, pp. 169–77, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13351\">10.1111/cgf.13351</a>."},"issue":"2","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"169 - 177","oa_version":"Submitted Version","intvolume":"        37","ddc":["006"],"scopus_import":"1","isi":1,"publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Sato","full_name":"Sato, Takahiro","first_name":"Takahiro"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546","last_name":"Wojtan","full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J","first_name":"Christopher J","id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Thuerey, Nils","last_name":"Thuerey","first_name":"Nils"},{"first_name":"Takeo","full_name":"Igarashi, Takeo","last_name":"Igarashi"},{"first_name":"Ryoichi","full_name":"Ando, Ryoichi","last_name":"Ando"}],"month":"05","volume":37},{"date_updated":"2025-07-10T11:50:11Z","status":"public","doi":"10.1016/j.jocs.2016.06.007","oa":1,"title":"A multi objective memetic inverse solver reinforced by local optimization methods","abstract":[{"text":"We propose a new memetic strategy that can solve the multi-physics, complex inverse problems, formulated as the multi-objective optimization ones, in which objectives are misfits between the measured and simulated states of various governing processes. The multi-deme structure of the strategy allows for both, intensive, relatively cheap exploration with a moderate accuracy and more accurate search many regions of Pareto set in parallel. The special type of selection operator prefers the coherent alternative solutions, eliminating artifacts appearing in the particular processes. The additional accuracy increment is obtained by the parallel convex searches applied to the local scalarizations of the misfit vector. The strategy is dedicated for solving ill-conditioned problems, for which inverting the single physical process can lead to the ambiguous results. The skill of the selection in artifact elimination is shown on the benchmark problem, while the whole strategy was applied for identification of oil deposits, where the misfits are related to various frequencies of the magnetic and electric waves of the magnetotelluric measurements. 2016 Elsevier B.V.","lang":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Elsevier","file":[{"file_id":"5842","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"date_updated":"2019-01-18T08:43:16Z","file_name":"2016_jocs_ewa.pdf","file_size":1083911,"access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","date_created":"2019-01-18T08:43:16Z","relation":"main_file"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1877-7503"]},"day":"01","article_processing_charge":"No","type":"journal_article","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication":"Journal of Computational Science","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:50:26Z","external_id":{"isi":["000393528700009"]},"_id":"1152","date_published":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","publist_id":"6206","year":"2017","file_date_updated":"2019-01-18T08:43:16Z","has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"ama":"Gajda-Zagorska EP, Schaefer R, Smołka M, Pardo D, Alvarez Aramberri J. A multi objective memetic inverse solver reinforced by local optimization methods. <i>Journal of Computational Science</i>. 2017;18:85-94. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.06.007\">10.1016/j.jocs.2016.06.007</a>","apa":"Gajda-Zagorska, E. P., Schaefer, R., Smołka, M., Pardo, D., &#38; Alvarez Aramberri, J. (2017). A multi objective memetic inverse solver reinforced by local optimization methods. <i>Journal of Computational Science</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.06.007\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.06.007</a>","short":"E.P. Gajda-Zagorska, R. Schaefer, M. Smołka, D. Pardo, J. Alvarez Aramberri, Journal of Computational Science 18 (2017) 85–94.","ieee":"E. P. Gajda-Zagorska, R. Schaefer, M. Smołka, D. Pardo, and J. Alvarez Aramberri, “A multi objective memetic inverse solver reinforced by local optimization methods,” <i>Journal of Computational Science</i>, vol. 18. Elsevier, pp. 85–94, 2017.","chicago":"Gajda-Zagorska, Ewa P, Robert Schaefer, Maciej Smołka, David Pardo, and Julen Alvarez Aramberri. “A Multi Objective Memetic Inverse Solver Reinforced by Local Optimization Methods.” <i>Journal of Computational Science</i>. Elsevier, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.06.007\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.06.007</a>.","mla":"Gajda-Zagorska, Ewa P., et al. “A Multi Objective Memetic Inverse Solver Reinforced by Local Optimization Methods.” <i>Journal of Computational Science</i>, vol. 18, Elsevier, 2017, pp. 85–94, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.06.007\">10.1016/j.jocs.2016.06.007</a>.","ista":"Gajda-Zagorska EP, Schaefer R, Smołka M, Pardo D, Alvarez Aramberri J. 2017. A multi objective memetic inverse solver reinforced by local optimization methods. Journal of Computational Science. 18, 85–94."