@article{21894, abstract = {The Dean–Kawasaki equation—one of the most fundamental SPDEs of fluctuating hydrodynamics—has been proposed as a model for density fluctuations in weakly interacting particle systems. In its original form, it is highly singular and fails to be renormalizable, even by approaches such as regularity structures and paracontrolled distributions, hindering mathematical approaches to its rigorous justification. It has been understood recently that it is natural to introduce a suitable regularization, for example, by applying a formal spatial discretization or by truncating high-frequency noise: This yields well-posed equations that should still precisely approximate the law of the particle density fluctuations. In the present work, we prove that a regularization in the form of a formal discretization of the Dean–Kawasaki equation indeed accurately describes density fluctuations in systems of weakly interacting diffusing particles: We show that, in suitable weak metrics, the law of fluctuations as predicted by the discretized Dean–Kawasaki SPDE approximates the law of fluctuations of the original particle system, up to an error that is of arbitrarily high order in the inverse particle number and a discretization error. In particular, the Dean– Kawasaki equation provides a means for efficient and accurate simulations of density fluctuations in weakly interacting particle systems.}, author = {Cornalba, Federico and Fischer, Julian L and Ingmanns, Jonas and Raithel, Claudia}, issn = {2168-894X}, journal = {The Annals of Probability}, keywords = {Weakly interacting particle systems, fluctuating hydrodynamics, Dean-Kawasaki equation, stochastic PDEs, numerical approximation}, number = {1}, pages = {155--215}, publisher = {Institute of Mathematical Statistics}, title = {{Density fluctuations in weakly interacting particle systems via the Dean–Kawasaki equation}}, doi = {10.1214/25-aop1763}, volume = {54}, year = {2026}, } @article{21895, abstract = {The mammalian brain organises knowledge about entities in the world and relationships between them using cognitive maps. When forming a cognitive map, there is a necessary trade-off between extending the map to make novel inferences, and storing a veridical copy of past experience. However, the neural mechanisms that control this trade-off remain unknown. Using a cross-scale approach that combines a pharmacological intervention in humans with neural network modelling, we show that the neuromodulator noradrenaline elicits a significant ‘spread of association’ across hippocampal cognitive maps. This neural spread of association can be explained by changes in synaptic plasticity that predict overgeneralisation in behaviour. Thus, elevated noradrenaline during learning increases the ‘smoothing kernel’ for plasticity across the cognitive map, allowing disparate memories to become linked and distorted.}, author = {Koolschijn, Renée S. and Parthasarathy, Prakriti and Browning, Michael and Przygodda, Xenia and Capitão, Liliana P. and Clarke, William T. and Vogels, Tim P and O’Reilly, Jill X. and Barron, Helen C.}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Noradrenaline causes a spread of association in the hippocampal cognitive map}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-70659-x}, volume = {17}, year = {2026}, } @article{21896, abstract = {Redox-mediated flow batteries boost energy density by utilizing dissolved redox species as charge carriers for solid charge-storage materials. This strategy strongly depends on the thermodynamics and kinetics between the solid booster and dissolved redox species. Conventional electrochemical methods often convolute intrinsic reactivity with mass transport effects, introducing complexity in determining limiting steps. We propose a strategy that confines solid boosters within recessed microelectrodes and employs scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to estimate reaction kinetics between booster and dissolved active redox species. Confining the solid booster in the recessed microelectrode overcomes mass transport limitations of dissolved redox species and enables controlled polarization of the booster material, allowing deconvolution of key rate-determining factors. As an initial model system, Prussian blue-ferricyanide/ferrocyanide [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− was used as solid booster and dissolved redox active species, respectively. The methodology was further explored for copper hexacyanoferrate with N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyl oxy-4-ammonium chloride and nickel hydroxide with [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− and extended to Mn-based Prussian blue analogues in combination with organic redox species. Our results demonstrate that SECM coupled with the proposed recessed microelectrode strategy provides a powerful platform to disentangle interfacial kinetics and guide the rational design of solid booster-dissolved redox species and electrolytes for high-performance redox-mediated flow batteries.