},"scopus_import":"1","ddc":["000"],"intvolume":"        18","author":[{"id":"47794CF0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Ewa P","full_name":"Gajda-Zagorska, Ewa P","last_name":"Gajda-Zagorska"},{"full_name":"Schaefer, Robert","last_name":"Schaefer","first_name":"Robert"},{"first_name":"Maciej","last_name":"Smołka","full_name":"Smołka, Maciej"},{"first_name":"David","full_name":"Pardo, David","last_name":"Pardo"},{"first_name":"Julen","last_name":"Alvarez Aramberri","full_name":"Alvarez Aramberri, Julen"}],"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"isi":1,"publication_status":"published","month":"01","volume":18,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Submitted Version","page":"85 - 94"},{"status":"public","doi":"10.1111/cgf.12941","date_updated":"2023-09-20T11:05:36Z","oa":1,"publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","title":"Adaptive physically based models in computer graphics","quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"One of the major challenges in physically based modelling is making simulations efficient. Adaptive models provide an essential solution to these efficiency goals. These models are able to self-adapt in space and time, attempting to provide the best possible compromise between accuracy and speed. This survey reviews the adaptive solutions proposed so far in computer graphics. Models are classified according to the strategy they use for adaptation, from time-stepping and freezing techniques to geometric adaptivity in the form of structured grids, meshes and particles. Applications range from fluids, through deformable bodies, to articulated solids."}],"file":[{"access_level":"open_access","creator":"system","file_size":1434439,"relation":"main_file","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:16:21Z","file_name":"IST-2016-634-v1+1_starAdaptivity-cgf.pdf","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:44:47Z","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"7676e9a9ead6d58c3000988c97deb2ef","file_id":"5208"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["01677055"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","day":"01","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","type":"journal_article","publication":"Computer Graphics Forum","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:51:37Z","date_published":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","_id":"1367","external_id":{"isi":["000408634200019"]},"year":"2017","publist_id":"5873","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:44:47Z","has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"apa":"Manteaux, P., Wojtan, C., Narain, R., Redon, S., Faure, F., &#38; Cani, M. (2017). Adaptive physically based models in computer graphics. <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12941\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12941</a>","ama":"Manteaux P, Wojtan C, Narain R, Redon S, Faure F, Cani M. Adaptive physically based models in computer graphics. <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. 2017;36(6):312-337. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12941\">10.1111/cgf.12941</a>","short":"P. Manteaux, C. Wojtan, R. Narain, S. Redon, F. Faure, M. Cani, Computer Graphics Forum 36 (2017) 312–337.","mla":"Manteaux, Pierre, et al. “Adaptive Physically Based Models in Computer Graphics.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>, vol. 36, no. 6, Wiley-Blackwell, 2017, pp. 312–37, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12941\">10.1111/cgf.12941</a>.","ieee":"P. Manteaux, C. Wojtan, R. Narain, S. Redon, F. Faure, and M. Cani, “Adaptive physically based models in computer graphics,” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>, vol. 36, no. 6. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 312–337, 2017.","chicago":"Manteaux, Pierre, Chris Wojtan, Rahul Narain, Stéphane Redon, François Faure, and Marie Cani. “Adaptive Physically Based Models in Computer Graphics.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12941\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12941</a>.","ista":"Manteaux P, Wojtan C, Narain R, Redon S, Faure F, Cani M. 2017. Adaptive physically based models in computer graphics. Computer Graphics Forum. 36(6), 312–337."},"issue":"6","ddc":["000"],"intvolume":"        36","scopus_import":"1","acknowledgement":"This work was partly supported by the starting grants ADAPT and BigSplash, as well as the advanced grant EXPRESSIVE from the European Research Council (ERC-2012-StG_20111012, ERC-2014-StG_638176 and ERC-2011-ADG_20110209).","publication_status":"published","isi":1,"author":[{"last_name":"Manteaux","full_name":"Manteaux, Pierre","first_name":"Pierre"},{"last_name":"Wojtan","full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J","orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546","id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Christopher J"},{"first_name":"Rahul","full_name":"Narain, Rahul","last_name":"Narain"},{"first_name":"Stéphane","full_name":"Redon, Stéphane","last_name":"Redon"},{"full_name":"Faure, François","last_name":"Faure","first_name":"François"},{"full_name":"Cani, Marie","last_name":"Cani","first_name":"Marie"}],"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"month":"09","volume":36,"pubrep_id":"634","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"312 - 337","oa_version":"Submitted Version"},{"quality_controlled":"1","title":"Water wave packets","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"This paper presents a method for simulating water surface waves as a displacement field on a 2D domain. Our method relies on Lagrangian particles that carry packets of water wave energy; each packet carries information about an entire group of wave trains, as opposed to only a single wave crest. Our approach is unconditionally stable and can simulate high resolution geometric details. This approach also presents a straightforward interface for artistic control, because it is essentially a particle system with intuitive parameters like wavelength and amplitude. Our implementation parallelizes well and runs in real time for moderately challenging scenarios."}],"publisher":"ACM","file":[{"file_id":"7359","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"82a3b2bfeee4ddef16ecc21675d1a48a","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:34Z","file_name":"wavepackets_final.pdf","date_created":"2020-01-24T09:32:35Z","relation":"main_file","file_size":13131683,"creator":"wojtan","access_level":"open_access"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0730-0301"]},"doi":"10.1145/3072959.3073678","status":"public","date_updated":"2026-04-16T09:58:39Z","project":[{"grant_number":"638176","name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"article_type":"original","oa":1,"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:46:39Z","_id":"470","external_id":{"isi":["000406432100071"]},"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"date_published":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","publist_id":"7350","year":"2017","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:34Z","day":"01","article_processing_charge":"Yes (in subscription journal)","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","type":"journal_article","publication":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","has_accepted_license":"1","ec_funded":1,"citation":{"chicago":"Jeschke, Stefan, and Chris Wojtan. “Water Wave Packets.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. ACM, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3072959.3073678\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3072959.3073678</a>.","ieee":"S. Jeschke and C. Wojtan, “Water wave packets,” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 36, no. 4. ACM, 2017.","mla":"Jeschke, Stefan, and Chris Wojtan. “Water Wave Packets.” <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>, vol. 36, no. 4, 103, ACM, 2017, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3072959.3073678\">10.1145/3072959.3073678</a>.","ista":"Jeschke S, Wojtan C. 2017. Water wave packets. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 36(4), 103.","ama":"Jeschke S, Wojtan C. Water wave packets. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. 2017;36(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3072959.3073678\">10.1145/3072959.3073678</a>","apa":"Jeschke, S., &#38; Wojtan, C. (2017). Water wave packets. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. ACM. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3072959.3073678\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3072959.3073678</a>","short":"S. Jeschke, C. Wojtan, ACM Transactions on Graphics 36 (2017)."},"article_number":"103","issue":"4","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","intvolume":"        36","ddc":["006"],"author":[{"id":"44D6411A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Stefan","orcid":"0000-0003-4330-8884","full_name":"Jeschke, Stefan","last_name":"Jeschke"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546","full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J","last_name":"Wojtan","first_name":"Christopher J","id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"publication_status":"published","isi":1,"month":"07","volume":36},{"user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","type":"journal_article","publication":"Computer Graphics Forum","day":"01","article_processing_charge":"No","publist_id":"7056","year":"2017","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:47:49Z","_id":"670","external_id":{"isi":["000404474000011"]},"date_published":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","oa":1,"status":"public","date_updated":"2025-09-11T07:02:03Z","doi":"10.1111/cgf.13110","project":[{"call_identifier":"FWF","_id":"25357BD2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Deep Pictures: Creating Visual and Haptic Vector Images","grant_number":"P 24352-N23"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["01677055"]},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01647113/file/eg_2017_schreck_paper_tearing.pdf","open_access":"1"}],"title":"Interactive paper tearing","quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We propose an efficient method to model paper tearing in the context of interactive modeling. The method uses geometrical information to automatically detect potential starting points of tears. We further introduce a new hybrid geometrical and physical-based method to compute the trajectory of tears while procedurally synthesizing high resolution details of the tearing path using a texture based approach. The results obtained are compared with real paper and with previous studies on the expected geometric paths of paper that tears."}],"publisher":"Wiley","department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Camille","id":"2B14B676-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Schreck","full_name":"Schreck, Camille"},{"last_name":"Rohmer","full_name":"Rohmer, Damien","first_name":"Damien"},{"first_name":"Stefanie","last_name":"Hahmann","full_name":"Hahmann, Stefanie"}],"isi":1,"publication_status":"published","volume":36,"month":"05","scopus_import":"1","intvolume":"        36","ddc":["000"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","page":"95 - 106","citation":{"short":"C. Schreck, D. Rohmer, S. Hahmann, Computer Graphics Forum 36 (2017) 95–106.","ama":"Schreck C, Rohmer D, Hahmann S. Interactive paper tearing. <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. 2017;36(2):95-106. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13110\">10.1111/cgf.13110</a>","apa":"Schreck, C., Rohmer, D., &#38; Hahmann, S. (2017). Interactive paper tearing. <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13110\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13110</a>","ista":"Schreck C, Rohmer D, Hahmann S. 2017. Interactive paper tearing. Computer Graphics Forum. 36(2), 95–106.","ieee":"C. Schreck, D. Rohmer, and S. Hahmann, “Interactive paper tearing,” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>, vol. 36, no. 2. Wiley, pp. 95–106, 2017.","chicago":"Schreck, Camille, Damien Rohmer, and Stefanie Hahmann. “Interactive Paper Tearing.