}, author = {Santana Santos, Carla and Jiyane, Nomnotho and Quast, Thomas and Ibáñez, Maria and Rubio‐Presa, Rubén and Peljo, Pekka and Schuhmann, Wolfgang}, issn = {2566-6223}, journal = {Batteries & Supercaps}, number = {5}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{Evaluating reaction kinetics between solid booster and dissolved active species in redox‐mediated flow batteries using scanning electrochemical microscopy}}, doi = {10.1002/batt.70303}, volume = {9}, year = {2026}, } @article{21897, abstract = {Ultracompact binary systems, consisting of two compact objects in an orbit $\lesssim 0.5 {\rm R}_\odot$, should exhibit measurable rates of orbital period change ($\dot{P} \ne 0$) due to the emission of gravitational waves (GWs). Measurements of $\dot{P}$ have so far been limited to the shortest-period ultracompact binaries ($\lesssim 20$  min). Among the AM CVn-type subclass, several works have proposed the presence of extra angular momentum loss beyond GW emission, with magnetic braking being a widely discussed mechanism. If present, this magnetic braking would dominate the angular momentum loss of AM CVn-type binaries with orbital periods $\gtrsim 30$ min. In this work, we present a long-term eclipse timing study of two AM CVn-type binaries, YZ LMi and Gaia14aae, with respective orbital periods of 28.3 min and 49.7 min and continuous observations since 2006 and 2015. Both systems show $\dot{P}$ consistent with zero within $2\sigma$. Their $3\sigma$ upper limits are $1.1 \times 10^{-13}\, {\rm s \, s}^{-1}$ and $9.7 \times 10^{-14}\, {\rm s \, s}^{-1}$, respectively. These non-detections are most simply explained by a scenario in which secular angular momentum loss is not substantially stronger than GW emission at all orbital periods, but is combined with deviations from the secular $\dot{P}$ whose time-scales span decades but whose amplitude is $\lesssim 10^{-13}\, {\rm s \, s}^{-1}$. Our non-detections of $\dot{P}$ represent a limit on the strength of any enhanced angular momentum loss beyond pure GW emission.}, author = {Green, Matthew J and Marsh, Thomas R and van Roestel, Joannes C and Wong, Tin Long Sunny and Belloni, Diogo and Kilic, Mukremin and Breedt, Elmé and Brown, Alex and Copperwheat, Chris M and Chakpor, Anurak and Dhillon, V S and Segura, Noel Castro and Dyer, Martin J and Garbutt, James and Jarvis, Dan and Kengkriangkrai, Vasu and Kennedy, Mark R and Kerry, Paul and Kupfer, Thomas and Littlefair, S P and McCormac, James and Munday, James and Parsons, Steven G and Pike, Eleanor and Pelisoli, Ingrid and Rodríguez-Gil, Pablo and Sahman, David I and Yates, Amalie}, issn = {1365-2966}, journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society}, keywords = {binaries: close – stars, dwarf novae – novae, cataclysmic variables – white dwarfs}, number = {3}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{No period change in two long-period AM CVn binaries}}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stag673}, volume = {548}, year = {2026}, } @article{21898, abstract = {We investigate the nature and spectroscopic diversity of early galaxies from a sample of 41 sources at $z\geqslant 10$ with James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRSpec prism observations. We compare the properties of strong ultraviolet (UV) line emitters, traced by intense C iv emission, with those of more ‘typical’ sources with weak or undetected C iv. The more typical (or ‘C iv-weak’) sources reveal significant scatter in their C iii] line strengths, UV continuum slopes, and physical sizes, spanning C iii] equivalent widths (EWs) of $\sim$1–51 Å, UV slopes of $\beta \sim -1.6$ to $-2.6$, and half-light radii of $\sim$50–1000 pc. In contrast, C iv-strong sources occupy the tail of these distributions, with C iii] EWs of 16–51 Å, UV slopes $\beta \lesssim -2.5$, compact morphologies ($r_{\rm 50} \lesssim 100$ pc), and elevated star formation surface densities ($\Sigma _{\rm SFR} \gtrsim 100\, M_\odot \, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}\, \mathrm{kpc}^{-2}$). These properties suggest concentrated starbursts that temporarily outshine the host galaxy. Comparing average properties from composite spectra, we find the diversity of the sample is primarily driven by bursty star formation on very short time-scales ($\le$3 Myr), with strong C iv emitters observed at the apex of the bursts and sources devoid of emission lines during relative inactivity. An apparent association between strong C iv and enhanced nitrogen abundance suggests both may be modulated by the same duty cycle, reflecting a generic mode of star formation. We show that active galactic nuclei are unlikely to contribute significantly to this duty cycle based on UV line diagnostics and photoionization models. Our results support a picture whereby brief bursts and lulls can explain the spectral diversity and early growth of bright galaxies in the first 500 Myr.