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>. Wiley, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13110\">https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13110</a>.","mla":"Schreck, Camille, et al. “Interactive Paper Tearing.” <i>Computer Graphics Forum</i>, vol. 36, no. 2, Wiley, 2017, pp. 95–106, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13110\">10.1111/cgf.13110</a>."},"issue":"2"},{"oa_version":"Submitted Version","page":"5533 - 5542","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"04","volume":2017,"department":[{"_id":"ChLa"},{"_id":"ChWo"}],"conference":{"name":"CVPR: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","start_date":"2017-07-21","location":"Honolulu, HA, United States","end_date":"2017-07-26"},"author":[{"full_name":"Rebuffi, Sylvestre Alvise","last_name":"Rebuffi","first_name":"Sylvestre Alvise"},{"last_name":"Kolesnikov","full_name":"Kolesnikov, Alexander","id":"2D157DB6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Alexander"},{"full_name":"Sperl, Georg","last_name":"Sperl","id":"4DD40360-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Georg"},{"last_name":"Lampert","full_name":"Lampert, Christoph","orcid":"0000-0001-8622-7887","first_name":"Christoph","id":"40C20FD2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"publication_status":"published","isi":1,"scopus_import":"1","intvolume":"      2017","citation":{"ista":"Rebuffi SA, Kolesnikov A, Sperl G, Lampert C. 2017. iCaRL: Incremental classifier and representation learning. CVPR: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition vol. 2017, 5533–5542.","ieee":"S. A. Rebuffi, A. Kolesnikov, G. Sperl, and C. Lampert, “iCaRL: Incremental classifier and representation learning,” presented at the CVPR: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Honolulu, HA, United States, 2017, vol. 2017, pp. 5533–5542.","chicago":"Rebuffi, Sylvestre Alvise, Alexander Kolesnikov, Georg Sperl, and Christoph Lampert. “ICaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learning,” 2017:5533–42. IEEE, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.587\">https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.587</a>.","mla":"Rebuffi, Sylvestre Alvise, et al. <i>ICaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learning</i>. Vol. 2017, IEEE, 2017, pp. 5533–42, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.587\">10.1109/CVPR.2017.587</a>.","short":"S.A. Rebuffi, A. Kolesnikov, G. Sperl, C. Lampert, in:, IEEE, 2017, pp. 5533–5542.","ama":"Rebuffi SA, Kolesnikov A, Sperl G, Lampert C. iCaRL: Incremental classifier and representation learning. In: Vol 2017. IEEE; 2017:5533-5542. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.587\">10.1109/CVPR.2017.587</a>","apa":"Rebuffi, S. A., Kolesnikov, A., Sperl, G., &#38; Lampert, C. (2017). iCaRL: Incremental classifier and representation learning (Vol. 2017, pp. 5533–5542). Presented at the CVPR: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Honolulu, HA, United States: IEEE. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.587\">https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.587</a>"},"ec_funded":1,"publist_id":"6400","year":"2017","external_id":{"arxiv":["1611.07725"],"isi":["000418371405066"]},"_id":"998","date_published":"2017-04-14T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:49:37Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","type":"conference","day":"14","article_processing_charge":"No","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.07725","open_access":"1"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-153860457-1"]},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A major open problem on the road to artificial intelligence is the development of incrementally learning systems that learn about more and more concepts over time from a stream of data. In this work, we introduce a new training strategy, iCaRL, that allows learning in such a class-incremental way: only the training data for a small number of classes has to be present at the same time and new classes can be added progressively. iCaRL learns strong classifiers and a data representation simultaneously. This distinguishes it from earlier works that were fundamentally limited to fixed data representations and therefore incompatible with deep learning architectures. We show by experiments on CIFAR-100 and ImageNet ILSVRC 2012 data that iCaRL can learn many classes incrementally over a long period of time where other strategies quickly fail. "}],"quality_controlled":"1","title":"iCaRL: Incremental classifier and representation learning","publisher":"IEEE","oa":1,"status":"public","doi":"10.1109/CVPR.2017.587","date_updated":"2025-06-04T08:18:32Z","project":[{"call_identifier":"FP7","_id":"2532554C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"308036","name":"Lifelong Learning of Visual Scene Understanding"}],"arxiv":1},{"doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_855","date_updated":"2026-07-29T13:27:25Z","status":"public","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"638176","name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by_sa.png","short":"CC BY-SA (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License (CC BY-SA 4.0)"},"oa":1,"abstract":[{"text":"This thesis describes a brittle fracture simulation method for visual effects applications. Building upon a symmetric Galerkin boundary element method, we first compute stress intensity factors following the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics. We then use these stress intensities to simulate the motion of a propagating crack front at a significantly higher resolution than the overall deformation of the breaking object. Allowing for spatial variations of the material's toughness during crack propagation produces visually realistic, highly-detailed fracture surfaces. Furthermore, we introduce approximations for stress intensities and crack opening displacements, resulting in both practical speed-up and theoretically superior runtime complexity compared to previous methods. While we choose a quasi-static approach to fracture mechanics, ignoring dynamic deformations, we also couple our fracture simulation framework to a standard rigid-body dynamics solver, enabling visual effects artists to simulate both large scale motion, as well as fracturing due to collision forces in a combined system. As fractures inside of an object grow, their geometry must be represented both in the coarse boundary element mesh, as well as at the desired fine output resolution. Using a boundary element method, we avoid complicated volumetric meshing operations. Instead we describe a simple set of surface meshing operations that allow us to progressively add cracks to the mesh of an object and still re-use all previously computed entries of the linear boundary element system matrix. On the high resolution level, we opt for an implicit surface representation. We then describe how to capture fracture surfaces during crack propagation, as well as separate the individual fragments resulting from the fracture process, based on this implicit representation. We show results obtained with our method, either solving the full boundary element system in every time step, or alternatively using our fast approximations. These results demonstrate that both of these methods perform well in basic test cases and produce realistic fracture surfaces. Furthermore we show that our fast approximations substantially out-perform the standard approach in more demanding scenarios. Finally, these two methods naturally combine, using the full solution while the problem size is manageably small and switching to the fast approximations later on. The resulting hybrid method gives the user a direct way to choose between speed and accuracy of the simulation. ","lang":"eng"}],"title":"Brittle fracture simulation with boundary elements for computer graphics","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","file":[{"file_name":"IST-2017-855-v1+1_thesis_online_pdfA.pdf","file_size":14596191,"creator":"system","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:14:46Z","file_id":"5100","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"6c1ae8c90bfaba5e089417fefbc4a272","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:13Z"},{"file_name":"2017_thesis_Hahn_source.zip","relation":"source_file","date_created":"2019-04-05T08:40:30Z","file_size":15060566,"access_level":"closed","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/zip","checksum":"421672f68d563b029869c5cf1713f919","file_id":"6207","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:13Z"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]},"day":"14","article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","type":"dissertation","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:48:47Z","_id":"839","date_published":"2017-08-14T00:00:00Z","publist_id":"6809","year":"2017","doi_confirm":"1","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:13Z","supervisor":[{"last_name":"Wojtan","full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J","orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546","id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Christopher J"}],"OA_place":"publisher","has_accepted_license":"1","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"5568","relation":"popular_science"},{"id":"1362","status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"relation":"part_of_dissertation","status":"public","id":"1633"}]},"degree_awarded":"PhD","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"ec_funded":1,"citation":{"ista":"Hahn D. 2017. Brittle fracture simulation with boundary elements for computer graphics. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","ieee":"D. Hahn, “Brittle fracture simulation with boundary elements for computer graphics,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017.","chicago":"Hahn, David. “Brittle Fracture Simulation with Boundary Elements for Computer Graphics.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_855\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_855</a>.","mla":"Hahn, David. <i>Brittle Fracture Simulation with Boundary Elements for Computer Graphics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_855\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_855</a>.","short":"D. Hahn, Brittle Fracture Simulation with Boundary Elements for Computer Graphics, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017.","ama":"Hahn D. Brittle fracture simulation with boundary elements for computer graphics. 2017. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_855\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_855</a>","apa":"Hahn, D. (2017). <i>Brittle fracture simulation with boundary elements for computer graphics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_855\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_855</a>"},"corr_author":"1","ddc":["004","005","006","531","621"],"acknowledgement":"ERC H2020 programme (grant agreement no. 638176)\r\nFirst of all, let me thank my committee members, especially my supervisor, Chris\r\nWojtan, for supporting me throughout my PhD. Obviously, none of this work would\r\nhave been possible without you.\r\nFurthermore, Thank You to all the people who have contributed to this work in various\r\nways, in particular Martin Schanz and his group for providing and supporting the\r\nHyENA boundary element library, as well as Eder Miguel and Morten Bojsen-Hansen\r\nfor (repeatedly) proof reading and providing valuable suggestions during the writing\r\nof this thesis.\r\nI would also like to thank Bernd Bickel, and all the members – past and present – of his\r\nand Chris’ research groups at IST Austria for always providing honest and insightful\r\nfeedback throughout many joint group meetings, as well as Christopher Batty, Eitan\r\nGrinspun, and Fang Da for many insights into boundary element methods during our\r\ncollaboration.