}, author = {Roberts-Borsani, Guido and Oesch, Pascal A and Ellis, Richard and Weibel, Andrea and Giovinazzo, Emma and Bouwens, Rychard and Dayal, Pratika and Fontana, Adriano and Heintz, Kasper E and Matthee, Jorryt J and Meyer, Romain A and Pentericci, Laura and Shapley, Alice and Tacchella, Sandro and Treu, Tommaso and Walter, Fabian and Atek, Hakim and Bose, Sownak and Castellano, Marco and Fudamoto, Yoshinobu and Morishita, Takahiro and Naidu, Rohan P and Sanders, Ryan L and van der Wel, Arjen}, issn = {1365-2966}, journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society}, number = {3}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{JWST spectroscopic insights into the diversity of galaxies in the first 500 Myr: Short-lived snapshots along a common evolutionary pathway}}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stag701}, volume = {548}, year = {2026}, } @article{21899, abstract = {Cell extrusion is an essential mechanism for controlling cell density in epithelial tissues. Another essential element of epithelia is curvature, which is required to achieve complex shapes, like in the lung or intestine. Here, we introduce a three-dimensional bubbly vertex model to study the interplay between extrusion and curvature. We find a generic cellular bulging instability at topological defects, which is much stronger than for standard vertex models. Analyzing cell shapes in three-dimensional imaging data of spherical mouse colon organoids, we infer that pentagonal cells have an increased basal interfacial tension, suggesting that cells at topological defects react to the different force conditions. Using the bubbly vertex model, we show that such basal tensions stabilize against the predicted instability and result in better cell shape control than tissue-scale mechanisms such as lumen pressure and spontaneous curvature. Our theory suggests that epithelial curvature naturally leads to bulged and extrusionlike cell shapes because the interfacial curvature of individual cells at the defects strongly amplifies buckling effected by tissue-scale topological defects in elastic sheets. Our results highlight the complex interplay of forces across scales in three-dimensional tissue organization.}, author = {Drozdowski, Oliver M and Kocameşe-Tamgac𝚤, Büşra and Boonekamp, Kim E. and Boutros, Michael and Schwarz, Ulrich S.}, issn = {2160-3308}, journal = {Physical Review X}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Cell bulging and extrusion in a three-dimensional bubbly vertex model for curved epithelial sheets}}, doi = {10.1103/x82g-cq7n}, volume = {16}, year = {2026}, } @article{21900, abstract = {Individually silencing 125 fruit fly genes reveals opposing fitness effects of mutations between females and males, as well as between germline and somatic tissues.}, author = {Ruzicka, Filip}, issn = {2397-334X}, journal = {Nature Ecology & Evolution}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Reverse genetics of sexual antagonism}}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-026-03036-y}, year = {2026}, } @article{21914, abstract = {Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a fundamental second messenger involved in diverse signaling pathways across both animals and plants. While the role of 3′,5′-cAMP has been extensively characterized, the biological significance of its structural isomer, 2′,3′-cAMP, remains largely unexplored, particularly in plants. Here, we show that 2′,3′-cAMP and 3′,5′-cAMP represent parallel signaling systems in Arabidopsis thaliana, with different enzymatic origins and largely distinct downstream effects. In vitro enzymatic assays show that plant adenylate cyclases (ACs), including AFB5 and HpAC1, produce specifically 3′,5′-cAMP from ATP, whereas the TIR domain of protein L7 also catalyzes the formation of 2′,3′-cAMP from RNA. Comprehensive multiomics analyses reveal that two isomers elicit distinct yet partially overlapping metabolic, proteomic, and transcriptional response: 2′,3′-cAMP activates broad, stress-adaptive gene expression reprogramming, while 3′,5′-cAMP fine-tunes responses related to nutrient status and cellular homeostasis. Our findings establish the existence of dual cAMP signaling systems in plants, each with specialized functions and provide insights into the complex regulatory networks governing plant physiology.