\r\nAs only virtual objects have been harmed in the process of creating this work, I would\r\nlike to acknowledge the Stanford scanning repository for providing the “Bunny” and\r\n“Armadillo” models, the AIM@SHAPE repository for “Pierre’s hand, watertight”, and\r\nS. Gainsbourg for the “Column” via Archive3D.net. Sorry for breaking these models\r\nin many different ways.\r\n","department":[{"_id":"ChWo"},{"_id":"GradSch"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Hahn, David","last_name":"Hahn","first_name":"David","id":"357A6A66-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"publication_status":"published","month":"08","pubrep_id":"855","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","page":"124"},{"month":"08","department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Hahn","full_name":"Hahn, David","first_name":"David","id":"357A6A66-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","type":"research_data","day":"16","article_processing_charge":"No","ddc":["004"],"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:04Z","oa_version":"Published Version","year":"2017","_id":"5568","datarep_id":"73","date_published":"2017-08-16T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2018-12-12T12:31:35Z","oa":1,"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by_sa.png","short":"CC BY-SA (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License (CC BY-SA 4.0)"},"keyword":["Boundary elements","brittle fracture","computer graphics","fracture simulation"],"date_updated":"2026-07-29T13:27:24Z","doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:73","status":"public","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"638176","name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"citation":{"ista":"Hahn D. 2017. Source codes: Brittle fracture simulation with boundary elements for computer graphics, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:73\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:73</a>.","chicago":"Hahn, David. “Source Codes: Brittle Fracture Simulation with Boundary Elements for Computer Graphics.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:73\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:73</a>.","ieee":"D. Hahn, “Source codes: Brittle fracture simulation with boundary elements for computer graphics.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017.","mla":"Hahn, David. <i>Source Codes: Brittle Fracture Simulation with Boundary Elements for Computer Graphics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:73\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:73</a>.","short":"D. Hahn, (2017).","ama":"Hahn D. 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Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:73\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:73</a>"},"file":[{"file_id":"5615","content_type":"application/zip","checksum":"2323a755842a3399cbc47d76545fc9a0","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:04Z","file_name":"IST-2017-73-v1+1_FractureRB_v1.1_2017_07_20_final_public.zip","access_level":"open_access","file_size":199353471,"creator":"system","date_created":"2018-12-12T13:02:57Z","relation":"main_file"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"839","relation":"research_paper"}]},"ec_funded":1,"title":"Source codes: Brittle fracture simulation with boundary elements for computer graphics","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Includes source codes, test cases, and example data used in the thesis Brittle Fracture Simulation with Boundary Elements for Computer Graphics. Also includes pre-built binaries of the HyENA library, but not sources - please contact the HyENA authors to obtain these sources if required (https://mech.tugraz.at/hyena)"}],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","has_accepted_license":"1"},{"ec_funded":1,"has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"chicago":"Manteaux, Pierre, Ulysse Vimont, Chris Wojtan, Damien Rohmer, and Marie Cani. “Space-Time Sculpting of Liquid Animation.” In <i>Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Motion in Games </i>. ACM, 2016. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2994258.2994261\">https://doi.org/10.1145/2994258.2994261</a>.","ieee":"P. Manteaux, U. Vimont, C. Wojtan, D. Rohmer, and M. Cani, “Space-time sculpting of liquid animation,” in <i>Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Motion in Games </i>, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2016.","mla":"Manteaux, Pierre, et al. “Space-Time Sculpting of Liquid Animation.” <i>Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Motion in Games </i>, 2994261, ACM, 2016, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2994258.2994261\">10.1145/2994258.2994261</a>.","ista":"Manteaux P, Vimont U, Wojtan C, Rohmer D, Cani M. 2016. Space-time sculpting of liquid animation. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Motion in Games . MIG: Motion in Games, 2994261.","ama":"Manteaux P, Vimont U, Wojtan C, Rohmer D, Cani M. Space-time sculpting of liquid animation. In: <i>Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Motion in Games </i>. ACM; 2016. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2994258.2994261\">10.1145/2994258.2994261</a>","apa":"Manteaux, P., Vimont, U., Wojtan, C., Rohmer, D., &#38; Cani, M. (2016). Space-time sculpting of liquid animation. In <i>Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Motion in Games </i>. San Francisco, CA, USA: ACM. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2994258.2994261\">https://doi.org/10.1145/2994258.2994261</a>","short":"P. Manteaux, U. Vimont, C. Wojtan, D. Rohmer, M. Cani, in:, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Motion in Games , ACM, 2016."