}, author = {Li, Mingyue and Chodasiewicz, Monika and Muraleedharan, Malavika and Lopez, Israel M. and Gorka, Michal and Kerber, Olga and Alotaibi, Saqer S. and Nelson, Andrew D.L. and Lenobel, Rene and Friedecká, Jaroslava and Skirycz, Aleksandra and Friml, Jiří}, issn = {2375-2548}, journal = {Science Advances}, number = {19}, publisher = {AAAS}, title = {{Biogenesis and downstream effects of 3',5' and 2',3' cAMP isomers in plants}}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aea7828}, volume = {12}, year = {2026}, } @article{21915, abstract = {Hydrological models commonly use very simple snow accumulation and melt models based on air temperature information, namely, a temperature threshold for snow accumulation as well as for snowmelt, and a melt factor. This utility emerges due to the simplicity, efficiency, and generally good performance of such models if sufficient calibration information is available. At scales beyond single gauged catchments, the estimation and evaluation of the temperature thresholds and the melt factor has been difficult due to a lack of observations on snow accumulation and melt. Using a recently published Northern Hemisphere snow water equivalent dataset (NH-SWE) and co-located climate station observations of temperature and precipitation (4736 stations across the Northern Hemisphere), this work estimates melt factors and temperature thresholds for snow modelling based on station observations and provides the first large-scale and long-term (1950–2023) evaluation of a simple temperature-index snow model and its parameters across a diverse range of snow climates. Our study reveals that the 0 °C as precipitation-phase threshold captures most snowfall days (89 %) and the 0 °C as snowmelt initiation threshold captures most snowmelt days (76 %). Adjusting large-scale uniform threshold values does not consistently improve performance across all snow accumulation and melt metrics. Estimated melt factors based on observations converge towards 3–5 mm (°C d)−1 for deeper snowpack climates (peak snow water equivalent >300 mm), but their estimation may be more challenging for colder climates with shallower snowpacks (<300 mm), conditions where the derived melt factors cover a wider range (1 to 12 mm (°C d)−1) and a much higher interannual and spatial variability. The temperature-index snow model performs consistently well, on average, across the available Northern Hemisphere data set for estimating long-term mean values of seasonal snow cover onset, snowmelt season onset, mean snow accumulation and snowmelt rates, but challenges may arise due to biases in temperature records or solid precipitation undercatch. Peak snow water equivalent is likely underestimated for deep or alpine snowpacks, while it is likely overestimated for shallow snowpacks in the coldest and continental climates. The best median performance of the temperature-index approach lies on relatively shallow snowpacks in temperate climates. This study provides valuable insights into temperature-threshold snowfall modelling and temperature-index melt modelling for applications across diverse climates and environments, and the results should help refine regional modelling approaches to enhance our understanding of snowpack responses to global warming.}, author = {Fontrodona-Bach, Adrià and Schaefli, Bettina and Woods, Ross and Larsen, Joshua R.}, issn = {1607-7938}, journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences}, number = {9}, pages = {2613--2636}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, title = {{Estimating robust melt factors and temperature thresholds for snow modelling across the Northern Hemisphere}}, doi = {10.5194/hess-30-2613-2026}, volume = {30}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{21916, abstract = {Social network graphs are central to graph learning research, serving as standard benchmarks for algorithm evaluation. However, existing datasets focus mainly on mainstream social media platforms whose structures are shaped notably by algorithmic recommendations. This raises an important question: would alternative, decentralized social networks exhibit different properties? We address this by studying the Fediverse; a collection of decentralized social networks (such as Mastodon and Lemmy). These platforms differ fundamentally from for-profit social media, notably in decentralization and absence of recommendation algorithms, which may yield distinct graph structures. We introduce Fedivertex, a dataset of over 400 graphs from seven decentralized networks, collected weekly over six months. The dataset, released with a companion Python package to facilitate its use, supports research on temporal and structural aspects of decentralized social networks. In particular, we benchmark applications to decentralized machine learning and community detection.}, author = {Damie, Marc and Cyffers, Edwige Audrey Lucienne}, booktitle = {2026 Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026}, isbn = {9798400723070}, location = {Dubai}, pages = {8393--8396}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Fedivertex: A graph dataset based on decentralized Social Media}}, doi = {10.1145/3774904.3792868}, year = {2026}, } @article{21917, abstract = {A defining feature of quantum many-body systems is the exponential scaling of the Hilbert space with the number of degrees of freedom. This exponential complexity naïvely renders a complete state characterization, for instance via the complete set of bipartite Renyi entropies for all disjoint regions, a challenging task. Recently, a compact way of storing subregions' purities by encoding them as amplitudes of a fictitious quantum wave function, known as entanglement feature, was proposed. Notably, the entanglement feature can be a simple object even for highly entangled quantum states. However the complexity and practical usage of the entanglement feature for general quantum states has not been explored. In this work, we demonstrate that the entanglement feature can be efficiently learned using only a polynomial amount of samples in the number of degrees of freedom through the so-called tensor cross interpolation (TCI) algorithm, assuming it is expressible as a finite bond dimension MPS. We benchmark this learning process on Haar and random MPS states, confirming analytic expectations. Applying the TCI algorithm to quantum eigenstates of various one dimensional quantum systems, we identify cases where eigenstates have entanglement feature learnable with TCI. We conclude with possible applications of the learned entanglement feature, such as quantifying the distance between different entanglement patterns and finding the optimal one-dimensional ordering of physical indices in a given state, highlighting the potential utility of the proposed purity interpolation method.}, author = {Kolisnyk, Dmytro and Medina Ramos, Raimel A and Vasseur, Romain and Serbyn, Maksym}, issn = {2521-327X}, journal = {Quantum}, publisher = {Verein zur Förderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}, title = {{Tensor cross interpolation of purities in quantum many-body systems}}, doi = {10.22331/q-2026-05-22-2114}, volume = {10}, year = {2026}, } @phdthesis{21918, author = {Khudiakova, Kseniia}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {89}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{How epistasis and purifying selection shape genetic diversity}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-21918}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{21921, abstract = {A variety of problems in geometry processing boil down to finding the most parallel field relative to a connection. Instances of this prototypical problem show up in computing direction fields and stripe patterns, quadrilateral meshing, and visualization of fluid flows. When the class of allowed fields includes those with topological defects, a relaxation is required to make the problem well-posed. We observe that these problems can be viewed as synchronization problems, which admit a natural semidefinite relaxation. We propose a unified method of solving all these problems via the efficient Burer-Monteiro factorization method. Geometrically, this amounts to lifting the field values to a higher-dimensional manifold, naturally resolving the singular nature of defects. Practically, we show that our convex relaxation method achieves better and more reliable optima than previous work employing alternative relaxations}, author = {Pacheco-Tallaj, Natalia and Couplet, Matteo and Chien, Edward and Palmer, David}, booktitle = {SIGGRAPH Conference Papers}, location = {Los Angeles, CA, United States}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Synchronizing fields with singularities}}, doi = {10.1145/3799902.3811225}, year = {2026}, } @article{21923, abstract = {The appearance of simulated natural phenomena heavily depends on the way surfaces are textured. However, applying texture maps to dynamic deformable surfaces presents a significant challenge, due to ever-shifting differences in length scales involved. When these surfaces move and advect the texture along with them, their final appearance degrades as deformed regions dramatically distort their texture map. Modifications to the texture directly at the pixel level in response to the deformation may introduce ghosting artifacts and look unnatural. In the real world, the appearance of surface details on a deforming material changes through the interplay of physical processes such as rupturing, exposure of internal structure, or wrinkling. Motivated by these behaviors, in this work we explore how physical principles can guide the texturing methods based on the measure of surface deformation. We present two novel wave-based procedural texturing algorithms which reproduce common physical properties like advection and self-similarity, enabling the plausible animation of deforming objects with extreme texture map distortions. Our algorithms are fully procedural, require no actual physics simulation, and store no state or history of deformation besides the input UV map, making them highly parallelizable on the GPU and efficient enough for real-time applications. We show the versatility of the method by animating physical phenomena with extreme deformations such as flowing lava, stretching putty and outpouring sludge.