},"article_number":"2994261","acknowledgement":"This work was partly supported by the starting grant BigSplash, as well as the advanced grant EXPRESSIVE from the European Research Council (ERC-2014-StG 638176 , and ERC-2011-ADG 20110209).","scopus_import":"1","ddc":["004"],"month":"10","conference":{"name":"MIG: Motion in Games","start_date":"2016-10-10","location":"San Francisco, CA, USA","end_date":"2016-10-12"},"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Manteaux","full_name":"Manteaux, Pierre","first_name":"Pierre"},{"last_name":"Vimont","full_name":"Vimont, Ulysse","first_name":"Ulysse"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546","full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J","last_name":"Wojtan","id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Christopher J"},{"full_name":"Rohmer, Damien","last_name":"Rohmer","first_name":"Damien"},{"full_name":"Cani, Marie","last_name":"Cani","first_name":"Marie"}],"publication_status":"published","oa_version":"Submitted Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2024-10-22T09:58:18Z","doi":"10.1145/2994258.2994261","status":"public","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"638176","name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"oa":1,"title":"Space-time sculpting of liquid animation","quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We propose an interactive sculpting system for seamlessly editing pre-computed animations of liquid, without the need for any resimulation. The input is a sequence of meshes without correspondences representing the liquid surface over time. Our method enables the efficient selection of consistent space-time parts of this animation, such as moving waves or droplets, which we call space-time features. Once selected, a feature can be copied, edited, or duplicated and then pasted back anywhere in space and time in the same or in another liquid animation sequence. Our method circumvents tedious user interactions by automatically computing the spatial and temporal ranges of the selected feature. We also provide space-time shape editing tools for non-uniform scaling, rotation, trajectory changes, and temporal editing to locally speed up or slow down motion. Using our tools, the user can edit and progressively refine any input simulation result, possibly using a library of precomputed space-time features extracted from other animations. In contrast to the trial-and-error loop usually required to edit animation results through the tuning of indirect simulation parameters, our method gives the user full control over the edited space-time behaviors. © 2016 Copyright held by the owner/author(s)."}],"publisher":"ACM","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01367181"}],"day":"10","article_processing_charge":"No","publication":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Motion in Games ","type":"conference","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"1136","date_published":"2016-10-10T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:50:20Z","publist_id":"6222","year":"2016"},{"date_updated":"2025-09-22T14:11:23Z","status":"public","doi":"10.1016/j.jocs.2016.03.004","publisher":"Elsevier","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Hierarchic genetic strategy with maturing as a generic tool for multiobjective optimization","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In this paper we introduce the Multiobjective Optimization Hierarchic Genetic Strategy with maturing (MO-mHGS), a meta-algorithm that performs evolutionary optimization in a hierarchy of populations. The maturing mechanism improves growth and reduces redundancy. The performance of MO-mHGS with selected state-of-the-art multiobjective evolutionary algorithms as internal algorithms is analysed on benchmark problems and their modifications for which single fitness evaluation time depends on the solution accuracy. We compare the proposed algorithm with the Island Model Genetic Algorithm as well as with single-deme methods, and discuss the impact of internal algorithms on the MO-mHGS meta-algorithm. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."}],"article_processing_charge":"No","day":"01","publication":"Journal of Computational Science","type":"journal_article","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","date_published":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","external_id":{"isi":["000390625600021"]},"_id":"1141","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:50:22Z","year":"2016","publist_id":"6217","issue":"1","citation":{"ista":"Łazarz R, Idzik M, Gądek K, Gajda-Zagorska EP. 2016. Hierarchic genetic strategy with maturing as a generic tool for multiobjective optimization. Journal of Computational Science. 17(1), 249–260.","chicago":"Łazarz, Radosław, Michał Idzik, Konrad Gądek, and Ewa P Gajda-Zagorska. “Hierarchic Genetic Strategy with Maturing as a Generic Tool for Multiobjective Optimization.” <i>Journal of Computational Science</i>. Elsevier, 2016. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.03.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.03.004</a>.","ieee":"R. Łazarz, M. Idzik, K. Gądek, and E. P. Gajda-Zagorska, “Hierarchic genetic strategy with maturing as a generic tool for multiobjective optimization,” <i>Journal of Computational Science</i>, vol. 17, no. 1. Elsevier, pp. 249–260, 2016.","mla":"Łazarz, Radosław, et al. “Hierarchic Genetic Strategy with Maturing as a Generic Tool for Multiobjective Optimization.” <i>Journal of Computational Science</i>, vol. 17, no. 1, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 249–60, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.03.004\">10.1016/j.jocs.2016.03.004</a>.","short":"R. Łazarz, M. Idzik, K. Gądek, E.P. Gajda-Zagorska, Journal of Computational Science 17 (2016) 249–260.","ama":"Łazarz R, Idzik M, Gądek K, Gajda-Zagorska EP. Hierarchic genetic strategy with maturing as a generic tool for multiobjective optimization. <i>Journal of Computational Science</i>. 