}, author = {Kalinov, Aleksei and Ly, Mickaël and Hafner, Christian and Wojtan, Christopher J}, issn = {0730-0301}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics}, keywords = {Procedural animation}, location = {Los Angeles, CA, United States}, number = {4}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Physics-inspired procedural texturing of extremely deformable surfaces}}, doi = {10.1145/3811353}, volume = {45}, year = {2026}, } @article{21928, abstract = {Antibiotic combination in time and space is a key strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance. The success of such treatment designs requires their robust efficacy across treatment conditions and a pathogen’s genomic diversity. This study found that an initial treatment with a β-lactam antibiotic causes robust cellular sensitization towards an aminoglycoside antibiotic across the high-risk human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including resistant strains. This phenomenon of cellular sensitization, termed negative hysteresis, is modulated by the Cpx envelope stress response system and linked to membrane stress during growth. The increase in efficacy is achieved through a β-lactam induced elevated cellular uptake of the subsequently administered aminoglycoside. Negative hysteresis and the Cpx system are linked in several cases to the expression of synergistic drug interactions, thus enhancing efficacy of antibiotic combinations. Overall, our study identifies the phenomenon of negative hysteresis as a robustly inducible phenotype and thus a unique focus for optimizing antimicrobial therapy.}, author = {Buchholz, Florian and Upterworth, Lina M. and Tueffers, Leif and Groth, Espen E. and Haas, Kira and Schütz, Daniel and Savietto Scholz, Abigail and Batra, Aditi and Pal, Surajit and Banerjee, Samarpita and Dubey, Badri N. and Franzenburg, Sören and Kalsdorf, Barbara and Rabe, Klaus F. and Nurjadi, Dennis and Rupp, Jan and Andersson, Dan I. and Sondermann, Holger and Bramkamp, Marc and Römhild, Roderich and Schulenburg, Hinrich}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Robust antibiotic sensitization of pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa via negative hysteresis in the cell envelope}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-71178-5}, volume = {17}, year = {2026}, } @article{21929, abstract = {The import of proteins into mitochondria poses fundamental mechanistic challenges: aggregation-prone precursor proteins must be maintained in aqueous compartments and threaded through narrow pores without becoming stuck or mislocalized. Recent evidence from mitochondrial protein import studies and other chaperone systems underscores the critical role of dynamics in balancing sufficiently tight binding, promiscuity, specificity, and release. Dynamic binding of client precursor proteins to import machinery components arises naturally from the avidity of their interactions. Conformational entropy enhances their stability, while the multivalent nature of these interactions ensures that client transfer to downstream insertases occurs without a substantial energy barrier. Here, we discuss this emerging paradigm of dynamic protein handling, using examples where dynamic structures have been resolved and highlight outstanding questions.}, author = {Schneider, Jakob and Guillerm, Undina and Simoes Pereira, Caroline and Schanda, Paul}, issn = {1469-896X}, journal = {Protein Science}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{Dynamic disorder is crucial for mitochondrial protein import}}, doi = {10.1002/pro.70630}, volume = {35}, year = {2026}, } @article{21930, abstract = {We present the discovery of extreme nitrogen enrichment by Wolf Rayet nitrogen (WN) stars in the metal-poor (∼10%Z⊙), lensed, compact (Reff ∼ 20 pc) galaxy RXCJ2248 at z = 6.1, revealed by unprecedentedly deep JWST/NIRSpec medium-resolution spectroscopy from the GLIMPSE-D Survey. The exquisite signal-to-noise ratio reveals multiple high-ionization nebular lines and broad Balmer and [O III] components (FWHM ∼700–3000 km s −1 ). We detect broadened He II λ1640 and λ4687 (FWHM ∼ 530 km s −1 ) and strong N III λ4642 emission consistent with a population of WN stars, making RXCJ2248 the most distant galaxy with confirmed Wolf Rayet (WR) features to date. We measure the multiphase nebular density across five ions, the direct-method metallicity ( 12 + log(O/H) = 7.753 ± 0.025 ), and a nonuniform elemental enrichment pattern of extreme N/O enhancement ( log(N/O) = 0.391 ± 0.037 from N+, N+2 , and N+3 ) but suppressed C/O relative to empirical C/N trends. We show that this abundance pattern can be explained by enrichment from a dual-burst with a low WR carbon/WN ratio, as expected at low metallicities. Crucially, these signatures can only arise during a brief, rare evolutionary window shortly after a burst (∼3–6 Myr), when WN stars dominate chemical feedback but before dilution by later yields (e.g., supernovae). The observed frequency of strong N emitters at high−z implies a ∼50 Myr burst duty cycle, suggesting that N/O outliers may represent a brief but ubiquitous phase in the evolution of highly star-forming early galaxies. The WN detection in RXCJ2248, therefore, provides the first direct evidence of WR-driven nitrogen enrichment in the first billion years of the Universe and a novel timing argument for the bursty star formation cycles that shaped galaxies at cosmic dawn.}, author = {Berg, Danielle A. and Naidu, Rohan P. and Chisholm, John and Atek, Hakim and Fujimoto, Seiji and Kokorev, Vasily and Furtak, Lukas J. and Kobayashi, Chiaki and Schaerer, Daniel and Adamo, Angela and Fei, Qinyue and Korber, Damien and Matthee, Jorryt J and Marques-Chaves, Rui and Martinez, Zorayda and Mcquinn, Kristen B.W. and Muñoz, Julian B. and Oesch, Pascal A. and Saldana-Lopez, Alberto and Stark, Daniel P. and Stephenson, Mabel G. and Hsiao, Tiger Yu Yang}, issn = {1538-4357}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, number = {2}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, title = {{A fleeting GLIMPSE of N/O enrichment at cosmic dawn: Evidence for Wolf Rayet N stars in a z = 6.1 galaxy}}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae5e4c}, volume = {1003}, year = {2026}, } @article{21931, abstract = {In 1873, James C. Maxwell conjectured that the electric field generated by n point charges in generic position has at most (n-1)^2 isolated zeroes. The first (nonoptimal) upper bound was only obtained in 2007 by Gabrielov, Novikov, and Shapiro, who also posed two additional interesting conjectures. In this article, we give the best upper bound known to date on the number of zeroes of the electric field, and construct a counterexample to Conjecture 1.8 by Gabrielov, Novikov, and Shapiro that the number of equilibria cannot exceed those of the distance function defined by the unit point charges. Finally, we note that it is quite possible that Maxwell's quadratic upper bound is not tight, so it is prudent to find lower bounds. Hence, we also explore examples and construct configurations of charges achieving the highest ratios of the number of electric field zeroes by point charges found to this day.}, author = {Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Fillmore, Christopher D and Oliveira, Goncalo}, issn = {1460-244X}, journal = {Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society}, number = {5}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{Counting equilibria of the electrostatic potential}}, doi = {10.1112/plms.70163}, volume = {132}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{21932, abstract = {We present LLMQ, an end-to-end CUDA/C++ implementation for medium-sized language-model training, e.g. 3B to 32B parameters, on affordable, commodity GPUs. These devices are characterized by low memory availability and slow communication compared to datacentre-grade GPUs. Consequently, we showcase a range of optimizations that target these bottlenecks, including activation checkpointing, offloading, and copy-engine based collectives. LLMQ is able to train or fine-tune a 7B model on a single 16GB mid-range gaming card, or a 32B model on a workstation equipped with 4 RTX 4090s. This is achieved while executing a standard 8-bit training pipeline, without additional algorithmic approximations, and maintaining FLOP utilization of around 50%. The efficiency of LLMQ rivals that of production-scale systems on much more expensive cloud-grade GPUs.}, author = {Schultheis, Erik and Alistarh, Dan-Adrian}, booktitle = {2nd Conference on Parsimony and Learning}, issn = {2640-3498}, location = {Stanford, CA, United States}, pages = {265--284}, publisher = {ML Research Press}, title = {{LLMQ: Efficient lower-precision LLM training for consumer GPUs}}, volume = {328}, year = {2026}, } @article{21933, abstract = {We consider the liquid drop model with a positive background density in the thermodynamic limit. We prove a two-term asymptotics for the ground state energy per unit volume in the dilute limit. Our proof justifies the expectation that optimal configurations consist of droplets of unit size that arrange themselves according to minimizers for the Jellium problem for point particles. In particular, we provide the first rigorous derivation of what is known as the gnocchi phase in astrophysics.}, author = {Frank, Rupert L. and Lewin, Mathieu and Seiringer, Robert}, issn = {1097-0312}, journal = {Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{Liquid drop model for nuclear matter in the low density limit}}, doi = {10.1002/cpa.70039}, year = {2026}, }