2016;17(1):249-260. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.03.004\">10.1016/j.jocs.2016.03.004</a>","apa":"Łazarz, R., Idzik, M., Gądek, K., &#38; Gajda-Zagorska, E. P. (2016). Hierarchic genetic strategy with maturing as a generic tool for multiobjective optimization. <i>Journal of Computational Science</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.03.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2016.03.004</a>"},"acknowledgement":"The work presented in this paper was partially supported by Polish National Science Centre grant nos. DEC-2012/05/N/ST6/03433 and DEC-2011/03/B/ST6/01393. Radosław Łazarz was supported by Polish National Science Centre grant no. DEC-2013/10/M/ST6/00531.","intvolume":"        17","scopus_import":"1","volume":17,"month":"11","publication_status":"published","isi":1,"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Radosław","last_name":"Łazarz","full_name":"Łazarz, Radosław"},{"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Idzik","full_name":"Idzik, Michał"},{"first_name":"Konrad","last_name":"Gądek","full_name":"Gądek, Konrad"},{"first_name":"Ewa P","id":"47794CF0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Gajda-Zagorska, Ewa P","last_name":"Gajda-Zagorska"}],"page":"249 - 260","oa_version":"None","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"ddc":["000"],"intvolume":"        35","scopus_import":"1","month":"07","volume":35,"isi":1,"publication_status":"published","author":[{"last_name":"Da","full_name":"Da, Fang","first_name":"Fang"},{"last_name":"Hahn","full_name":"Hahn, David","first_name":"David","id":"357A6A66-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Batty","full_name":"Batty, Christopher"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6646-5546","last_name":"Wojtan","full_name":"Wojtan, Christopher J","first_name":"Christopher J","id":"3C61F1D2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Grinspun","full_name":"Grinspun, Eitan","first_name":"Eitan"}],"department":[{"_id":"ChWo"}],"conference":{"name":"ACM SIGGRAPH","end_date":"2016-07-28","start_date":"2016-07-24","location":"Anaheim, CA, USA"},"pubrep_id":"637","oa_version":"Published Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ec_funded":1,"alternative_title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"has_accepted_license":"1","issue":"4","article_number":"a78","citation":{"chicago":"Da, Fang, David Hahn, Christopher Batty, Chris Wojtan, and Eitan Grinspun. “Surface Only Liquids,” Vol. 35. ACM, 2016. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925899\">https://doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925899</a>.","ieee":"F. Da, D. Hahn, C. Batty, C. Wojtan, and E. Grinspun, “Surface only liquids,” presented at the ACM SIGGRAPH, Anaheim, CA, USA, 2016, vol. 35, no. 4.","mla":"Da, Fang, et al. <i>Surface Only Liquids</i>. Vol. 35, no. 4, a78, ACM, 2016, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925899\">10.1145/2897824.2925899</a>.","ista":"Da F, Hahn D, Batty C, Wojtan C, Grinspun E. 2016. Surface only liquids. ACM SIGGRAPH, ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol. 35, a78.","ama":"Da F, Hahn D, Batty C, Wojtan C, Grinspun E. Surface only liquids. In: Vol 35. ACM; 2016. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925899\">10.1145/2897824.2925899</a>","apa":"Da, F., Hahn, D., Batty, C., Wojtan, C., &#38; Grinspun, E. (2016). Surface only liquids (Vol. 35). Presented at the ACM SIGGRAPH, Anaheim, CA, USA: ACM. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925899\">https://doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925899</a>","short":"F. Da, D. Hahn, C. Batty, C. Wojtan, E. Grinspun, in:, ACM, 2016."},"article_processing_charge":"No","day":"11","type":"conference","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","date_published":"2016-07-11T00:00:00Z","external_id":{"isi":["000380112400048"]},"_id":"1361","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:51:35Z","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:44:46Z","year":"2016","publist_id":"5881","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"2533E772-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"638176","name":"Big Splash: Efficient Simulation of Natural Phenomena at Extremely Large Scales"}],"status":"public","date_updated":"2025-09-22T07:44:26Z","doi":"10.1145/2897824.2925899","oa":1,"file":[{"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:44:46Z","checksum":"6d662893bd447d4f575b4961a2247811","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"4660","file_size":10561865,"access_level":"open_access","creator":"system","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:08:01Z","file_name":"IST-2016-637-v1+1_2016_Da_SOL.pdf"}],"publisher":"ACM","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We propose a novel surface-only technique for simulating incompressible, inviscid and uniform-density liquids with surface tension in three dimensions. The liquid surface is captured by a triangle mesh on which a Lagrangian velocity field is stored. Because advection of the velocity field may violate the incompressibility condition, we devise an orthogonal projection technique to remove the divergence while requiring the evaluation of only two boundary integrals. The forces of surface tension, gravity, and solid contact are all treated by a boundary element solve, allowing us to perform detailed simulations of a wide range of liquid phenomena, including waterbells, droplet and jet collisions, fluid chains, and crown splashes."}],"quality_controlled":"1","title":"Surface only liquids"}]